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Georgiadou E, Muralidharan C, Martinez M, Chabosseau P, Akalestou E, Tomas A, Wern FYS, Stylianides T, Wretlind A, Legido-Quigley C, Jones B, Lopez-Noriega L, Xu Y, Gu G, Alsabeeh N, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Ibberson M, Leclerc I, Ali Y, Soleimanpour SA, Linnemann AK, Rodriguez TA, Rutter GA. Mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2 Are Required to Preserve Glucose- but Not Incretin-Stimulated β-Cell Connectivity and Insulin Secretion. Diabetes 2022; 71:1472-1489. [PMID: 35472764 PMCID: PMC9233298 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glucose metabolism is essential for stimulated insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Whether mitofusin gene expression, and hence, mitochondrial network integrity, is important for glucose or incretin signaling has not previously been explored. Here, we generated mice with β-cell-selective, adult-restricted deletion knock-out (dKO) of the mitofusin genes Mfn1 and Mfn2 (βMfn1/2 dKO). βMfn1/2-dKO mice displayed elevated fed and fasted glycemia and a more than fivefold decrease in plasma insulin. Mitochondrial length, glucose-induced polarization, ATP synthesis, and cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ increases were all reduced in dKO islets. In contrast, oral glucose tolerance was more modestly affected in βMfn1/2-dKO mice, and glucagon-like peptide 1 or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor agonists largely corrected defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through enhanced EPAC-dependent signaling. Correspondingly, cAMP increases in the cytosol, as measured with an Epac-camps-based sensor, were exaggerated in dKO mice. Mitochondrial fusion and fission cycles are thus essential in the β-cell to maintain normal glucose, but not incretin, sensing. These findings broaden our understanding of the roles of mitofusins in β-cells, the potential contributions of altered mitochondrial dynamics to diabetes development, and the impact of incretins on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Georgiadou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michelle Martinez
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Elina Akalestou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Fiona Yong Su Wern
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Theodoros Stylianides
- Centre of Innovative and Collaborative Construction Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, U.K
| | - Asger Wretlind
- Systems Medicin, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Systems Medicin, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kings College London, London, U.K
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College, London, U.K
| | - Livia Lopez-Noriega
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program of Developmental Biology, and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program of Developmental Biology, and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Nour Alsabeeh
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Christophe Magnan
- Regulation of Glycemia by Central Nervous System, Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Scott A. Soleimanpour
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amelia K. Linnemann
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tristan A. Rodriguez
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Centre of Research of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Guy A. Rutter, or
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Serra CA, dos Reis AF, Calsa B, Bueno CS, Helaehil JV, de Souza SAR, de Oliveira CA, Vanzella EC, do Amaral MEC. Quercetin prevents insulin dysfunction in hypertensive animals. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:407-417. [PMID: 35673430 PMCID: PMC9167338 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II induced increase in hypertension enhances oxidative stress and compromises insulin action and pancreatic function. Quercetin-rich foods are beneficial for hypertensive and diabetic animals owing to their antioxidant function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of quercetin in hypertensive rats on insulin action, signaling, and secretion. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham, hypertensive rats (H), and hypertensive rats supplemented with quercetin (HQ). After three months of initial hypertension, quercetin was administered at 50 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Our results indicate that hypertension and serum lipid peroxidation levels were reduced by quercetin supplementation. We observed increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, corroborating the insulin tolerance test, HOMA index, and improvements in lipid profile. Despite normal insulin secretion at 2.8 and 20 mM of glucose, animals treated with quercetin exhibited increased number of islets per section; increased protein expression of muscarinic receptor type 3, VEGF, and catalase in islets; and hepatic mRNA levels of Ide were normalized. In conclusion, supplementation with quercetin improved insulin action and prevented pancreatic and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Alves Serra
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
| | - Alexandre Freire dos Reis
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
| | - Bruno Calsa
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
| | - Cintia Sena Bueno
- Biomedical College, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Araras, SP Brazil
| | - Júlia Venturini Helaehil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
| | | | - Camila Andrea de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
| | - Emerielle Cristine Vanzella
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Maria Esméria Corezola do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, FHO, Av. Maximiliano Barutto n° 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras, SP 13607-339 Brazil
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The beneficial effects of a muscarinic agonist on pancreatic β-cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16180. [PMID: 31700039 PMCID: PMC6838462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and nervous system play an important role in pancreatic β-cell function. This study investigated the role of muscarinic agonists or acetylcholine, which is the major neurotransmitter in the vagal nerve, in regulating pancreatic β-cell mass and glucose homeostasis. Administration of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in insulin-receptor substrate 2 (IRS2)-knockout (IRS-2−/−) mice and diet-induced obesity mice. Oral administration of bethanechol increased β-cell mass and proliferation in wild-type mice, but not IRS-2−/− mice. The muscarinic agonist also increased the incorporation of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into islets isolated from wild-type mice and pancreatic β-cell line MIN6. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) induced by oral administration of bethanechol was observed in wild-type mice, but not IRS-2−/− mice. The secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was also stimulated by bethanechol in wild-type mice, and a GLP-1 antagonist partially inhibited the bethanechol-induced increase in β-cell mass. These results suggest that the muscarinic agonist exerted direct and indirect effects on β-cell proliferation that were dependent on the IRS-2/Akt pathway. The bethanechol-stimulated release of GLP-1 may be indirectly associated with β-cell proliferation.
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Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Touyz RM. Muscarinic Receptor Type-3 in Hypertension and Cholinergic-Adrenergic Crosstalk: Genetic Insights and Potential for New Antihypertensive Targets. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35:555-557. [PMID: 30954389 PMCID: PMC6499128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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Pacher KAS, Camargo TF, Andrade TAM, Barbosa-Sampaio HCL, Amaral MECD. Involvement of M1 and M3 receptors in isolated pancreatic islets function during weight cycling in ovariectomized rats. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:647-654. [PMID: 30707596 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the structural and functional adaptations of the pancreas during weight cycling in animals submitted to hypoestrogenism. Female Wistar rats were distributed among the following test groups: ShamAL (AL, ad libitum); OVXAL (ovariectomized); and OVXcycle (dietary restriction with weight cycling). The ShamAL and OVXAL groups received commercial feed ad libitum, whereas the OVXcycle group received 21 days of commercial feed ad libitum, and 21 days of caloric restriction, with caloric intake amounting to 40% of the amount of feed consumed by the rats in the OVXAL group. The tolerance tests for glucose and insulin were applied. After euthanasia, the pancreas and adipose tissue were collected. The disappearance of glucose during the insulin assay occurred at a higher rate in tissues from the OVXcycle group, compared with the OVXAL group. Fasting glycemia and perirenal adipose tissue were lower in the OVXcycle group. By comparison with the ShamAL and OVXAL groups, the OVXcycle group showed higher protein expression of the M1 and M3 receptors and SOD1-2, as well as higher carbachol-induced insulin secretion. Under highly stimulatory conditions with 16.7 mmol/L glucose, the OVXAL and OVXcycle groups presented lower insulin secretion compared with the ShamAL group. Morphological analysis revealed higher iron deposition in the OVXAL islets by comparison with the OVXcycle group. These results show that ovariectomy accelerated the loss of pancreatic islet function, and that weight cycling could restore the function of the islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Augusto Salandin Pacher
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, FHO/UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Furtado Camargo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, FHO/UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Doliba NM, Liu Q, Li C, Chen P, Liu C, Naji A, Matschinsky FM. Inhibition of cholinergic potentiation of insulin secretion from pancreatic islets by chronic elevation of glucose and fatty acids: Protection by casein kinase 2 inhibitor. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1240-1253. [PMID: 29031723 PMCID: PMC5641685 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are characteristic features of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) that are thought to cause or contribute to β-cell dysfunction by “glucolipotoxicity.” Previously we have shown that acute treatment of pancreatic islets with fatty acids (FA) decreases acetylcholine-potentiated insulin secretion. This acetylcholine response is mediated by M3 muscarinic receptors, which play a key role in regulating β-cell function. Here we examine whether chronic FA exposure also inhibits acetylcholine-potentiated insulin secretion using mouse and human islets. Methods Islets were cultured for 3 or 4 days at different glucose concentration with 0.5 mM palmitic acid (PA) or a 2:1 mixture of PA and oleic acid (OA) at 1% albumin (PA/BSA molar ratio 3.3). Afterwards, the response to glucose and acetylcholine were studied in perifusion experiments. Results FA-induced impairment of insulin secretion and Ca2+ signaling depended strongly on the glucose concentrations of the culture medium. PA and OA in combination reduced acetylcholine potentiation of insulin secretion more than PA alone, both in mouse and human islets, with no evidence of a protective role of OA. In contrast, lipotoxicity was not observed with islets cultured for 3 days in medium containing less than 1 mM glucose and a mixture of glutamine and leucine (7 mM each). High glucose and FAs reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ storage capacity; however, preserving ER Ca2+ by blocking the IP3 receptor with xestospongin C did not protect islets from glucolipotoxic effects on insulin secretion. In contrast, an inhibitor of casein kinase 2 (CK2) protected the glucose dependent acetylcholine potentiation of insulin secretion in mouse and human islets against glucolipotoxicity. Conclusions These results show that chronic FA treatment decreases acetylcholine potentiation of insulin secretion and that this effect is strictly glucose dependent and might involve CK2 phosphorylation of β-cell M3 muscarinic receptors. Glucolipotoxicity impairs acetylcholine-potentiation of insulin secretion. Glucose amplification of insulin secretion rather than triggering is damaged by FA. Inhibitor of casein kinase 2 preserved islet function against glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M Doliba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mourad NI, Gianello P. Gene Editing, Gene Therapy, and Cell Xenotransplantation: Cell Transplantation Across Species. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:193-200. [PMID: 28932650 PMCID: PMC5577055 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell xenotransplantation has the potential to provide a safe, ethically acceptable, unlimited source for cell replacement therapies. This review focuses on genetic modification strategies aimed to overcome remaining hurdles standing in the way of clinical porcine islet transplantation and to develop neural cell xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to previously described genetic modifications aimed to mitigate hyperacute rejection, instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction, and cell-mediated rejection, new data showing the possibility of increasing porcine islet insulin secretion by transgenesis is an interesting addition to the array of genetically modified pigs available for xenotransplantation. Moreover, combining multiple modifications is possible today thanks to new, improved genomic editing tools. SUMMARY Genetic modification of large animals, pigs in particular, has come a long way during the last decade. These modifications can help minimize immunological and physiological incompatibilities between porcine and human cells, thus allowing for better tolerance and function of xenocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar I. Mourad
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation, Université catholique de Louvain, SSS/IREC/CHEX, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 – Bte B1.55.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation, Université catholique de Louvain, SSS/IREC/CHEX, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 – Bte B1.55.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Mourad NI, Perota A, Xhema D, Galli C, Gianello P. Transgenic Expression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Activated Muscarinic Receptor (M3R) Significantly Improves Pig Islet Secretory Function. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:901-911. [PMID: 27938490 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine islets show notoriously low insulin secretion levels in response to glucose stimulation. While this is somehow expected in the case of immature islets isolated from fetal and neonatal pigs, disappointingly low secretory responses are frequently reported in studies using in vitro-maturated fetal and neonatal islets and even fully differentiated adult islets. Herein we show that β-cell-specific expression of a modified glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and of a constitutively activated type 3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) efficiently amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Both adult and neonatal isolated pig islets were treated with adenoviral expression vectors carrying sequences encoding for GLP-1 and/or M3R. GSIS from transduced and control islets was evaluated during static incubation and dynamic perifusion assays. While expression of GLP-1 did not affect basal or stimulated insulin secretion, activated M3R produced a twofold increase in both first and second phases of GSIS. Coexpression of GLP-1 and M3R caused an even greater increase in the secretory response, which was amplified fourfold compared to controls. In conclusion, our work highlights pig islet insulin secretion deficiencies and proposes concomitant activation of cAMP-dependent and cholinergic pathways as a solution to ameliorate GSIS from pig islets used for transplantation.
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Morgan ML, Sigala B, Soeda J, Cordero P, Nguyen V, McKee C, Mouraliderane A, Vinciguerra M, Oben JA. Acetylcholine induces fibrogenic effects via M2/M3 acetylcholine receptors in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and in primary human hepatic stellate cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:475-83. [PMID: 26270240 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), via neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), modulates fibrogenesis in animal models. However, the role of ACh in human hepatic fibrogenesis is unclear. AIMS We aimed to determine the fibrogenic responses of human hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) to ACh and the relevance of the PNS in hepatic fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Primary hHSC were analyzed for synthesis of endogenous ACh and acetylcholinesterase and gene expression of choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR). Cell proliferation and fibrogenic markers were analyzed in hHSC exposed to ACh, atropine, mecamylamine, methoctramine, and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide. mAChR expression was analyzed in human NASH scored for fibrosis. RESULTS We observed that hHSC synthesize ACh and acetylcholinesterase and express choline acetyltransferase and M1-M5 mAChR. We also show that M2 was increased during NASH progression, while both M2 and M3 were found upregulated in activated hHSC. Furthermore, endogenous ACh is required for hHSC basal growth. Exogenous ACh resulted in hHSC hyperproliferation via mAChR and phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) signaling pathways, as well as increased fibrogenic markers. CONCLUSION We show that ACh regulates hHSC activation via M2 and M3 mAChR involving the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and MEK pathways in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that the PNS may be involved in human NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelle L Morgan
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Barbara Sigala
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Junpei Soeda
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Cordero
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vi Nguyen
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chad McKee
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Angelina Mouraliderane
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jude A Oben
- University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
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CK2 acts as a potent negative regulator of receptor-mediated insulin release in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6818-24. [PMID: 26598688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519430112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate virtually all physiological functions including the release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells. β-Cell M3 muscarinic receptors (M3Rs) are known to play an essential role in facilitating insulin release and maintaining proper whole-body glucose homeostasis. As is the case with other GPCRs, M3R activity is regulated by phosphorylation by various kinases, including GPCR kinases and casein kinase 2 (CK2). At present, it remains unknown which of these various kinases are physiologically relevant for the regulation of β-cell activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that inhibition of CK2 in pancreatic β-cells, knockdown of CK2α expression, or genetic deletion of CK2α in β-cells of mutant mice selectively augmented M3R-stimulated insulin release in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies showed that this effect was associated with an M3R-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels. Treatment of mouse pancreatic islets with CX4945, a highly selective CK2 inhibitor, greatly reduced agonist-induced phosphorylation of β-cell M3Rs, indicative of CK2-mediated M3R phosphorylation. We also showed that inhibition of CK2 greatly enhanced M3R-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets. Finally, CX4945 treatment protected mice against diet-induced hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in an M3R-dependent fashion. Our data demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the physiological relevance of CK2 phosphorylation of a GPCR and suggest the novel concept that kinases acting on β-cell GPCRs may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Kong KC, Tobin AB. The role of M3-muscarinic receptor signaling in insulin secretion. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Hauge-Evans AC, Reers C, Kerby A, Franklin Z, Amisten S, King AJ, Hassan Z, Vilches-Flores A, Tippu Z, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Effect of hyperglycaemia on muscarinic M3 receptor expression and secretory sensitivity to cholinergic receptor activation in islets. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:947-56. [PMID: 24720683 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Islets are innervated by parasympathetic nerves which release acetylcholine (ACh) to amplify glucose-induced insulin secretion, primarily via muscarinic M3 receptors (M3R). Here we investigate the consequence of chronic hyperglycaemia on islet M3R expression and secretory sensitivity of mouse islets to cholinergic receptor activation. METHODS The impact of hyperglycaemia was studied in (i) islets isolated from ob/ob mice, (ii) alginate-encapsulated mouse islets transplanted intraperitoneally into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and (iii) mouse and human islets maintained in vitro at 5.5 or 16 mmol/l glucose. Blood glucose levels were assessed by a commercial glucose meter, insulin content by RIA and M3R expression by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS M3R mRNA expression was reduced in both ob/ob islets and islets maintained at 16 mmol/l glucose for 3 days (68 and 50% control, respectively). In all three models of hyperglycaemia the secretory sensitivity to the cholinergic receptor agonist, carbachol, was reduced by 60-70% compared to control islets. Treatment for 72 h with the irreversible PKC activator, PMA, or the PKC inhibitor, Gö6983, did not alter islet M3R mRNA expression nor did incubation with the PI3K-inhibitor, LY294002, although enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion by LY294002 was reduced in islets maintained at 16 mmol/l glucose, as was mRNA expression of the PI3K regulatory subunit, p85α. CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic regulation of insulin release is impaired in three experimental islet models of hyperglycaemia consistent with reduced expression of M3 receptors. Our data suggest that the receptor downregulation is a PKC- and PI3K-independent consequence of the hyperglycaemic environment, and they imply that M3 receptors could be potential targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hauge-Evans
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: novel opportunities for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:549-60. [PMID: 24903776 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that regulate numerous fundamental functions of the central and peripheral nervous system. The past few years have witnessed unprecedented new insights into muscarinic receptor physiology, pharmacology and structure. These advances include the first structural views of muscarinic receptors in both inactive and active conformations, as well as a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of muscarinic receptor regulation by allosteric modulators. These recent findings should facilitate the development of new muscarinic receptor subtype-selective ligands that could prove to be useful for the treatment of many severe pathophysiological conditions.
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14
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Guerra ML, Wauson EM, McGlynn K, Cobb MH. Muscarinic control of MIN6 pancreatic β cells is enhanced by impaired amino acid signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14370-9. [PMID: 24695728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown recently that the class C G protein-coupled receptor T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor complex is an early amino acid sensor in MIN6 pancreatic β cells. Amino acids are unable to activate ERK1/2 in β cells in which T1R3 has been depleted. The muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol activated ERK1/2 better in T1R3-depleted cells than in control cells. Ligands that activate certain G protein-coupled receptors in pancreatic β cells potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Among these is the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, the major muscarinic receptor in β cells. We found that expression of M3 receptors increased in T1R3-depleted MIN6 cells and that calcium responses were altered. To determine whether these changes were related to impaired amino acid signaling, we compared responses in cells exposed to reduced amino acid concentrations. M3 receptor expression was increased, and some, but not all, changes in calcium signaling were mimicked. These findings suggest that M3 acetylcholine receptors are increased in β cells as a mechanism to compensate for amino acid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy L Guerra
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Eric M Wauson
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Kathleen McGlynn
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
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15
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Tao YX, Liang XF. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Tarussio D, Metref S, Seyer P, Mounien L, Vallois D, Magnan C, Foretz M, Thorens B. Nervous glucose sensing regulates postnatal β cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:413-24. [PMID: 24334455 PMCID: PMC3871223 DOI: 10.1172/jci69154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How glucose sensing by the nervous system impacts the regulation of β cell mass and function during postnatal development and throughout adulthood is incompletely understood. Here, we studied mice with inactivation of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in the nervous system (NG2KO mice). These mice displayed normal energy homeostasis but developed late-onset glucose intolerance due to reduced insulin secretion, which was precipitated by high-fat diet feeding. The β cell mass of adult NG2KO mice was reduced compared with that of WT mice due to lower β cell proliferation rates in NG2KO mice during the early postnatal period. The difference in proliferation between NG2KO and control islets was abolished by ganglionic blockade or by weaning the mice on a carbohydrate-free diet. In adult NG2KO mice, first-phase insulin secretion was lost, and these glucose-intolerant mice developed impaired glucagon secretion when fed a high-fat diet. Electrophysiological recordings showed reduced parasympathetic nerve activity in the basal state and no stimulation by glucose. Furthermore, sympathetic activity was also insensitive to glucose. Collectively, our data show that GLUT2-dependent control of parasympathetic activity defines a nervous system/endocrine pancreas axis that is critical for β cell mass establishment in the postnatal period and for long-term maintenance of β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Salima Metref
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Seyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David Vallois
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Employing novel animal models in the design of clinically efficacious GPCR ligands. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 27:117-25. [PMID: 24680437 PMCID: PMC3989050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The headline success of targeting GPCRs in human diseases has masked the fact that many GPCR drug discovery programmes fail. This is despite a substantial increase in our understanding of GPCR pharmacology that has provided an array of ligands that target both orthosteric and allosteric sites as well as ligands that show stimulus bias. From this plethora of pharmacological possibilities, can we design ligand properties that would deliver maximal clinical efficacy with lowest toxicity? This may be achieved through animal models that both validate a particular GPCR as a target as well as revealing the signalling mechanisms that underlie receptor-mediated physiological and clinical responses. In this article, we examine recent novel transgenic models being employed to address this issue.
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Abstract
Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are widely prescribed to treat various disorders, most notably schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; however, SGAs can cause abnormal glucose metabolism that can lead to insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus side-effects by largely unknown mechanisms. This review explores the potential candidature of the acetylcholine (ACh) muscarinic M3 receptor (M3R) as a prime mechanistic and possible therapeutic target of interest in SGA-induced insulin dysregulation. Studies have identified that SGA binding affinity to the M3R is a predictor of diabetes risk; indeed, olanzapine and clozapine, SGAs with the highest clinical incidence of diabetes side-effects, are potent M3R antagonists. Pancreatic M3Rs regulate the glucose-stimulated cholinergic pathway of insulin secretion; their activation on β-cells stimulates insulin secretion, while M3R blockade decreases insulin secretion. Genetic modification of M3Rs causes robust alterations in insulin levels and glucose tolerance in mice. Olanzapine alters M3R density in discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem, regions that regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion through vagal innervation of the pancreas. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated a dynamic sensitivity of hypothalamic and brainstem M3Rs to altered glucometabolic status of the body. Therefore, the M3R is in a prime position to influence glucose homeostasis through direct effects on pancreatic β-cells and by potentially altering signalling in the hypothalamus and brainstem. SGA-induced insulin dysregulation may be partly due to blockade of central and peripheral M3Rs, causing an initial disruption to insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis that can progressively lead to insulin resistance and diabetes during chronic treatment.
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Kruse AC, Weiss DR, Rossi M, Hu J, Hu K, Eitel K, Gmeiner P, Wess J, Kobilka BK, Shoichet BK. Muscarinic receptors as model targets and antitargets for structure-based ligand discovery. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:528-40. [PMID: 23887926 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate virtually all aspects of human physiology and represent an important class of therapeutic drug targets. Many GPCR-targeted drugs resemble endogenous agonists, often resulting in poor selectivity among receptor subtypes and restricted pharmacologic profiles. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family exemplifies these problems; thousands of ligands are known, but few are receptor subtype-selective and nearly all are cationic in nature. Using structure-based docking against the M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, we screened 3.1 million molecules for ligands with new physical properties, chemotypes, and receptor subtype selectivities. Of 19 docking-prioritized molecules tested against the M2 subtype, 11 had substantial activity and 8 represented new chemotypes. Intriguingly, two were uncharged ligands with low micromolar to high nanomolar Ki values, an observation with few precedents among aminergic GPCRs. To exploit a single amino-acid substitution among the binding pockets between the M2 and M3 receptors, we selected molecules predicted by docking to bind to the M3 and but not the M2 receptor. Of 16 molecules tested, 8 bound to the M3 receptor. Whereas selectivity remained modest for most of these, one was a partial agonist at the M3 receptor without measurable M2 agonism. Consistent with this activity, this compound stimulated insulin release from a mouse β-cell line. These results support the ability of structure-based discovery to identify new ligands with unexplored chemotypes and physical properties, leading to new biologic functions, even in an area as heavily explored as muscarinic pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (A.C.K., B.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (D.R.W., B.K.S.); Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.K.S.); Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R., J.H., K.H., J.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (K.E., P.G.)
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Impaired β-cell function in the adult offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during lactation is associated with changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:227-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Impaired pancreatic β-cell function, as observed in the cases of early nutrition disturbance, is a major hallmark of metabolic diseases arising in adulthood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function/composition of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes, M2 and M3, in the pancreatic islets of adult offspring of rats that were protein malnourished during lactation. Neonates were nursed by mothers that were fed either a low-protein (4 %, LP) or a normal-protein (23 %, NP) diet. Adult rats were pre-treated with anti-muscarinic drugs and subjected to the glucose tolerance test; the function and protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were determined. The LP rats were lean and hypoinsulinaemic. The selective M2mAChR antagonist methoctramine increased insulinaemia by 31 % in the NP rats and 155 % in the LP rats, and insulin secretion was increased by 32 % in the islets of the NP rats and 88 % in those of the LP rats. The selective M3mAChR antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide decreased insulinaemia by 63 % in the NP rats and 40 % in the LP rats and reduced insulin release by 41 % in the islets of the NP rats and 28 % in those of the LP rats. The protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were 57 % higher and 53 % lower, respectively, in the islets of the LP rats than in those of the NP rats. The expression and functional compositions of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were altered in the islets of the LP rats, as a result of metabolic programming caused by the protein-restricted diet, which might be another possible effect involved in the weak insulin secretion ability of the islets of the programmed adult rats.
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21
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Nakajima K, Jain S, Ruiz de Azua I, McMillin SM, Rossi M, Wess J. Minireview: Novel aspects of M3 muscarinic receptor signaling in pancreatic β-cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1208-16. [PMID: 23820900 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells is regulated by a considerable number of G protein-coupled receptors. During the past several years, we have focused on the physiological importance of β-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3Rs). At the molecular level, the M3R selectively activates G proteins of the G(q) family. Phenotypic analysis of several M3R mutant mouse models, including a mouse strain that lacks M3Rs only in pancreatic β-cells, indicated that β-cell M3Rs play a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range. Additional studies with transgenic M3R mouse models strongly suggest that strategies aimed to enhance signaling through β-cell M3Rs may prove useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. More recently, we analyzed transgenic mice that expressed an M3R-based designer receptor in a β-cell-specific fashion, which enabled us to chronically activate a β-cell G(q)-coupled receptor by a drug that is otherwise pharmacologically inert. Drug-dependent activation of this designer receptor stimulated the sequential activation of G(q), phospholipase C, ERK1/2, and insulin receptor substrate 2 signaling, thus triggering a series of events that greatly improved β-cell function. Most importantly, chronic stimulation of this pathway protected mice against experimentally induced diabetes and glucose intolerance, induced either by streptozotocin or by the consumption of an energy-rich, high-fat diet. Because β-cells are endowed with numerous receptors that mediate their cellular effects via activation of G(q)-type G proteins, these findings provide a rational basis for the development of novel antidiabetic drugs targeting this class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakajima
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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de Oliveira JC, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG, Barella LF, Miranda RA, Malta A, Franco CCDS, Ribeiro TADS, Torrezan R, Gravena C, Mathias PCDF. Poor pubertal protein nutrition disturbs glucose-induced insulin secretion process in pancreatic islets and programs rats in adulthood to increase fat accumulation. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:195-206. [PMID: 23151360 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Similar to gestation/lactation, puberty is also a critical phase in which neuronal connections are still being produced and during which metabolic changes may occur if nutrition is disturbed. In the present study we aimed to determine whether peripubertal protein restriction induces metabolic programming. Thirty-day-old male rats were fed either a low protein (LP group) diet (4% w/w protein) or a normal protein (NP group) diet (23%) until 60 days of age, when they received the NP diet until they were 120 days old. Body weight (BW), food intake, fat tissue accumulation, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion were evaluated. The nerve electrical activity was recorded to evaluate autonomous nervous system (ANS) function. Adolescent LP rats presented hypophagia and lower BW gain during the LP diet treatment (P<0.001). However, the food intake and BW gain by the LP rats were increased (P<0.001) after the NP diet was resumed. The LP rats presented mild hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, severe hyperleptinemia upon fasting, peripheral insulin resistance and increased fat tissue accumulation and vagus nerve activity (P<0.05). Glucose-induced insulin secretion was greater in the LP islets than in the NP islets; however, the cholinergic response was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the islets from the NP rats, the LP islets showed changes in the activity of muscarinic receptors (P<0.05); in addition, the inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion by epinephrine was attenuated (P<0.001). Protein restriction during adolescence caused high-fat tissue accumulation in adult rats. Islet dysfunction could be related to an ANS imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5970, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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de Azua IR, Gautam D, Jain S, Guettier JM, Wess J. Critical metabolic roles of β-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Life Sci 2012; 91:986-91. [PMID: 22525375 PMCID: PMC3568704 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs; M(1)-M(5)) regulate the activity of an extraordinarily large number of important physiological processes. We and others previously demonstrated that pancreatic β-cells are endowed with M(3) mAChRs which are linked to G proteins of the G(q) family. The activation of these receptors by ACh or other muscarinic agonists leads to the augmentation of glucose-induced insulin release via multiple mechanisms. Interestingly, in humans, ACh acting on human β-cell mAChRs is released from adjacent α-cells which express both choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT), indicative of the presence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in human pancreatic islets. In order to shed light on the physiological roles of β-cell M(3) receptors, we recently generated and analyzed various mutant mouse models. Specifically, we carried out studies with mice which overexpressed M(3) receptors or mutant M(3) receptors in pancreatic β-cells or which selectively lacked M(3) receptors or M(3)-receptor-associated proteins in pancreatic β-cells. Our findings indicate that β-cell M(3) receptors play a key role in maintaining proper insulin release and whole body glucose homeostasis and that strategies aimed at enhancing signaling through β-cell M(3) receptors may prove useful to improve β-cell function for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dinesh Gautam
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shalini Jain
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Marc Guettier
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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de Oliveira JC, Grassiolli S, Gravena C, de Mathias PCF. Early postnatal low-protein nutrition, metabolic programming and the autonomic nervous system in adult life. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:80. [PMID: 22967456 PMCID: PMC3463445 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein restriction during lactation has been used as a rat model of metabolic programming to study the impact of perinatal malnutrition on adult metabolism. In contrast to protein restriction during fetal life, protein restriction during lactation did not appear to cause either obesity or the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, such as hyperinsulinemia, when individuals reached adulthood. However, protein restriction provokes body underweight and hypoinsulinemia. This review is focused on the regulation of insulin secretion and the influence of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in adult rats that were protein-malnourished during lactation. The data available on the topic suggest that the perinatal phase of lactation, when insulted by protein deficit, imprints the adult metabolism and thereby alters the glycemic control. Although hypoinsulinemia programs adult rats to maintain normoglycemia, pancreatic β-cells are less sensitive to secretion stimuli, such as glucose and cholinergic agents. These pancreatic dysfunctions may be attributed to an imbalance of ANS activity recorded in adult rats that experienced maternal protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Block H67, room 19, State University of Maringá/UEM - Colombo Avenue 5970, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Ruiz de Azua I, Nakajima KI, Rossi M, Cui Y, Jou W, Gavrilova O, Wess J. Spinophilin as a novel regulator of M3 muscarinic receptor-mediated insulin release in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2012; 26:4275-86. [PMID: 22730439 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-204644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinophilin (SPL), a multidomain scaffolding protein known to modulate the activity of different G-protein-coupled receptors, regulates various central nervous system (CNS) functions. However, little is known about the role of SPL expressed in peripheral cell types including pancreatic β cells. In this study, we examined the ability of SPL to modulate the activity of β-cell M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3Rs), which play an important role in facilitating insulin release and maintaining normal blood glucose levels. We demonstrated, by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches (mouse insulinoma cells and SPL-deficient mice), that SPL is a potent negative regulator of M3R-mediated signaling and insulin release. Additional biochemical and biophysical studies, including the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technology, suggested that SPL is able to recruit regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) to the M3R signaling complex in an agonist-dependent fashion. Since RGS4 is a member of the RGS family of proteins that act to reduce the lifetime of activated G proteins, these findings support the concept that the inhibitory effects of SPL on M3R activity are mediated by RGS4. These data suggest that SPL or other G-protein-coupled receptor-associated proteins may serve as novel targets for drug therapy aimed at improving β-cell function for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Molecular Signaling Section, Mouse Metabolic Core Facility, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH-NIDDK, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-05, 8 Center Dr. MSC 0810 Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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26
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Weston-Green K, Huang XF, Lian J, Deng C. Effects of olanzapine on muscarinic M3 receptor binding density in the brain relates to weight gain, plasma insulin and metabolic hormone levels. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:364-73. [PMID: 21982116 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The second generation antipsychotic drug (SGA) olanzapine has an efficacy to treat schizophrenia, but can cause obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Cholinergic muscarinic M3 receptors (M3R) are expressed on pancreatic β-cells and in the brain where they influence insulin secretion and may regulate other metabolic hormones via vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. Olanzapine's M3R antagonism is an important risk factor for its diabetogenic liability. However, the effects of olanzapine on central M3Rs are unknown. Rats were treated with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg olanzapine/kg or vehicle (3×/day, 14-days). M3R binding densities in the hypothalamic arcuate (Arc) and ventromedial nuclei (VMH), and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the brainstem were investigated using [3H]4-DAMP plus pirenzepine and AF-DX116. M3R binding correlations to body weight, food intake, insulin, ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) were analyzed. Olanzapine increased M3R binding density in the Arc, VMH and DVC, body weight, food intake, circulating plasma ghrelin and CCK levels, and decreased plasma insulin and glucose. M3R negatively correlated to insulin, and positively correlated to ghrelin, CCK, food intake and body weight. Increased M3R density is a compensatory up-regulation in response to olanzapine's M3R antagonism. Olanzapine acts on M3R in regions of the brain that control food intake and insulin secretion. Olanzapine's M3R blockade in the brain may inhibit the acetylcholine pathway for insulin secretion. These findings support a role for M3Rs in the modulation of insulin, ghrelin and CCK via the vagus nerve and provide a mechanism for olanzapine's diabetogenic and weight gain liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Weston-Green
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
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27
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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28
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Disruption and stabilization of β-cell actin microfilaments differently influence insulin secretion triggered by intracellular Ca2+ mobilization or store-operated Ca2+ entry. FEBS Lett 2011; 586:89-95. [PMID: 22154597 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Latrunculin depolymerizes and jasplakinolide polymerizes β-cell actin microfilaments. Both increase insulin secretion when Ca(2+) enters β-cells during depolarization by glucose, sulfonylureas or potassium. Mouse islets were held hyperpolarized with diazoxide, and stimulated with acetylcholine to test the role of microfilaments in insulin secretion triggered by intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Jasplakinolide slightly attenuated Ca(2+) mobilization and did not affect SOCE, but consistently inhibited the attending insulin secretion. Latrunculin did not affect Ca(2+) changes induced by acetylcholine, but consistently increased insulin secretion, its effect being larger in response to Ca(2+) entry than to Ca(2+) mobilization. Microfilaments have thus a distinct impact on exocytosis of insulin granules depending on the source of triggering Ca(2+).
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29
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Stip E, Zhornitsky S, Moteshafi H, Létourneau G, Stikarovska I, Potvin S, Tourjman V. Ziprasidone for Psychotic Disorders: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Clinical Profile. Clin Ther 2011; 33:1853-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Glucose homeostasis requires the tight regulation of glucose utilization by liver, muscle and white or brown fat, and glucose production and release in the blood by liver. The major goal of maintaining glycemia at ∼ 5 mM is to ensure a sufficient flux of glucose to the brain, which depends mostly on this nutrient as a source of metabolic energy. This homeostatic process is controlled by hormones, mainly glucagon and insulin, and by autonomic nervous activities that control the metabolic state of liver, muscle and fat tissue but also the secretory activity of the endocrine pancreas. Activation or inhibition of the sympathetic or parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systems are controlled by glucose-excited or glucose-inhibited neurons located at different anatomical sites, mainly in the brainstem and the hypothalamus. Activation of these neurons by hyper- or hypoglycemia represents a critical aspect of the control of glucose homeostasis, and loss of glucose sensing by these cells as well as by pancreatic β-cells is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In this article, aspects of the brain-endocrine pancreas axis are reviewed, highlighting the importance of central glucose sensing in the control of counterregulation to hypoglycemia but also mentioning the role of the neural control in β-cell mass and function. Overall, the conclusions of these studies is that impaired glucose homeostasis, such as associated with type 2 diabetes, but also defective counterregulation to hypoglycemia, may be caused by initial defects in glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Wang Q, Levay K, Chanturiya T, Dvoriantchikova G, Anderson KL, Bianco SDC, Ueta CB, Molano RD, Pileggi A, Gurevich EV, Gavrilova O, Slepak VZ. Targeted deletion of one or two copies of the G protein β subunit Gβ5 gene has distinct effects on body weight and behavior in mice. FASEB J 2011; 25:3949-57. [PMID: 21804131 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the physiological role of Gβ5, a unique G protein β subunit that dimerizes with regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins of the R7 family instead of Gγ. Gβ5 is essential for stability of these complexes, so that its knockout (KO)causes degradation of the entire Gβ5-R7 family. We report that the Gβ5-KO mice remain leaner than the wild type (WT) throughout their lifetime and are resistant to a high-fat diet. They have a 5-fold increase in locomotor activity, increased thermogenesis, and lower serum insulin, all of which correlate with a higher level of secreted epinephrine. Heterozygous (HET) mice are 2-fold more active than WT mice. Surprisingly, with respect to body weight, the HET mice display a phenotype opposite to that of the KO mice: by the age of 6 mo, they are ≥ 15% heavier than the WT and have increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. These changes occur in HET mice fed a normal diet and without apparent hyperphagia, mimicking basic characteristics of human metabolic syndrome. We conclude that even a partial reduction in Gβ5-R7 level can perturb normal animal metabolism and behavior. Our data on Gβ5 haploinsufficient mice may explain earlier observations of genetic linkage between R7 family mutations and obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
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Kong KC, Tobin AB. The role of M(3)-muscarinic receptor signaling in insulin secretion. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:489-91. [PMID: 21966580 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.4.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, M(3)-muscarinic receptor (M3R) has been identified as the bona fide receptor responsible for the cholinergic regulation of glucose-induced insulin release. The molecular mechanisms of such regulation have also begun to be unravelled. These include the conventional G protein-dependent pathways involving calcium mobilization and activation of protein kinase C. In addition, recent studies also provided evidence for G protein-independent pathways in the regulation of insulin secretion by M3R. These include phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent activation of protein kinase D1, Src family kinase-dependent activation of the sodium channel NALCN and the involvement of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-4. Time has now come to extend these studies which were done mainly in rodents to human and explore the potential for targeting such pathways at different levels for the treatment of diseases with impaired insulin secretion such as type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Choi Kong
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Leicester; UK
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Ruiz de Azua I, Gautam D, Guettier JM, Wess J. Novel insights into the function of β-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: therapeutic implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:74-80. [PMID: 21106385 PMCID: PMC3053051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired function of pancreatic β-cells is one of the hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. β-cell function is regulated by the activity of many hormones and neurotransmitters, which bind to specific cell surface receptors. The M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and, following ligand dependent activation, selectively activates G proteins of the G(q/11) family. Recent studies with M3R mutant mice strongly suggest that β-cell M3Rs play a central role in promoting insulin release and maintaining correct glucose homeostasis. In this review, we highlight recent studies indicating that β-cell M3Rs and components of downstream signaling pathways might represent promising new targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Thorens B. Central control of glucose homeostasis: the brain – endocrine pancreas axis. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2010; 36 Suppl 3:S45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(10)70466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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