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Tsimpolis A, Kalafatakis K, Charalampopoulos I. Recent advances in the crosstalk between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1362573. [PMID: 38645426 PMCID: PMC11027069 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1362573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neurotrophin within the brain, by selectively activating the TrkB receptor, exerts multimodal effects on neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, cellular integrity and neural network dynamics. In parallel, glucocorticoids (GCs), vital steroid hormones, which are secreted by adrenal glands and rapidly diffused across the mammalian body (including the brain), activate two different groups of intracellular receptors, the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptors, modulating a wide range of genomic, epigenomic and postgenomic events, also expressed in the neural tissue and implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, cellular homeostasis, cognitive and emotional processing. Recent research evidences indicate that these two major regulatory systems interact at various levels: they share common intracellular downstream pathways, GCs differentially regulate BDNF expression, under certain conditions BDNF antagonises the GC-induced effects on long-term potentiation, neuritic outgrowth and cellular death, while GCs regulate the intraneuronal transportation and the lysosomal degradation of BDNF. Currently, the BDNF-GC crosstalk features have been mainly studied in neurons, although initial findings show that this crosstalk could be equally important for other brain cell types, such as astrocytes. Elucidating the precise neurobiological significance of BDNF-GC interactions in a tempospatial manner, is crucial for understanding the subtleties of brain function and dysfunction, with implications for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, mood disorders and cognitive enhancement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsimpolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Malta Campus), Queen Mary University of London, Victoria, Malta
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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2
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Lavaee F, Didar S, Afshari A. Evaluation of the serum level of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and testosterone in patients with trigeminal neuralgia compared to a healthy population. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:1200-1205. [PMID: 38018289 PMCID: PMC10728518 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is to measure and compare the hormonal serum levels (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prolactin, dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) in trigeminal neuroglia (TN) menopausal women and healthy women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional and case-control study was performed in 2018 and 2019. For this study, menopausal women with confirmed TN were enrolled. Twenty-two healthy women in the control group and 19 in the case group participated. Blood samples were taken from participants for assessment of hormonal serum levels (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prolactin, DHT). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18. Mann-Whitney, T-test, kormography test, nonmetric, χ2 test, and odds ratios have been used. RESULTS In patients with TN, the serum level of testosterone was significantly higher (p = .036), and the serum level of prolactin (p = .016) was significantly lower. Other evaluated hormones' serum level was identical in the two groups. Patients with abnormal estrogen levels were more in the TN group in comparison with the healthy group. The abnormality of progesterone in TN patients was more in comparison to the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen and progesterone serum levels in TN patients are higher in comparison with the healthy group, while prolactin and testosterone serum levels are lower in the control group. Moreover, the DHE serum level is similar in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Disease Department, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Sahar Didar
- Student Research Committee, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Aylar Afshari
- Student Research Committee, School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Rodrigues-Braz D, Zhu L, Gélizé E, Clarin JP, Chatagnon X, Benzine Y, Rampignon P, Thouvenin A, Bourges JL, Behar-Cohen F, Zhao M. Spironolactone Eyedrop Favors Restoration of Corneal Integrity after Wound Healing in the Rat. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1446. [PMID: 37895917 PMCID: PMC10609951 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal corneal wound healing can compromise corneal transparency and lead to visual impairment. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) are promising candidates to promote corneal remodeling with anti-inflammatory properties and lack gluococorticoids-associated side effects. In this preclinical study, a new polymer-free hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin-based eyedrop containing 0.1% spironolactone (SPL), a potent but non-water-soluble MRA, was investigated for its ocular surface tolerance and efficacy in a rat model of corneal wound healing. SPL eyedrops were stable for up to 9 months at 4 °C. The formulation was well-tolerated since no morphological changes or inflammatory reactions were observed in the rat cornea after multiple daily instillations over 7 days. SPL eyedrops accelerated rat corneal wound healing, reduced corneal edema and inflammation, enhanced epithelial integrity, and improved nerve regeneration, suggesting restoration of corneal homeostasis, while potassium canrenoate, an active and soluble metabolite of SPL, had no effect. SPL eyedrops could benefit patients with impaired corneal wound healing, including that secondary to glucocorticoid therapy. Repurposing known drugs with known excipients will expedite translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Braz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Linxin Zhu
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Emmanuelle Gélizé
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Agathe Thouvenin
- CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France;
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourges
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
- Ophtalmopole, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
- Ophtalmopole, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Hôpital Foch, Service D’ophtalmologie, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (D.R.-B.); (L.Z.); (E.G.); (J.-L.B.); (M.Z.)
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113734. [PMID: 33548254 PMCID: PMC7954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11ß-HSD1 and 11ß-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11ß-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11ß-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11ß-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11ß-HSD2 but not 11ß-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11ß-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11ß-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11ß-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Physiopathological Role of Neuroactive Steroids in the Peripheral Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239000. [PMID: 33256238 PMCID: PMC7731236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) refers to many conditions involving damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Usually, PN causes weakness, numbness and pain and is the result of traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes, or exposure to chemicals. Despite the high prevalence of PN, available treatments are still unsatisfactory. Neuroactive steroids (i.e., steroid hormones synthesized by peripheral glands as well as steroids directly synthesized in the nervous system) represent important physiological regulators of PNS functionality. Data obtained so far and here discussed, indeed show that in several experimental models of PN the levels of neuroactive steroids are affected by the pathology and that treatment with these molecules is able to exert protective effects on several PN features, including neuropathic pain. Of note, the observations that neuroactive steroid levels are sexually dimorphic not only in physiological status but also in PN, associated with the finding that PN show sex dimorphic manifestations, may suggest the possibility of a sex specific therapy based on neuroactive steroids.
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Linher-Melville K, Shah A, Singh G. Sex differences in neuro(auto)immunity and chronic sciatic nerve pain. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 33183347 PMCID: PMC7661171 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain occurs with greater frequency in women, with a parallel sexually dimorphic trend reported in sufferers of many autoimmune diseases. There is a need to continue examining neuro-immune-endocrine crosstalk in the context of sexual dimorphisms in chronic pain. Several phenomena in particular need to be further explored. In patients, autoantibodies to neural antigens have been associated with sensory pathway hyper-excitability, and the role of self-antigens released by damaged nerves remains to be defined. In addition, specific immune cells release pro-nociceptive cytokines that directly influence neural firing, while T lymphocytes activated by specific antigens secrete factors that either support nerve repair or exacerbate the damage. Modulating specific immune cell populations could therefore be a means to promote nerve recovery, with sex-specific outcomes. Understanding biological sex differences that maintain, or fail to maintain, neuroimmune homeostasis may inform the selection of sex-specific treatment regimens, improving chronic pain management by rebalancing neuroimmune feedback. Given the significance of interactions between nerves and immune cells in the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain, this review focuses on sex differences and possible links with persistent autoimmune activity using sciatica as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Shah
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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ÖZTÜRK G, SİLAV G, İNCİR S, ARSLANHAN A, AKÇETİN MA, TOKTAŞ OZ, KONYA D. Ratlarda Deneysel Spinal Kord Hasar Modelinde Genisteinin Nöroprotektif Etkisinin Araştırılması, Diffüz Tensor Görüntüleme ile Değerlendirilmesi. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.742525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Colciago A, Bonalume V, Melfi V, Magnaghi V. Genomic and Non-genomic Action of Neurosteroids in the Peripheral Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:796. [PMID: 32848567 PMCID: PMC7403499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the former evidence of biologic actions of neurosteroids in the central nervous system, also the peripheral nervous system (PNS) was reported as a structure affected by these substances. Indeed, neurosteroids are synthesized and active in the PNS, exerting many important actions on the different cell types of this system. PNS is a target for neurosteroids, in their native form or as metabolites. In particular, old and recent evidence indicates that the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone possesses important functions in the PNS, thus contributing to its physiologic processes. In this review, we will survey the more recent findings on the genomic and non-genomic actions of neurosteroids in nerves, ganglia, and cells forming the PNS, focusing on the mechanisms regulating the peripheral neuron-glial crosstalk. Then, we will refer to the physiopathological significance of the neurosteroid signaling disturbances in the PNS, in to identify new molecular targets for promising pharmacotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Bonalume
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melfi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Octopus maya white body show sex-specific transcriptomic profiles during the reproductive phase, with high differentiation in signaling pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216982. [PMID: 31095623 PMCID: PMC6522055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White bodies (WB), multilobulated soft tissue that wraps the optic tracts and optic lobes, have been considered the hematopoietic organ of the cephalopods. Its glandular appearance and its lobular morphology suggest that different parts of the WB may perform different functions, but a detailed functional analysis of the octopus WB is lacking. The aim of this study is to describe the transcriptomic profile of WB to better understand its functions, with emphasis on the difference between sexes during reproductive events. Then, validation via qPCR was performed using different tissues to find out tissue-specific transcripts. High differentiation in signaling pathways was observed in the comparison of female and male transcriptomic profiles. For instance, the expression of genes involved in the androgen receptor-signaling pathway were detected only in males, whereas estrogen receptor showed higher expression in females. Highly expressed genes in males enriched oxidation-reduction and apoptotic processes, which are related to the immune response. On the other hand, expression of genes involved in replicative senescence and the response to cortisol were only detected in females. Moreover, the transcripts with higher expression in females enriched a wide variety of signaling pathways mediated by molecules like neuropeptides, integrins, MAPKs and receptors like TNF and Toll-like. In addition, these putative neuropeptide transcripts, showed higher expression in females’ WB and were not detected in other analyzed tissues. These results suggest that the differentiation in signaling pathways in white bodies of O. maya influences the physiological dimorphism between females and males during the reproductive phase.
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Pitarokoili K, Sgodzai M, Grüter T, Bachir H, Motte J, Ambrosius B, Pedreiturria X, Yoon MS, Gold R. Intrathecal triamcinolone acetonide exerts anti-inflammatory effects on Lewis rat experimental autoimmune neuritis and direct anti-oxidative effects on Schwann cells. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:58. [PMID: 30851725 PMCID: PMC6408772 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroids dominate in the treatment of chronic autoimmune neuropathies although long-term use is characterized by devastating side effects. Methods We introduce the intrathecal application of the synthetic steroid triamcinolone (TRIAM) as a novel therapeutic option in experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats Results After immunization with neuritogenic P2 peptide, we show a dose-dependent therapeutic effect of one intrathecal injection of 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg TRIAM on clinical and electrophysiological parameters of neuritis with a lower degree of inflammatory infiltrates (T cells and macrophages) and demyelination in the sciatic nerve. In vitro studies in Schwann cell cultures showed an increased expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and reduced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 after incubation with TRIAM as well as a protective effect of TRIAM against oxidative stress after H2O2 exposure. Conclusion Intrathecal TRIAM application could be a novel immunomodulatory and potentially neuroprotective option for autoimmune neuropathies with a direct effect on Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Melissa Sgodzai
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Grüter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hussein Bachir
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Ambrosius
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiomara Pedreiturria
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Min-Suk Yoon
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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Genistein Loaded Nanofibers Protect Spinal Cord Tissue Following Experimental Injury in Rats. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040096. [PMID: 30287760 PMCID: PMC6316236 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative drug-delivery systems offer a unique approach to effectively provide therapeutic drug dose over the needed time to achieve better tissue protection and enhanced recovery. The hypothesis of the current study was to test the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genistein and nanofibers on the spinal cord tissue following experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were treated post SCI with genistein that is loaded on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) nanofibers as an implantable drug-delivery system. SCI caused marked oxidative damage and inflammation, as is evident by the reduction in the super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in injured spinal cord tissue, as well as the significant increase in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Treatment of rats post SCI with genistein and CS/PVA nanofibers improved most of the above-mentioned biochemical parameters and shifted them toward the control group values. Genistein induced an increase in the activity of SOD and the level of IL-10, while causing a decrease in NO, MDA, and TNF-α in injured spinal cord tissue. Genistein and CS/PVA nanofibers provide a novel combination for treating inflammatory nervous tissue conditions, especially when combined as an implantable drug-delivery system.
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The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:8640970. [PMID: 28928988 PMCID: PMC5591892 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8640970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, injury, and disease trigger glucocorticoid (GC) elevation. Elevated GCs bind to the ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR). While GRs are in every cell in the nervous system, the expression level varies, suggesting that diverse cell types react differently to GR activation. Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. While general nervous system plasticity is essential for adaptation and learning and memory, stress-induced plasticity is often maladaptive and contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders and neuropathic pain. In this brief review, we describe the evidence that stress/GCs activate GR to promote cell type-specific changes in cellular plasticity throughout the nervous system.
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Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Melcangi RC, Giatti S, Calabrese D, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Viviani B, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D. Levels and actions of progesterone and its metabolites in the nervous system during physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 113:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schumacher M, Hussain R, Gago N, Oudinet JP, Mattern C, Ghoumari AM. Progesterone synthesis in the nervous system: implications for myelination and myelin repair. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22347156 PMCID: PMC3274763 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is well known as a female reproductive hormone and in particular for its role in uterine receptivity, implantation, and the maintenance of pregnancy. However, neuroendocrine research over the past decades has established that progesterone has multiple functions beyond reproduction. Within the nervous system, its neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects are much studied. Although progesterone has been shown to also promote myelin repair, its influence and that of other steroids on myelination and remyelination is relatively neglected. Reasons for this are that hormonal influences are still not considered as a central problem by most myelin biologists, and that neuroendocrinologists are not sufficiently concerned with the importance of myelin in neuron functions and viability. The effects of progesterone in the nervous system involve a variety of signaling mechanisms. The identification of the classical intracellular progesterone receptors as therapeutic targets for myelin repair suggests new health benefits for synthetic progestins, specifically designed for contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapies. There are also major advantages to use natural progesterone in neuroprotective and myelin repair strategies, because progesterone is converted to biologically active metabolites in nervous tissues and interacts with multiple target proteins. The delivery of progesterone however represents a challenge because of its first-pass metabolism in digestive tract and liver. Recently, the intranasal route of progesterone administration has received attention for easy and efficient targeting of the brain. Progesterone in the brain is derived from the steroidogenic endocrine glands or from local synthesis by neural cells. Stimulating the formation of endogenous progesterone is currently explored as an alternative strategy for neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and myelin repair.
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Melcangi RC, Giatti S, Pesaresi M, Calabrese D, Mitro N, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM. Role of neuroactive steroids in the peripheral nervous system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:104. [PMID: 22654839 PMCID: PMC3356101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reviews have so far pointed out on the relevant physiological and pharmacological role exerted by neuroactive steroids in the central nervous system. In the present review we summarize observations indicating that synthesis and metabolism of neuroactive steroids also occur in the peripheral nerves. Interestingly, peripheral nervous system is also a target of their action. Indeed, as here reported neuroactive steroids are physiological regulators of peripheral nerve functions and they may also represent interesting therapeutic tools for different types of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology – Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Cosimo Melcangi, Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology – Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy. e-mail:
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology – Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology – Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Donato Calabrese
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology and Applied Biology – Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology of Lipids and Mass Spectrometry “Giovanni Galli”, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology of Lipids and Mass Spectrometry “Giovanni Galli”, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
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17
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Girard C, Eychenne B, Schweizer-Groyer G, Cadepond F. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in sciatic nerve function and regeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:149-58. [PMID: 20678573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the two corticosteroid (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid) receptor (MR and GR) pathways to the function and regeneration of the sciatic nerve was investigated. We found that the corticosterone-inactivating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) was up-regulated 7 days after lesion in freeze-injured nerve. The maintenance of a low intracellular level of corticosterone by HSD2 activity in the regenerating nerve is concordant with the improvement of nervous function in injured animals (as measured by walking ability) after treatment by the GR antagonist mifepristone and with the reduction in GR participation in accumulation of the mRNA for numerous endogenous genes (from the renin-angiotensin system and other classical mineralocorticoid-responsive genes), in the same animals. Furthermore, using the MR antagonist spironolactone, we demonstrated that MR plays an active role in the function of the intact sciatic nerve: MR is required for walking ability and participates in the control of the accumulation of the mRNA for several endogenous genes. However, after injury, changes in gene expression cannot be fully explained by changes in MR/GR activity, due to an HSD2 effect, and other signalling pathway(s) induced by the lesion likely combine with the effect of the corticosteroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Girard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 788, Inserm and Université Paris-Sud 11, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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18
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Silva EJR, Queiróz DBC, Honda L, Avellar MCW. Glucocorticoid receptor in the rat epididymis: expression, cellular distribution and regulation by steroid hormones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 325:64-77. [PMID: 20573576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate several physiological functions, including reproduction, in mammals. Curiously, little is known about glucocorticoid-induced effects on the epididymis, an androgen-dependent tissue with vital role on sperm maturation. Here, RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical studies were performed to evaluate expression, cellular distribution and hormonal regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) along rat epididymis. The rat orthologue of human GRalpha (mRNA and protein) was detected in caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and immunolocalized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of different epididymal cells (epithelial, smooth muscle and interstitial cells) and nerve fibers. Changes in plasma glucocorticoid and androgen levels differentially regulated GR expression in caput and cauda epididymis by homologous and heterologous mechanisms. In vivo treatment with dexamethasone significantly changed the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes and induced ligand-dependent GR nuclear translocation in epithelial cells from epididymis, indicating that GR is fully active in this tissue. Heterologous regulation of androgen receptor expression by glucocorticoids was also demonstrated in cauda epididymis. Our results demonstrate that the epididymis is under glucocorticoid regulation, opening new insights into the roles of this hormone in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J R Silva
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua 03 de maio 100, INFAR, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
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19
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Heidbrink C, Häusler SFM, Buttmann M, Ossadnik M, Strik HM, Keller A, Buck D, Verbraak E, van Meurs M, Krockenberger M, Mehling M, Mittelbronn M, Laman JD, Wiendl H, Wischhusen J. Reduced cortisol levels in cerebrospinal fluid and differential distribution of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in multiple sclerosis: implications for lesion pathogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:975-84. [PMID: 20385225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapses during multiple sclerosis (MS) are treated by administration of exogenous corticosteroids. However, little is known about the bioavailability of endogenous steroids in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients. We thus determined cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 34 MS patients, 28 patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND) and 16 patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND). This revealed that MS patients - in sharp contrast to patients with OIND - show normal cortisol concentrations in serum and lowered cortisol levels in the CSF during acute relapses. This local cortisol deficit may relate to poor local activation of cortisone via 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11bHSD1) or to inactivation via 11bHSD2. Accordingly, 11bHSD2 was found to be expressed within active plaques, whereas 11bHSD1 was predominantly detected in surrounding "foamy" macrophages. Our study thus provides new insights into the impaired endogenous CNS cortisol regulation in MS patients and its possible relation to MS lesion pathogenesis. Moreover, an observed upregulation of 11bHSD1 in myelin-loaded macrophages in vitro suggests an intriguing hypothesis for the self-limiting nature of MS lesion development. Finally, our findings provide an attractive explanation for the effectivity of high- vs. low-dose exogenous corticosteroids in the therapy of acute relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Heidbrink
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Morisaki S, Nishi M, Fujiwara H, Oda R, Kawata M, Kubo T. Endogenous glucocorticoids improve myelination via Schwann cells after peripheral nerve injury: An in vivo study using a crush injury model. Glia 2010; 58:954-63. [PMID: 20169622 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids improve the symptoms of peripheral nerve disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. The effects of glucocorticoids are mainly anti-inflammatory, but the mechanisms of their effects in peripheral nerve disorders remain unclear. Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves express glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and glucocorticoids enhance the rate of myelin formation in vitro. Therefore, it is possible that the clinical improvement of peripheral nerve disorders by glucocorticoids is due, at least in part, to the modulation of myelination. In this study, an adrenalectomy (ADX) was performed, and followed by a daily injection of either low dose (1 mg/kg) or high dose (10 mg/kg) corticosterone (CORT). We then simulated a crush injury of the sciatic nerves. A sham ADX operation, followed by a simulated crush injury, was conducted as a control. Immunohistochemistry showed that the nuclei of in vivo Schwann cells expressed GR and that glucocorticoids impacted the GR immunoreactivity of the Schwann cells. The mRNA and protein expression of myelin basic protein was significantly lower in the animals given ADX with vehicle than in the sham operation group. However, the expression was restored in the low-dose CORT replacement group. Morphological analyses showed that the ADX with vehicle group had a significantly lower myelin thickness than did the low-dose CORT replacement group and the sham operation group. These results suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids have an important role in myelination through the GR in Schwann cells after an in vivo peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Morisaki
- Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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21
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Usukura M, Zhu A, Yoneda T, Karashima S, Yagi K, Yamagishi M, Takeda Y. Effects of a high-salt diet on adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor and 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Steroids 2009; 74:978-82. [PMID: 19646461 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High-salt diets decrease insulin sensitivity in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, and glucocorticoids promote adipocyte growth and may have pathophysiological roles in the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between high-salt diet and the adipocyte glucocorticoid hormones in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Six-week-old Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) hypertensive rats and salt-resistant (DR) rats were fed a high-salt diet or a normal-salt diet for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum adiponectin, plasma insulin, and corticosterone in plasma and in visceral adipose tissues, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) activities in adipose tissues and glucose uptake in isolated muscle were measured. Animals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The expression of mRNA for glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11beta-HSD1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in adipose tissues were measured using a real-time PCR. A high-salt diet did not influence FBG; however, decreased 2-deoxy glucose uptake and plasma insulin during OGTT in DS rats. The high-salt diet increased significantly adipose tissue corticosterone concentration and 11beta-HSD1 activities, gene expression for GR, 11beta-HSD1 and TNF-alpha in adipose tissues in DS rats compared with DR rats (p<0.05). The high-salt diet did not influence plasma corticosterone and serum adiponectin concentration in DS and DR rats. These results suggest that changes in GR and 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue may contribute to insulin sensitivity in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiya Usukura
- Division of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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22
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Etifoxine improves peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20505-10. [PMID: 19075249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811201106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves show spontaneous regenerative responses, but recovery after injury or peripheral neuropathies (toxic, diabetic, or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy syndromes) is slow and often incomplete, and at present no efficient treatment is available. Using well-defined peripheral nerve lesion paradigms, we assessed the therapeutic usefulness of etifoxine, recently identified as a ligand of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), to promote axonal regeneration, modulate inflammatory responses, and improve functional recovery. We found by histologic analysis that etifoxine therapy promoted the regeneration of axons in and downstream of the lesion after freeze injury and increased axonal growth into a silicone guide tube by a factor of 2 after nerve transection. Etifoxine also stimulated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, and the effect was even stronger than for specific TSPO ligands. Etifoxine treatment caused a marked reduction in the number of macrophages after cryolesion within the nerve stumps, which was rapid in the proximal and delayed in the distal nerve stumps. Functional tests revealed accelerated and improved recovery of locomotion, motor coordination, and sensory functions in response to etifoxine. This work demonstrates that etifoxine, a clinically approved drug already used for the treatment of anxiety disorders, is remarkably efficient in promoting acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Its possible mechanism of action is discussed, with reference to the neurosteroid concept. This molecule, which easily enters nerve tissues and regulates multiple functions in a concerted manner, offers promise for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries and axonal neuropathies.
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23
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Valsecchi AE, Franchi S, Panerai AE, Sacerdote P, Trovato AE, Colleoni M. Genistein, a natural phytoestrogen from soy, relieves neuropathic pain following chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury in mice: anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. J Neurochem 2008; 107:230-40. [PMID: 18691380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in soy isoflavones as alternatives to endogenous estrogens not only in hormonal pathologies, but also in inflammatory, neurodegenerative diseases, and pain. We investigated the effect of the isoflavone genistein on neuropathic pain. Genistein binds estrogen receptors (ER) with higher affinity for the ERbeta particularly expressed in neuronal and immune cells. Neuropathy was induced in mice by means of chronic sciatic nerve constriction, and the subcutaneous administration of genistein from the third day after the lesion reversed pain hypersensitivity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This effect may have been due to the activation of classical nuclear receptor and/or anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties of genistein. The fact that a specific ERbeta antagonist prevented both its anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic action, whereas a specific ERalpha antagonist was ineffective and a non-selective ER antagonist only reversed the anti-allodynic effect, suggests the involvement of ERbeta. Antioxidant effects are also involved as the anti-nociceptive dose reversed the increase in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in injured paw tissues, and increased the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes. The phytoestrogen had immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities as it reduced peripheral and central nuclear factor-kappaB, nitric oxide system and pro-inflammatory cytokine over-activation. Taken together, our results suggest that genistein could ameliorate painful neuropathy by multiple mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Genistein/therapeutic use
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/physiopathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
- Phytoestrogens/pharmacology
- Phytoestrogens/therapeutic use
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Glycine max/chemistry
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elisa Valsecchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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24
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Zhu TS, Glaser M. Neuroprotection and enhancement of remyelination by estradiol and dexamethasone in cocultures of rat DRG neurons and Schwann cells. Brain Res 2008; 1206:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Zhu TS, Glaser M. Regulatory role of cytochrome P450scc and pregnenolone in myelination by rat Schwann cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 313:79-89. [PMID: 18373277 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the production of steroid hormones by Schwann cells and to examine the regulation of steroid hormone production during myelination, cultures of rat Schwann cells were differentiated into their myelinating phenotype in the absence of neurons with dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP). During this process, the expression of P450scc (involved in steroid biosynthesis) was elevated at both the mRNA and protein levels as evident in RT-PCR, Western blots, and immunostaining. Labeling of the cells with [14C] acetate revealed enhanced production of pregnenolone during differentiation into the myelinating phenotype. Disruption of P450scc's activity with an inhibitor diminished the extent of differentiation into the myelinating phenotype as levels of mRNA and protein expression of myelin protein zero (P0) declined. However, the effect was reversed with the addition of pregnenolone. Furthermore, when the differentiating cultures were treated with pregnenolone, mRNA expression of P0 was upregulated, suggesting the stimulation of the differentiation process. Together, these results provide evidence for Schwann cells as a major producer of steroid hormones and pregnenolone production by P450scc as an important regulatory step during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thant S Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Stein DG, De Nicola AF. Progesterone: Therapeutic opportunities for neuroprotection and myelin repair. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:77-106. [PMID: 17659348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and its metabolites promote the viability of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Their neuroprotective effects have been documented in different lesion models, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), experimentally induced ischemia, spinal cord lesions and a genetic model of motoneuron disease. Progesterone plays an important role in developmental myelination and in myelin repair, and the aging nervous system appears to remain sensitive to some of progesterone's beneficial effects. Thus, the hormone may promote neuroregeneration by several different actions by reducing inflammation, swelling and apoptosis, thereby increasing the survival of neurons, and by promoting the formation of new myelin sheaths. Recognition of the important pleiotropic effects of progesterone opens novel perspectives for the treatment of brain lesions and diseases of the nervous system. Over the last decade, there have been a growing number of studies showing that exogenous administration of progesterone or some of its metabolites can be successfully used to treat traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, as well as ischemic stroke. Progesterone can also be synthesized by neurons and by glial cells within the nervous system. This finding opens the way for a promising therapeutic strategy, the use of pharmacological agents, such as ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO; the former peripheral benzodiazepine receptor or PBR), to locally increase the synthesis of steroids with neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. A concept is emerging that progesterone may exert different actions and use different signaling mechanisms in normal and injured neural tissue.
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27
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Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Ghoumari A, Massaad C, Robert F, El-Etr M, Akwa Y, Rajkowski K, Baulieu EE. Novel perspectives for progesterone in hormone replacement therapy, with special reference to the nervous system. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:387-439. [PMID: 17431228 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The utility and safety of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy has recently been put into question by large clinical trials. Their outcome has been extensively commented upon, but discussions have mainly been limited to the effects of estrogens. In fact, progestagens are generally only considered with respect to their usefulness in preventing estrogen stimulation of uterine hyperplasia and malignancy. In addition, various risks have been attributed to progestagens and their omission from hormone replacement therapy has been considered, but this may underestimate their potential benefits and therapeutic promises. A major reason for the controversial reputation of progestagens is that they are generally considered as a single class. Moreover, the term progesterone is often used as a generic one for the different types of both natural and synthetic progestagens. This is not appropriate because natural progesterone has properties very distinct from the synthetic progestins. Within the nervous system, the neuroprotective and promyelinating effects of progesterone are promising, not only for preventing but also for reversing age-dependent changes and dysfunctions. There is indeed strong evidence that the aging nervous system remains at least to some extent sensitive to these beneficial effects of progesterone. The actions of progesterone in peripheral target tissues including breast, blood vessels, and bones are less well understood, but there is evidence for the beneficial effects of progesterone. The variety of signaling mechanisms of progesterone offers exciting possibilities for the development of more selective, efficient, and safe progestagens. The recognition that progesterone is synthesized by neurons and glial cells requires a reevaluation of hormonal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumacher
- INSERM UMR 788, 80, rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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28
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Roglio I, Giatti S, Pesaresi M, Bianchi R, Cavaletti G, Lauria G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and peripheral neuropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:460-9. [PMID: 17543391 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy, either inherited or acquired, represents a very common disorder for which effective clinical treatments are not available yet. Observations here summarized indicate that neuroactive steroids, such as progesterone, testosterone and their reduced metabolites, might represent a promising therapeutic option. Peripheral nerves are able to synthesize and metabolize neuroactive steroids and are a target for these molecules, since they express classical and non-classical steroid receptors. Neuroactive steroids modulate the expression of key transcription factors for Schwann cell function, regulate Schwann cell proliferation and promote the expression of myelin proteins involved in the maintenance of myelin multilamellar structure, such as myelin protein zero and peripheral myelin protein 22. These actions may result in the protection and regeneration of peripheral nerves affected by different forms of pathological alterations. Indeed, neuroactive steroids are able to counteract biochemical, morphological and functional alterations of peripheral nerves in different experimental models of neuropathy, including the alterations caused by aging, diabetic neuropathy and physical injury. Therefore, neuroactive steroids, pharmacological agents able to increase their local synthesis and synthetic ligands for their receptors have a promising potential for the treatment of different forms of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Roglio
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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