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Couto CG, Chew DJ. Letter regarding "Evaluation of the clinical outcome of hypercalcemia of malignancy and concurrent azotemia in dogs with lymphoma". J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1287-1288. [PMID: 38551138 PMCID: PMC11099710 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
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2
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Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: A Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 50:100682. [PMID: 35792243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanical obstruction caused by the primary tumor or enlarged regional metastatic lymph nodes and the effects of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia when present. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and metastasectomy of affected locoregional lymph nodes is the preferred initial treatment option for most dogs, although radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are commonly incorporated into multi-modality treatment plans. A significant role for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated. Prolonged survival times are possible, especially for dogs with smaller primary tumors and for dogs that undergo further treatments for recurrent disease. In this article, we review the clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASAC in the dog.
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Sztukowski K, Gin T, Neel J, Lunn K. Simultaneous primary hyperparathyroidism and multiple myeloma in a dog with hypercalcaemia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keira Sztukowski
- Internal Medicine Service Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Taylor Gin
- Internal Medicine Service Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Jennifer Neel
- Clinical Pathology Clinical Pathology Service North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Katharine Lunn
- Internal Medicine Service Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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4
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Pinard CJ, Ludwig L, Egan R, Tatiersky L, Brooks M, Richardson D, Hocker SE, Bienzle D. Primary bone marrow T-cell lymphoma in a Golden Retriever. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:142-150. [PMID: 33759213 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 6.2-year-old 28-kg (61.7 lb) intact female Golden Retriever was referred due to persistent and multiple cytopenias noted on a routine CBC prior to a mature ovariohysterectomy procedure. The patient's physical examination was unremarkable, and staging of the thorax and abdomen identified no abnormalities. At the referral hospital, moderate hypercalcemia, borderline anemia, and neutropenia were noted. Assessment of bone marrow samples by cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry indicated a T-cell neoplasm. The patient was treated with a multi-agent chemotherapy protocol for 6 months, which induced remission. Nine months after diagnosis, she relapsed with recurrence of hypercalcemia, cytopenias, and clinical illness. Single-agent anthracycline (mitoxantrone) in combination with prednisone therapy was initiated for 3 months. Two months after completion, the patient relapsed again, and palliative therapy with prednisone was elected. The patient was euthanized 16 months after diagnosis due to progressive disease. Post-mortem histopathologic evaluation showed extensive replacement of bone marrow by neoplastic cells, and infiltrates in multiple organs. The neoplasm was diagnosed as lymphoma rather than leukemia due to the lack of abnormal circulating cells throughout the course of disease. The neoplasm was detected only in marrow at the time of initial diagnosis, and the marrow was the most extensively effaced organ at the time of death. Therefore, leukemia or stage V lymphoma was considered unlikely. In patients with a cytopenia and lack of neoplastic leukocytosis or solid tissue masses, primary bone marrow lymphoma should be considered among the differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Egan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laetitia Tatiersky
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Brooks
- Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel E Hocker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Amsellem PM, Cavanaugh RP, Chou PY, Bacon NJ, Schallberger SP, Farese JP, Kuntz CA, Liptak JM, Culp WTN, Robat CS, Powers BE. Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in cats: 30 cases (1994-2015). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:716-722. [PMID: 30835176 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.6.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the signalment, clinical signs, biological behavior, and outcome for cats with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) that underwent surgical excision. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 30 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Databases of 13 Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology member-affiliated institutions were searched for records of cats with a histologic diagnosis of AGASACA that underwent tumor excision. For each cat, information regarding signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome was extracted from the medical record. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine median time to local recurrence (TLR), disease-free interval (DFI), and survival time. Cox regression was used to identify factors associated with TLR, DFI, and survival time. RESULTS Perineal ulceration or discharge was the most common clinical sign in affected cats. Eleven cats developed local recurrence at a median of 96 days after AGASACA excision. Incomplete tumor margins and a high nuclear pleomorphic score were risk factors for local recurrence. Nuclear pleomorphic score was negatively associated with DFI. Local recurrence and a high nuclear pleomorphic score were risk factors for death. Median DFI and survival time were 234 and 260 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, in cats, perineal ulceration or discharge should raise suspicion of AGASACA and prompt rectal and anal sac examinations. Local recurrence was the most common life-limiting event in cats that underwent surgery for treatment of AGASACA, suggesting that wide margins should be obtained whenever possible during AGASACA excision. Efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for treatment of cats with AGASACA requires further investigation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254:716-722).
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Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Schnabel T, Gow AG, Del-Pozo J, Milne E, Macklin V, Fisher C, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Investigation of the relationship between ionised and total calcium in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:247-252. [PMID: 32043601 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between total and ionised calcium concentrations in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and to evaluate how albumin influences this relationship. METHODS Initially, a reference interval for ionised and total calcium was established using a large population of healthy adult dogs. Our teaching hospital clinical database was searched to identify adult dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia between 2012 and 2017, a time frame when the same sample handling and analysis protocols were in place as for the healthy reference interval population. The relationship between ionised and total calcium concentrations was then examined in the ionised hypercalcaemia population. RESULTS Based on biochemical analysis of 351 healthy adult dogs, a reference interval of 1.18 to 1.53 mmol/L for ionised calcium and 2.24 to 2.85 mmol/L for total calcium was established. Using these reference intervals, 63 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia were identified, of which 23 did not have total hypercalcaemia. Only seven of the 23 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and total calcium below the upper limit of the reference interval had hypoalbuminemia. The majority of dogs with ionised hypercalcemia and normal total calcium had a modest increase in ionised calcium. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE If relying on total calcium alone, more than one third of dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia will be classified as normocalcaemic and the majority of these dogs had normal serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - T Schnabel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - A G Gow
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Del-Pozo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - E Milne
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - V Macklin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - C Fisher
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - I Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
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Tumielewicz KL, Hudak D, Kim J, Hunley DW, Murphy LA. Review of oncological emergencies in small animal patients. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:271-296. [PMID: 30900396 PMCID: PMC6682806 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncological emergencies can occur at any time during the course of a malignancy and need to be recognized promptly to maximize successful outcomes. Emergencies are characterized as chemotherapy-induced, paraneoplastic syndromes, or directly related to the neoplasm. Prompt identification with treatment of these emergencies can prolong survival and improve quality of life, even in the setting of terminal illness. This review aims to educate the reader on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of some of these emergencies, and to review the current veterinary literature to help educate veterinarians in primary and tertiary facilities to know how to diagnose and treat these serious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Hudak
- Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew JerseyUSA
| | | | | | - Lisa A. Murphy
- Veterinary Specialty Center of DelawareNewcastleDelawareUSA
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Bean AD, Fisher PG, Reavill DR, Kiupel M. Hypercalcemia Associated with Lymphomas in the Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo): Four Cases. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Stiver S, Laukkanen C, Luong R. Suspected Hypercalcemia of Benignancy Associated with Canine Vaginal Leiomyoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:e55205. [PMID: 30653358 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypercalcemia was identified in a canine patient with a benign vaginal leiomyoma. Subsequent diagnostic workup did not reveal hypercalcemia of malignancy. Surgical resection of the leiomyoma resulted in a conversion to normocalcemic status. Although rare, hypercalcemia of benignancy should be considered in a patient in which hypercalcemia is identified via clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Stiver
- From IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc., Napa, California (S.S., R.L.); and Kyle Animal Hospital, Kyle, Texas (C.L.)
| | - Casey Laukkanen
- From IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc., Napa, California (S.S., R.L.); and Kyle Animal Hospital, Kyle, Texas (C.L.)
| | - Richard Luong
- From IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc., Napa, California (S.S., R.L.); and Kyle Animal Hospital, Kyle, Texas (C.L.)
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Weidner N, Woods JP, Conlon P, Meckling KA, Atkinson JL, Bayle J, Makowski AJ, Horst RL, Verbrugghe A. Influence of Various Factors on Circulating 25(OH) Vitamin D Concentrations in Dogs with Cancer and Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1796-1803. [PMID: 28941306 PMCID: PMC5697176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low blood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been associated with cancer in dogs. Little research has examined what other factors may affect 25(OH)D concentrations. Objectives (1) To determine whether the presence of cancer (lymphoma, osteosarcoma, or mast cell tumor [MCT]) in dogs is associated with plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and (2) identify other factors related to plasma 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs. Animals Dogs newly diagnosed with osteosarcoma (n = 21), lymphoma (n = 27), and MCT (n = 21) presented to a tertiary referral oncology center, and healthy, client‐owned dogs (n = 23). Methods An observational study design was used. Dietary vitamin D intake, sex, age, body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), and plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, 24,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) (a marker of CYP24A1 activity), as well as ionized calcium (ICa), parathyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone‐related protein concentrations were measured. An analysis of covariance was used to model plasma 25(OH)D concentrations. Results Cancer type (P = 0.004), plasma 24,25(OH)2D concentrations (P < 0.001), and plasma ICa concentrations (P = 0.047) had significant effects on plasma 25(OH)D concentrations. Effects of age, sex, body weight, BCS, MCS, and plasma PTH concentrations were not identified. A significant interaction between ICa and cancer was found (P = 0.005). Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations increased as ICa concentrations increased in dogs with cancer, whereas plasma 25(OH)D concentrations decreased as ICa concentrations increased in healthy dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results support a relationship between cancer and altered vitamin D metabolism in dogs, mediated by plasma ICa concentrations. The CYP24A1 activity and plasma ICa should be measured in studies examining plasma 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weidner
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J P Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P Conlon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K A Meckling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J L Atkinson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Bayle
- Royal Canin Research Center, Aimargues, France
| | | | | | - A Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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13
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Kohart NA, Elshafae SM, Breitbach JT, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020021. [PMID: 29056680 PMCID: PMC5606604 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated hypercalcemia (CAH) is a frequently-occurring paraneoplastic syndrome that contributes to substantial patient morbidity and occurs in both humans and animals. Patients with CAH are often characterized by markedly elevated serum calcium concentrations that result in a range of clinical symptoms involving the nervous, gastrointestinal and urinary systems. CAH is caused by two principle mechanisms; humorally-mediated and/or through local osteolytic bone metastasis resulting in excessive calcium release from resorbed bone. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) is the most common mechanism and is due to the production and release of tumor-associated cytokines and humoral factors, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), that act at distant sites to increase serum calcium concentrations. Local osteolytic hypercalcemia (LOH) occurs when primary or metastatic bone tumors act locally by releasing factors that stimulate osteoclast activity and bone resorption. LOH is a less frequent cause of CAH and in some cases can induce hypercalcemia in concert with HHM. Rarely, ectopic production of parathyroid hormone has been described. PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia is the most common mechanism of CAH in human and canine malignancies and is recognized in other domestic species. Spontaneous and experimentally-induced animal models have been developed to study the mechanisms of CAH. These models have been essential for the evaluation of novel approaches and adjuvant therapies to manage CAH. This review will highlight the comparative aspects of CAH in humans and animals with a discussion of the available animal models used to study the pathogenesis of this important clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kohart
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Said M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt.
| | - Justin T Breitbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Scruggs JL, Nobrega-Lee M, Fry MM, Applegate R. Hypercalcemia and parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression in a dog with thyroid carcinoma and histiocytic sarcoma. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:249-52. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Scruggs
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Michelle Nobrega-Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Michael M. Fry
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Rory Applegate
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
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16
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Furtado ARR, Parrinello L, Merlo M, Di Bella A. Primary penile adenocarcinoma with concurrent hypercalcaemia of malignancy in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 56:289-92. [PMID: 25370307 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old male neutered Siberian husky crossbreed dog was presented with a 3-week history of haematuria and penile swelling. Clinical examination and computed tomography demonstrated a soft-tissue mass located at the base of the penis without signs of other primary tumours or metastasis. Clinicopathological findings revealed paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the mass suggested an epithelial tumour with several criteria of malignancy present. Following surgical excision of the mass, the hypercalcaemia resolved. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed features consistent with an adenocarcinoma. Despite thorough examination, no perineal or anal sac tumour was found. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of a penile adenocarcinoma with hypercalcaemia of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R R Furtado
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU
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17
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Neihaus SA, Winter JE, Goring RL, Kennedy FA, Kiupel M. Primary Clitoral Adenocarcinoma With Secondary Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:193-6. [DOI: 10.5326/0460193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a primary clitoral adenocarcinoma in a dog with secondary hypercalcemia of malignancy. A 10-year-old, spayed female basset hound was evaluated for a mass protruding from the vulva. The mass was excised, and a histological diagnosis of clitoral adenocarcinoma was made. No evidence of metastasis on thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound was seen. Preoperative hypercalcemia resolved following excision of the mass. Cellular features were similar to an apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemistry exhibited features noted with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. No further treatment was elected by the owner. Internal iliac lymph-node metastasis was identified 4 weeks postoperatively, and hypercalcemia recurred 8 weeks postoperatively. The dog was euthanized 22 weeks postoperatively for signs related to hypercalcemia, including polyuria/polydipsia, lethargy, and weakness. A necropsy was performed and confirmed the presence of internal iliac lymph-node metastasis. The colon, rectum, and anal sacs were grossly and histologically normal. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of clitoral neoplasia in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Neihaus
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists–Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910
- From the
| | - Jennifer E. Winter
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists–Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910
- From the
| | - Robert L. Goring
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists–Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910
- From the
| | - F. A. Kennedy
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists–Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910
- From the
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Affiliated Veterinary Specialists–Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073
- Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910
- From the
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18
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Gow AG, Gow DJ, Bell R, Simpson JW, Chandler ML, Evans H, Berry JL, Herrtage ME, Mellanby RJ. Calcium metabolism in eight dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:426-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Nadella MVP, Kisseberth WC, Nadella KS, Thudi NK, Thamm DH, McNiel EA, Yilmaz A, Boris-Lawrie K, Rosol TJ. NOD/SCID mouse model of canine T-cell lymphoma with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy: cytokine gene expression profiling and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 6:39-54. [PMID: 19178662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2007.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from B or T lymphocytes. In dogs, one-third of lymphomas are highly aggressive multicentric T-cell lymphomas that are often associated with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM). There are no cell lines or animal models to investigate the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma and HHM in dogs. We developed the first xenograft model by injecting lymphoma cells from an Irish Wolfhound intraperitoneally into NOD/SCID mice. The mice developed multicentric lymphoma along with HHM and increased parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) as occurs in dogs with T-cell lymphoma. Using cytokine complementary DNA arrays, we identified genes that have potential implications in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of T-cell lymphoma samples from hypercalcaemic canine patients showed that PTHrP likely plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HHM and that hypercalcaemia is the result of a combinatorial effect of different hypercalcaemic factors. Finally, we monitored in vivo tumour progression and metastases in the mouse model by transducing the lymphoma cells with a lentiviral vector that encodes a luciferase-yellow fluorescent protein reporter and showed that in vivo trafficking patterns in this model were similar to those seen in dogs. This unique mouse model will be useful for translational research in lymphoma and for investigating the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma and HHM in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V P Nadella
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
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20
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Gerber B, Hauser B, Reusch CE. Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in dogs with hypercalcaemia. Vet Res Commun 2005; 28:669-80. [PMID: 15609867 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000045954.71403.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were measured among dogs with hypercalcaemia (total serum calcium > 3.01 mmol/L) due to various causes. All values were compared to those of healthy control dogs. Serum 1,25-(OH)]2-D3 was measured by a radioimmunoassay test and serum 25-OH-D3 was measured by a protein binding assay. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranged from 26 to 332 pmol/L (median 110.0) in dogs with lymphoma (n = 12); from 61 to 398 pmol/L (median 248.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism (n = 5); from 28 to 310 pmol/L (median 88.5) in dogs with chronic renal failure (n = 10); and from 60 to 239 pmol/L (median 157.5) in control dogs (n = 24). There was no significant difference in 1,25-(OH)2-D3 among dogs with different causes of hypercalcaemia. 25-OH-D3 ranged from 64 to 291 nmol/L (median 101.5) in dogs with lymphoma; from 66 to 298 nmol/L (median 91.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism; from 35 to 184 nmol/L (median 67.0) in dogs with chronic renal failure; and from 48 to 350 nmol/L (median 306.5) in control dogs. 25-OH-D3 was significantly lower in dogs with lymphoma, primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure than in control dogs. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and 25-OH-D3 are not predictable in dogs with hypercalcaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gerber
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is a mineral that plays a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of vertebrate animals, including muscle contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activity, neural excitability, hormone secretion, and cell adhesion.(1) It is also involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases which disrupt the normal regulation of Ca balance and may result in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.(2) The purpose of this manuscript is to review current concepts of the function of Ca, its regulation, and the role of Ca in specific disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210
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Bennett PF, DeNicola DB, Bonney P, Glickman NW, Knapp DW. Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinomas: Clinical Presentation and Response to Therapy. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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23
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Refsal KR, Provencher-Bolliger AL, Graham PA, Nachreiner RF. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium regulation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31:1043-62. [PMID: 11570125 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The availability of PTH, iCa, PTHrP, and 25OHD assays for evaluation of calcium abnormalities in companion animals has been well received [table: see text] by clinicians and diagnosticians. Use of these assays has heightened awareness that some of these disorders are more common than originally thought. Also, there is added insight of alterations of calcium homeostasis as a consequence of other illness or environmental factors such as diet. Animal counterparts of other disorders of calcium metabolism in people are likely to be identified, and use of these assays should play a significant role. As already emphasized, the foundation of using [table: see text] these assays is first assessing whether the calcium abnormality is of a parathyroid-dependent or parathyroid-independent classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Refsal
- Diagnostic Endocrinology Section, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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24
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for perturbations of endocrine function and development of structural lesions that result in important diseases in domestic and laboratory animals. For each major category, several specific disease problems have been selected to illustrate the functional and morphologic lesions that are characteristic for either a naturally occurring endocrinopathy or endocrine disturbances induced by the administration of large doses of xenobiotic chemicals. The major pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disruption of endocrine function include primary hyperfunction, secondary hyperfunction, primary hypofunction, secondary hypofunction, endocrine hyperactivity secondary to other conditions, hypersecretion of hormones by nonendocrine tumors, failure of target cells to respond to a hormone, failure of fetal endocrine function, abnormal degradation (increased or decreased rate) of hormone, and iatrogenic syndromes of hormone excess (direct and indirect). Disorders of the endocrine system are encountered in a wide variety of domestic and laboratory animal species and often present challenging diagnostic problems. The development of proliferative lesions, usually hyperplasia and benign tumors, in endocrine organs and hormone-responsive tissues are common findings in chronic studies with high doses of many nongenotoxic xenobiotic chemicals administered to sensitive rodent species and may have limited significance for human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Capen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Gröne A, Weckmann MT, Blomme EA, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Dependence of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy on parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in the canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (CAC-8) nude mouse model. Vet Pathol 1998; 35:344-51. [PMID: 9754539 DOI: 10.1177/030098589803500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is the primary humoral factor in dogs with spontaneous humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and adenocarcinomas derived from apocrine glands of the anal sac. A canine apocrine adenocarcinoma model of HHM in nude mice (CAC-8) was developed and characterized. After 32 passages in vivo, a spontaneous variant of the tumor (CAC-8 Lo Ca) that has altered cellular morphology and that fails to induce HHM in tumor-bearing nude mice has been discovered. The hypercalcemic and nonhypercalcemic tumor lines were compared by tumor weight, effect on body weight, serum calcium concentration, plasma PTHrP concentration, histopathology, expression of PTHrP protein by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, and expression of PTHrP mRNA by in situ hybridization and northern blot analysis. Messenger RNA expression for other factors and cytokines known to alter PTHrP secretion or bone resorption in vivo, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), were also measured in the adenocarcinomas. There was no significant difference in weight of individual tumors. Nude mice bearing the CAC-8 (Lo Ca) tumor maintained normal body weight as compared with non-tumor-bearing control mice. In contrast, mice with the CAC-8 (Hi Ca) tumor had markedly decreased body weights. The CAC-8 (Hi Ca) tumor-bearing mice had severe hypercalcemia (mean = 13.4 mg/dl) and increased plasma concentrations of PTHrP (30.4 pM), whereas the CAC-8 (Lo Ca) tumor-bearing mice had a mean serum calcium concentration of 10.1 mg/dl and mildly increased PTHrP concentrations (5.7 pM) as compared with control mice (9.0 mg/dl and 1.0 pM, respectively). The original tumor (CAC-8 [Hi Ca]) is a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, whereas the variant tumor (CAC-8 [Lo Ca]) is a solid carcinoma with both polygonal and spindle-shaped cells. The CAC-8 (Lo Ca) tumor had decreased PTHrP mRNA expression and protein synthesis. Messenger RNA expression of TGF beta, TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 was similar in both tumors and was consistent with the central role of PTHrP in the induction of hypercalcemia in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gröne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Kruger JM, Osborne CA, Nachreiner RF, Refsal KR. Hypercalcemia and renal failure. Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:1417-45. [PMID: 8911026 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypercalcemia is a frequent disorder of calcium metabolism in dogs and cats. Hypercalcemia-induced alterations in renal function and morphology are linked to many of the clinical manifestations observed in hypercalcemic patients. Since many renal effects induced by hypercalcemia are potentially reversible, early recognition and characterization of the problem facilitates rapid therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, USA
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Rosol TJ, Capen CC. Pathophysiology of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism in animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:1155-84. [PMID: 8863395 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to summarize key features of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium pathophysiology and highlight some of the recent scientific accomplishments in these fields. The area of calcium physiology has been especially active due to the discovery of a new calcium-regulating hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, cloning of the parathyroid hormone receptor and identification of a cell membrane receptor for ionized calcium. Advances have also been made in understanding the role of phosphorus and the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure. The role of magnesium in many pathologic processes, including cardiac disease, is gaining a heightened appreciation due to its function in many metabolic processes and the development of techniques to measure ionized magnesium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Abstract
We review the current state of knowledge of the molecular properties and actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) both in cancer patients and in normal physiology. PTHrP is a common product of squamous cancers and is the major mediator of the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) by its actions through parathyroid hormone receptors in bone and kidney. Recently developed radioimmunoassays and tissue localization techniques indicate that PTHrP is produced by many more cancers than was originally indicated by clinical studies and that it contributes significantly to malignancy-related hypercalcemia associated with other etiologies, for example, cancers metastatic to bone and hematological malignancies. The gene encoding PTHrP is complex, with multiple exons coding for up to 12 alternate transcripts and three different length proteins, potentially in a tissue-specific manner, by the use of three promoters. Its expression is regulated by hormones and growth factors, and the untranslated exons display features in common with many cytokine genes. Although potential endocrine actions of PTHrP are evident in fetal development, further evidence suggesting that the normal physiological role of PTHrP is predominantly as a locally produced regulator/cytokine comes from localization studies and investigations of its actions in a variety of tissues. Such studies indicate that in addition to its parathyroid hormone-like actions, PTHrP has multiple activities, including those in fetal development, placental calcium transfer, lactation, smooth muscle relaxation, and on epithelial cell growth. Although PTHrP was discovered because of its production by cancers, evidence for its actions as a local regulator highlights the importance of understanding its roles not only in the etiology of HHM in cancer patients but also in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Moseley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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Gröne A, Werkmeister JR, Steinmeyer CL, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal and neoplastic canine tissues: immunohistochemical localization and biochemical extraction. Vet Pathol 1994; 31:308-15. [PMID: 8053125 DOI: 10.1177/030098589403100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two polyclonal antibodies, directed against N-terminal amino acids (1-36) or the midregion (amino acids 34-53) of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), were used to localize PTHrP in a variety of normal and neoplastic canine tissues. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) immunoreactivity was demonstrated using anti-bovine PTH (amino acids 14-34). The following tissues (among others) stained strongly positive for PTHrP: all layers of epidermal keratinocytes, with the most intense staining of the basal layer; hair follicle keratinocytes; myoepithelial cells of dermal apocrine glands, mammary glands, and apocrine glands of the anal sac; anal sac epithelium; mammary duct epithelium; and thyroid C cells. Adenocarcinomas of the anal sac stained moderately positive (5/22 dogs), weakly positive (11/22 dogs), or did not stain (6/22 dogs). Most parathyroid gland adenomas stained moderately (2/6 dogs) or weakly positive (3/6 dogs) for PTHrP. Squamous cell carcinomas (6/6 dogs) stained strongly positive. Lymphomas stained weakly positive (2/10 dogs) or did not stain (8/10 dogs). There was no consistent relationship between the staining intensity of the tumors and serum calcium concentrations of the dogs. The anti-PTH antibodies stained only parathyroid chief cells strongly positive. Concentrations of PTHrP were measured by radioimmunoassay in protein extracts from an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac, pancreas, kidney, liver, heart, thyroid, adrenal, and parathyroid glands. PTHrP concentrations varied from undetectable up to 150 pg/mg in normal tissues as compared with 2,000 pg/mg in apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gröne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schilling
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pfeilschifter
- Department of Internal Medicine I,-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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