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Opdebeeck B, Van den Branden A, Adriaensen S, Orriss IR, Patel JJ, Geryl H, Zwijsen K, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. β,γ-Methylene-ATP and its metabolite medronic acid affect both arterial media calcification and bone mineralization in non-CKD and CKD rats. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae057. [PMID: 38764790 PMCID: PMC11102572 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial media calcification or pathological deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals in the vessel wall contributes significantly to the high mortality rate observed in patients with CKD. Extracellular nucleotides (ie, ATP or UTP) regulate the arterial calcification process by interacting with (1) purinergic receptors and (2) breakdown via ecto-nucleotidases, such as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase NPP1 or NPP3, affecting the local levels of calcification inhibitor, pyrophosphate, and stimulator inorganic phosphate (PPi/Pi ratio). Also, it has been shown that ATP analogs (ie, β,γ-methylene-ATP [β,γ-meATP]) inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell calcification in vitro. In the first experiment, daily dosing of β,γ-meATP (2 mg/kg) was investigated in rats fed a warfarin diet to trigger the development of non-CKD-related arterial medial calcifications. This study showed that β,γ-meATP significantly lowered the calcium scores in the aorta and peripheral vessels in warfarin-exposed rats. In a second experiment, daily dosing of 4 mg/kg β,γ-meATP and its metabolite medronic acid (MDP) was analyzed in rats fed an adenine diet to promote the development of CKD-related arterial medial calcification. Administration of β,γ-meATP and MDP did not significantly decrease aortic calcification scores in this model. Moreover, both compounds induced deleterious effects on physiological bone mineralization, causing an imminent risk for worsening the already compromised bone status in CKD. Due to this, it was not possible to raise the dosage of both compounds to tackle CKD-related arterial calcification. Again, this points out the difficult task of targeting solely ectopic calcifications without negatively affecting physiological bone mineralization. On the other hand, aortic mRNA expression of Enpp1 and Enpp3 was significantly and positively associated with aortic calcification scores, suggesting that normalizing the aortic NPP1/3 activity to control values might be a possible target to treat (CKD-induced) arterial media calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Astrid Van den Branden
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Saar Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Hilde Geryl
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Inflamed Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D’Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
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2
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Zamboulis DE, Marr N, Moustafa A, Meeson R, Orriss IR, Thorpe CT. Pathological calcification in canine tendon-derived cells is modulated by extracellular ATP. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1533-1543. [PMID: 38381244 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Tendon calcification is a commonly associated with degenerative tendinopathy of the Achilles tendons in dogs. It is characterised by the formation of calcific deposits and is refractory to treatment, often re-forming after surgical removal. Little is known about its pathogenesis and therefore the aims of this study were to develop an in vitro model of canine tendon calcification and use this model to investigate mechanisms driving calcification. Cells from the canine Achilles tendon were cultured with different calcifying media to establish which conditions were best able to induce specific, cell-mediated calcification. Once optimum calcification conditions had been established, the effect of ATP treatment on calcification was assessed. Results revealed that 2 mM di-sodium phosphate combined with 2 mM calcium chloride provided the optimum calcifying conditions, increasing calcium deposition and expression of osteogenic-related genes similar to those observed in tendon calcification in vivo. ATP treatment inhibited calcification in a dose-dependent manner, reducing calcium deposition and increasing cell viability, while osteogenic-related genes were no longer upregulated. In conclusion, the in vitro model of canine tendon calcification developed in this study provides the ability to study mechanisms driving tendon calcification, demonstrating that ATP plays a role in modulating tendon calcification that should be explored further in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae E Zamboulis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaolinki, Greece
| | - Neil Marr
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Alaa Moustafa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elshiekh University, Kafr Elshiekh, Egypt
| | - Richard Meeson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK.
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Semicheva A, Ersoy U, Vasilaki A, Myrtziou I, Kanakis I. Defining the Most Potent Osteoinductive Culture Conditions for MC3T3-E1 Cells Reveals No Implication of Oxidative Stress or Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4180. [PMID: 38673767 PMCID: PMC11050066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line is widely utilised as a reliable in vitro system to assess bone formation. However, the experimental growth conditions for these cells hugely diverge, and, particularly, the osteogenic medium (OSM)'s composition varies in research studies. Therefore, we aimed to define the ideal culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells with regard to their mineralization capacity and explore if oxidative stress or the cellular metabolism processes are implicated. Cells were treated with nine different combinations of long-lasting ascorbate (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (βGP), and osteogenesis/calcification was evaluated at three different time-points by qPCR, Western blotting, and bone nodule staining. Key molecules of the oxidative and metabolic pathways were also assessed. It was found that sufficient mineral deposition was achieved only in the 150 μg.mL-1/2 mM Asc/βGP combination on day 21 in OSM, and this was supported by Runx2, Alpl, Bglap, and Col1a1 expression level increases. NOX2 and SOD2 as well as PGC1α and Tfam were also monitored as indicators of redox and metabolic processes, respectively, where no differences were observed. Elevation in OCN protein levels and ALP activity showed that mineralisation comes as a result of these differences. This work defines the most appropriate culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 cells and could be used by other research laboratories in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Semicheva
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ufuk Ersoy
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Ioanna Myrtziou
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
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Yao Y, Zeng F, Ma J, Wu L, Xing S, Yang H, Li Y, Du J, Yang Q, Li Y. An innovative near-infrared fluorescent probe with FRET effect for the continuous detection of Zn 2+ and PPi with high sensitivity and selectivity, and its application in bioimaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123837. [PMID: 38184879 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
As the second most abundant transition metal element in the human body, zinc ions play an important role in the normal growth and development of the human body. We have successfully synthesized a near-infrared fluorescent probe with FRET effect for the detection of Zn2+. Probe DR6G has good selectivity and anti-interference ability for Zn2+. When Zn2+ is added to the probe DR6G solution, it responds completely within seconds, releasing red fluorescence with a detection limit of 2.02 × 10-8 M. As the main product of ATP hydrolysis, PPi is indispensable in various metabolic activities in cells and the human body. Due to the strong binding ability of Zn2+ and PPi, it is easy to form ZnPPi precipitation, so we added PPi to the solution to complete the Zn2+ detection, and realized the continuous detection of PPi, and the detection limit was 2.06 × 10-8 M. Since Zn2+ and PPi play an important role in vivo, it is of great practical significance to design and synthesize a fluorescent probe that can continuously detect Zn2+ and PPi. Biological experiments have shown that the probe DR6G has low cytotoxicity and can complete the detection of exogenous Zn2+ and PPi in cells and living mice in vitro. Bacterial experiments have shown that the DR6G probe also has certain research value in the field of environmental monitoring and microbiology. Due to the constant variation of the fluorescence signals of Zn2+ and PPi during detection, we designed the logic gate program. In practical applications, the probe DR6G can quantitatively detect Zn2+ in zinc-containing oral liquids and qualitatively detect PPi in toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Fudong Zeng
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Jinli Ma
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Liangqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shuo Xing
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Haiqin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yapeng Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jianshi Du
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Qingbiao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Yaoxian Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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Bourne LE, Davies BK, Millan JL, Arnett TR, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Keen JAC, Roberts SJ, Orriss IR. Evidence that pyrophosphate acts as an extracellular signalling molecule to exert direct functional effects in primary cultures of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bone 2023; 176:116868. [PMID: 37549801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular pyrophosphate (PPi) is well known for its fundamental role as a physiochemical mineralisation inhibitor. However, information about its direct actions on bone cells remains limited. This study shows that PPi decreased osteoclast formation and resorptive activity by ≤50 %. These inhibitory actions were associated with reduced expression of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis (Tnfrsf11a, Dcstamp) and bone resorption (Ctsk, Car2, Acp5). In osteoblasts, PPi present for the entire (0-21 days) or latter stages of culture (7-21/14-21 days) decreased bone mineralisation by ≤95 %. However, PPi present for the differentiation phase only (0-7/0-14 days) increased bone formation (≤70 %). Prolonged treatment with PPi resulted in earlier matrix deposition and increased soluble collagen levels (≤2.3-fold). Expression of osteoblast (RUNX2, Bglap) and early osteocyte (E11, Dmp1) genes along with mineralisation inhibitors (Spp1, Mgp) was increased by PPi (≤3-fold). PPi levels are regulated by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1). PPi reduced NPP1 expression in both cell types whereas TNAP expression (≤2.5-fold) and activity (≤35 %) were increased in osteoblasts. Breakdown of extracellular ATP by NPP1 represents a key source of PPi. ATP release from osteoclasts and osteoblasts was decreased ≤60 % by PPi and by a selective TNAP inhibitor (CAS496014-12-2). Pertussis toxin, which prevents Gαi subunit activation, was used to investigate whether G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling mediates the effects of PPi. The actions of PPi on bone mineralisation, collagen production, ATP release, gene/protein expression and osteoclast formation were abolished or attenuated by pertussis toxin. Together these findings show that PPi, modulates differentiation, function and gene expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The ability of PPi to alter ATP release and NPP1/TNAP expression and activity indicates that cells can detect PPi levels and respond accordingly. Our data also raise the possibility that some actions of PPi on bone cells could be mediated by a Gαi-linked GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, UK
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jacob A C Keen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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6
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Noronha-Matos JB, Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Marinhas J, Freitas R, Lemos R, Vilaça A, Oliveira A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Correia-de-Sá P. Silencing NTPDase3 activity rehabilitates the osteogenic commitment of post-menopausal stem cell bone progenitors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 37076930 PMCID: PMC10116749 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenously released adenine and uracil nucleotides favour the osteogenic commitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) through the activation of ATP-sensitive P2X7 and UDP-sensitive P2Y6 receptors. Yet, these nucleotides have their osteogenic potential compromised in post-menopausal (Pm) women due to overexpression of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes, namely NTPDase3. This prompted us to investigate whether NTPDase3 gene silencing or inhibition of its enzymatic activity could rehabilitate the osteogenic potential of Pm BM-MSCs. METHODS MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of Pm women (69 ± 2 years old) and younger female controls (22 ± 4 years old). The cells were allowed to grow for 35 days in an osteogenic-inducing medium in either the absence or the presence of NTPDase3 inhibitors (PSB 06126 and hN3-B3s antibody); pre-treatment with a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (Lenti-shRNA) was used to silence the NTPDase3 gene expression. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to monitor protein cell densities. The osteogenic commitment of BM-MSCs was assessed by increases in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The amount of the osteogenic transcription factor Osterix and the alizarin red-stained bone nodule formation. ATP was measured with the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The kinetics of the extracellular ATP (100 µM) and UDP (100 µM) catabolism was assessed by HPLC RESULTS: The extracellular catabolism of ATP and UDP was faster in BM-MSCs from Pm women compared to younger females. The immunoreactivity against NTPDase3 increased 5.6-fold in BM-MSCs from Pm women vs. younger females. Selective inhibition or transient NTPDase3 gene silencing increased the extracellular accumulation of adenine and uracil nucleotides in cultured Pm BM-MSCs. Downregulation of NTPDase3 expression or activity rehabilitated the osteogenic commitment of Pm BM-MSCs measured as increases in ALP activity, Osterix protein cellular content and bone nodule formation; blockage of P2X7 and P2Y6 purinoceptors prevented this effect. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that NTPDase3 overexpression in BM-MSCs may be a clinical surrogate of the osteogenic differentiation impairment in Pm women. Thus, besides P2X7 and P2Y6 receptors activation, targeting NTPDase3 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to increase bone mass and reduce the osteoporotic risk of fractures in Pm women.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Marinhas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Freitas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rui Lemos
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Adélio Vilaça
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Oliveira
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
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Huang H, He YM, Lin MM, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liang L, He X. P2X7Rs: new therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:207-219. [PMID: 35106736 PMCID: PMC9984661 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that both the occurrence and progression of osteoporosis are associated with inflammation, especially in primary osteoporosis. The maintenance of skeletal homeostasis is dependent on the complex regulation of bone metabolism. Numerous evidence suggested that purinoceptor networks are essential for bone homeostasis. In this review, the relationship between inflammation and the development of osteoporosis and the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in regulating the dynamic regulation of bone reconstruction were covered. We also discussed how P2X7R regulates the balance between resorption and bone formation by osteoblasts and reviewed the relevance of P2X7R polymorphisms in skeletal physiology. Finally, we analyzed potential targets of P2X7R for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu-Mei He
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lin
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Associated changes in stiffness of collagen scaffolds during osteoblast mineralisation and bone formation. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:310. [PMID: 36153566 PMCID: PMC9509582 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Engineering bone in 3D is important for both regenerative medicine purposes and for the development of accurate in vitro models of bone tissue. The changing material stiffness of bone tissue had not yet been monitored throughout the process of mineralisation and bone nodule formation by osteoblasts either during in vitro engineering or in development perspective. Results Within this short research note, stiffness changes (Young’s modulus) during in vitro bone formation by primary osteoblasts in dense collagen scaffolds were monitored using atomic force microscopy. Data analysis revealed significant stiffening of 3D bone cultures at day 5 and 8 that was correlated with the onset of mineral deposition (p < 0.00005).
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9
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Orriss IR, Davies BK, Bourne LE, Arnett TR. Modulation of osteoblast differentiation and function by the P2X4 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x. [PMID: 35976527 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cells are known to express multiple P2 receptor subtypes, and the functional effects of receptor activation have been described for many of these. One exception is the P2X4 receptor, which despite strong expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, has no defined functional activity. This study used the selective P2X4 receptor antagonists, 5-BDBD and PSB-12062, to investigate the role of this receptor in bone. Both antagonists (≥ 0.1 μM) dose-dependently decreased bone formation by 60-100%. This was accompanied by a ≤ 70% decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, a ≤ 40% reduction in cell number, and a ≤ 80% increase in the number of adipocytes present in the culture. The analysis of gene expression showed that levels of osteoblast marker genes (e.g. Alpl, Bglap) were decreased in 5-BDBD treated cells. Conversely, expression of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARG was increased 10-fold. In osteoclasts, high doses of both antagonists were associated with a reduction in osteoclast formation and resorptive activity by ≤ 95% and ≤ 90%, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that the P2X4 receptor plays a role in modulating bone cell function. In particular, it appears to influence osteoblast differentiation favouring the osteogenic lineage over the adipogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Dsouza C, Moussa MS, Mikolajewicz N, Komarova SV. Extracellular ATP and its derivatives provide spatiotemporal guidance for bone adaptation to wide spectrum of physical forces. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101608. [PMID: 35992507 PMCID: PMC9385560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a ubiquitous intracellular molecule critical for cellular bioenergetics. ATP is released in response to mechanical stimulation through vesicular release, small tears in cellular plasma membranes, or when cells are destroyed by traumatic forces. Extracellular ATP is degraded by ecto-ATPases to form ADP and eventually adenosine. ATP, ADP, and adenosine signal through purinergic receptors, including seven P2X ATP-gated cation channels, seven G-protein coupled P2Y receptors responsive to ATP and ADP, and four P1 receptors stimulated by adenosine. The goal of this review is to build a conceptual model of the role of different components of this complex system in coordinating cellular responses that are appropriate to the degree of mechanical stimulation, cell proximity to the location of mechanical injury, and time from the event. We propose that route and amount of ATP release depend on the scale of mechanical forces, ranging from vesicular release of small ATP boluses upon membrane deformation, to leakage of ATP through resealable plasma membrane tears, to spillage of cellular content due to destructive forces. Correspondingly, different P2 receptors responsive to ATP will be activated according to their affinity at the site of mechanical stimulation. ATP is a small molecule that readily diffuses through the environment, bringing the signal to the surrounding cells. ATP is also degraded to ADP which can stimulate a distinct set of P2 receptors. We propose that depending on the magnitude of mechanical forces and distance from the site of their application, ATP/ADP profiles will be different, allowing the relay of information about tissue level injury and proximity. Lastly, ADP is degraded to adenosine acting via its P1 receptors. The presence of large amounts of adenosine without ATP, indicates that an active source of ATP release is no longer present, initiating the transition to the recovery phase. This model consolidates the knowledge regarding the individual components of the purinergic system into a conceptual framework of choreographed responses to physical forces. Cellular bioenergetic molecule ATP is released when cell is mechanically stimulated. ATP release is proportional to the amount of cellular damage. ATP diffusion and transformation to ADP indicates the proximity to the damage. Purinergic receptors form a network choreographing cell response to physical forces. Complete transformation of ATP to adenosine initiates the recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisanne Dsouza
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Mahmoud S. Moussa
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Svetlana V. Komarova
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Chen Y, Li ZH, Zhou MR, Wu XC, Zhu ZH, Zhang JP, Xu JG, Ding DF. A comparative analysis of the osteogenic capacity of osteoblasts from newborn and two-week-old rats. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151858. [PMID: 35121379 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts between newborn rats (1d group) and two-week-old rats (14d group) and to clarify the mechanism underlying these effects. METHOD The endogenous expression of osteogenic marker genes was detected by qPCR, including ALP, OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2. The osteoblasts proliferation was evaluated by EdU assay and Western Blotting [PCNA and Cyclin D1]. ALP activities in osteoblasts were detected using a PNPP kit, ALP staining and qPCR. Mineralized nodule formation and intracellular calcium levels were assessed by Alizarin Red staining and calcium colorimetric assay respectively while OCN, Col1a1 and Runx2 levels in osteoblasts were analyzed by immunostaining. Osteogenesis-associated pathways including Wnt/β-Catenin, Akt/PPAR and Smad were analyzed via Western Blotting. RESULT Endogenous ALP, OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2 expression levels were significantly higher in osteoblasts from 14d group than those from 1d group. After treatment with osteogenic induction medium, osteoblast proliferation, ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and intracellular calcium levels were markedly increased in osteoblasts from 1d group, with similar results also being observed for the expression of OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2. Wnt3a, β-catenin, p-Akt, p-Smad1/5/8, and p-Smad5 protein levels were also higher in osteoblasts from 1d group relative to those from 14d group, while the expression of PPARγ was lower. CONCLUSION The superior osteogenic differentiation capacity in osteoblasts was associated with the higher activation levels of Wnt/β-Catenin, Akt/PPAR and Smad signaling pathways, and the enhanced proliferative activity in osteoblasts from 1d group.
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12
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Arora S, Cooper PR, Ratnayake JT, Friedlander LT, Rizwan SB, Seo B, Hussaini HM. A critical review of in vitro research methodologies used to study mineralization in human dental pulp cell cultures. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 1:3-13. [PMID: 35030284 PMCID: PMC9303903 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The pulp contains a resident population of stem cells which can be stimulated to differentiate in order to repair the tooth by generating a mineralized extracellular matrix. Over recent decades there has been considerable interest in utilizing in vitro cell culture models to study dentinogenesis, with the aim of developing regenerative endodontic procedures, particularly where some vital pulp tissue remains. Objectives The purpose of this review is to provide a structured oversight of in vitro research methodologies which have been used to study human pulp mineralization processes. Method The literature was screened in the PubMed database up to March 2021 to identify manuscripts reporting the use of human dental pulp cells to study mineralization. The dataset identified 343 publications initially which were further screened and consequently 166 studies were identified and it was methodologically mined for information on: i) study purpose, ii) source and characterization of cells, iii) mineralizing supplements and concentrations, and iv) assays and markers used to characterize mineralization and differentiation, and the data was used to write this narrative review. Results Most published studies aimed at characterizing new biological stimulants for mineralization as well as determining the effect of scaffolds and dental (bio)materials. In general, pulp cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion, although the pulp explant technique was also common. For enzymatic digestion, a range of enzymes and concentrations were utilized, although collagenase type I and dispase were the most frequent. Isolated cells were not routinely characterized using either fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) approaches and there was little consistency in terming cultures as dental pulp cells or dental pulp stem cells. A combination of media supplements, at a range of concentrations, of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and beta‐glycerophosphate, were frequently applied as the basis for the experimental conditions. Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining was the method of choice for assessment of mineralization at 21‐days. Alkaline phosphatase assay was relatively frequently applied, solely or in combination with ARS staining. Further assessment of differentiation status was performed using transcript or protein markers, with dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin and dentine matrix protein‐1 (DMP ‐1), the most frequent. Discussion While this review highlights variability among experimental approaches, it does however identify a consensus experimental approach. Conclusion Standardization of experimental conditions and sustained research will significantly benefit endodontic patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Arora
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Jithendra T Ratnayake
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Lara T Friedlander
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | | | - Benedict Seo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Haizal M Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
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13
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Agrawal A, Ellegaard M, Haanes KA, Wang N, Gartland A, Ding M, Praetorius H, Jørgensen NR. Absence of P2Y 2 Receptor Does Not Prevent Bone Destruction in a Murine Model of Muscle Paralysis-Induced Bone Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:850525. [PMID: 35721713 PMCID: PMC9204296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.850525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased incidence of bone fractures in the elderly is associated with gradual sarcopenia. Similar deterioration of bone quality is seen with prolonged bed rest, spinal cord injuries or in astronauts exposed to microgravity and, preceded by loss of muscle mass. Signaling mechanisms involving uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) regulate bone homeostasis via P2Y2 receptors on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whilst dictating the bone cells' response to mechanical loading. We hypothesized that muscle paralysis-induced loss of bone quality would be prevented in P2Y2 receptor knockout (KO) mice. Female mice injected with botulinum toxin (BTX) in the hind limb developed muscle paralysis and femoral DXA analysis showed reduction in bone mineral density (<10%), bone mineral content (<16%) and bone area (<6%) in wildtype (WT) compared to KO littermates (with <13%, <21%, <9% respectively). The femoral metaphyseal strength was reduced equally in both WT and KO (<37%) and <11% in diaphysis region of KO, compared to the saline injected controls. Tibial micro-CT showed reduced cortical thickness (12% in WT vs. 9% in KO), trabecular bone volume (38% in both WT and KO), trabecular thickness (22% in WT vs. 27% in KO) and increased SMI (26% in WT vs. 19% in KO) after BTX. Tibial histomorphometry showed reduced formation in KO (16%) but unchanged resorption in both WT and KO. Furthermore, analyses of DXA and bone strength after regaining the muscle function showed partial bone recovery in the KO but no difference in the bone recovery in WT mice. Primary osteoblasts from KO mice displayed increased viability and alkaline phosphatase activity but, impaired bone nodule formation. Significantly more TRAP-positive osteoclasts were generated from KO mice but displayed reduced resorptive function. Our data showed that hind limb paralysis with a single dose of BTX caused profound bone loss after 3 weeks, and an incomplete reversal of bone loss by week 19. Our findings indicate no role of the P2Y2 receptor in the bone loss after a period of skeletal unloading in mice or, in the bone recovery after restoration of muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agrawal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Ankita Agrawal, ; Niklas Rye Jørgensen,
| | - Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristian Agmund Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research and The Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research and The Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, & Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Ankita Agrawal, ; Niklas Rye Jørgensen,
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14
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Bioengineering the ameloblastoma tumour to study its effect on bone nodule formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24088. [PMID: 34916549 PMCID: PMC8677805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a benign, epithelial cancer of the jawbone, which causes bone resorption and disfigurement to patients affected. The interaction of ameloblastoma with its tumour stroma drives invasion and progression. We used stiff collagen matrices to engineer active bone forming stroma, to probe the interaction of ameloblastoma with its native tumour bone microenvironment. This bone-stroma was assessed by nano-CT, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and gene analysis. Furthermore, we investigated gene correlation between bone forming 3D bone stroma and ameloblastoma introduced 3D bone stroma. Ameloblastoma cells increased expression of MMP-2 and -9 and RANK temporally in 3D compared to 2D. Our 3D biomimetic model formed bone nodules of an average surface area of 0.1 mm2 and average height of 92.37 [Formula: see text] 7.96 μm over 21 days. We demonstrate a woven bone phenotype with distinct mineral and matrix components and increased expression of bone formation genes in our engineered bone. Introducing ameloblastoma to the bone stroma, completely inhibited bone formation, in a spatially specific manner. Multivariate gene analysis showed that ameloblastoma cells downregulate bone formation genes such as RUNX2. Through the development of a comprehensive bone stroma, we show that an ameloblastoma tumour mass prevents osteoblasts from forming new bone nodules and severely restricted the growth of existing bone nodules. We have identified potential pathways for this inhibition. More critically, we present novel findings on the interaction of stromal osteoblasts with ameloblastoma.
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15
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Bourne LE, Patel JJ, Davies BK, Neven E, Verhulst A, D'Haese PC, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Orriss IR. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) differentially affects arterial medial calcification and bone formation: The role of l-cysteine and hydrogen sulphide. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1070-1086. [PMID: 34658034 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is the deposition of calcium phosphate in the arteries. AMC is widely thought to share similarities with physiological bone formation; however, emerging evidence suggests several key differences between these processes. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) displays antioxidant properties and can generate hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and glutathione (GSH) from its deacetylation to l-cysteine. This study found that NAC exerts divergent effects in vitro, increasing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by up to 5.5-fold but reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and cell death by up to 80%. In vivo, NAC reduced AMC in a site-specific manner by 25% but had no effect on the bone. The actions of l-cysteine and H2 S mimicked those of NAC; however, the effects of H2 S were much less efficacious than NAC and l-cysteine. Pharmacological inhibition of H2 S-generating enzymes did not alter the actions of NAC or l-cysteine; endogenous production of H2 S was also unaffected. In contrast, NAC and l-cysteine increased GSH levels in calcifying VSMCs and osteoblasts by up to 3-fold. This suggests that the beneficial actions of NAC are likely to be mediated via the breakdown of l-cysteine and the subsequent GSH generation. Together, these data show that while the molecular mechanisms driving the actions of NAC appear similar, the downstream effects on cell function differ significantly between osteoblasts and calcifying VSMCs. The ability of NAC to exert these differential actions further supports the notion that there are differences between the development of pathological AMC and physiological bone formation. NAC could represent a therapeutic option for treating AMC without exerting negative effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Ellen Neven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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16
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Yamazaki M, Kawai M, Kinoshita S, Tachikawa K, Nakanishi T, Ozono K, Michigami T. Clonal osteoblastic cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of Pit1 or Pit2 show enhanced mineralization despite reduced osteogenic gene expression. Bone 2021; 151:116036. [PMID: 34118444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple actions of extracellular Pi on the skeletal cells are likely to be partly mediated by type III sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) cotransporters Pit1 and Pit2, although the details are not fully understood. In the current study, to determine the roles of Pit1 and Pit2 in osteoblasts, we generated Pit1-knockout (KO) and Pit2-KO osteoblastic cells by applying CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to an osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 subclone 4. The extracellular Pi level was increased in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones due to the reduced Pi uptake. Interestingly, in vitro mineralization was accelerated in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones, although the induction of the expression of osteogenic marker genes was suppressed. In the cells before mineralization, extracellular levels of pyrophosphate (PPi) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were increased in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones, which might be attributable to the reduced expression and activity of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). A 24-h treatment with high Pi reduced the expression and activity of TNSALP, suggesting that the suppression of TNSALP in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones was caused by the increased availability of extracellular Pi. Lentiviral gene transfer of Pit1 and Pit2 restored the changes observed in Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones, respectively. The expressions of P2Y2 and P2X7 which encode receptors for extracellular ATP were altered in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones, suggesting an influence on purinergic signaling. In mineralized cells after long-term culture, intracellular levels of PPi and ATP were higher in the Pit1-KO and Pit2-KO clones. Taken together, ablation of Pit1 or Pit2 in this osteoblastic cell model led to accelerated mineralization, suppressed TNSALP and altered the levels of extracellular and intracellular PPi and ATP, which might be partly mediated by changes in the availability of extracellular Pi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Yamazaki
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Saori Kinoshita
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Kanako Tachikawa
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakanishi
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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17
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Marx D, Yazdi AR, Papini M, Towler M. In vitro osteogenic performance of two novel strontium and zinc-containing glass polyalkenoate cements. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1366-1378. [PMID: 33125181 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) are under investigation as potential bone adhesives, as they may provide an alternative to polymethylmethacrylate-based cements. GPCs containing strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) in place of aluminium (Al) are of particular interest because these ions are known stimulators of osteoprogenitor differentiation. GPCs have been manufactured from a novel bioactive glass (SiO2 :0.48, ZnO:0.36, CaO:0.12, SrO:0.04) in the past, but, while such materials have been assessed for their influence on viability, their influence on osteogenic function has not been investigated until now. For this study, two GPCs were formulated from the same glass precursor evaluated in previous studies. These GPCs were named GPC A and GPC B, and they differed in glass particle size, polyacrylic acid molecular weight, and their powder: liquid ratios. The effect of these two GPCs on osteogenic differentiation of primary rat osteoblasts were evaluated using three culture systems: culture with dissolution extracts, indirect contact with transwell-inserts and direct contact. Additionally, the degradation characteristics of GPCs were assessed, including their interfacial pH and surrounding pH. The experimental outcomes revealed that collagen deposition, alkaline phosphatase expression, and mineralization were largely dependent on GPC composition as well as the mode of interaction with cells. These markers were found to be significantly elevated in response to GPC A's dissolution products. However, osteogenic differentiation was inhibited when osteoblasts were cultured indirectly and directly with GPCs, with, overall, GPC B significantly outperforming GPC A. These results suggest that GPC degradation products effect osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Marx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alireza Rahimnejad Yazdi
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcello Papini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Towler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chronic Kidney Disease-Induced Arterial Media Calcification in Rats Prevented by Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Supplementation Rather Than Inhibition of the Enzyme. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081138. [PMID: 34452102 PMCID: PMC8399849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from arterial media calcification and a disturbed bone metabolism. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) hydrolyzes the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi) and thereby stimulates arterial media calcification as well as physiological bone mineralization. This study investigates whether the TNAP inhibitor SBI-425, PPi or the combination of both inhibit arterial media calcification in an 0.75% adenine rat model of CKD. Treatments started with the induction of CKD, including (i) rats with normal renal function (control diet) treated with vehicle and CKD rats treated with either (ii) vehicle, (iii) 10 mg/kg/day SBI-425, (iv) 120 µmol/kg/day PPi and (v) 120 µmol/kg/day PPi and 10 mg/kg/day SBI-425. All CKD groups developed a stable chronic renal failure reflected by hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and high serum creatinine levels. CKD induced arterial media calcification and bone metabolic defects. All treatments, except for SBI-425 alone, blocked CKD-related arterial media calcification. More important, SBI-425 alone and in combination with PPi increased osteoid area pointing to a less efficient bone mineralization. Clearly, potential side effects on bone mineralization will need to be assessed in any clinical trial aimed at modifying the Pi/PPi ratio in CKD patients who already suffer from a compromised bone status.
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Extracellular purines and bone homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114425. [PMID: 33482152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy skeleton is highly dependent on an intricate regulation of bone metabolism, as changes in the balance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to bone loss, bone fragility and ultimately bone fractures. During the last three decades it has become increasingly evident that physiological release of purines in the extracellular space is imperative for bone homeostasis and is orchestrated via the network of purinoceptors. Adenosine derivatives are released locally in the skeleton either by the bone forming osteoblasts or the bone degrading osteoclasts actioned directly by processes like mechanical loading and indirectly by systemic hormones. Adenosine derivatives directly affect the bone cells by their action on the membranal receptors or have co-stimulatory actions with bone active hormones such as parathyroid hormone or the gut hormones. Any deviations leading to increased levels of extracellular adenosine derivatives in the bone tissue such as in pathologic situations, trigger complex pathways with opposing effects on tissue health as presented by studies involving a range of model organisms. Pathological conditions where skeletal purinergic signaling is affected are following tissue injury like microdamage and macroscopic fractures; and during inflammatory processes where nucleotides and nucleosides play an important part in the pathophysiological skeletal response. Moreover, adenosine derivatives also play an important role in the interaction between malignant cells and bone cells in several types of cancers involving the skeleton, such as but not limited to multiple myeloma and bone osteolysis. Much knowledge has been gained over the last decades. The net- resulting phenotype of adenosine derivatives in bone (including the ratio of ATP to Adenosine) is highly dependent on CD39 and CD73 enzymes together with the expression and activity of the specific receptors. Thus, each component is important in the physiological and pathophysiological processes in bone. Promising perspectives await in the future in treating skeletal disorders with medications targeting the individual components of the purinergic signaling pathway.
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Zhou Y, Arredondo HM, Wang N. P2Y Receptors in Bone - Anabolic, Catabolic, or Both? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:818499. [PMID: 35069456 PMCID: PMC8777008 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.818499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P2Y receptors, including eight subtypes, are G protein-coupled receptors that can be activated by extracellular nucleotides. Nearly all P2Y receptors are expressed in bone cells, suggesting their involvements in bone physiology and pathology. However, their exact roles in bone homeostasis are not entirely clear. Therefore, this mini review summarizes new research developments regarding individual P2Y receptors and their roles in bone biology, particularly detailing those which execute both anabolic and catabolic functions. This dual function has highlighted the conundrum of pharmacologically targeting these P2Y receptors in bone-wasting diseases. Further research in finding more precise targeting strategy, such as promoting anabolic effects via combining with physical exercise, should be prioritized.
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Extracellular Nucleotides Regulate Arterial Calcification by Activating Both Independent and Dependent Purinergic Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207636. [PMID: 33076470 PMCID: PMC7589647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification, the deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals in the extracellular matrix, resembles physiological bone mineralization. It is well-known that extracellular nucleotides regulate bone homeostasis raising an emerging interest in the role of these molecules on arterial calcification. The purinergic independent pathway involves the enzymes ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. These regulate the production and breakdown of the calcification inhibitor—pyrophosphate and the calcification stimulator—inorganic phosphate, from extracellular nucleotides. Maintaining ecto-nucleotidase activities in a well-defined range is indispensable as enzymatic hyper- and hypo-expression has been linked to arterial calcification. The purinergic signaling dependent pathway focusses on the activation of purinergic receptors (P1, P2X and P2Y) by extracellular nucleotides. These receptors influence arterial calcification by interfering with the key molecular mechanisms underlying this pathology, including the osteogenic switch and apoptosis of vascular cells and possibly, by favoring the phenotypic switch of vascular cells towards an adipogenic phenotype, a recent, novel hypothesis explaining the systemic prevention of arterial calcification. Selective compounds influencing the activity of ecto-nucleotidases and purinergic receptors, have recently been developed to treat arterial calcification. However, adverse side-effects on bone mineralization are possible as these compounds reasonably could interfere with physiological bone mineralization.
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22
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Zheng RJ, Song JL, Wu XH, Watts DC. Evaluation of bone formation in neonatal mouse calvariae using micro-CT and histomorphometry: an in vitro study. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151614. [PMID: 33066836 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calvarial bone has been widely used for investigating the biological behaviour of intramembranous bones. This work evaluated the bone formation of neonatal calvarial bone by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. Moreover, the viability of neonatal calvarial bone and the effect of micro-CT radiation exposure on neonatal calvarial bone viability were investigated. The calvarial bones of 4-day-old CD-1 mice were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) or osteogenic medium (OM) for 23 days. Micro-CT scanning and histological analysis were performed on days 2, 9, 16 and 23. An "OM-control" group was scanned only on days 2 and 23 to evaluate the effect of a single micro-CT radiation dose on calvarial bones. Histomorphometric measurements revealed that the number of osteoblasts per unit bone surface area (N. Ob/BS, /mm2) (days 9, 16 and 23) and the number of osteoclasts per unit bone surface area (N. Oc/BS, /mm2) (days 9 and 16) were higher and lower, respectively, in the OM group than in the DMEM group. Moreover, the calvarial bone survived for at least 16 days in vitro, as indicated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive staining. Micro-CT assessment revealed that the bone surface (BS), bone volume (BV), bone surface density (BS/TV(Tissue volume)) and percent bone volume (BV/TV) were greater in the OM group than in the DMEM group except at baseline on day 2. All bone parameters of calvariae cultured in OM and OM-control conditions were not significantly different on days 2 and 23. Thus, the radiation dose from micro-CT in our study design had no perceptible effect on the formation of mouse calvarial bone in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jian Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshibei Road, Yubei, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jin-Lin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China; College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshibei Road, Yubei, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Institute of Material Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Germany.
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23
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Inoue A, Nakao-Kuroishi K, Kometani-Gunjigake K, Mizuhara M, Shirakawa T, Ito-Sago M, Yasuda K, Nakatomi M, Matsubara T, Tada-Shigeyama Y, Morikawa K, Kokabu S, Kawamoto T. VNUT/SLC17A9, a vesicular nucleotide transporter, regulates osteoblast differentiation. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1612-1623. [PMID: 32592329 PMCID: PMC7396442 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) out of the cell following mechanical stress. Although it is well established that extracellular ATP affects bone metabolism via P2 receptors [such as purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) and purinergic receptor P2Y2 (P2Y2R)], the mechanism of ATP release from osteoblasts remains unknown. Recently, a vesicular nucleotide transporter [VNUT, solute carrier family 17 member 9 (SLC17A9)] that preserves ATP in vesicles has been identified. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of VNUT in osteoblast bone metabolism. mRNA and protein expression of VNUT were confirmed in mouse bone and in osteoblasts by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Next, when compressive force was applied to MC3T3-E1 cells by centrifugation, the expression of Slc17a9, P2x7r, and P2y2r was increased concomitant with an increase in extracellular ATP levels. Furthermore, compressive force decreased the osteoblast differentiation capacity of MC3T3-E1 cells. shRNA knockdown of Slc17a9 in MC3T3-E1 cells reduced levels of extracellular ATP and also led to increased osteoblast differentiation after the application of compressive force as assessed by qPCR analysis of osteoblast markers such as Runx2, Osterix, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as ALP activity. Consistent with these observations, knockdown of P2x7r or P2y2r by siRNA partially rescued the downregulation of osteoblast differentiation markers, caused by mechanical loading. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that VNUT is expressed in osteoblasts and that VNUT inhibits osteoblast differentiation in response to compressive force by mechanisms related to ATP release and P2X7R and/or P2Y2R activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Inoue
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Nakao-Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Kaori Kometani-Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuhara
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Shirakawa
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Misa Ito-Sago
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yasuda
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Tada-Shigeyama
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Morikawa
- Division of Pediatric and Special Care Dentistry, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
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24
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Orriss IR. Extracellular pyrophosphate: The body's "water softener". Bone 2020; 134:115243. [PMID: 31954851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) was first identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of mineralisation in the 1960's by Fleisch and colleagues. The main source of ePPi seems to be extracellular ATP which is continually released from cells in a controlled way. ATP is rapidly broken down by enzymes including ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases to produce ePPi. The major function of ePPi is to directly inhibit hydroxyapatite formation and growth meaning that this simple molecule acts as the body's own "water softener". However, studies have also shown that ePPi can influence gene expression and regulate its own production and breakdown. This review will summarise our current knowledge of ePPi metabolism and how it acts to prevent pathological soft tissue calcification and regulate physiological bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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25
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Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tian Z, Dong S. P2X7 receptor acts as an efficient drug target in regulating bone metabolism system. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110010. [PMID: 32187957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal system is a highly dynamic system going through continuous resorption and reconstruction to maintain homeostasis, which is influenced by numerous factors. Once the balance is disrupted, various kinds of bone diseases may occur such as osteoporosis. It has been well known that ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important signaling molecule, is important in maintaining the dynamic balance of bone matrix. ATP mainly functions through P2X receptors, a kind of ATP receptors expressed by various kinds of bone cells to regulate the whole network of skeleton system. Among P2X receptors, P2X7 plays a crucial role in bone since P2X7 is widely expressed by bone cells and the mutation of P2X7 receptor is associated with kinds of bone diseases. It's acknowledged that P2X7 acts as a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of bone-related diseases but further investigations are needed for the practical application. However, since P2X7 has a complicated effect in many aspects, the exact role of P2X7 in skeleton system is ambiguous. This review discusses the function of P2X7 in bone and other cells and their general effect on skeleton system, especially focusing on the possible clinical application for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhansong Tian
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army medical university, Chongqing, China.
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26
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Corciulo C, Cronstein BN. Signaling of the Purinergic System in the Joint. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1591. [PMID: 32038258 PMCID: PMC6993121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint is a complex anatomical structure consisting of different tissues, each with a particular feature, playing together to give mobility and stability at the body. All the joints have a similar composition including cartilage for reducing the friction of the movement and protecting the underlying bone, a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint, ligaments to limit joint movement, and tendons for the interaction with muscles. Direct or indirect damage of one or more of the tissues forming the joint is the foundation of different pathological conditions. Many molecular mechanisms are involved in maintaining the joint homeostasis as well as in triggering disease development. The molecular pathway activated by the purinergic system is one of them.The purinergic signaling defines a group of receptors and intermembrane channels activated by adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, and uridine diphosphate. It has been largely described as a modulator of many physiological and pathological conditions including rheumatic diseases. Here we will give an overview of the purinergic system in the joint describing its expression and function in the synovium, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and bone with a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Krefting Research Centre-Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by ATP analogues. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:315-326. [PMID: 31338672 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) has been associated with phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that reportedly makes them more osteoblast-like. Previous work has shown that ATP/UTP can inhibit AMC directly via P2 receptors and indirectly by NPP1-mediated hydrolysis to produce the mineralisation inhibitor, pyrophosphate (PPi). This study investigated the role of P2X receptors in the inhibitory effects of extracellular nucleotides on VSMC calcification. We found that Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP inhibited calcification by up to 100%. Culture in a high-phosphate medium (2 mM) was associated with increased VSMC death and apoptosis; treatment with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP reduced apoptosis to levels seen in non-calcifying cells. Calcification was also associated with alterations in the protein levels of VSMC (e.g. SM22α and SMA) and osteoblast-associated (e.g. Runx2 and osteopontin) markers; Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP attenuated these changes in protein expression. Long-term culture with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP resulted in lower extracellular ATP levels and an increased rate of ATP breakdown. P2X receptor antagonists failed to prevent the inhibitory effects of these analogues suggesting that they act via P2X receptor-independent mechanisms. In agreement, the breakdown products of α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP (α,β-meADP and methylene diphosphonate, respectively) also dose-dependently inhibited VSMC calcification. Furthermore, the actions of Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP were unchanged in VSMCs isolated from NPP1-knockout mice, suggesting that the functional effects of these compounds do not involve NPP1-mediated generation of PPi. Together, these results indicate that the inhibitory effects of ATP analogues on VSMC calcification and apoptosis in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, by mechanisms that are independent of purinergic signalling and PPi.
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28
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Patel JJ, Bourne LE, Davies BK, Arnett TR, MacRae VE, Wheeler-Jones CP, Orriss IR. Differing calcification processes in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and osteoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:100-113. [PMID: 31004580 PMCID: PMC6520648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is the deposition of calcium phosphate mineral, often as hydroxyapatite, in the medial layer of the arteries. AMC shares some similarities to skeletal mineralisation and has been associated with the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) towards an osteoblast-like phenotype. This study used primary mouse VSMCs and calvarial osteoblasts to directly compare the established and widely used in vitro models of AMC and bone formation. Significant differences were identified between osteoblasts and calcifying VSMCs. First, osteoblasts formed large mineralised bone nodules that were associated with widespread deposition of an extracellular collagenous matrix. In contrast, VSMCs formed small discrete regions of calcification that were not associated with collagen deposition and did not resemble bone. Second, calcifying VSMCs displayed a progressive reduction in cell viability over time (≤7-fold), with a 50% increase in apoptosis, whereas osteoblast and control VSMCs viability remained unchanged. Third, osteoblasts expressed high levels of alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity and TNAP inhibition reduced bone formation by to 90%. TNAP activity in calcifying VSMCs was ∼100-fold lower than that of bone-forming osteoblasts and cultures treated with β-glycerophosphate, a TNAP substrate, did not calcify. Furthermore, TNAP inhibition had no effect on VSMC calcification. Although, VSMC calcification was associated with increased mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes (e.g. Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, osteopontin), the relative expression of these genes was up to 40-fold lower in calcifying VSMCs versus bone-forming osteoblasts. In summary, calcifying VSMCs in vitro display some limited osteoblast-like characteristics but also differ in several key respects: 1) their inability to form collagen-containing bone; 2) their lack of reliance on TNAP to promote mineral deposition; and, 3) the deleterious effect of calcification on their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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29
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Abstract
This chapter describes the isolation, culture, and staining of osteoblasts. The key advantages of this assay are that it allows direct measurement of bone matrix deposition and mineralization, as well as yielding good quantities of osteoblasts at defined stages of differentiation for molecular and histological analysis. An additional focus of this chapter will be the culture of osteoblasts from less conventional animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês P Perpétuo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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30
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Du D, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Hu X, Lu J, Shi C, Chen F, Chen A. TNF-α suppresses osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by accelerating P2Y 2 receptor in estrogen-deficiency induced osteoporosis. Bone 2018; 117:161-170. [PMID: 30236554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)-inhibited osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contributes to impaired bone formation, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, the exact mechanisms of TNF-α-inhibited osteoblast differentiation have not been fully elucidated. Multiple P2 purinoceptor subtypes are expressed in several species of osteoblasts and are confirmed to regulate bone metabolism. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether P2 purinoceptors are involved in TNF-α-inhibited osteoblast differentiation. This study shows TNF-α increased P2Y2 receptor expression in the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts in a noticeable manner. Overexpressing or silencing of the P2Y2 receptor either impaired or promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs significantly. Silencing of the P2Y2 receptor attenuated the inhibitory effects of TNF-α on osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. In addition, silencing of the P2Y2 receptor evidently alleviated TNF-α-inhibited MSC proliferation. P2Y2 receptor expression was mechanistically upregulated by TNF-α mainly through extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Overall, our results revealed a novel function of the P2Y2 receptor and suggested suppressing the P2Y2 receptor may be an effective strategy to promote bone formation in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Du
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianteng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changgui Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangjing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan 250031, Shandong, China.
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Jeng YT, Lin SY, Hu HY, Lee OK, Kuo LL. Osteoporosis and dry eye syndrome: A previously unappreciated association that may alert active prevention of fall. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207008. [PMID: 30395639 PMCID: PMC6218084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease associated with inflammation and hormone imbalance. It is noteworthy that dry eye syndrome shares a similar pathophysiology with osteoporosis. Both diseases are more prevalent among the elderly and females. Dry eye syndrome can result in impaired vision, which increases the risk of fall and fracture when osteoporosis exists. In this study, we investigated whether osteoporosis is associated with an increased risk of developing dry eye syndrome. Methods Claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan were used to conduct a retrospective population-based cohort study covering the period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine whether osteoporosis is an independent factor in the risk of developing dry eye syndrome, with risk estimates presented in the form of odds ratios (ORs). Results The exclusion of patients with specific autoimmune diseases and those younger than 50 years old resulted in 42,365 patients in the osteoporosis group and 147,460 patients in the comparison group during the study period. The number of patients newly diagnosed with dry eye syndrome was 6,478 (15.29%) in the osteoporosis group and 15,396 (10.44%) in the comparison group. The crude OR of patients with osteoporosis developing dry eye syndrome was 1.55 and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.50–1.60. After adjusting for patients’ age, sex, and underlying comorbidities, the adjusted OR was 1.26 and the 95% CI was 1.22–1.30. Subgroup analysis revealed this association in each age group and among females but not among males. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that osteoporosis is a risk factor for the subsequent development of dry eye syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of the early symptoms of dry eye syndrome in osteoporotic patients in order to prevent further complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hu
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K. Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Lin Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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32
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Laiuppa JA, Santillán GE. Involvement of GSK3/β-catenin in the action of extracellular ATP on differentiation of primary cultures from rat calvaria into osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8378-8388. [PMID: 29932242 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of purinergic receptors play an important role in the regulation of osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the GSK3/βcatenin signaling in the action of ATPγ-S on osteogenic differentiation of primary cell cultures from rat calvaria. Our results indicate that the cell treatment with 10 or 100 µM ATPγ-S for 96 h increase the cytoplasmic levels of β-catenin and its translocation to nucleus respect to control. A similar effect was observed after cell treatment with the GSK3 inhibitor LiCl (10 mM). Cell treatments with 4-10 mM LiCl significantly stimulated ALP activity respect to control at 4 and 7 days, suggesting that inhibition of GSK-3 mediates osteoblastic differentiation of rat calvarial cells. Effects comparison between ATP and LiCl shown that ALP activity was significantly increased by 10 µM ATPγ-S and decreased by 10 mM LiCl at 10 day of treatment, respect to control, suggesting that the effect of ATPγ-S was less potent but more persistent than of LiCl in stimulating this osteogenic marker in calvarial cells. Cell culture mineralization was significantly increased by treatment with 10 µM ATPγ-S and decreased by 10 mM LiCl, respect to control. In together, these results suggest that GSK3 inhibition is involved in ATPγ-S action on rat calvarial cell differentiation into osteoblasts at early steadies. In addition such inhibition by LiCl appear promote osteoblasts differentiation at beginning but has a deleterious effect on its function at later steadies as the extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Laiuppa
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Graciela E Santillán
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Zelikman V, Pelletier J, Simhaev L, Sela A, Gendron FP, Arguin G, Senderowitz H, Sévigny J, Fischer B. Highly Selective and Potent Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase-1 (NPP1) Inhibitors Based on Uridine 5'-P α,α-Dithiophosphate Analogues. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3939-3951. [PMID: 29681152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) hydrolyzes phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides such as ATP, resulting mainly in the formation of AMP and pyrophosphate. NPP1 activity plays a deleterious function in calcified aortic valve disease and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Thus, inhibitors of NPP1 represent a medical need. We developed novel NPP1 inhibitors based on uridine 5'-Pα,α-dithiophosphate analogues, 9-12. All these analogues potently inhibited hNPP1 (80-100% inhibition) at 100 μM, with no, or minimal, inhibition of NPP3 and other ectonucleotidases (NTPDase1,2,3,8). These compounds showed nearly no activity at uracil-nucleotide sensitive P2Y2,4,6-receptors and thus represent highly selective NPP1 inhibitors. The most promising inhibitor was diuridine 5'-Pα,α,5″-Pα,α-tetrathiotetraphosphate, 12, exhibiting Ki of 27 nM. Analogues 9-12 proved to be highly stable to air oxidation and to acidic and basic pH. Docking simulations suggested that the enhanced NPP1 inhibitory activity and selectivity of analogue 12 could be attributed to the simultaneous occupancy of two sites (the AMP site and an alternative site) of NPP1 by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Zelikman
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Luba Simhaev
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Aviad Sela
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault , Sherbrooke , QC J1E 4K8 , Canada
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault , Sherbrooke , QC J1E 4K8 , Canada
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine , Université Laval , Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Local T1-49 , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
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Patel JJ, Zhu D, Opdebeeck B, D’Haese P, Millán JL, Bourne LE, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Arnett TR, MacRae VE, Orriss IR. Inhibition of arterial medial calcification and bone mineralization by extracellular nucleotides: The same functional effect mediated by different cellular mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:3230-3243. [PMID: 28976001 PMCID: PMC5792173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is thought to share some outward similarities to skeletal mineralization and has been associated with the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to an osteoblast-like phenotype. ATP and UTP have previously been shown to inhibit bone mineralization. This investigation compared the effects of extracellular nucleotides on calcification in VSMCs with those seen in osteoblasts. ATP, UTP and the ubiquitous mineralization inhibitor, pyrophosphate (PPi ), dose dependently inhibited VSMC calcification by ≤85%. Culture of VSMCs in calcifying conditions was associated with an increase in apoptosis; treatment with ATP, UTP, and PPi reduced apoptosis to levels seen in non-calcifying cells. Extracellular nucleotides had no effect on osteoblast viability. Basal alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity was over 100-fold higher in osteoblasts than VSMCs. ATP and UTP reduced osteoblast TNAP activity (≤50%) but stimulated VSMC TNAP activity (≤88%). The effects of extracellular nucleotides on VSMC calcification, cell viability and TNAP activity were unchanged by deletion or inhibition of the P2Y2 receptor. Conversely, the actions of ATP/UTP on bone mineralization and TNAP activity were attenuated in osteoblasts lacking the P2Y2 receptor. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) hydrolyses ATP and UTP to produce PPi . In both VSMCs and osteoblasts, deletion of NPP1 blunted the inhibitory effects of extracellular nucleotides suggesting involvement of P2 receptor independent pathways. Our results show that although the overall functional effect of extracellular nucleotides on AMC and bone mineralization is similar there are clear differences in the cellular mechanisms mediating these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JJ Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - D Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - B Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P D’Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - JL Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - LE Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - CPD Wheeler-Jones
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - TR Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - VE MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - IR Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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35
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Sindhavajiva PR, Sastravaha P, Arksornnukit M, Pavasant P. Intermittent compressive force induces human mandibular-derived osteoblast differentiation via WNT/β-catenin signaling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3474-3485. [PMID: 29143994 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force induces an efflux of ATP that regulates osteoblast differentiation. However, the effect of mechanical force-induced ATP efflux on WNT/β-catenin signaling remains unclarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intermittent compressive force (ICF) and ICF-induced extracellular ATP on osteoblast differentiation via WNT/β-catenin signaling in human mandibular-derived osteoblast precursors (hMOBPs). The hMOBPs were subjected to ICF (1.5 g/cm2 , 0.3 Hz) for 20 h. To investigate the role of ATP, Apyrase (0.5 units/mL), an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP, was added 30 min before ICF was applied. The extracellular ATP levels were measured immediately after ICF was removed. The mRNA expression of osteogenic related genes, including WNT was evaluated via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. In vitro mineralization was determined by Alizarin Red S staining. The localization of β-catenin was detected using immunofluorescence staining and lentiviral-TOP-dGFP reporter assay. The results demonstrated that ICF increased ATP efflux and in vitro mineralization by hMOBPs. In addition, OSX, ALP, and WNT3A mRNA expression and β-catenin nuclear translocation increased when ICF was applied. The upregulation of these genes was reduced by Apyrase, suggesting the role of ICF-induced ATP on osteoblast differentiation. Notably, ICF altered the mRNA expression of purinergic 2X receptors (P2XRs). A P2X1R antagonist (NF449) downregulated ICF-induced WNT3A, OSX, and ALP mRNA expression. Moreover, when 25 μM α, β-meATP, a P2X1R agonist, was added, WNT3A, and OSX expression increased. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ICF-induced ATP enhanced hMOBP differentiation. This enhancement was associated with WNT/β-catenin signaling and P2X1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimrumpai R Sindhavajiva
- Graduate Program in Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panunn Sastravaha
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mansuang Arksornnukit
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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36
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Ellegaard M, Agca C, Petersen S, Agrawal A, Kruse LS, Wang N, Gartland A, Jensen JEB, Jørgensen NR, Agca Y. Bone turnover is altered in transgenic rats overexpressing the P2Y2 purinergic receptor. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:545-557. [PMID: 28828576 PMCID: PMC5714845 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of bone remodeling. One receptor subtype, which has been suggested to be involved in this regulation, is the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R). In the present study, we investigated the effect of P2Y2R overexpression on bone status and bone cell function using a transgenic rat. Three-month-old female transgenic Sprague Dawley rats overexpressing P2Y2R (P2Y2R-Tg) showed higher bone strength of the femoral neck. Histomorphometry showed increase in resorptive surfaces and reduction in mineralizing surfaces. Both mineral apposition rate and thickness of the endocortical osteoid layer were higher in the P2Y2R-Tg rats. μCT analysis showed reduced trabecular thickness and structural model index in P2Y2R-Tg rats. Femoral length was increased in the P2Y2R-Tg rats compared to Wt rats. In vitro, there was an increased formation of osteoclasts, but no change in total resorption in cultures from P2Y2R-Tg rats. The formation of mineralized nodules was significantly reduced in the osteoblastic cultures from P2Y2R-Tg rats. In conclusion, our study suggests that P2Y2R is involved in regulation of bone turnover, due to the effects on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts and that these effects might be relevant in the regulation of bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cansu Agca
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Solveig Petersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ankita Agrawal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lars Schack Kruse
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ning Wang
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jens-Erik Beck Jensen
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolic Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yuksel Agca
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
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37
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Techatharatip O, Nowwarote N, Taebunpakul S, Pavasant P. Biphasic Effect of ATP on In Vitro Mineralization of Dental Pulp Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:488-498. [PMID: 28598038 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in response to intrapulpal pressure and the amount released depends on the magnitude of the pressure. ATP regulates the differentiation of stem cells into adipocytes and osteoblasts. However, it is unknown whether extracellular ATP influences the stemness and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of extracellular ATP at a low (0.1 μM) and high (10 μM) concentration on the stemness and osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs. Cells were cultured in either growth medium or osteogenic medium with or without 0.1-10 μM ATP. In growth medium, both concentrations of ATP increased the mRNA expression of pluripotent and osteogenic markers. In contrast, in osteogenic medium, 0.1 μM ATP enhanced in vitro mineralization, whereas 10 μM ATP inhibited this process. In addition, 10 μM ATP stimulated the mRNA expression and activity of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP), an enzyme that regulates the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio. Thus, depending on the growth condition and its concentration, ATP stimulated stemness and in vitro mineralization or inhibited mineralization. In growth medium, both ATP concentrations stimulated pluripotent and osteogenic marker gene expression. However, in osteogenic medium, a biphasic effect was found on in vitro mineralization; the low concentration stimulated, whereas the high concentration inhibited, mineralization. We propose that ATP released due to mechanical stress modulates the stemness and differentiation of SHEDs. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 488-498, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oranuch Techatharatip
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nunthawan Nowwarote
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Prasit Pavasant
- Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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38
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Orriss IR, Guneri D, Hajjawi MOR, Shaw K, Patel JJ, Arnett TR. Activation of the P2Y 2 receptor regulates bone cell function by enhancing ATP release. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:341-356. [PMID: 28420708 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells constitutively release ATP into the extracellular environment where it acts locally via P2 receptors to regulate bone cell function. Whilst P2Y2 receptor stimulation regulates bone mineralisation, the functional effects of this receptor in osteoclasts remain unknown. This investigation used the P2Y2 receptor knockout (P2Y2R-/- ) mouse model to investigate the role of this receptor in bone. MicroCT analysis of P2Y2R-/- mice demonstrated age-related increases in trabecular bone volume (≤48%), number (≤30%) and thickness (≤17%). In vitro P2Y2R-/- osteoblasts displayed a 3-fold increase in bone formation and alkaline phosphatase activity, whilst P2Y2R-/- osteoclasts exhibited a 65% reduction in resorptive activity. Serum cross-linked C-telopeptide levels (CTX, resorption marker) were also decreased (≤35%). The resorption defect in P2Y2R-/- osteoclasts was rescued by the addition of exogenous ATP, suggesting that an ATP deficit could be a key factor in the reduced function of these cells. In agreement, we found that basal ATP release was reduced up to 53% in P2Y2R-/- osteoclasts. The P2Y2 receptor agonists, UTP and 2-thioUTP, increased osteoclast activity and ATP release in wild-type but not in P2Y2R-/- cells. This indicates that the P2Y2 receptor may regulate osteoclast function indirectly by promoting ATP release. UTP and 2-thioUTP also stimulate ATP release from osteoblasts suggesting that the P2Y2 receptor exerts a similar function in these cells. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the notion that the primary action of P2Y2 receptor signalling in bone is to regulate extracellular ATP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Dilek Guneri
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mark O R Hajjawi
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, London, UK
| | - Kristy Shaw
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, London, UK
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39
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Rao SR, Snaith AE, Marino D, Cheng X, Lwin ST, Orriss IR, Hamdy FC, Edwards CM. Tumour-derived alkaline phosphatase regulates tumour growth, epithelial plasticity and disease-free survival in metastatic prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:227-236. [PMID: 28006818 PMCID: PMC5243990 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that bone-related parameters are the main prognostic factors for overall survival in advanced prostate cancer (PCa), with elevated circulating levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) thought to reflect the dysregulated bone formation accompanying distant metastases. We have identified that PCa cells express ALPL, the gene that encodes for tissue nonspecific ALP, and hypothesised that tumour-derived ALPL may contribute to disease progression. METHODS Functional effects of ALPL inhibition were investigated in metastatic PCa cell lines. ALPL gene expression was analysed from published PCa data sets, and correlated with disease-free survival and metastasis. RESULTS ALPL expression was increased in PCa cells from metastatic sites. A reduction in tumour-derived ALPL expression or ALP activity increased cell death, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and reduced migration. Alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased by the EMT repressor Snail. In men with PCa, tumour-derived ALPL correlated with EMT markers, and high ALPL expression was associated with a significant reduction in disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal the function of tumour-derived ALPL in regulating cell death and epithelial plasticity, and demonstrate a strong association between ALPL expression in PCa cells and metastasis or disease-free survival, thus identifying tumour-derived ALPL as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rao
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - A E Snaith
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - D Marino
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - X Cheng
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - S T Lwin
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - I R Orriss
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - F C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - C M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
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40
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Tran PTH, Lee YH, Bhattarai JP, Park SJ, Yi HK, Han SK. Existence of ATP sensitive potassium currents on human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 76:48-54. [PMID: 28119170 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Potassium channels of the ATP-sensitive family (KATP channel) are inhibited by increase in intracellular ATP. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that the kinetics and pharmacological properties of KATP channels vary among different tissues, suggesting structurally and functionally distinct types. There are studies showing human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells respond to mechanical stress by increasing ATP release, which participates in bone resorption or bone homeostasis. So, in this study we investigated the existence of KATP channel subunit and their single channel properties in human periodontal ligaments. MATERIALS & METHOD The human PDL cells were isolated from healthy erupted third molar. For patch-clamp experiments, human PDL fibroblasts were seeded on 3.5cm plastic dishes. The inside-out patch clamp recordings were performed under voltage clamp mode. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to identify the channel subunits. All pair-wise comparisons were performed by Paired t-test. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS We observed mRNA transcripts for Kir6.1, Kir6.2 and Sur2B subuits in the human PDL cells. In inside-out patch mode, the single channel conductance was 163pS at symmetrical K+ concentration of 140mM and inward rectification was seen in ATP-free bath solution. The reversal potential of the currents was found to be 0mV at symmetrical concentration (140mM) of K+ in bath solution. The single channel currents were almost blocked by adding 5mM ATP in the bath solution. However, the currents were not blocked by 100μM glibenclamide, a subunit specific KATP channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that human PDL cells express KATP channels subunit including Sur2B and Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 which are sensitive to ATP but insensitive to glibenclamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Huyen Tran
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Janardhan Prasad Bhattarai
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soo Joung Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
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Dela Cruz A, Grynpas MD, Mitchell J. Overexpression of Gα11 in Osteoblast Lineage Cells Suppresses the Osteoanabolic Response to Intermittent PTH and Exercise. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:423-34. [PMID: 27300035 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) treatment and mechanical loading are osteoanabolic stimuli that are partially mediated through actions on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCR signaling can be altered by heterotrimeric G protein Gα subunits levels, which can therefore lead to altered responses to such stimuli. Previous studies have suggested that enhanced signaling through the Gαq/11 pathway inhibits the osteoanabolic actions of PTH. The influence of Gαq/11 signaling on mechanotransduction, however, has not been reported in vivo. Using transgenic mice that specifically overexpress Gα11 in osteoblast lineage cells (G11-Tg mice), we investigated the skeletal effects of elevated Gα11 levels on iPTH and mechanical loading by treadmill exercise. Both regimens increased trabecular and cortical bone in Wild-Type (WT) mice as a result of increased bone formation. In G11-Tg mice, there was no change in trabecular or cortical bone and no increase in bone formation in response to iPTH or exercise. While exercise reduced osteoclast parameters in WT mice, these changes were diminished in G11-Tg mice as expression of M-csf and Trap remained increased. Collectively, our results suggest that osteoblastic upregulation of Gα11 is inhibitory to osteoanabolic actions of both PTH and exercise, and that its suppression may be a promising target for treating bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Dela Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 4342, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Cutarelli A, Marini M, Tancredi V, D'Arcangelo G, Murdocca M, Frank C, Tarantino U. Adenosine Triphosphate stimulates differentiation and mineralization in human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:400-8. [PMID: 27189526 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last years adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and subsequent purinergic system activation through P2 receptors were investigated highlighting their pivotal role in bone tissue biology. In osteoblasts ATP can regulate several activities like cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and matrix mineralization. Since controversial results exist, in this study we analyzed the ATP effects on differentiation and mineralization in human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. We showed for the first time the altered functional activity of ATP receptors. Despite that, we found that ATP can reduce cell proliferation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation mainly in the early stages of in vitro maturation as evidenced by the enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osteocalcin (OC) genes and by the increased ALP activity. Moreover, we found that ATP can affect mineralization in a biphasic manner, at low concentrations ATP always increases mineral deposition while at high concentrations it always reduces mineral deposition. In conclusion, we show the osteogenic effect of ATP on both early and late stage activities like differentiation and mineralization, for the first time in human osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cutarelli
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Foundation, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, Rome, 00133, Italy.,National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Arcangelo
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Foundation, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, Rome, 00133, Italy
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Laiuppa JA, Santillán GE. Effect of Combined Action of Extracellular ATP and Elevated Calcium on Osteogenic Differentiation of Primary Cultures From Rat Calvaria. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2658-68. [PMID: 27038365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro osteogenic differentiation has been intensively studied. However, it is not yet clear precisely how osteogenesis can be optimized. Changes in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ]e ), as well as modulation of purinergic receptors play an important role in the regulation of osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combined treatment of ATPγ-S and high [Ca(2+) ]e (5.35 mM) on osteogenic differentiation and function of primary cell cultures from rat calvaria. Our results indicate that ATPγ-S stimulates cell transition from the G0 to S phase of cell cycle, involving the PI3K signaling pathway. Treatment with 10 or 100 µM ATPγ-S and [Ca(2+) ]e (ATP-[Ca(2+) ]e ) for 48 h increases cell number significantly above the control. ATPγ-S treatment in osteogenic medium containing [Ca(2+) ]e stimulates the gene expression of BMP-4, BMP-5, and OPN at 16, 48, and 72 h, respectively, above control. In same conditions, treatment for 6 days with 10 µM UTP or 100 µM UDP significantly increased the ALP activity respect to control. Cells grown in osteogenic medium showed a statistically significant increase in calcium deposits at 15 and 18 days, for 10 µM ATPγ-S treatment, and at 18 and 22 days, for [Ca(2+) ]e treatment, respect to control but ATP-[Ca(2+) ]e treatment shown a significant greater mineralization at 15 days respect to ATPγ-S, and at 18 days respect to both agonists. In conclusion, we demonstrated that an osteogenic medium containing 10 µM ATPγ-S and 5.35 mM [Ca(2+) ]e enhance osteogenesis and mineralization by rat primary calvarial cells cultures. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2658-2668, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Laiuppa
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, CONICET, San Juan 670, (B8000ICN) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Graciela E Santillán
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, CONICET, San Juan 670, (B8000ICN) Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED P2 receptors activated by ATP are expressed in the skeletal system. However, the role of P2 receptors in osteoblast differentiation remains unclear. METHODS Participation of P2 receptors in differentiation was investigated in the preosteoblast MC3T3-M1 cell line. Preosteoblasts were stimulated for 7 or 14 days in the presence of osteogenic medium containing ATP and its analogs, and then alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, gene expression analyses, and protein expression were assessed. RESULTS We observed that ATP and its analogs promoted increased ALP activity after 7 days of treatment. In contrast, these agonists promoted reductions in ALP activity after 14 days. Some antagonists, such as PPADS (P2 antagonist), MRS2179 (P2Y1 antagonist), MRS2578 (P2Y6 antagonist), and AZ11645373 (P2X7 antagonist) reduced the increases in ALP activity after 7 days. However, only AZ11645373 inhibited the reduction in ALP activity after 14 days. The expression of the P2Y2, P2Y6, P2X4, and P2X7 receptors was observed. Furthermore, treatment with ATP modulated the expression of P2 receptors, increasing P2X4 expression and reducing P2Y6 and P2X7 expression. Similar results were observed after 14 days. In addition, ATP treatment for 7 days increased the expression of transcription factors associated with osteoblast differentiation, such as Runx2, SP7, and Dix5, whereas SP7 and Dix5 expression was reduced at 14 days. These results suggest that P2 receptor activation modulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and is dependent upon the stage of differentiation. These results also suggest that several P2 receptors are involved in this process.
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Orriss IR, Arnett TR, Russell RGG. Pyrophosphate: a key inhibitor of mineralisation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 28:57-68. [PMID: 27061894 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate has long been known as a by-product of many intracellular biosynthetic reactions, and was first identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of biomineralisation in the 1960s. The major source of pyrophosphate appears to be extracellular ATP, which is released from cells in a controlled manner. Once released, ATP can be rapidly hydrolysed by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases to produce pyrophosphate. The main action of pyrophosphate is to directly inhibit hydroxyapatite formation thereby acting as a physiological 'water-softener'. Evidence suggests pyrophosphate may also act as a signalling molecule to influence gene expression and regulate its own production and breakdown. This review will summarise our current understanding of pyrophosphate metabolism and how it regulates bone mineralisation and prevents harmful soft tissue calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Graham G Russell
- The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK; The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Orriss IR, Arnett TR, George J, Witham MD. Allopurinol and oxypurinol promote osteoblast differentiation and increase bone formation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:166-74. [PMID: 26968635 PMCID: PMC4829071 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol are widely used in the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. They inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) an enzyme in the purine degradation pathway that converts xanthine to uric acid. This investigation examined the effect of allopurinol and oxypurinol on bone formation, cell number and viability, gene expression and enzyme activity in differentiating and mature, bone-forming osteoblasts. Although mRNA expression remained relatively constant, XO activity decreased over time with mature osteoblasts displaying reduced levels of uric acid (20% decrease). Treatment with allopurinol and oxypurinol (0.1-1 µM) reduced XO activity by up to 30%. At these concentrations, allopurinol and oxypurinol increased bone formation by osteoblasts ~4-fold and ~3-fold, respectively. Cell number and viability were unaffected. Both drugs increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity up to 65%. Osteocalcin and TNAP mRNA expression was increased, 5-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Expression of NPP1, the enzyme responsible for generating the mineralisation inhibitor, pyrophosphate, was decreased 5-fold. Col1α1 mRNA expression and soluble collagen levels were unchanged. Osteoclast formation and resorptive activity were not affected by treatment with allopurinol or oxypurinol. Our data suggest that inhibition of XO activity promotes osteoblast differentiation, leading to increased bone formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob George
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Miles D Witham
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Hajjawi MOR, Patel JJ, Corcelli M, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Lack of effect of adenosine on the function of rodent osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:247-58. [PMID: 26861849 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP, signalling through P2 receptors, exerts well-documented effects on bone cells, inhibiting mineral deposition by osteoblasts and stimulating the formation and resorptive activity of osteoclasts. The aims of this study were to determine the potential osteotropic effects of adenosine, the hydrolysis product of ATP, on primary bone cells in vitro. We determined the effect of exogenous adenosine on (1) the growth, alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity and bone-forming ability of osteoblasts derived from the calvariae of neonatal rats and mice and the marrow of juvenile rats and (2) the formation and resorptive activity of osteoclasts from juvenile mouse marrow. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed marked differences in the expression of P1 receptors in osteoblasts from different sources. Whilst mRNA for the A1 and A2B receptors was expressed by all primary osteoblasts, A2A receptor expression was limited to rat bone marrow and mouse calvarial osteoblasts and the A3 receptor to rat bone marrow osteoblasts. We found that adenosine had no detectable effects on cell growth, TNAP activity or bone formation by rodent osteoblasts in vitro. The analogue 2-chloroadenosine, which is hydrolysed more slowly than adenosine, had no effects on rat or mouse calvarial osteoblasts but increased TNAP activity and bone formation by rat bone marrow osteoblasts by 30-50 % at a concentration of 1 μM. Osteoclasts were found to express the A2A, A2B and A3 receptors; however, neither adenosine (≤100 μM) nor 2-chloroadenosine (≤10 μM) had any effect on the formation or resorptive activity of mouse osteoclasts in vitro. These results suggest that adenosine, unlike ATP, is not a major signalling molecule in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O R Hajjawi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Michelangelo Corcelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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Noronha-Matos JB, Correia-de-Sá P. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ageing: Targeting the "Purinome" to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Repair. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1852-61. [PMID: 26754327 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into bone forming cells. Such ability is compromised in elderly individuals resulting in bone disorders such as osteoporosis, also limiting their clinical usage for cell transplantation and bone tissue engineering strategies. In bone marrow niches, adenine and uracil nucleotides are important local regulators of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Nucleotides can be released to the extracellular milieu under both physiological and pathological conditions via (1) membrane cell damage, (2) vesicle exocytosis, (3) ATP-binding cassette transporters, and/or (4) facilitated diffusion through maxi-anion channels, hemichannels or ligand-gated receptor pores. Nucleotides and their derivatives act via adenosine P1 (A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 ) and nucleotide-sensitive P2 purinoceptors comprising ionotropic P2X and G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Purinoceptors activation is terminated by membrane-bound ecto-nucleotidases and other ecto-phosphatases, which rapidly hydrolyse extracellular nucleotides to their respective nucleoside 5'-di- and mono-phosphates, nucleosides and free phosphates, or pyrophosphates. Current knowledge suggests that different players of the "purinome" cascade, namely nucleotide release sites, ecto-nucleotidases and purinoceptors, orchestrate to fine-tuning regulate the activity of MSCs in the bone microenvironment. Increasing studies, using osteoprogenitor cell lines, animal models and, more recently, non-modified MSCs from postmenopausal women, raised the possibility to target chief components of the purinergic signaling pathway to regenerate the ability of aged MSCs to differentiate into functional osteoblasts. This review summarizes the main findings of those studies, prompting for novel therapeutic strategies to control ageing disorders where bone destruction exceeds bone formation, like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fracture mal-union. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1852-1861, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - P Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
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Orriss IR, Key ML, Hajjawi MOR, Millán JL, Arnett TR. Acidosis is a key regulator of osteoblast ecto-nucleotidase pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) expression and activity. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:3049-56. [PMID: 26033523 PMCID: PMC4549203 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that acidosis prevents bone nodule formation by osteoblasts in vitro by inhibiting mineralisation of the collagenous matrix. The ratio of phosphate (Pi) to pyrophosphate (PPi) in the bone microenvironment is a fundamental regulator of bone mineralisation. Both Pi and PPi, a potent inhibitor of mineralisation, are generated from extracellular nucleotides by the actions of ecto‐nucleotidases. This study investigated the expression and activity of ecto‐nucleotidases by osteoblasts under normal and acid conditions. We found that osteoblasts express mRNA for a number of ecto‐nucleotidases including NTPdase 1–6 (ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and NPP1‐3 (ecto‐nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase). The rank order of mRNA expression in differentiating rat osteoblasts (day 7) was Enpp1 > NTPdase 4 > NTPdase 6 > NTPdase 5 > alkaline phosphatase > ecto‐5‐nucleotidase > Enpp3 > NTPdase 1 > NTPdase 3 > Enpp2 > NTPdase 2. Acidosis (pH 6.9) upregulated NPP1 mRNA (2.8‐fold) and protein expression at all stages of osteoblast differentiation compared to physiological pH (pH 7.4); expression of other ecto‐nucleotidases was unaffected. Furthermore, total NPP activity was increased up to 53% in osteoblasts cultured in acid conditions (P < 0.001). Release of ATP, one of the key substrates for NPP1, from osteoblasts, was unaffected by acidosis. Further studies showed that mineralised bone formation by osteoblasts cultured from NPP1 knockout mice was increased compared with wildtypes (2.5‐fold, P < 0.001) and was partially resistant to the inhibitory effect of acidosis. These results indicate that increased NPP1 expression and activity might contribute to the decreased mineralisation observed when osteoblasts are exposed to acid conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 3049–3056, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle L Key
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark O R Hajjawi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - José L Millán
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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Li W, Wei S, Liu C, Song M, Wu H, Yang Y. Regulation of the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells by extracellular uridine triphosphate: The role of P2Y2 receptor and ERK1/2 signaling. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:63-73. [PMID: 26531757 PMCID: PMC4687443 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) is a crucial pathological factor in the development of osteoporosis. Growing evidence suggests that extracellular nucleotide signaling involving the P2 receptors plays a significant role in bone metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of uridine triphosphate (UTP) on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The differentiation of the BMSCs was determined by measuring the mRNA and protein expression levels of osteogenic- and adipogenic-related markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining and Oil Red O staining. The effects of UTP on BMSC differentiation were assayed using selective P2Y receptor antagonists, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and an intracellular signaling inhibitor. The incubation of the BMSCs with UTP resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in osteogenesis and an increase in adipogenesis, without affecting cell proliferation. Significantly, siRNA targeting the P2Y2 receptor prevented the effects of UTP, whereas the P2Y6 receptor antagonist (MRS2578) and siRNA targeting the P2Y4 receptor had little effect. The activation of P2Y receptors by UTP transduced to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. This transduction was prevented by the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (U0126) and siRNA targeting the P2Y2 receptor. U0126 prevented the effects of UTP on osteogenic- and adipogenic-related gene expression after 24 h of culture, as opposed to 3 to 7 days of culture. Thus, our data suggest that UTP suppresses the osteogenic and enhances the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating the P2Y2 receptor. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway mediates the early stages of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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