1
|
Gomes SF, Alvarenga ES, Baia VC, Oliveira DF. N-Phenylnorbornenesuccinimide derivatives, agricultural defensive, and enzymatic target selection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3278-3292. [PMID: 38372427 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faced with the need to develop new herbicides with modes of action different to those observed for existing agrochemicals, one of the most promising strategies employed by synthetic chemists involves the structural modification of molecules found in natural products. Molecules containing amides, imides, and epoxides as functional groups are prevalent in nature and find extensive application in synthesizing more intricate compounds due to their biological properties. In this context, this paper delineates the synthesis of N-phenylnorbornenesuccinimide derivatives, conducts biological assays, and carries out in silico investigation of the protein target associated with the most potent compound in plant organisms. The phytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds (2-29) were evaluated on Allium cepa, Bidens pilosa, Cucumis sativus, Sorghum bicolor, and Solanum lycopersicum. RESULTS Reaction of endo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-3a,7a-dicarboxylic anhydride (1) with aromatic amines led to the N-phenylnorbornenesuccinic acids (2-11) with yields ranging from 75% to 90%. Cyclization of compounds (2-11) in the presence of acetic anhydride and sodium acetate afforded N-phenylnorbornenesuccinimides (12-20) with yields varying from 65% to 89%. Those imides were then subjected to epoxidation reaction to afford N-phenylepoxynorbornanesuccimides (21-29) with yields from 60% to 90%. All compounds inhibited the growth of seedlings of the plants evaluated. Substance 23 was the most active against the plants tested, inhibiting 100% the growth of all species in all concentrations. Cyclophilin was found to be the enzymatic target of compound 23. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that derivatives of N-phenylnorbornenesuccinimide are promising compounds in the quest for more selective and stable agrochemicals. This perspective reinforces the significance of these derivatives as potential innovative herbicides and emphasizes the importance of further exploring their biological activity on weeds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabriny F Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elson S Alvarenga
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Vitor C Baia
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren L, Zhang T, Zhang J. Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1446-1500. [PMID: 38279967 DOI: 10.1002/med.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population-based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary-derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng R, Zhou S, K C R, Lizarazo S, Mouli L, Jayanth A, Liu Q, Van Bortle K. A Combinatorial Regulatory Platform Determines Expression of RNA Polymerase III Subunit RPC7α ( POLR3G) in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4995. [PMID: 37894362 PMCID: PMC10605170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) subunit RPC7α, which is encoded by POLR3G in humans, has been linked to both tumor growth and metastasis. Accordantly, high POLR3G expression is a negative prognostic factor in multiple cancer subtypes. To date, the mechanisms underlying POLR3G upregulation have remained poorly defined. We performed a large-scale genomic survey of mRNA and chromatin signatures to predict drivers of POLR3G expression in cancer. Our survey uncovers positive determinants of POLR3G expression, including a gene-internal super-enhancer bound with multiple transcription factors (TFs) that promote POLR3G expression, as well as negative determinants that include gene-internal DNA methylation, retinoic-acid induced differentiation, and MXD4-mediated disruption of POLR3G expression. We show that novel TFs identified in our survey, including ZNF131 and ZNF207, functionally enhance POLR3G expression, whereas MXD4 likely obstructs MYC-driven expression of POLR3G and other growth-related genes. Integration of chromatin architecture and gene regulatory signatures identifies additional factors, including histone demethylase KDM5B, as likely influencers of POLR3G gene activity. Taken together, our findings support a model in which POLR3G expression is determined with multiple factors and dynamic regulatory programs, expanding our understanding of the circuitry underlying POLR3G upregulation and downstream consequences in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sihang Zhou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Rajendra K C
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Simon Lizarazo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Leela Mouli
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (L.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Anshita Jayanth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (L.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Kevin Van Bortle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.C.); (S.Z.)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (L.M.); (A.J.)
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu W, Yang H, Hu C, Liao J, Gong Z, Zhang M, Yang S, Ye S, Lei Y, Sheng R, Zhang Z, Yao X, Tang C, Li D, Hou T. Small-Molecule Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Dimerization as a Strategy against Prostate Cancer. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:675-684. [PMID: 37122451 PMCID: PMC10141604 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinically used androgen receptor (AR) antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) are all targeting the AR ligand binding pocket (LBP), resulting in various drug-resistant problems. Therefore, a new strategy to combat PCa is urgently needed. Enlightened by the gain-of-function mutations of androgen insensitivity syndrome, we discovered for the first time small-molecule antagonists toward a prospective pocket on the AR dimer interface named the dimer interface pocket (DIP) via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, structure-based virtual screening, structure-activity relationship exploration, and bioassays. The first-in-class antagonist M17-B15 targeting the DIP is capable of effectively disrupting AR self-association, thereby suppressing AR signaling. Furthermore, M17-B15 exhibits extraordinary anti-PCa efficacy in vitro and also in mouse xenograft tumor models, demonstrating that AR dimerization disruption by small molecules targeting the DIP is a novel and valid strategy against PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Fu
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Jiangsu Vcare
PharmaTech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute
of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zhejiang
University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenxian Hu
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Polytechnic
Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianing Liao
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Innovation
Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Minkui Zhang
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Innovation
Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangxiang Ye
- Wuhan National
Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yixuan Lei
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Institute
of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute
of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zhejiang
University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory
of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Dr. Neher’s
Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory
of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, and Center for Quantitate Biology, PKU-Tsinghua
Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
| | - Dan Li
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Institute
of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
- E-mail:
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie L, Sun L, Wu P, Wang Z, Zhao C, Wu L, Li X, Gao Z, Liu W, Nie SZ. Organocatalytic cascade nucleophilic/aza-Michael addition reactions: metal-free catalytic strategy for the synthesis of hydantoins. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2295-2300. [PMID: 36825465 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lewis base-catalyzed cascade nucleophilic/aza-Michael addition reaction of N-alkoxy β-oxo-acrylamides with isocyanates has been developed to afford various highly functionalized hydantoin derivatives in 80-98% yields under mild reaction conditions. The intriguing features of this method include metal-free reaction conditions, low catalyst loading, broad substrate scope and short reaction time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Lei Sun
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Ping Wu
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Zhaoxue Wang
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Chenyi Zhao
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Lingang Wu
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Wanxing Liu
- The Non-Public Enterprise Service Center of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Shao-Zhen Nie
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-Disubstituted Hydantoins by HPLC and SFC on Immobilized Polysaccharides-Based Chiral Stationary Phases. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins 5a–i was investigated on three immobilized polysaccharide-based columns (CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SB, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using n-hexane/2-PrOH (90/10, v/v) or 100% dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as mobile phases, respectively, and by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using CO2/alcohol (MeOH, EtOH, 2-PrOH; 80/20, v/v) as a mobile phase. The chromatographic parameters, such as separation and resolution factors, have indicated that Amylose-SA is more suitable for enantioseparation of the most analyzed syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins than Celullose-SB and Cellulose-SC in both HPLC and SFC modalities. All three tested columns showed better enantiorecognition ability toward anti-hydantoins compared to syn-hydantoins, both in HPLC and SFC modes. We have demonstrated that environmentally friendly solvent DMC can be efficiently used as the mobile phase in HPLC mode for enantioseparation of hydantoins on the immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Overview of the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis (1998–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
8
|
Jia S, Zhao F. Ex vivo development of the entire mouse fetal reproductive tract by using microdissection and membrane-based organ culture techniques. Differentiation 2022; 123:42-49. [PMID: 35030420 PMCID: PMC8821157 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo explant culture is an appealing alternative to in vivo studies on fetal reproductive organ development. There is extensive literature on ex vivo methods of growing the fetal gonad. However, a method for culturing the whole fetal reproductive tract that has a different shape and size has not been documented. Here, with careful dissection and proper tissue orientation, we successfully cultured the entire bicornuate reproductive tracts from mouse embryos of both sexes on the Transwell insert membrane. The cultured reproductive tract system undergoes sexually dimorphic establishment and region-specific morphogenesis comparable to in vivo development of their counterparts. To test this culture method's applications, we used chemical treatment (dihydrotestosterone and BMS 564929) and genetic cellular ablation mouse model (Gli1-CreER; Rosa-DTA) to investigate the roles of androgen signaling and Gli1+ mesenchyme in Wolffian duct development. Dihydrotestosterone and BMS 564929 promoted the ectopic maintenance of Wolffian ducts in cultured XX tissues. The efficient and specific elimination of Gli1+ mesenchyme was successfully achieved in the cultured tissues, resulting in defective coiling of Wolffian ducts. These results demonstrate the amenability of this organ culture method for chemical and genetic manipulations that are otherwise difficult to study in vivo. Taken together, the establishment of this organ culture method provides a valuable tool complementary to in vivo studies for understanding fetal reproductive tract development in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jia
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,Corresponding author: Fei Zhao, Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA, Tel: 608-890-2610.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Islam MS, Chen LW, Segars JH. Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs) and Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) as Treatment for Benign Gynecologic Diseases. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:813-836. [PMID: 34524172 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Common benign gynecologic conditions such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are linked to chronic pelvic pain, abnormal and heavy uterine bleeding, and infertility. Effective medical management of these diseases is an unmet need. The steroid hormones progesterone (P4), estrogen (E2), and testosterone play a major role in reproductive physiology and uterine pathologies. Notably, selective progesterone receptor modulators have shown considerable promise as treatment options for some hormone-dependent conditions. More limited data are available regarding the safety and efficacy of selective androgen receptor modulators. In this report we review current evidence for selective progesterone receptor modulators and selective androgen receptor modulators as treatment options for benign gynecologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences and Women's Health Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang LT, Wang JH. The Therapeutic Intervention of Sex Steroid Hormones for Sarcopenia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:739251. [PMID: 34760899 PMCID: PMC8573092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.739251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by the excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is associated with the overall poor muscle performance status of the elderly, and occurs more frequently in those with chronic diseases. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial due to the inherent relationship between muscles and molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial function, inflammatory pathways, and circulating hormones. Age-related changes in sex steroid hormone concentrations, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and their precursors and derivatives, are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. In this review, we provide an understanding of the treatment of sarcopenia through the regulation of sex steroid hormones. The potential benefits and future research emphasis of each sex steroid hormone therapeutic intervention (testosterone, SARMs, estrogen, SERMs, DHEA, and progesterone) for sarcopenia are discussed. Enhanced understanding of the role of sex steroid hormones in the treatment for sarcopenia could lead to the development of hormone therapeutic approaches in combination with specific exercise and nutrition regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kowalczyk K, Torres-Elguera JC, Jarek A, Konopka A, Kwiatkowska D, Bulska E. In vitro metabolic studies of novel selective androgen receptor modulators and their use for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:122-136. [PMID: 34414676 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Jarek
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Konopka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schlezinger JJ, Heiger-Bernays W, Webster TF. Predicting the Activation of the Androgen Receptor by Mixtures of Ligands Using Generalized Concentration Addition. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:466-475. [PMID: 32726424 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentration/dose addition is widely used for compounds that act by similar mechanisms. But it cannot make predictions for mixtures of full and partial agonists for effect levels above that of the least efficacious component. As partial agonists are common, we developed generalized concentration addition, which has been successfully applied to systems in which ligands compete for a single binding site. Here, we applied a pharmacodynamic model for a homodimer receptor system with 2 binding sites, the androgen receptor, that acts according to the classic homodimer activation model: Each cytoplasmic monomer protein binds ligand, undergoes a conformational change that relieves inhibition of dimerization, and binds to DNA response elements as a dimer. We generated individual dose-response data for full (dihydroxytestosterone, BMS564929) and partial (TFM-4AS-1) agonists and a competitive antagonist (MDV3100) using reporter data generated in the MDA-kb2 cell line. We used the Schild method to estimate the binding affinity of MDV3100. Data for individual compounds fit the homodimer pharmacodynamic model well. In the presence of a full agonist, the partial agonist had agonistic effects at low effect levels and antagonistic effects at high levels, as predicted by pharmacological theory. The generalized concentration addition model fits the empirical mixtures data-full/full agonist, full/partial agonist, and full agonist/antagonist-as well or better than relative potency factors or effect summation. The ability of generalized concentration addition to predict the activity of mixtures of different types of androgen receptor ligands is important as a number of environmental compounds act as partial androgen receptor agonists or antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao G, Xu S, Xie C, Zi G, Ye W, Zhou Z, Hou G, Zhang Z. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Substituted 2,4-Diketoimidazolidines and 2,5-Diketopiperazines via Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2021; 23:5734-5738. [PMID: 34240880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective hydrogenation of 5-alkylidene-2,4-diketoimidazolidines (hydantoins) and 3-alkylidene-2,5-ketopiperazines catalyzed by the Rh/f-spiroPhos complex under mild conditions has been developed, which provides an efficient approach to the highly enantioselective synthesis of chiral hydantoins and 2,5-ketopiperazine derivatives with high enantioselectivities up to 99.9% ee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chaochao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | | | - Guohua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shao G, Bao J, Pan X, He X, Qi Y, Zhang JZH. Computational Analysis of Residue-Specific Binding Free Energies of Androgen Receptor to Ligands. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646524. [PMID: 33778009 PMCID: PMC7994597 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as prostate cancer, hypogonadism, muscle wasting, etc. In this study, the complex structures of the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) with fifteen ligands were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations combined with the alanine-scanning-interaction-entropy method (ASIE). The quantitative free energy contributions of the pocket residues were obtained and hotspot residues are quantitatively identified. Our calculation shows that that these hotspot residues are predominantly hydrophobic and their interactions with binding ligands are mainly van der Waals interactions. The total binding free energies obtained by summing over binding contributions by individual residues are in good correlation with the experimental binding data. The current quantitative analysis of binding mechanism of AR to ligands provides important insight on the design of future inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfeng Shao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxiao Bao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Pan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Qi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU, Shanghai, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Medicinal Use of Testosterone and Related Steroids Revisited. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041032. [PMID: 33672087 PMCID: PMC7919692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone derivatives and related compounds (such as anabolic-androgenic steroids—AAS) are frequently misused by athletes (both professional and amateur) wishing to promote muscle development and strength or to cover AAS misuse. Even though these agents are vastly regarded as abusive material, they have important pharmacological activities that cannot be easily replaced by other drugs and have therapeutic potential in a range of conditions (e.g., wasting syndromes, severe burns, muscle and bone injuries, anemia, hereditary angioedema). Testosterone and related steroids have been in some countries treated as controlled substances, which may affect the availability of these agents for patients who need them for therapeutic reasons in a given country. Although these agents are currently regarded as rather older generation drugs and their use may lead to serious side-effects, they still have medicinal value as androgenic, anabolic, and even anti-androgenic agents. This review summarizes and revisits the medicinal use of compounds based on the structure and biological activity of testosterone, with examples of specific compounds. Additionally, some of the newer androgenic-anabolic compounds are discussed such as selective androgen receptor modulators, the efficacy/adverse-effect profiles of which have not been sufficiently established and which may pose a greater risk than conventional androgenic-anabolic agents.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wade AD, Huggins DJ. Identification of Optimal Ligand Growth Vectors Using an Alchemical Free-Energy Method. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5580-5594. [PMID: 32810401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel method to rationally design inhibitors with improved steric contacts and enhanced binding free energies is presented. This new method uses alchemical single step perturbation calculations to rapidly optimize the van der Waals interactions of a small molecule in a protein-ligand complex in order to maximize its binding affinity. The results of the optimizer are used to predict beneficial growth vectors on the ligand, and good agreement is found between the predictions from the optimizer and a more rigorous free energy calculation, with a Spearman's rank order correlation of 0.59. The advantage of the method presented here is the significant speed up of over 10-fold compared to traditional free energy calculations and sublinear scaling with the number of growth vectors assessed. Where experimental data were available, mutations from hydrogen to a methyl group at sites highlighted by the optimizer were calculated with MBAR, and the mean unsigned error between experimental and calculated values of the binding free energy was 0.83 kcal/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Wade
- TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - David J Huggins
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, Belfer Research Building, 413 East 69th Street, 16th Floor, Box 300, New York, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fonseca GWPD, Dworatzek E, Ebner N, Von Haehling S. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:881-891. [PMID: 32476495 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle wasting is a frequent clinical problem encountered in patients with chronic diseases. Increased levels of inflammatory markers play a role in the imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Although testosterone has long been proposed as a treatment for patients with muscle wasting, undesirable side effects have raised concerns about prostatic hypertrophy in men as well as virilization in women. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have demonstrated similar results like testosterone at improving lean body mass (LBM) with less side effects on androgen-dependent tissue. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the ongoing clinical development in the field of SARMs and their effectiveness in improving body composition and physical function. The included articles were collected at pubmed.gov and analyzed integrally. EXPERT OPINION There is an unmet clinical need for safe and effective anabolic compounds such as SARMs. Despite the effect on LBM shown by SARMs in phase II clinical trials, results on improved physical function and muscle strength are still lacking and long-term outcomes have to be assessed in these patients. Moreover, there is a need to determine the effect of resistance exercise training and protein intake associated with SARMs in the treatment of patients with muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto Da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin, Germany.,Departement of Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Mosure SA, Shang J, Eberhardt J, Brust R, Zheng J, Griffin PR, Forli S, Kojetin DJ. Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2008-2023. [PMID: 30676741 PMCID: PMC6898968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), yet it remains unclear how in vivo Pio metabolites affect PPARγ structure and function. Here, we present a structure-function comparison of Pio and its most abundant in vivo metabolite, 1-hydroxypioglitazone (PioOH). PioOH displayed a lower binding affinity and reduced potency in co-regulator recruitment assays. X-ray crystallography and molecular docking analysis of PioOH-bound PPARγ ligand-binding domain revealed an altered hydrogen bonding network, including the formation of water-mediated bonds, which could underlie its altered biochemical phenotype. NMR spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis coupled to activity assays revealed that PioOH better stabilizes the PPARγ activation function-2 (AF-2) co-activator binding surface and better enhances co-activator binding, affording slightly better transcriptional efficacy. These results indicating that Pio hydroxylation affects its potency and efficacy as a PPARγ agonist contributes to our understanding of PPARγ-drug metabolite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome Eberhardt
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Declas N, Le Vaillant F, Waser J. Revisiting the Urech Synthesis of Hydantoins: Direct Access to Enantiopure 1,5-Substituted Hydantoins Using Cyanobenziodoxolone. Org Lett 2019; 21:524-528. [PMID: 30614708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of enantiopure 1,5-substituted hydantoins was developed using a hypervalent iodine cyanation reagent (cyanobenziodoxolone, CBX) as a source of electrophilic carbon. Starting from inexpensive commercially available enantiopure protected amino acids, the method allowed the synthesis of various hydantoins without epimerization. Formation of hydantoins from dipeptides was also possible, but partial epimerization was observed in this case. This synthetic strategy is user friendly as CBX is a bench-stable easy-to-handle crystalline reagent and avoids conventional multistep protocols, thus allowing the facile synthesis of a library of chiral hydantoins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Declas
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Franck Le Vaillant
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin TY, Wu HH, Feng JJ, Zhang J. Chirality Transfer in Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition of Vinyl Aziridines and Oxime Ethers: Atom-Economical Synthesis of Chiral Imidazolidines. Org Lett 2018; 20:3587-3590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Yan Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ripa L, Edman K, Dearman M, Edenro G, Hendrickx R, Ullah V, Chang HF, Lepistö M, Chapman D, Geschwindner S, Wissler L, Svanberg P, Lawitz K, Malmberg J, Nikitidis A, Olsson RI, Bird J, Llinas A, Hegelund-Myrbäck T, Berger M, Thorne P, Harrison R, Köhler C, Drmota T. Discovery of a Novel Oral Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator (AZD9567) with Improved Side Effect Profile. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1785-1799. [PMID: 29424542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) are essential for the treatment of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. However, their use is limited by target related adverse effects on, e.g., glucose homeostasis and bone metabolism. Starting from a nonsteroidal GR ligand (4) that is a full agonist in reporter gene assays, we exploited key functional triggers within the receptor, generating a range of structurally diverse partial agonists. Of these, only a narrow subset exhibited full anti-inflammatory efficacy and a significantly reduced impact on adverse effect markers in human cell assays compared to prednisolone. This led to the discovery of AZD9567 (15) with excellent in vivo efficacy when dosed orally in a rat model of joint inflammation. Compound 15 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials comparing the efficacy and side effect markers with those of prednisolone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Matthew Dearman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Goran Edenro
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Ramon Hendrickx
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Victoria Ullah
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Matti Lepistö
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Dave Chapman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | | | - Jesper Malmberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Antonios Nikitidis
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Roine I Olsson
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - James Bird
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Antoni Llinas
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Tove Hegelund-Myrbäck
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Markus Berger
- Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , Berlin 13353 , Germany
| | - Philip Thorne
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood , Bakewell Road , Loughborough , Leicestershire LE11 5RH , U.K
| | - Richard Harrison
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood , Bakewell Road , Loughborough , Leicestershire LE11 5RH , U.K
| | - Christian Köhler
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Tomas Drmota
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Aikawa K, Asano M, Ono K, Habuka N, Yano J, Wilson K, Fujita H, Kandori H, Hara T, Morimoto M, Santou T, Yamaoka M, Nakayama M, Hasuoka A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) Part III: Discovery of 4-(5-oxopyrrolidine-1-yl)benzonitrile derivative 2f as a clinical candidate. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3330-3349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
24
|
Novel Uses for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Nandrolone and Oxandrolone in the Management of Male Health. Curr Urol Rep 2016; 17:72. [PMID: 27535042 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been renewed interest in novel clinical applications of the anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone and its synthetic derivatives, particularly given with the rising popularity of testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) for the treatment of male hypogonadism. In this manuscript, we provide a brief review of the history of AAS and discuss clinical applications of two of the more well-known AAS: nandrolone and oxandrolone. Both agents exhibit favorable myotrophic/androgenic ratios and have been investigated for effectiveness in numerous disease states. We also provide a brief synopsis of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and postulate how these orally active, non-aromatizing, tissue-selective agents might be used in contemporary andrology. Currently, the applications of testosterone alternatives in hypogonadism are limited. However, it is tempting to speculate that these agents may one day become accepted as alternatives, or adjuncts, to the treatment of male hypogonadism.
Collapse
|
25
|
Prekovic S, van Royen ME, Voet ARD, Geverts B, Houtman R, Melchers D, Zhang KYJ, Van den Broeck T, Smeets E, Spans L, Houtsmuller AB, Joniau S, Claessens F, Helsen C. The Effect of F877L and T878A Mutations on Androgen Receptor Response to Enzalutamide. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1702-12. [PMID: 27196756 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-induced mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor (AR) are known to change antagonists into agonists. Recently, the F877L mutation has been described to convert enzalutamide into an agonist. This mutation was seen to co-occur in the endogenous AR allele of LNCaP cells, next to the T878A mutation. Here, we studied the effects of enzalutamide on the F877L and T878A mutants, as well as the double-mutant AR (F877L/T878A). Molecular modeling revealed favorable structural changes in the double-mutant AR that lead to a decrease in steric clashes for enzalutamide. Ligand-binding assays confirmed that the F877L mutation leads to an increase in relative binding affinity for enzalutamide, but only the combination with the T878A mutation resulted in a strong agonistic activity. This correlated with changes in coregulator recruitment and chromatin interactions. Our data show that enzalutamide is only a very weak partial agonist of the AR F877L, and a strong partial agonist of the double-mutant AR. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1702-12. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Prekovic
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Arnout R D Voet
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan. Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Geverts
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elien Smeets
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Spans
- Laboratory for Genetics of Malignant Disorders, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jia H, Sullivan CT, McCoy SC, Yarrow JF, Morrow M, Borst SE. Review of health risks of low testosterone and testosterone administration. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:338-344. [PMID: 25879005 PMCID: PMC4391003 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism is prevalent in older men and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for older hypogonadal men is a promising therapy. However, a number of important clinical concerns over TRT safety remain unsolved due to a lack of large-scale randomized clinical trials directly comparing the health risks of untreated hypogonadism vs long-term use of TRT. Meta-analyses of clinical trials of TRT as of 2010 have identified three major adverse events resulting from TRT: polycythemia, an increase in prostate-related events, and a slight reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There are other purported health risks but their incidence can be neither confirmed nor denied based on the small number of subjects that have been studied to date. Furthermore, subsequent literature is equivocal with regard to the safety and utility of TRT and this topic has been subject to contentious debate. Since January 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration has released two official announcements regarding the safety of TRT and clinical monitoring the risks in TRT users. Additionally, the health risks related to the clinical presentation of low or declining testosterone levels not been resolved in the current literature. Because TRT is prescribed in the context of putative risks resulting from reduced testosterone levels, we reviewed the epidemiology and reported risks of low testosterone levels. We also highlight the current information about TRT utilization, the risks most often claimed to be associated with TRT, and current or emerging alternatives to TRT.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aikawa K, Miyawaki T, Hitaka T, Imai YN, Hara T, Miyazaki J, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Kanzaki N, Tasaka A, Shiraishi M, Yamamoto S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Part I. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2568-78. [PMID: 25862209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective drugs for hypogonadism, sarcopenia, and cachexia, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that exhibit not only anabolic effects on organs such as muscles and the central nervous system (CNS) but also neutral or antagonistic effects on the prostate. Based on the information obtained from a docking model with androgen receptor (AR), we modified a hit compound A identified through high-throughput screening. Among the prepared compounds, 1-(4-cyano-1-naphthyl)-2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives 17h, 17m, and 17j had highly potent AR agonistic activities in vitro and good tissue selectivity in vivo. These derivatives increased the weight of the levator ani muscle without influencing the prostate and seminal vesicle. In addition, these compounds induced sexual behavior in castrated rats, indicating that the compounds could also act as agonists on the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Aikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan.
| | - Toshio Miyawaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Takenori Hitaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Yumi N Imai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Takahito Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Junichi Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Production Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 17-85 Jusohommachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Masuo Yamaoka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Masami Kusaka
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kanzaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tasaka
- Environment & Safety Department, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 17-85 Jusohommachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shiraishi
- Laboratories of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1, Kamiohno, Himeji-shi, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-85555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watanabe Y, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y. Possibility of small-molecule-based pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.4.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Watanabe
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu H, Yang Z, Pan Z. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Hydantoin) through Tf2O-Mediated Dual Activation of Boc-Protected Dipeptidyl Compounds. Org Lett 2014; 16:5902-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Petit-Topin I, Fay M, Resche-Rigon M, Ulmann A, Gainer E, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Fagart J. Molecular determinants of the recognition of ulipristal acetate by oxo-steroid receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:427-35. [PMID: 25204619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human progesterone receptor (PR) plays a key role in reproductive function in women. PR antagonists have numerous applications in female health care including regular and emergency contraception, and treatment of hormone-related pathological conditions such as breast cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyoma. The main factor limiting their long-term administration is the fact that they cross-bind to other oxo-steroid receptors. Ulipristal acetate (UPA), a highly potent PR antagonist, has recently come onto the market and is much more selective for PR than the other oxo-steroid receptors (androgen, AR, glucocorticoid, GR, and mineralocorticoid, MR receptors) and, remarkably, it displays lower GR-inactivating potency than RU486. We adopted a structural approach to characterizing the binding of UPA to the oxo-steroid receptors at the molecular level. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human PR complexed with UPA and a peptide from the transcriptional corepressor SMRT. We used the X-ray crystal structure of the GR in its antagonist conformation to dock UPA within its ligand-binding cavity. Finally, we generated three-dimensional models of the LBD of androgen and mineralocorticoid receptors (AR and MR) in an antagonist conformation and docked UPA within them. Comparing the structures revealed that the network of stabilizing contacts between the UPA C11 aryl group and the LBD is responsible for its high PR antagonist potency. It also showed that it is the inability of UPA to contact Gln642 in GR that explains why it has lower potency in inactivating GR than RU486. Finally, we found that the binding pockets of AR and MR are too small to accommodate UPA, and allowed us to propose that the extremely low sensitivity of MR to UPA is due to inappropriate interactions with the C11 substituent. All these findings open new avenues for designing new PR antagonist compounds displaying greater selectivity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- HEK293 Cells
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Norpregnadienes/pharmacology
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/chemistry
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/agonists
- Receptors, Progesterone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Petit-Topin
- Inserm U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France; Université Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - M Fay
- Inserm U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France; Université Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - A Ulmann
- Laboratoire HRA Pharma, Paris, France
| | - E Gainer
- Laboratoire HRA Pharma, Paris, France
| | - M-E Rafestin-Oblin
- Inserm U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France; Université Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - J Fagart
- Inserm U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France; Université Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France; Inserm U693, Le Kremlin - Bicêtre F94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin - Bicêtre F94276, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ullrich T, Sasmal S, Boorgu V, Pasagadi S, Cheera S, Rajagopalan S, Bhumireddy A, Shashikumar D, Chelur S, Belliappa C, Pandit C, Krishnamurthy N, Mukherjee S, Ramanathan A, Ghadiyaram C, Ramachandra M, Santos PG, Lagu B, Bock MG, Perrone MH, Weiler S, Keller H. 3-Alkoxy-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazolines as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators with Ideal Physicochemical Properties for Transdermal Administration. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7396-411. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjita Sasmal
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Venkatesham Boorgu
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Srinivasu Pasagadi
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Srisailam Cheera
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Sujatha Rajagopalan
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Archana Bhumireddy
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Dhanya Shashikumar
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Shekar Chelur
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Charamanna Belliappa
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Chetan Pandit
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Narasimharao Krishnamurthy
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Anuradha Ramanathan
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Chakshusmathi Ghadiyaram
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Murali Ramachandra
- Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd, 39-40, KIADB Industrial
Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Paulo G. Santos
- Technical
Research
and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bharat Lagu
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark G. Bock
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark H. Perrone
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kuzmich D, Bentzien J, Betageri R, DiSalvo D, Fadra-Khan T, Harcken C, Kukulka A, Nabozny G, Nelson R, Pack E, Souza D, Thomson D. Function-regulating pharmacophores in a sulfonamide class of glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6640-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6645-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
34
|
Nagata N, Furuya K, Oguro N, Nishiyama D, Kawai K, Yamamoto N, Ohyabu Y, Satsukawa M, Miyakawa M. Lead evaluation of tetrahydroquinolines as nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for the treatment of osteoporosis. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:197-206. [PMID: 24273094 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) was deemed to be a suitable scaffold for our nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) concept. We adapted the strategy of switching the antagonist function of cyano-group-containing THQ (CN-THQ) to the agonist function and optimized CN-THQ as an orally available drug candidate with suitable pharmacological and ADME profiles. Based on binding mode analyses and synthetic accessibility, we designed and synthesized a compound that possesses a para-substituted aromatic ring attached through an amide linker. The long-tail THQ derivative 6-acetamido-N-(2-(8-cyano-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl)-2-methylpropyl)nicotinamide (1 d), which bears a para-acetamide-substituted aromatic group, showed an appropriate in vitro biological profile, as expected. We considered that the large conformational change at Trp741 of the androgen receptor (AR) and the hydrogen bond between 1 d and helix 12 of the AR could maintain the structure of the AR in its agonist form; indeed, 1 d displays strong AR agonistic activity. Furthermore, 1 d showed an appropriate in vivo profile for use as an orally available SARM, displaying clear tissue selectivity, with a separation between its desirable osteoanabolic effect on femoral bone mineral density and its undesirable virilizing effects on the uterus and clitoral gland in a female osteoporosis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagata
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 14 Shinomiya, Minamikawara-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8042 (Japan).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Androgenic steroids are important for male development in utero and secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. In addition, androgens play a role in non-reproductive tissues, such as bone and muscle in both sexes. The actions of the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are mediated by a single receptor protein, the androgen receptor. Over the last 60–70 years there has been considerable research interest in the development of inhibitors of androgen receptor for the management of diseases such as prostate cancer. However, more recently, there is also a growing appreciation of the need for selective androgen modulators that would demonstrate tissue-selective agonist or antagonist activity. The chemistry and biology of selective agonists, antagonists and selective androgen receptor modulators will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
36
|
Burris TP, Solt LA, Wang Y, Crumbley C, Banerjee S, Griffett K, Lundasen T, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ. Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:710-78. [PMID: 23457206 PMCID: PMC11060414 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and include the receptors for steroid hormones, lipophilic vitamins, sterols, and bile acids. These receptors serve as targets for development of myriad drugs that target a range of disorders. Classically defined ligands that bind to the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors, whether they are endogenous or synthetic, either activate receptor activity (agonists) or block activation (antagonists) and due to the ability to alter activity of the receptors are often termed receptor "modulators." The complex pharmacology of nuclear receptors has provided a class of ligands distinct from these simple modulators where ligands display agonist/partial agonist/antagonist function in a tissue or gene selective manner. This class of ligands is defined as selective modulators. Here, we review the development and pharmacology of a range of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way 2A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang X, Allan GF, Tannenbaum P, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lai MT, Haynes-Johnson D, Bhattacharjee S, Lundeen SG, Sui Z. Pharmacological characterization of an imidazolopyrazole as novel selective androgen receptor modulator. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:51-8. [PMID: 23098693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are androgens with tissue-selective activity. SARMs that have anabolic activity on muscle while having minimal stimulatory activity on prostate are classified as SARM agonists. They can be used to prevent the loss of lean body mass that is associated with cancer, immunodeficiency, renal disease and aging. They may also have anabolic activity on bone; thus, unlike estrogens, they may reverse the loss of bone strength associated with aging or hypogonadism. Our in-house effort on SARM program discovers a nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligand with a unique imidazolopyrazole moiety in its structure. In vitro, this compound is a weak androgen receptor binder and a weak androgen agonist. Despite this, in orchidectomized mature rats it is an effective SARM agonist, with an ED(50) on levator ani muscle of 3.3mg/kg and an ED(50) on ventral prostate of >30mg/kg. It has its maximal effect on muscle at the dose of 10mg/kg. In addition, this compound has mixed agonistic and antagonistic activities on prostate, reducing the weight of that tissue in intact rats by 22% at 10mg/kg. The compound does not have significant effect on gonadotropin levels or testosterone levels in both orchidectomized and intact male rats. It does not have notable progestin, estrogen or glucocorticoid agonistic or antagonistic activity in rats. In a female sexual behavior model, it improves the sexual desire of ovariectomized female rats for sexually mature intact males over nonsexually ovariectomized females. Overall, the imidazolopyrazole is a potent prostate-sparing candidate for development as a SARM agonist with an appropriate pharmacological profile for clinical benefit in muscle-wasting conditions and female sexual function disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Welsh&McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kilbourne EJ, Kenney T, Chippari S, McNally C, Wang Y, Lam HS, Vishwanathan K, Nagpal S, Thompson CC, Piatnitski Chekler EL. Probing androgen receptor co-factor selectivity profiles: a chemical tool to determine cross-talk between androgen receptor and β-catenin in vivo. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
Zhang X, Sui Z. Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:191-218. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.741582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-targeted therapies comprise a large class of clinically employed drugs. A number of drugs currently being used against this protein class were designed as structural analogs of the endogenous ligand of these receptors. In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing newer strategies to target NRs, especially those that rely on mechanistic pathways of NR function. Prominent among these are noncanonical means of targeting NRs, which include selective NR modulation, NR coactivator interaction inhibition, inhibition of NR DNA binding, modulation of NR cellular localization, modulation of NR ligand biosynthesis and downregulation of NR levels in target tissues. This article reviews each of these promising emerging strategies for NR drug development and highlights some of most significant successes achieved in using them.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nyrönen TH, Söderholm AA. Structural basis for computational screening of non-steroidal androgen receptor ligands. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:5-20. [PMID: 22823968 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903468680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Deep structural and chemical understanding of the protein target and computational methods for detection of receptor-selective ligands are important for the early drug discovery in the steroid receptor field. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the use of currently available structural information of the androgen receptor (AR) and known AR ligands to make computational strategies for the discovery of AR ligands in order to offer new chemical platforms for drug development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AR is a challenging target for drug discovery and modeling even if there is a wealth of experimental data available. First, only the active structure of AR is currently known, which hampers the design of AR antagonists. Second, the structural similarity between the ligand-binding sites of AR and its mutated forms and closely related steroid receptors (SRs) such as progesterone receptors presents challenges for the development of drugs with receptor-selective function. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Research indicates that a very small chemical change in the structure of a non-steroidal ligand can cause a complete change in its activity. One source of this effect arises from binding to similar binding sites in related SRs and other proteins in the signaling pathway. Currently, computational methods are not able to predict the subtle differences between AR ligand activities but modeling does offer the possibility of generating new lead structures that might have the desired properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi H Nyrönen
- CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, Espoo, FI-02101, Finland +358 9 4572235 ; +358 9 4572302 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nique F, Hebbe S, Triballeau N, Peixoto C, Lefrançois JM, Jary H, Alvey L, Manioc M, Housseman C, Klaassen H, Van Beeck K, Guédin D, Namour F, Minet D, Van der Aar E, Feyen J, Fletcher S, Blanqué R, Robin-Jagerschmidt C, Deprez P. Identification of a 4-(hydroxymethyl)diarylhydantoin as a selective androgen receptor modulator. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8236-47. [PMID: 22957947 DOI: 10.1021/jm300281x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural modification performed on a 4-methyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin series is described which resulted in the development of a new series of 4-(hydroxymethyl)diarylhydantoin analogues as potent, partial agonists of the human androgen receptor. This led to the identification of (S)-(-)-4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-phenylimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ((S)-(-)-18a, GLPG0492) evaluated in vivo in a classical model of orchidectomized rat. In this model, (-)-18a exhibited anabolic activity on muscle, strongly dissociated from the androgenic activity on prostate after oral dosing. (-)-18a has very good pharmacokinetic properties, including bioavailability in rat (F > 50%), and is currently under evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Nique
- GALAPAGOS, Parc Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nique F, Hebbe S, Peixoto C, Annoot D, Lefrançois JM, Duval E, Michoux L, Triballeau N, Lemoullec JM, Mollat P, Thauvin M, Prangé T, Minet D, Clément-Lacroix P, Robin-Jagerschmidt C, Fleury D, Guédin D, Deprez P. Discovery of Diarylhydantoins as New Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8225-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300249m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Nique
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Séverine Hebbe
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Christophe Peixoto
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Annoot
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Eric Duval
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laurence Michoux
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nicolas Triballeau
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Patrick Mollat
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Maxime Thauvin
- UMR 8015 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire,
75006 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prangé
- UMR 8015 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire,
75006 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Minet
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Damien Fleury
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Guédin
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Pierre Deprez
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagata N, Kawai K, Nakanishi I. Subtle Structural Changes in Tetrahydroquinolines, A New Class of Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, Induce Different Functions. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2257-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagata
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 14, Shinomiya Minamikawara-cho,
Yamashina, Kyoto
607-8042, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 14, Shinomiya Minamikawara-cho,
Yamashina, Kyoto
607-8042, Japan
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae,
Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Poutiainen PK, Oravilahti T, Peräkylä M, Palvimo JJ, Ihalainen JA, Laatikainen R, Pulkkinen JT. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Nonsteroidal Cycloalkane[d]isoxazole-Containing Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6316-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University
of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Haendler B, Cleve A. Recent developments in antiandrogens and selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:79-91. [PMID: 21704118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play an essential role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male characteristics. Androgens bind to a specific androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor which controls the expression of a large number of downstream target genes. The AR is an essential player in early and late prostate cancer, and may also be involved in some forms of breast cancer. It also represents a drug target for the treatment of hypogonadism. Recent studies furthermore indicate that targeting the AR in pathologies such as frailty syndrome, cachexia or polycystic ovary syndrome may have clinical benefit. Numerous AR ligands with very different pharmacological properties have been identified in the last 40 years and helped to treat several of these diseases. However, progress still needs to be made in order to find compounds with an improved profile with regard to efficacy, differentiation and side-effects. This will only be achieved through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal and aberrant AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Haendler
- TRG Oncology, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer HealthCare, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cleve A, Fritzemeier KH, Haendler B, Heinrich N, Möller C, Schwede W, Wintermantel T. Pharmacology and clinical use of sex steroid hormone receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:543-587. [PMID: 23027466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors are ligand-triggered transcription factors. Oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors form, together with the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, a subgroup of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. They share a common mode of action, namely translating a hormone-i.e. a small-molecule signal-from outside to changes in gene expression and cell fate, and thereby represent "natural" pharmacological targets.For pharmacological therapy, these receptors have originally been addressed by hormones and synthetic hormone analogues in order to overcome pathologies related to deficiencies in the natural ligands. Another major use for female sex hormone receptor modulators is oral contraception, i.e. birth control.On the other side, blocking the activity of sex steroid receptors has become an established way to treat hormone-dependent malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancer.In this review, we will discuss how the experience gained from the classical pharmacology of these receptors and their molecular similarities led to new options for the treatment of gender-specific diseases and highlight recent progress in medicinal chemistry of sex hormone-modulating drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cleve
- Bayer Pharma AG, Muellerstr. 178, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
A promising strategy to delay and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to identify the age-related changes that put the brain at risk for the disease. A significant normal age change known to result in tissue-specific dysfunction is the depletion of sex hormones. In women, menopause results in a relatively rapid loss of estradiol and progesterone. In men, aging is associated with a comparatively gradual yet significant decrease in testosterone. We review a broad literature that indicates age-related losses of estrogens in women and testosterone in men are risk factors for AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert a wide range of protective actions that improve multiple aspects of neural health, suggesting that hormone therapies have the potential to combat AD pathogenesis. However, translation of experimental findings into effective therapies has proven challenging. One emerging treatment option is the development of novel hormone mimetics termed selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Continued research of sex hormones and their roles in the aging brain is expected to yield valuable approaches to reducing the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Barron
- USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Christian J. Pike
- USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barron AM, Pike CJ. Sex hormones, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22201929 DOI: 10.2741/434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy to delay and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to identify the age-related changes that put the brain at risk for the disease. A significant normal age change known to result in tissue-specific dysfunction is the depletion of sex hormones. In women, menopause results in a relatively rapid loss of estradiol and progesterone. In men, aging is associated with a comparatively gradual yet significant decrease in testosterone. We review a broad literature that indicates age-related losses of estrogens in women and testosterone in men are risk factors for AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert a wide range of protective actions that improve multiple aspects of neural health, suggesting that hormone therapies have the potential to combat AD pathogenesis. However, translation of experimental findings into effective therapies has proven challenging. One emerging treatment option is the development of novel hormone mimetics termed selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Continued research of sex hormones and their roles in the aging brain is expected to yield valuable approaches to reducing the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Barron
- USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Osguthorpe DJ, Hagler AT. Mechanism of androgen receptor antagonism by bicalutamide in the treatment of prostate cancer. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4105-13. [PMID: 21466228 DOI: 10.1021/bi102059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in regulating gene expression in a variety of tissues, including the prostate. In that role, it is one of the primary targets in the development of new chemotherapeutics for treatment of prostate cancer and the target of the most widely prescribed current drug, bicalutamide (Bcu), for this disease. In view of its importance, and the absence of a crystal structure for any antagonist--AR complex, we have conducted a series of molecular dynamics-based simulations of the AR--Bcu complex and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations of Bcu, to elucidate the structural basis for antagonism of this key target. The structures that emerge show that bicalutamide antagonizes AR by accessing an additional binding pocket (B-site) adjacent to the hormone binding site (HBS), induced by displacing helix 12. This distorts the coactivator binding site and results in the inactivation of transcription. An alternative equienergetic conformational state of bicalutamide was found to bind in an expanded hormone pocket without materially perturbing either helix 12 or the coactivator binding site. Thus, both the structural basis of antagonism and the mechanism underlying agonist properties displayed by bicalutamide in different environments may be rationalized in terms of these structures. In addition, the antagonist structure and especially the induced second site (B-site) provide a structural framework for the design of novel antiandrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Osguthorpe
- Shifa Biomedical, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|