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Kardelen AD, Darendeliler F. The Role of the Intrauterine Environment in Shaping Childhood and Adolescence Metabolic Outcomes. Metabolites 2025; 15:252. [PMID: 40278381 PMCID: PMC12029342 DOI: 10.3390/metabo15040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that the intrauterine environment plays a critical role in predisposing individuals to metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of conditions that heightens the risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Traditionally linked to lifestyle, the risk for MetS is now understood to be also influenced by fetal exposures. The environment in which a child lives offers abundant potential sources that can contribute to an increased risk of developing various diseases, and in some cases, these factors can be avoided. This review integrates findings from both epidemiological and experimental research to underscore the impact of prenatal factors, including maternal nutrition, obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and birth size, on the subsequent development of metabolic derangements in offspring, particularly during puberty. The progression of genetic and epigenetic studies has enlightened the pathophysiology of these conditions starting in the intrauterine period and continuing into early life. By examining data and studies, this article elucidates the prenatal influences and underlying mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of MetS. The updated understanding of the link between the intrauterine environment and future health comorbidities will draw attention to intrauterine care and maternal health and contribute to the prevention of serious diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Derya Kardelen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye;
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye
| | - Feyza Darendeliler
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye;
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Tsao DD, Chang KR, Kockel L, Park S, Kim SK. A genetic strategy to measure insulin signaling regulation and physiology in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010619. [PMID: 36730473 PMCID: PMC9928101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulation is a hallmark of health, and impaired insulin signaling promotes metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus. However, current assays for measuring insulin signaling in all animals remain semi-quantitative and lack the sensitivity, tissue-specificity or temporal resolution needed to quantify in vivo physiological signaling dynamics. Insulin signal transduction is remarkably conserved across metazoans, including insulin-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/Protein kinase B. Here, we generated transgenic fruit flies permitting tissue-specific expression of an immunoepitope-labelled Akt (AktHF). We developed enzyme-linked immunosorption assays (ELISA) to quantify picomolar levels of phosphorylated (pAktHF) and total AktHF in single flies, revealing dynamic tissue-specific physiological regulation of pAktHF in response to fasting and re-feeding, exogenous insulin, or targeted genetic suppression of established insulin signaling regulators. Genetic screening revealed Pp1-87B as an unrecognized regulator of Akt and insulin signaling. Tools and concepts here provide opportunities to discover tissue-specific regulators of in vivo insulin signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D. Tsao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Seung K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Gerontology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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3
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Lacaze L, Rochdi S, Couvert A, Touboulic S, Guérin S, Randuineau G, Martin D, Romé V, Malbert CH, Derbré F, Val-Laillet D, Thibault R. The Yucatan minipig model: A new preclinical model of malnutrition induced by a low-calorie/low-protein diet. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2077-2086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Narai S, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Fujimoto M, Miura M, Adachi K, Nanba E, Namba N. Cord Blood from SGA Preterm Infants Exhibits Increased GLUT4 mRNA Expression. Yonago Acta Med 2021; 64:57-66. [PMID: 33642904 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays an important role in prenatal and postnatal growth and glucose metabolism. Both small-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm infants have abnormal growth and glucose metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Recently, we showed that term SGA infants have abnormal insulin/IGF signaling in cord blood. In this study, we examined whether preterm infants show similar aberrations in cord blood insulin/IGF signaling. Methods A total of 41 preterm cord blood samples were collected. Blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and C-peptide concentrations were measured, and mRNA expression of IGF1R, INSR, IRS1, IRS2, and SLC2A4 (i.e., GLUT4) was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Results This study included 34 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) and 7 SGA preterm neonates. No hyperinsulinemia or any differences in IGF1R or INSR mRNA expression were detected between the two groups. However, GLUT4 mRNA levels were increased in preterm SGA. Moreover, the expression level in hypoglycemic preterm SGA was significantly higher than that in hypoglycemic preterm AGA. IRS2 mRNA expression did not show a statistically significant difference between preterm SGA and AGA neonates. Conclusion SGA preterm birth does not induce hyperinsulinemia; however, it modifies insulin/IGF signaling components such as GLUT4 in umbilical cord blood. Our study suggests that prematurity or adaptation to malnutrition alters the insulin/IGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Narai
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Yuki Kawashima-Sonoyama
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Mazumi Miura
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Kaori Adachi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
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Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, Lopez-Frias M, Diaz-Castro J. Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123900. [PMID: 33419354 PMCID: PMC7766505 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-241-000 (ext. 20317)
| | - Magdalena Lopez-Frias
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Branco RCS, Camargo RL, Batista TM, Vettorazzi JF, Lubaczeuski C, Bomfim LHM, Silveira LR, Boschero AC, Zoppi CC, Carneiro EM. Protein malnutrition mitigates the effects of a high-fat diet on glucose homeostasis in mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6313-6323. [PMID: 30317568 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient malnutrition, during the early stages of development, may facilitate the onset of metabolic diseases later in life. However, the consequences of nutritional insults, such as a high-fat diet (HFD) after protein restriction, are still controversial. We assessed overall glucose homeostasis and molecular markers of mitochondrial function in the gastrocnemius muscle of protein-restricted mice fed an HFD until early adulthood. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control (14% protein-control diet) or a protein-restricted (6% protein-restricted diet) diet for 6 weeks. Afterward, mice received an HFD or not for 8 weeks (mice fed a control diet and HFD [CH] and mice fed a protein-restricted diet and HFD [RH]). RH mice showed lower weight gain and fat accumulation and did not show an increase in fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels compared with CH mice. RH mice showed higher energy expenditure, increased citrate synthase, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha protein content, and higher levels of malate and α-ketoglutarate compared with CH mice. Moreover, RH mice showed increased AMPc-dependent kinase and acetyl coenzyme-A (CoA) carboxylase phosphorylation, lower intramuscular triacylglycerol content, and similar malonyl-CoA levels. In conclusion, protein undernourishment after weaning does not potentiate fat accumulation and insulin resistance in adult young mice fed an HFD. This outcome seems to be associated with increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and reduced lipids accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Chaves Souto Branco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ludemann Camargo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martins Batista
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Lubaczeuski
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henrique Montes Bomfim
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Reis Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Cesar Zoppi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zou T, He D, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Zheng P, He J, Huang Z, Chen D. Moderate Maternal Energy Restriction During Gestation in Pigs Attenuates Fetal Skeletal Muscle Development Through Changing Myogenic Gene Expression and Myofiber Characteristics. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:156-167. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116651151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiande Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongting He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Wang J, Cao M, Yang M, Lin Y, Che L, Fang Z, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Wu D. Intra-uterine undernutrition amplifies age-associated glucose intolerance in pigs via altered DNA methylation at muscle GLUT4 promoter. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:390-401. [PMID: 27265204 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal malnutrition on offspring glucose tolerance and the epigenetic mechanisms involved. In total, twelve primiparous Landrace×Yorkshire gilts were fed rations providing either 100 % (control (CON)) or 75 % (undernutrition (UN)) nutritional requirements according to the National Research Council recommendations, throughout gestation. Muscle samples of offspring were collected at birth (dpn1), weaning (dpn28) and adulthood (dpn189). Compared with CON pigs, UN pigs showed lower serum glucose concentrations at birth, but showed higher serum glucose and insulin concentrations as well as increased area under the blood glucose curve during intravenous glucose tolerance test at dpn189 (P<0·05). Compared with CON pigs, GLUT-4 gene and protein expressions were decreased at dpn1 and dpn189 in the muscle of UN pigs, which was accompanied by increased methylation at the GLUT4 promoter (P<0·05). These alterations in methylation concurred with increased mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 at dpn1 and dpn28, DNMT3a at dpn189 and DNMT3b at dpn1 in UN pigs compared with CON pigs (P<0·05). Interestingly, although the average methylation levels at the muscle GLUT4 promoter were decreased at dpn189 compared with dpn1 in pigs exposed to a poor maternal diet (P<0·05), the methylation differences in individual CpG sites were more pronounced with age. Our results indicate that in utero undernutrition persists to silence muscle GLUT4 likely through DNA methylation during the ageing process, which may lead to the amplification of age-associated glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
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Fiorotto ML, Davis TA, Sosa HA, Villegas-Montoya C, Estrada I, Fleischmann R. Ribosome abundance regulates the recovery of skeletal muscle protein mass upon recuperation from postnatal undernutrition in mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:5269-86. [PMID: 25239457 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritionally-induced growth faltering in the perinatal period has been associated with reduced adult skeletal muscle mass; however, the mechanisms responsible for this are unclear. To identify the factors that determine the recuperative capacity of muscle mass, we studied offspring of FVB mouse dams fed a protein-restricted diet during gestation (GLP) or pups suckled from postnatal day 1 (PN1) to PN11 (E-UN), or PN11 to PN22 (L-UN) on protein-restricted or control dams. All pups were refed under control conditions following the episode of undernutrition. Before refeeding, and 2, 7 and 21 days later, muscle protein synthesis was measured in vivo. There were no long-term deficits in protein mass in GLP and E-UN offspring, but in L-UN offspring muscle protein mass remained significantly smaller even after 18 months (P < 0.001). E-UN differed from L-UN offspring by their capacity to upregulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis when refed (P < 0.001), a difference that was attributable to a transient increase in ribosomal abundance, i.e. translational capacity, in E-UN offspring (P < 0.05); translational efficiency was similar across dietary treatments. The postprandial phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases were similar among treatments. However, activation of the ribosomal S6 kinase 1 via mTOR (P < 0.02), and total upstream binding factor abundance were significantly greater in E-UN than L-UN offspring (P < 0.02). The results indicate that the capacity of muscles to recover following perinatal undernutrition depends on developmental age as this establishes whether ribosome abundance can be enhanced sufficiently to promote the protein synthesis rates required to accelerate protein deposition for catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Horacio A Sosa
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carolina Villegas-Montoya
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Irma Estrada
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ryan Fleischmann
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Kongsted AH, Tygesen MP, Husted SV, Oliver MH, Tolver A, Christensen VG, Nielsen JH, Nielsen MO. Programming of glucose-insulin homoeostasis: long-term consequences of pre-natal versus early post-natal nutrition insults. Evidence from a sheep model. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:84-98. [PMID: 23452307 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to adverse intra-uterine conditions can predispose for metabolic disorders later in life. By using a sheep model, we studied (i) how programming of glucose-insulin homoeostasis during late gestation is manifested later in life depending on the early post-natal dietary exposure and (ii) whether dietary alteration in obese individuals can prevent adverse outcomes of early life programming. METHODS During late gestation, twin-pregnant sheep were fed 100% (NORM) or 50% (LOW) of energy and protein requirements. After birth, offspring were exposed to a moderate (CONV) or high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diet until around puberty. Offspring remaining thereafter (exclusively females) were fed a moderate diet until young adulthood. RESULTS LOW lambs had increased insulin secretory responses during intravenous glucose tolerance tests indicative of reduced insulin sensitivity. HCHF lambs were hypertriglyceridaemic, 75% had mild pancreatic collagen infiltration, and their acute insulin secretory response and insulin clearance during intravenous glucose and insulin tolerance tests, respectively, were reduced. However, NORM-HCHF in contrast to LOW-HCHF lambs had normal glucose tolerance, indicating that later health outcomes are highly influenced by pre-natal nutrition. Dietary alteration normalized glucose-insulin homoeostasis in adult HCHF females, whereas late-gestation undernutrition (LOW) permanently depressed insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Maintenance of glucose tolerance in sheep exposed to pre-natal undernutrition relied on pancreatic hypersecretion of insulin to compensate for reduced insulin sensitivity. A mismatching high-fat diet in early post-natal life interfered with this pancreatic hypersecretion resulting in reduced glucose tolerance. Early post-natal, but not late pre-natal, impacts on glucose-insulin homoeostasis could be reversed by dietary correction later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Kongsted
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - S. V. Husted
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - M. H. Oliver
- Ngapouri Farm Research Laboratory; Liggins Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - A. Tolver
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - V. G. Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - J. H. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; København N Denmark
| | - M. O. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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Kongsted AH, Husted SV, Thygesen MP, Christensen VG, Blache D, Tolver A, Larsen T, Quistorff B, Nielsen MO. Pre- and postnatal nutrition in sheep affects β-cell secretion and hypothalamic control. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:159-71. [PMID: 24096964 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome later in life, particularly upon postnatal exposure to a high-energy diet. However, dysfunctions of, for example, the glucose-insulin axis are not readily detectable by conventional tests early in life, making it difficult to identify individuals at risk. Thus, other methods are required. We hypothesised that prenatally undernourished individuals (but not postnatally overnourished ones) are adapted to a life with limited food availability, which would be evident under conditions reflecting starvation, stress and short-term abundance of food. In this study, twin-pregnant sheep were fed diets meeting 100% (NORM) or 50% (LOW) of energy and protein requirements during the last trimester. Twin offspring were fed either a normal moderate (CONV) diet or a high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diet from 3 days to 6 months of age (approximately puberty) and the same moderate diet thereafter until 2 years of age (young adulthood; only females), resulting in four groups: NORM-CONV, LOW-CONV, NORM-HCHF and LOW-HCHF. At the age of 6 months and 2 years respectively, they were subjected to fasting and propionate (nutrient abundance) and adrenalin challenges. At 6 months of age, postnatal HCHF diet exposure caused metabolic alterations, reflecting hypertriglyceridaemia and altered pancreatic β-cell secretion. Irrespective of postnatal diet, prenatal undernutrition was found to be associated with unexpected endocrine responses of leptin, IGF1 and cortisol during fasting (lack of or the opposite response compared with the controls) in 2-year-old adults. In conclusion, a HCHF diet interfered with β-cell function, whereas maternal undernutrition did not lead to any changes in the LOW offspring, except to abnormal hormone responses, suggesting that fetal programming interferes with hypothalamic integration of important endocrine axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Kongsted
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Cook Medical Europe APS, Bjaeverskov, Denmark School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Costello PM, Hollis LJ, Cripps RL, Bearpark N, Patel HP, Sayer AA, Cooper C, Hanson MA, Ozanne SE, Green LR. Lower maternal body condition during pregnancy affects skeletal muscle structure and glut-4 protein levels but not glucose tolerance in mature adult sheep. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1144-55. [PMID: 23420826 PMCID: PMC3766346 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113477494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal maternal nutrition and body composition are implicated in metabolic disease risk in adult offspring. We hypothesized that modest disruption of glucose homeostasis previously observed in young adult sheep offspring from ewes of a lower body condition score (BCS) would deteriorate with age, due to changes in skeletal muscle structure and insulin signaling mechanisms. Ewes were fed to achieve a lower (LBCS, n = 10) or higher (HBCS, n = 14) BCS before and during pregnancy. Baseline plasma glucose, glucose tolerance and basal glucose uptake into isolated muscle strips were similar in male offspring at 210 ± 4 weeks. Vastus total myofiber density (HBCS, 343 ± 15; LBCS, 294 ± 14 fibers/mm(2), P < .05) and fast myofiber density (HBCS, 226 ± 10; LBCS 194 ± 10 fibers/mm(2), P < .05), capillary to myofiber ratio (HBCS, 1.5 ± 0.1; LBCS 1.2 ± 0.1 capillary:myofiber, P < .05) were lower in LBCS offspring. Vastus protein levels of Akt1 were lower (83% ± 7% of HBCS, P < .05), and total glucose transporter 4 was increased (157% ± 6% of HBCS, P < .001) in LBCS offspring, Despite the reduction in total myofiber density in LBCS offspring, glucose tolerance was normal in mature adult life. However, such adaptations may lead to complications in metabolic control in an overabundant postnatal nutrient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M. Costello
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lisa J. Hollis
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Roselle L. Cripps
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Natasha Bearpark
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harnish P. Patel
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucy R. Green
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, Alvarez C, Fernández-Millán E, Escrivá F, González-Martín C, Salas E, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Alguacil LF. Undernutrition upregulates fumarate hydratase in the rat nucleus accumbens. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:111-5. [PMID: 23160834 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous comparative studies of fumarate hydratase (FH) protein density revealed that the enzyme was overexpressed in the striatum of rodents that are less influenced by rewarding stimuli, from cocaine to food. Therefore, we recently proposed FH as a potential striatal biomarker of brain reward deficiency and addiction vulnerability. This work has been focused to investigate FH activity in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) of undernourished rats, taking into account that malnutrition has been related to increased responsiveness to food and drug reward. To this end, we have studied adult female Wistar rats severely food restricted from the 16th day of intrauterine life until adulthood. Animals were sacrificed to dissect the NAc and obtain mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions after homogenisation and centrifugation. FH activity was measured by conversion of malate to fumarate, and protein levels were compared by Western blot analysis when fractions showed differences in activity. Undernutrition did not change cytosolic FH activity but led to a marked increase of mitochondrial FH activity (72 %) and protein content (50 %) in the NAc. This change was in the opposite direction that one would predict if it was related to addiction vulnerability of some kind, but strongly suggests that mitochondrial FH needs to be at some optimal level for normal reward responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lizárraga-Mollinedo
- Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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The effect of albumen removal before incubation (embryonic protein under-nutrition) on the post-hatch performance, regulators of protein translation activation and proteolysis in neonatal broilers. Br J Nutr 2012; 110:265-74. [PMID: 23237742 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200503x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Albumen was removed from broiler eggs before the start of incubation to induce prenatal protein under-nutrition in chicken embryos. With this method, the direct effect of protein deficiency was investigated, differing from mammalian models manipulating the maternal diet where indirect, hormonal effects can interfere. Based on the estimated albumen/egg weight ratio, 10 % of albumen was removed with an 18G needle, after making a hole at the sharp end of the egg with another 18G needle. Eggs were taped thereafter. The sham group underwent the same procedure, except that no albumen was removed. Control eggs did not receive any treatment. The removal of albumen decreased both embryonic and post-hatch body weight up to day 7 compared with the control group. On embryonic day 18, embryos from the albumen-deprived group had higher plasma uric acid levels compared with the sham (P= 0·016) and control (P= 0·009) groups. Moreover, a lower plasma amino acid concentration was observed at hatch compared with the sham (P= 0·038) and control (P= 0·152) groups. These findings indicate an altered protein metabolism. At hatch, a higher mRNA expression of muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1), a gene related to proteolysis, was observed in albumen-deprived chicks compared with the control and sham chicks, together with an up-regulated expression of atrogin-1 (another atrogene) at this time point in the male protein-deficient chicks. These findings suggest that muscle proteolysis is transiently increased by the removal of albumen before the start of incubation. No evidence was found for altered protein synthesis capacity and translational efficiency in albumen-deprived chicks.
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ZENG YU, GU PINGQING, LIU KANGSHENG, HUANG PEILIN. Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to reduced PGC-1α expression via altered DNA methylation in skeletal muscle. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:306-12. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, Fernández-Millán E, de Miguel-Santos L, Martínez-Honduvilla CJ, Alvarez C, Escrivá F. Early undernutrition increases glycogen content and reduces the activated forms of GSK3, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK in the cerebral cortex of suckling rats. J Neurochem 2010; 112:123-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Insulin release, peripheral insulin resistance and muscle function in protein malnutrition: a role of tricarboxylic acid cycle anaplerosis. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:1237-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells and skeletal muscle act in a synergic way in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis. Several pyruvate-dependent and -independent shuttles enhance tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate (TACI) anaplerosis and increase β-cell ATP:ADP ratio, triggering insulin exocytotic mechanisms. In addition, mitochondrial TACI cataplerosis gives rise to the so-called metabolic coupling factors, which are also related to insulin release. Peripheral insulin resistance seems to be related to skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) accumulation and oxidation imbalance. In this sense, exercise has been shown to enhance skeletal muscle TACI anaplerosis, increasing FA oxidation and by this manner restores insulin sensitivity. Protein malnutrition reduces β-cell insulin synthesis, release and peripheral sensitivity. Despite little available data concerning mitochondrial metabolism under protein malnutrition, evidence points towards reduced β-cell and skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity. The observed decrease in insulin synthesis and release may reflect reduced anaplerotic and cataplerotic capacity. Furthermore, insulin release is tightly coupled to ATP:ADP rise which in turn is related to TACI anaplerosis. The effect of protein malnutrition upon peripheral insulin resistance is time-dependent and directly related to FA oxidation capacity. In contrast to β-cells, TACI anaplerosis and cataplerosis pathways in skeletal muscle seem to control FA oxidation and regulate insulin resistance.
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Maternal Protein Restriction During Early Lactation Induces Changes on Neutrophil Activation and TNF-α Production of Adult Offspring. Inflammation 2009; 33:65-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A diet rich in cocoa attenuates N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2499-506. [PMID: 19602430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cocoa feeding against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)-induced liver injury were studied in rats. Animals were divided into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed with standard and cocoa-diet, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were injected with DEN at 2 and 4 weeks, and fed with standard and cocoa-diet, respectively. Group 5 was treated with DEN, received the standard diet for 4 weeks and then it was replaced by the cocoa-diet. DEN-induced hepatic damage caused a significant increase in damage markers, as well as a decrease in the hepatic glutathione, diminished levels of p-ERK and enhanced protein carbonyl content, caspase-3 activity and values of p-AKT and p-JNK. The cocoa-rich diet prevented the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentration and catalase and GPx activities in DEN-injected rats, as well as diminished protein carbonyl content, caspase-3 activity, p-AKT and p-JNK levels, and increased GST activity. However, cocoa administration did not abrogate the DEN-induced body weight loss and the increased levels of hepatic-specific enzymes and LDH. These results suggested that cocoa-rich diet attenuates the DEN-induced liver injury.
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Costello PM, Rowlerson A, Astaman NA, Anthony FEW, Sayer AA, Cooper C, Hanson MA, Green LR. Peri-implantation and late gestation maternal undernutrition differentially affect fetal sheep skeletal muscle development. J Physiol 2008; 586:2371-9. [PMID: 18339691 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.150987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor prenatal nutrition is associated with a greater risk of adult glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity in the offspring. Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue for glucose utilization, and insulin resistance in muscle is the earliest identifiable abnormality in the pre-diabetic patient. We investigated the effect of early and late gestation undernutrition on structure and markers of growth and glucose metabolism regulation in the fetal triceps brachii (TB, slow- and fast-twitch myofibres) and soleus (slow-twitch myofibres) muscles. Pregnant sheep were fed 100% nutrient requirements (C, n = 8) or a restricted diet peri-implantation (PI, n = 9; 40%, 1-31 days gestation (dGA) (term approximately 147)) or in late gestation (L, n = 6; 50%, 104-127 dGA). At 127 +/- 1 dGA we measured myofibre and capillary density in the fetal TB and soleus muscles, and mRNA levels in the TB of insulin receptor (InsR), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R). Total myofibre and capillary densities were lower in the TB, but not the soleus, of PI and L fetuses. The predominant effect in the L group was on slow-twitch myofibres. In TB, InsR, GLUT-4 and IGF-1R mRNA levels were greater in L group fetuses. Our finding of reduced myofibre density is consistent with a redistribution of resources at the expense of specific peripheral tissues by early and late gestation undernutrition which may be mediated by a decrease in capillary density. The increase in key regulatory components of glucose uptake following late gestation undernutrition may constitute a short-term compensation to maintain glucose homeostasis in the face of fewer type I (insulin-sensitive) myofibres. However, together these adaptations may influence the risk of later metabolic disease and thus our findings have implications for future strategies aimed at improving maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Costello
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division, MP 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Movassat J, Bailbé D, Lubrano-Berthelier C, Picarel-Blanchot F, Bertin E, Mourot J, Portha B. Follow-up of GK rats during prediabetes highlights increased insulin action and fat deposition despite low insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E168-75. [PMID: 17986628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00501.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adult Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is characterized by impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro, decreased beta-cell mass, decreased insulin sensitivity in the liver, and moderate insulin resistance in muscles and adipose tissue. GK rats do not exhibit basal hyperglycemia during the first 3 wk after birth and therefore could be considered prediabetic during this period. Our aim was to identify the initial pathophysiological changes occurring during the prediabetes period in this model of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). To address this, we investigated beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in normoglycemic prediabetic GK rats. Our results revealed that the in vivo secretory response of GK beta-cells to glucose is markedly reduced and the whole body insulin sensitivity is increased in the prediabetic GK rats in vivo. Moreover, the body composition of suckling GK rats is altered compared with age-matched Wistar rats, with an increase of the number of adipocytes before weaning despite a decreased body weight and lean mass in the GK rats. None of these changes appeared to be due to the postnatal nutritional environment of GK pups as demonstrated by cross-fostering GK pups with nondiabetic Wistar dams. In conclusion, in the GK model of T2DM, beta-cell dysfunction associated with increased insulin sensitivity and the alteration of body composition are proximal events that might contribute to the establishment of overt diabetes in adult GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Movassat
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientific, Unité Mixte de Reserche 7059, Université Paris 7/D. Diderot, 2, Place Jussieu, F-75251 Paris, France.
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Thompson NM, Norman AM, Donkin SS, Shankar RR, Vickers MH, Miles JL, Breier BH. Prenatal and postnatal pathways to obesity: different underlying mechanisms, different metabolic outcomes. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2345-54. [PMID: 17272392 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are worldwide health issues. The present paper investigates prenatal and postnatal pathways to obesity, identifying different metabolic outcomes with different effects on insulin sensitivity and different underlying mechanisms involving key components of insulin receptor signaling pathways. Pregnant Wistar rats either were fed chow ad libitum or were undernourished throughout pregnancy, generating either control or intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) offspring. Male offspring were fed either standard chow or a high-fat diet from weaning. At 260 d of age, whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and other metabolic parameters were measured. As expected, high-fat feeding caused diet-induced obesity (DIO) and insulin resistance. Importantly, the insulin sensitivity of IUGR offspring was similar to that of control offspring, despite fasting insulin hypersecretion and increased adiposity, irrespective of postnatal nutrition. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of key markers of insulin sensitivity and metabolic regulation showed that IUGR offspring had increased hepatic levels of atypical protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) and increased expression of fatty acid synthase mRNA. In contrast, DIO led to decreased expression of fatty acid synthase mRNA and hepatic steatosis. The decrease in hepatic PKC zeta with DIO may explain, at least in part, the insulin resistance. Our data suggest that the mechanisms of obesity induced by prenatal events are fundamentally different from those of obesity induced by postnatal high-fat nutrition. The origin of insulin hypersecretion in IUGR offspring may be independent of the mechanistic events that trigger the insulin resistance commonly observed in DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M Thompson
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Oak SA, Tran C, Pan G, Thamotharan M, Devaskar SU. Perturbed skeletal muscle insulin signaling in the adult female intrauterine growth-restricted rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1321-30. [PMID: 16449300 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00437.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the molecular mechanism(s) linking fetal adaptations in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) to adult maladaptations of type 2 diabetes mellitus, we investigated the effect of prenatal seminutrient restriction, modified by early postnatal ad libitum access to nutrients (CM/SP) or seminutrient restriction (SM/SP), vs. early postnatal seminutrient restriction alone (SM/CP) or control nutrition (CM/CP) on the skeletal muscle postreceptor insulin-signaling pathway in the adult offspring. The altered in utero hormonal/metabolic milieu was associated with no change in basal total IRS-1, p85, and p110beta subunits of PI 3-kinase, PKCtheta, and PKCzeta concentrations but an increase in basal IRS-2 (P < 0.05) only in the CM/SP group and an increase in basal phospho (p)-PDK-1 (P < 0.05), p-Akt (P < 0.05), and p-PKCzeta (P < 0.05) concentrations in the CM/SP and SM/SP groups. Insulin-stimulated increases in p-PDK-1 (P < 0.05) and p-Akt (P < 0.0007), with no increase in p-PKCzeta, were seen in both CM/SP and SM/SP groups. SHP2 (P < 0.03) and PTP1B (P < 0.03) increased only in SM/SP with no change in PTEN in CM/SP and SM/SP groups. Aberrations in kinase and phosphatase moieties in the adult IUGR offspring were initiated in utero but further sculpted by the early postnatal nutritional state. Although the CM/SP group demonstrated enhanced kinase activation, the SM/SP group revealed an added increase in phosphatase concentrations with the net result of heightened basal insulin sensitivity in both groups. The inability to further respond to exogenous insulin was due to the key molecular distal roadblock consisting of resistance to phosphorylate and activate PKCzeta necessary for GLUT4 translocation. This protective adaptation may become maladaptive and serve as a forerunner for gestational and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa A Oak
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School at Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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