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Wagner A, Rouleau M, Villeneuve L, Le T, Peltier C, Allain ÉP, Beaudoin C, Tremblay S, Courtier F, Nguyen Van Long F, Laverdière I, Lévesque É, Banerji V, Vanura K, Guillemette C. A Non-Canonical Role for the Glycosyltransferase Enzyme UGT2B17 as a Novel Constituent of the B Cell Receptor Signalosome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091295. [PMID: 37174695 PMCID: PMC10177405 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an elevated glycosyltransferase UGT2B17 expression (UGT2B17HI) identifies a subgroup of patients with shorter survival and poor drug response. We uncovered a mechanism, possibly independent of its enzymatic function, characterized by an enhanced expression and signaling of the proximal effectors of the pro-survival B cell receptor (BCR) pathway and elevated Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) phosphorylation in B-CLL cells from UGT2B17HI patients. A prominent feature of B-CLL cells is the strong correlation of UGT2B17 expression with the adverse marker ZAP70 encoding a tyrosine kinase that promotes B-CLL cell survival. Their combined high expression levels in the treatment of naïve patients further defined a prognostic group with the highest risk of poor survival. In leukemic cells, UGT2B17 knockout and repression of ZAP70 reduced proliferation, suggesting that the function of UGT2B17 might involve ZAP70. Mechanistically, UGT2B17 interacted with several kinases of the BCR pathway, including ZAP70, SYK, and BTK, revealing a potential therapeutic vulnerability. The dual SYK and JAK/STAT6 inhibitor cerdulatinib most effectively compromised the proliferative advantage conferred by UGT2B17 compared to the selective BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. Findings point to an oncogenic role for UGT2B17 as a novel constituent of BCR signalosome also connected with microenvironmental signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Wagner
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheryl Peltier
- Department of Internal Medicine & Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Éric P Allain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Georges-L-Dumont University Hospital Center, Moncton, NB E1C 2Z3, Canada
| | - Caroline Beaudoin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fréderic Courtier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Flora Nguyen Van Long
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Éric Lévesque
- CRCHUQc-UL, Faculty of Medicine, and CRC-UL, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Versha Banerji
- Department of Internal Medicine & Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Katrina Vanura
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (CRCHUQc-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval (CRC-UL), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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2
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Shafiee-Kermani F, Carney ST, Jima D, Utin UC, Farrar LB, Oputa MO, Hines MR, Kinyamu HK, Trotter KW, Archer TK, Hoyo C, Koller BH, Freedland SJ, Grant DJ. Expression of UDP Glucuronosyltransferases 2B15 and 2B17 is associated with methylation status in prostate cancer cells. Epigenetics 2020; 16:289-299. [PMID: 32660355 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1795601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that abrogated expression of detoxification enzymes, UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, are associated with prostate tumour risk and progression. We investigated the role of EGF on the expression of these enzymes since it interacts with signalling pathways to also affect prostate tumour progression and is additionally associated with decreased DNA methylation. The expression of UGT2B15, UGT2B17, de novo methyltransferases, DNMT3A and DNMT3B was assessed in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) treated with EGF, an EGFR inhibitor PD16893, and the methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, respectively. The results showed that EGF treatment decreased levels of expression of all four genes and that their expression was reversed by PD16893. Treatment with 5-azacytidine, markedly decreased expression of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 over 85% as well as significantly decreased expression of DNMT3B, but not the expression of DNMT3A. DNMT3B siRNA treated LNCaP cells had decreased expression of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, while DNMT3A siRNA treated cells had only moderately decreased UGT2B15 expression. Treatment with DNMT methyltransferase inhibitor, RG108, significantly decreased UGT2B17 expression. Additionally, methylation differences between prostate cancer samples and benign prostate samples from an Illumina 450K Methylation Array study were assessed. The results taken together suggest that hypomethylation of the UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 genes contributes to increased risk of prostate cancer and may provide a putative biomarker or epigenetic target for chemotherapeutics. Mechanistic studies are warranted to determine the role of the methylation marks in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Shafiee-Kermani
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Skyla T Carney
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dereje Jima
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Ricks Hall, 1 Lampe Dr, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center of Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Utibe C Utin
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - LaNeisha B Farrar
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melvin O Oputa
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcono R Hines
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Karimi Kinyamu
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park , NC, USA
| | - Kevin W Trotter
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park , NC, USA
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park , NC, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Center of Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA.,Epidemiology and Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Center of Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Cedars-Sinai Health System Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyles , Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Delores J Grant
- Center of Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Badée J, Fowler S, de Wildt SN, Collier AC, Schmidt S, Parrott N. The Ontogeny of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes, Recommendations for Future Profiling Studies and Application Through Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:189-211. [PMID: 29862468 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Limited understanding of drug pharmacokinetics in children is one of the major challenges in paediatric drug development. This is most critical in neonates and infants owing to rapid changes in physiological functions, especially in the activity of drug-metabolising enzymes. Paediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic models that integrate ontogeny functions for cytochrome P450 enzymes have aided our understanding of drug exposure in children, including those under the age of 2 years. Paediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have consequently been recognised by the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration as innovative tools in paediatric drug development and regulatory decision making. However, little is currently known about age-related changes in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated metabolism, which represents the most important conjugation reaction for xenobiotics. Therefore, the objective of the review was to conduct a thorough literature survey to summarise our current understanding of age-related changes in UDP-glucuronosyltransferases as well as associated clinical and experimental sources of variance. Our findings indicate that there are distinct differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expression and activity between isoforms for different age groups. In addition, there is substantial variability between individuals and laboratories reported for human liver microsomes, which results in part from a lack of standardised experimental conditions. Therefore, we provide a number of best practice recommendations for experimental conditions, which ultimately may help improve the quality of data used for quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches, and thus for safe and effective pharmacotherapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Badée
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Lévesque E, Labriet A, Hovington H, Allain ÉP, Melo-Garcia L, Rouleau M, Brisson H, Turcotte V, Caron P, Villeneuve L, Leclercq M, Droit A, Audet-Walsh E, Simonyan D, Fradet Y, Lacombe L, Guillemette C. Alternative promoters control UGT2B17-dependent androgen catabolism in prostate cancer and its influence on progression. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1068-1076. [PMID: 32047296 PMCID: PMC7109100 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbation of the major UGT2B17-dependent androgen catabolism pathway has the potential to affect prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The objective was to evaluate UGT2B17 protein expression in primary tumours in relation to hormone levels, disease characteristics and cancer evolution. METHODS We conducted an analysis of a high-density prostate tumour tissue microarray consisting of 239 localised PCa cases treated by radical prostatectomy (RP). Cox proportional hazard ratio analysis was used to evaluate biochemical recurrence (BCR), and a linear regression model evaluated variations in circulating hormone levels measured by mass spectrometry. The transcriptome of UGT2B17 in PCa was established by using RNA-sequencing data. RESULTS UGT2B17 expression in primary tumours was associated with node-positive disease at RP and linked to circulating levels of 3α-diol-17 glucuronide, a major circulating DHT metabolite produced by the UGT2B17 pathway. UGT2B17 was an independent prognostic factor linked to BCR after RP, and its overexpression was associated with development of metastasis. Finally, we demonstrated that distinctive alternative promoters dictate UGT2B17-dependent androgen catabolism in localised and metastatic PCa. CONCLUSIONS The androgen-inactivating gene UGT2B17 is controlled by overlooked regulatory regions in PCa. UGT2B17 expression in primary tumours influences the steroidome, and is associated with relevant clinical outcomes, such as BCR and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lévesque
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada.
| | - Adrien Labriet
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Hovington
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric P Allain
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Luciana Melo-Garcia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Hervé Brisson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Turcotte
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Mickaël Leclercq
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Audet-Walsh
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Statistical and Clinical Research Platform, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Université Laval and Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center-Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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5
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Kaipainen A, Zhang A, da Costa RMG, Lucas J, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, True LD, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Testosterone accumulation in prostate cancer cells is enhanced by facilitated diffusion. Prostate 2019; 79:1530-1542. [PMID: 31376206 PMCID: PMC6783279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is a driver of prostate cancer (PC) growth via ligand-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Tumors that have escaped systemic androgen deprivation, castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), have measurable intratumoral levels of testosterone, suggesting that a resistance mechanism still depends on androgen-simulated growth. However, AR activation requires an optimal intracellular concentration of androgens, a situation challenged by low circulating testosterone concentrations. Notably, PC cells may optimize their androgen levels by regulating the expression of steroid metabolism enzymes that convert androgen precursors into androgens. Here we propose that testosterone entry into the cell could be another control point. METHODS To determine whether testosterone enters cells via a transporter, we performed in vitro 3 H-testosterone uptake assays in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen and AR-independent PC3 cells. To determine if the uptake mechanism depended on a concentration gradient, we modified UGT2B17 levels in LNCaP cells and measured androgen levels by liquid-liquid extraction-mass spectrometry. We also analyzed CRPC metastases for expression of AKR1C3 to determine whether this enzyme that converts adrenal androgens to testosterone was present in the tumor stroma (microenvironment) in addition to its expression in the tumor epithelium. RESULTS Testosterone uptake followed a concentration gradient but unlike in passive diffusion, was saturable and temperature-dependent, thus suggesting facilitated transport. Suppression of UGT2B17 to abrogate a testosterone gradient reduced testosterone transport while overexpression of the enzyme enhanced it. The facilitated transport suggests a paracrine route of testosterone uptake for maintaining optimal intracellular levels. We found that AKR1C3 was expressed in the tumor microenvironment of CRPC metastases in addition to epithelial cells and the pattern of relative abundance of the enzyme in epithelium vs stroma varied substantially between the metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to testosterone transport and metabolism by tumor epithelium, testosterone could also be produced by components of the tumor microenvironment. Facilitated testosterone uptake by tumor cells supports a cell nonautonomous mechanism for testosterone signaling in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brett Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Alvin M. Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
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6
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Meech R, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mubarokah SN, Haines AZ, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Superfamily: New Members, New Functions, and Novel Paradigms. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1153-1222. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad range of exogenous chemicals and by-products of endogenous metabolism, and also controls the levels and distribution of many endogenous signaling molecules. In mammals, the superfamily comprises four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes have important roles in pharmacology and toxicology including contributing to interindividual differences in drug disposition as well as to cancer risk. These UGTs are highly expressed in organs of detoxification (e.g., liver, kidney, intestine) and can be induced by pathways that sense demand for detoxification and for modulation of endobiotic signaling molecules. The functions of the UGT3 and UGT8 family enzymes have only been characterized relatively recently; these enzymes show different UDP-sugar preferences to that of UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, and to date, their contributions to drug metabolism appear to be relatively minor. This review summarizes and provides critical analysis of the current state of research into all four families of UGT enzymes. Key areas discussed include the roles of UGTs in drug metabolism, cancer risk, and regulation of signaling, as well as the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of UGT expression and function. The latter part of this review provides an in-depth analysis of the known and predicted functions of UGT3 and UGT8 enzymes, focused on their likely roles in modulation of levels of endogenous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siti Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z. Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhu Q, Dang X, He Y, Li X, Sun Y. Local effect of bisphenol A on the estradiol synthesis of ovarian granulosa cells from PCOS. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:21-25. [PMID: 27187585 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1184641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Close relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) has drawn much attention in recent years, while the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In our study, we aim to detect BPA concentration in the follicular fluid and investigate its effect on estradiol synthesis in human granulosa cells from PCOS and non-PCOS patients. Follicular fluid and granulosa cells were collected from women who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. BPA concentration in the follicular fluid from PCOS patients (440.50 ± 63.70 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that from non-PCOS patients (338.00 ± 57.88 pg/ml). Expression of aromatase and estradiol synthesis in cultured granulosa cells was examined after treatment with BPA from 0.01 to 1 μM for 24 h. Expression of aromatase and estradiol synthesis was downregulated by BPA in a dose-dependent manner in PCOS, but no effect was observed in granulosa cells from non-PCOS patients. These findings provide evidence that increased BPA concentration in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients may play an important role in its pathogenesis by attenuating the expression of aromatase in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Qinling Zhu
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xuan Dang
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong He
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China and
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics , Shanghai , P.R. China
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9
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Braadland PR, Grytli HH, Ramberg H, Katz B, Kellman R, Gauthier-Landry L, Fazli L, Krobert KA, Wang W, Levy FO, Bjartell A, Berge V, Rennie PS, Mellgren G, Mælandsmo GM, Svindland A, Barbier O, Taskén KA. Low β₂-adrenergic receptor level may promote development of castration resistant prostate cancer and altered steroid metabolism. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1878-94. [PMID: 26646591 PMCID: PMC4811504 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients who have undergone androgen deprivation therapy are not fully understood. This is the first study to address whether β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2)- mediated signaling may affect CRPC progression in vivo. By immunohistochemical analyses, we observed that low levels of ADRB2 is associated with a more rapid development of CRPC in a Norwegian patient cohort. To elucidate mechanisms by which ADRB2 may affect CRPC development, we stably transfected LNCaP cells with shRNAs to mimic low and high expression of ADRB2. Two UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, involved in phase II metabolism of androgens, were strongly downregulated in two LNCaP shADRB2 cell lines. The low-ADRB2 LNCaP cell lines displayed lowered glucuronidation activities towards androgens than high-ADRB2 cells. Furthermore, increased levels of testosterone and enhanced androgen responsiveness were observed in LNCaP cells expressing low level of ADRB2. Interestingly, these cells grew faster than high-ADRB2 LNCaP cells, and sustained their low glucuronidation activity in castrated NOD/SCID mice. ADRB2 immunohistochemical staining intensity correlated with UGT2B15 staining intensity in independent TMA studies and with UGT2B17 in one TMA study. Similar to ADRB2, we show that low levels of UGT2B15 are associated with a more rapid CRPC progression. We propose a novel mechanism by which ADRB2 may affect the development of CRPC through downregulation of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Hartvedt Grytli
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Ramberg
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Betina Katz
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Kellman
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Louis Gauthier-Landry
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kurt Allen Krobert
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wanzhong Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmø, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Malmø, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul S Rennie
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Kristin Austlid Taskén
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Zimmer BM, Howell ME, Wei Q, Ma L, Romsdahl T, Loughman EG, Markham JE, Seravalli J, Barycki JJ, Simpson MA. Loss of exogenous androgen dependence by prostate tumor cells is associated with elevated glucuronidation potential. HORMONES & CANCER 2016; 7:260-71. [PMID: 27307252 PMCID: PMC4955861 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate epithelial cells control the potency and availability of androgen hormones in part by inactivation and elimination. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for androgen inactivation by the prostate glucuronidation enzymes UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. UGDH expression is androgen stimulated, which increases the production of UDP-glucuronate and fuels UGT-catalyzed glucuronidation. In this study, we compared the glucuronidation potential and its impact on androgen-mediated gene expression in an isogenic LNCaP model for androgen-dependent versus castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite significantly lower androgen-glucuronide output, LNCaP 81 castration-resistant tumor cells expressed higher levels of UGDH, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17. However, the magnitude of androgen-activated UGDH and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression, as well as the androgen receptor (AR)-dependent repression of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, was blunted several-fold in these cells. Consistent with these results, the ligand-activated binding of AR to the PSA promoter and subsequent transcriptional activation were also significantly reduced in castration-resistant cells. Analysis of the UDP-sugar pools and flux through pathways downstream of UDP-glucuronate production revealed that these glucuronidation precursor metabolites were channeled through proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic pathways, leading to increased surface expression of Notch1. Knockdown of UGDH diminished Notch1 and increased glucuronide output. Overall, these results support a model in which the aberrant partitioning of UDP-glucuronate and other UDP-sugars into alternative pathways during androgen deprivation contributes to the loss of prostate tumor cell androgen sensitivity by promoting altered cell surface proteoglycan expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Michelle E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Qin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Linlin Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Trevor Romsdahl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Eileen G Loughman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Jennifer E Markham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA.
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11
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Zhang A, Zhang J, Plymate S, Mostaghel EA. Classical and Non-Classical Roles for Pre-Receptor Control of DHT Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Progression. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:104-13. [PMID: 26797685 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Accordingly, androgen deprivation therapy remains the front-line treatment for locally recurrent or advanced PCa, but patients eventually relapse with the lethal form of the disease termed castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Importantly, castration does not eliminate androgens from the prostate tumor microenvironment which is characterized by elevated tissue androgens that are well within the range capable of activating the androgen receptor (AR). In this mini-review, we discuss emerging data that suggest a role for the enzymes mediating pre-receptor control of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) metabolism, including AKR1C2, HSD17B6, HSD17B10, and the UGT family members UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, in controlling intratumoral androgen levels, and thereby influencing PCa progression. We review the expression of steroidogenic enzymes involved in this pathway in primary PCa and CRPC, the activity and regulation of these enzymes in PCa experimental models, and the impact of genetic variation in genes mediating pre-receptor DHT metabolism on PCa risk. Finally, we discuss recent data that suggests several of these enzymes may also play an unrecognized role in CRPC progression separate from their role in androgen inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Zhang
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, MS D5-380, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, MS D5-380, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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12
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Margaillan G, Lévesque É, Guillemette C. Epigenetic regulation of steroid inactivating UDP-glucuronosyltransferases by microRNAs in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:85-93. [PMID: 26385605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play a central role in prostate cancer progression. Systemic and local androgen bioavailability is controlled by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases conjugating enzymes (UGT), namely UGT2B15, UGT2B17 and UGT2B28. Reporter vector assays in HEK293 cells initially validated in silico-predicted regulatory potential of candidate miRNAs to target UGT transcripts, including miR-376c, miR-409 and miR-494 for UGT2B17, miR-331-5p and miR-376c for UGT2B15 while none were efficient for UGT2B28. miR-376c was shown as the most effective to downregulate UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 through interactions with a site conserved in both UGTs. Ectopic miR-376c expression in prostate cancer cells significantly reduced UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 expression (>32%; P<0.005) with a consequent decrease in dihydrotestosterone glucuronidation (-37%; P<0.001). Consistent with reduced androgen inactivation, ectopic expression of miR-376c changed expression of androgen responsive genes and enhanced cell proliferation with no effect on androgen receptor levels. Sustaining a role of miR-376c in the regulation of androgen-inactivating UGTs, its expression was significantly downregulated in prostatic tumors and further reduced in metastases (P<0.0001), whereas the opposite was observed for UGT2B15/17 (P=0.031). In high-grade tumors (Gleason ≥8), UGT2B15/17 and miR-376c were inversely correlated (r=-0.557; P=0.048) with also a significant relationship in metastases (r=-0.747; P=0.003). In line with a modification in androgen bioavailability, PSA mRNA levels were also negatively correlated to those of UGT2B15/17 (r=-0.573; P=0.01) but positively linked to levels of miR-376c (r=0.577; P=0.039). This study reveals that the androgen-inactivating UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 genes are direct targets of miR-376c and thus may influence steroid metabolism during prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Margaillan
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, G1V 4G2 Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Lévesque
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, G1V 4G2 Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Huo X, Chen D, He Y, Zhu W, Zhou W, Zhang J. Bisphenol-A and Female Infertility: A Possible Role of Gene-Environment Interactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:11101-16. [PMID: 26371021 PMCID: PMC4586663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120911101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely used and ubiquitous in the environment. Animal studies indicate that BPA affects reproduction, however, the gene-environment interaction mechanism(s) involved in this association remains unclear. We performed a literature review to summarize the evidence on this topic. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed using as keywords BPA, gene, infertility and female reproduction. Full-text articles in both human and animals published in English prior to December 2014 were selected. Results: Evidence shows that BPA can interfere with endocrine function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis, such as by changing gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) secretion in hypothalamus and promoting pituitary proliferation. Such actions affect puberty, ovulation and may even result in infertility. Ovary, uterus and other reproductive organs are also targets of BPA. BPA exposure impairs the structure and functions of female reproductive system in different times of life cycle and may contribute to infertility. Both epidemiological and experimental evidences demonstrate that BPA affects reproduction-related gene expression and epigenetic modification that are closely associated with infertility. The detrimental effects on reproduction may be lifelong and transgenerational. Conclusions: Evidence on gene-environment interactions, especially from human studies, is still limited. Further research on this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Huo
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dan Chen
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yonghua He
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Wenting Zhu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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14
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The UGT2B28 Sex-steroid Inactivation Pathway Is a Regulator of Steroidogenesis and Modifies the Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression. Eur Urol 2015. [PMID: 26215610 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen inactivation occurs mainly through the glucuronidation conjugative reaction mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). This metabolic process is involved in the control of systemic and local androgen bioavailability. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship among expression of the androgen-inactivating UGT2B28 enzyme, circulating steroid hormone levels, and clinical phenotype in prostate cancer (PCa). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted an analysis of a high-density prostate tumor tissue microarray consisting of 239 localized PCa cases. The study of 51 additional PCa patients with no copies of UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2B subfamily, polypeptide B28 (UGT2B28) in their genomes was performed to confirm the importance of the enzyme on circulating hormone levels. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Steroid hormones were measured by mass spectrometry. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models assessed the influence of UGT2B28 on progression, and general linear model regression evaluated variations in hormone levels. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Tumor overexpression of UGT2B28 was associated with lower prostate-specific antigen levels at diagnosis, higher Gleason scores, margin and nodal invasion status, and it was shown to be an independent prognostic factor associated with progression. Enzyme overexpression correlated with 30% higher circulating levels of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Patients with no copies of UGT2B28 in their genomes have lower levels of T (19%), DHT (17%), its glucuronide metabolites (18-38%), and enhanced levels of the adrenal precursor androstenedione (36%). CONCLUSIONS The UGT2B28 steroid-inactivating pathway modifies circulating T and DHT levels, and UGT2B28 overexpression is associated with high-grade PCa. Our work has uncovered the role of UGT2B28 as a regulator of steroidogenesis and underscores the interconnectivity among the steroid-inactivation capacity of cancer cells, hormone levels, disease characteristics, and the risk of cancer progression. PATIENT SUMMARY The androgen-inactivating UGT2B28 enzyme influences hormone levels, clinical and pathologic factors, and the risk of cancer progression.
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15
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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16
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in adult males in the USA. Recent advances have revealed that the fatal form of this cancer, known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), remains hormonally driven despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. CRPC arises as the tumor undergoes adaptation to low levels of androgens by either synthesizing its own androgens (intratumoral androgens) or altering the androgen receptor (AR). This article reviews the major routes to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis in CRPC cells and examines the enzyme targets and progress in the development of isoform-specific inhibitors that could block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Because redundancy exists in these pathways, it is likely that inhibition of a single pathway will lead to upregulation of another so that drug resistance would be anticipated. Drugs that target multiple pathways or bifunctional agents that block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and antagonize the AR offer the most promise. Optimal use of enzyme inhibitors or AR antagonists to ensure maximal benefits to CRPC patients will also require application of precision molecular medicine to determine whether a tumor in a particular patient will be responsive to these treatments either alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Perelman School of MedicineCenter of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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17
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Mostaghel EA. Beyond T and DHT - novel steroid derivatives capable of wild type androgen receptor activation. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:602-13. [PMID: 24948873 PMCID: PMC4062953 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), castration does not eliminate androgens from the prostate tumor microenvironment, and residual intratumoral androgens are implicated in nearly every mechanism by which androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling promotes castration-resistant disease. The uptake and intratumoral (intracrine) conversion of circulating adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) to steroids capable of activating the wild type AR is a recognized driver of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, less well-characterized adrenal steroids, including 11-deoxcorticosterone (DOC) and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OH-AED) may also play a previously unrecognized role in promoting AR activation. In particular, recent data demonstrate that the 5α-reduced metabolites of DOC and 11OH-AED are activators of the wild type AR. Given the well-recognized presence of SRD5A activity in CRPC tissue, these observations suggest that in the low androgen environment of CRPC, alternative sources of 5α-reduced ligands may supplement AR activation normally mediated by the canonical 5α-reduced agonist, 5α-DHT. Herein we review the emerging data that suggests a role for these alternative steroids of adrenal origin in activating the AR, and discuss the enzymatic pathways and novel downstream metabolites mediating these effects. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for CRPC progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
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18
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Barrett ES, Sobolewski M. Polycystic ovary syndrome: do endocrine-disrupting chemicals play a role? Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32:166-76. [PMID: 24715511 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple endocrine disturbances, and its underlying causes, although uncertain, are likely to be both genetic and environmental. Recently, there has been interest in whether endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment, particularly Bisphenol A (BPA), may contribute to the disorder. In animal models, exposure to BPA during the perinatal period dramatically disrupts ovarian and reproductive function in females, often at doses similar to typical levels of human exposure. BPA also appears to have obesogenic properties, disrupting normal metabolic activity and making the body prone to overweight. In humans, cross-sectional data suggest that BPA concentrations are higher in women with PCOS than in reproductively healthy women, but the direction of causality has not been established. As this research is in its infancy, additional work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which EDCs may contribute to PCOS as well as the critical periods of exposure, which may even be transgenerational. Future research should also focus on translating the promising work in animal models into longitudinal human studies and determining whether additional EDCs, beyond BPA, may be important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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19
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Grosse L, Pâquet S, Caron P, Fazli L, Rennie PS, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Androgen Glucuronidation: An Unexpected Target for Androgen Deprivation Therapy, with Prognosis and Diagnostic Implications. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6963-71. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Bigo C, Caron S, Dallaire-Théroux A, Barbier O. Nuclear receptors and endobiotics glucuronidation: the good, the bad, and the UGT. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:34-47. [PMID: 23330540 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.751992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent progresses in molecular biology and pharmacology approaches allowed the characterization of a series of nuclear receptors (NRs) as efficient regulators of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes activity. These regulatory processes ensure an optimized UGT expression in response to specific endo- and/or exogenous stimuli. Many of these NRs are activated by endobiotics that also are substrates for UGTs. Thus, by activating their receptors, these endogenous substances control their own conjugation, leading to the concept that glucuronidation is an important part of feed-forward/feedback mechanisms by which bioactive molecules control their own concentrations. On the other hand, numerous studies have established the pharmacological relevance of NR-UGT regulatory pathways in the response to therapeutic ligands. The present review article aims at providing a comprehensive view of the physiological and pharmacological importance of the NR regulation of the expression and activity of endobiotics-conjugating UGT enzymes. Selected examples will illustrate how the organism profits from the feed-forward/feedback mechanisms involving NR-UGT pathways, but also how such regulatory processes are involved in the initiation and/or progression of several pathological situations. Finally, we will discuss how the present pharmacopeia involves NR-dependent regulation of endobiotics glucuronidation, and whether the unexploited NR-UGT axes could serve as pharmacological targets for novel therapeutics to restore endobiotics homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bigo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHUQ Research Center and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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21
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Tripathi SP, Bhadauriya A, Patil A, Sangamwar AT. Substrate selectivity of human intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): in silico and in vitro insights. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:231-52. [PMID: 23461702 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.767345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development process aims to produce safe, effective drugs within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) can affect drug action and pharmacokinetics to a considerable extent and so its studies and prediction at initial stages of drug development are very imperative. Extensive glucuronidation is an obstacle to oral bioavailability because the first-pass glucuronidation [or premature clearance by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)] of orally administered agents frequently results in poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacy. Modeling of new chemical entities/drugs for UGTs and their kinetic data can be useful in understanding the binding patterns to be used in the design of better molecules. This review concentrates on first-pass glucuronidation by intestinal UGTs, including their topology, expression profile, and pharmacogenomics. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to substrate selectivity at the binding pocket, structural requirements, and mechanism of enzyme actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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Strahm E, Sjöberg U, Garle M, Rane A, Ekström L. Implication of Human UGT2B7, 2B15, and 2B17 in 19-Norandrosterone Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:75. [PMID: 23805127 PMCID: PMC3693077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) is an anabolic androgenic steroid commonly abused for doping purposes. Nandrolone is mainly metabolized in the liver into 19-norandrosterone prior to glucuronidation and excretion through urine over an extended period of time. Several UGTs (i.e., UGT2B7, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17) are thought to be the major enzymes responsible for conjugation of androgens in human. An in vitro study using recombinant enzymes expressed in insect cells showed that UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 are the two main enzymes responsible of 19-norandrosterone glucuronidation. However, the identity of the enzyme involved in nandrolone metabolism in vivo together with their relative contribution and regulation remain unknown. Inhibition assays using human liver microsomes (HLM) incubated with 19-norandrosterone and selective inhibitors confirmed that UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 are involved in 19-norandrosterone glucuronidation, since the presence of the specific UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 inhibitors gemfibrozil and valproic acid inhibited the 19-norandrosterone glucuronidation by 35 and 45%, respectively. HLM were genotyped for UGT2B15 D85Y, UGT2B7 H268Y, and the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism. The glucuronidation activity on 19-norandrosterone was significantly higher in UGT2B15 DD than in the other UGT2B15 genotypes (p < 0.05). Moreover, human liver cancer HepG2 cells were exposed to androgens to determine if the transcriptional activity of the genes of interest was affected. Only UGT2B7 mRNA expression was significantly increased (1.8-folds) after incubation with nandrolone decanoate. These results show that the UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 are involved in 19-norandrosterone glucuronidation and that the UGT2B15 polymorphism (D85Y) is the only UGT genetic variation that influences the glucuronidation activity. This could partly explain the inter-individual variation in 19-norandrosterone excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Strahm
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Strahm, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail:
| | - Ulf Sjöberg
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Garle
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Melzer D, Osborne NJ, Henley WE, Cipelli R, Young A, Money C, McCormack P, Luben R, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Galloway TS. Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration and Risk of Future Coronary Artery Disease in Apparently Healthy Men and Women. Circulation 2012; 125:1482-90. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.069153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Melzer
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Nicholas J. Osborne
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - William E. Henley
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Riccardo Cipelli
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Anita Young
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Cathryn Money
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Paul McCormack
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Robert Luben
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
| | - Tamara S. Galloway
- From the Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M.); School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter (T.S.G., R.C.); School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth (W.E.H.); European Center for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter (D.M., N.J.O., T.S.G.); Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Brixham (A.Y., C.M., P.M.); Medical Research Council
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Sun C, Southard C, Huo D, Hernandez RD, Witonsky DB, Olopade OI, Di Rienzo A. SNP discovery, expression and cis-regulatory variation in the UGT2B genes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:287-96. [PMID: 21358749 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UGT2B enzymes metabolize multiple endogenous and exogenous molecules, including steroid hormones and clinical drugs. However, little is known about the inter-individual variation in gene expression and its determinants. We re-sequenced candidate regulatory regions and the partial coding regions (41.1 kb) of UGT2B genes and identified 332 genetic variants. We measured gene expression in normal breast and liver samples and observed different patterns. The expression levels varied greatly across individuals in both tissues and were significantly correlated with each other in liver. Genotyping of tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the same samples and association tests between genotype and transcript levels identified 62 variants that were associated with at least one UGT2B mRNA levels in either tissue. Most of these cis-regulatory SNPs were not shared between tissues, suggesting that this gene family is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Our results provide insight into studying the role of UGT2B variation in hormone-dependent cancers and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Galloway T, Cipelli R, Guralnik J, Ferrucci L, Bandinelli S, Corsi AM, Money C, McCormack P, Melzer D. Daily bisphenol A excretion and associations with sex hormone concentrations: results from the InCHIANTI adult population study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1603-8. [PMID: 20797929 PMCID: PMC2974700 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical widely used in packaging for food and beverages. Numerous studies have demonstrated that BPA can alter endocrine function in animals, yet human studies remain limited. OBJECTIVE We estimated daily excretion of BPA among adults and examined hypothesized associations with serum estrogen and testosterone concentrations. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional analyses using data from the InCHIANTI Study, a prospective population-based study of Italian adults. Our study included 715 adults between 20 and 74 years old. BPA concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 24-hr urine samples. The main outcome measures were serum concentrations of total testosterone and 17beta-estradiol. RESULTS Geometric mean urinary BPA concentration was 3.59 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.42-3.77 ng/mL], and mean excretion was 5.63 microg/day (5th population percentile, 2.1 microg/day; 95th percentile, 16.4 microg/day). We found higher excretion rates among men, younger respondents, and those with increasing waist circumference (p = 0.013) and weight (p = 0.003). Higher daily BPA excretion was associated with higher total testosterone concentrations in men, in models adjusted for age and study site (p = 0.044), and in models additionally adjusted for smoking, measures of obesity, and urinary creatinine concentrations (beta = 0.046; 95% CI, 0.015-0.076; p = 0.004). We found no associations with the other serum measures. We also found no associations with the primary outcomes among women, but we did find an association between BPA and SHBG concentrations in the 60 premenopausal women. CONCLUSION Higher BPA exposure may be associated with endocrine changes in men. The mechanisms involved in the observed cross-sectional association with total testosterone concentrations need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Galloway
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (PCMD), Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Cipelli
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Guralnik
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry and
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Cathryn Money
- Brixham Environmental Laboratory, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McCormack
- Brixham Environmental Laboratory, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Devon, United Kingdom
| | - David Melzer
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (PCMD), Truro, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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26
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Gallagher CJ, Balliet RM, Sun D, Chen G, Lazarus P. Sex differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 expression and activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2204-9. [PMID: 20810538 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are enzymes involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones, carcinogens, cancer chemotherapy agents, and addictive agents from cigarettes. Because the UGT2B family of genes has been linked to hormonal regulation in human cell lines in vitro, we hypothesized that there may be sex-related differences in the expression and activity of these genes in human tissues. To evaluate whether there are sex differences in UGT2B expression and activity, we examined 103 normal human liver specimens for UGT2B expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and in vitro glucuronidation activities in human liver microsomes (HLM). Men exhibited an approximately 4-fold higher level of expression of UGT2B17 than women (p = 0.007). Consistent with the increased expression of UGT2B17 in men, HLM from men also had a higher level of glucuronidation activity than HLM from women against three UGT2B17 substrates: 3-fold higher for 17-dihydroexemestane (p = 0.002); 3-fold higher for 3-hydroxycotinine (p < 0.001); and 1.5-fold higher for suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (p = 0.014). When we stratified by UGT2B17 gene deletion genotype, similar patterns were observed for all three substrates, with HLM from men with the UGT2B17 (+/+) or (+/0) genotypes exhibiting significantly higher levels of glucuronidation activity against all three substrates compared with HLM from women. These data suggest that men have a higher amount of UGT2B17 glucuronidation activity then women. This sex difference in UGT2B17 gene expression and corresponding protein activity could potentially result in different levels of carcinogen detoxification or drug elimination in men versus women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Gallagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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27
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Verreault M, Kaeding J, Caron P, Trottier J, Grosse L, Houssin E, Pâquet S, Perreault M, Barbier O. Regulation of endobiotics glucuronidation by ligand-activated transcription factors: physiological function and therapeutic potential. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:110-22. [PMID: 19831728 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903219220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progresses in molecular pharmacology approaches have allowed the identification and characterization of a series of nuclear receptors (NR) which efficiently control the level UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes expression. These regulatory processes ensure optimized UGT expression in response to specific endogenous and/or exogenous stimuli. Interestingly, numerous endogenous activators of these NRs are conjugated by the UGT enzymes they regulate. In such a case, the NR-dependent regulation of UGT genes corresponds to a feedforward/feedback mechanism by which a bioactive molecule controls its own concentrations. In the present review, we will discuss i) how bilirubin reduces its circulating levels by activating AhR in the liver; ii) how bile acids modulate their hepatic glucuronidation via PXR- and FXR-dependent processes in enterohepatic tissues; and iii) how androgens inhibit their cellular metabolism in prostate cancer cells through an AR-dependent mechanism. Subsequently, with further discussion of the same examples (bilirubin and bile acids), we will illustrate how NR-dependent regulation of UGT enzymes may contribute to the beneficial effects of pharmacological activators of nuclear receptors, such as CAR and PPARa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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28
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Ménard V, Eap O, Harvey M, Guillemette C, Lévesque Ã. Copy-number variations (CNVs) of the human sex steroid metabolizing genesUGT2B17andUGT2B28and their associations with aUGT2B15functional polymorphism. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1310-9. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Tojcic J, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Court MH, Straka RJ, Caron P, Guillemette C. In vitro glucuronidation of fenofibric acid by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2236-43. [PMID: 19661212 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibric acid (FA), the active moiety of fenofibrate, is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor alpha that modulates triglyceride and cholesterol profiles. Lipid response to fenofibrate and FA serum concentrations is highly variable. Although FA is reported to be almost exclusively inactivated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into FA-glucuronide (FA-G), the contribution of UGT isoenzymes has never been systematically assessed. Heterologously expressed human UGT1A and UGT2B and their coding variants were tested for FA glucuronidation using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Recombinant UGT2B7 presented the highest V(max)/K(m) value (2.10 microl/min/mg), 16-fold higher than the activity of other reactive UGTs, namely, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 (0.13, 0.09, and 0.02 microl/min/mg, respectively). UGT2B7.1 (His(268)) and UGT2B7.2 (Tyr(268)) enzyme activity was similar, whereas UGT1A3.2 (R(11)A(47)), UGT1A3.3 (Trp(11)), and UGT1A9.3 (Thr(33)) showed 61 to 96% reduced V(max)/K(m) values compared with the respective (1) reference proteins. FA-G formation by a human liver bank (n = 48) varied by 10-fold, but the rate of formation was not associated with common genetic variations in UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. Correlation with activities for the probe substrates zidovudine (UGT2B7; r(2) = 0.75), mycophenolic acid (UGT1A9; r(2) = 0.42), fulvestrant (UGT1A3; r(2) = 0.36), but not serotonin (UGT1A6; r(2) = 0.06) indicated a primary role for UGT2B7 and lesser roles of UGT1A9 and UGT1A3 in hepatic FA glucuronidation. This was confirmed by a strong correlation of FA-G formation with UGT2B7 protein content and inhibition by fluconazole, a known UGT2B7 selective inhibitor. Additional studies are required to identify genetic factors contributing to the observed FA glucuronidation variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Tojcic
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de L'Université Laval Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Wei Q, Galbenus R, Raza A, Cerny RL, Simpson MA. Androgen-stimulated UDP-glucose dehydrogenase expression limits prostate androgen availability without impacting hyaluronan levels. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2332-9. [PMID: 19244115 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) oxidizes UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for production of hyaluronan (HA), proteoglycans, and xenobiotic glucuronides. High levels of HA turnover in prostate cancer are correlated with aggressive progression. UGDH expression is high in the normal prostate, although HA accumulation is virtually undetectable. Thus, its normal role in the prostate may be to provide precursors for glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, which inactivate and solubilize androgens by glucuronidation. In this report, we quantified androgen dependence of UGDH, glucuronosyltransferase, and HA synthase expression. Androgen-dependent and androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines were used to test the effects of UGDH manipulation on tumor cell growth, HA production, and androgen glucuronidation. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased UGDH expression approximately 2.5-fold in androgen-dependent cells. However, up-regulation of UGDH did not affect HA synthase expression or enhance HA production. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that DHT was converted to a glucuronide, DHT-G, at a 6-fold higher level in androgen-dependent cells relative to androgen-independent cells. The increased solubilization and elimination of DHT corresponded to slower cellular growth kinetics, which could be reversed in androgen-dependent cells by treatment with a UDP-glucuronate scavenger. Collectively, these results suggest that dysregulated expression of UGDH could promote the development of androgen-independent tumor cell growth by increasing available levels of intracellular androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Bao BY, Chuang BF, Wang Q, Sartor O, Balk SP, Brown M, Kantoff PW, Lee GSM. Androgen receptor mediates the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 B15 and B17 genes. Prostate 2008; 68:839-48. [PMID: 18302198 PMCID: PMC2703184 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced androgen receptor (AR) activity by increased testosterone availability may play important roles in prostate cancer progressing to castration resistant state. Comparison of expression profiles in androgen dependent and independent prostate tumors demonstrated a marked increase of the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15), an androgen catabolic enzyme. We investigated mechanisms controlling the differential expression of UGT2B15 and B17 in response to androgen treatments. METHODS Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. The association of AR with UGT2B15/B17 genes was determined by Chromatin immuno-precipitation (CHIP). RNA interference was used to knock-down gene expression. RESULTS UGT2B15 and B17 genes were not expressed in AR negative prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, while they were expressed in AR positive cell lines, LNCaP, LNCaP-abl (an androgen independent LNCaP sub-line), and VCaP. The expression levels of UGT2B15/B17 were up-regulated in LNCaP-abl comparing to those in LNCaP. These results suggest the requirement of AR for the expression of UGT2B15/B17. Treatment with DHT down-regulated the expression of UGT2B15/B17 in LNCaP in a time and dose dependent manner and this down-regulation was competitively antagonized by flutamide and bicalutimide, suggesting a pathway mediated by AR. Further CHIP experiments demonstrated the direct interaction of AR with the promoter regions of UGT2B15/B17 genes. Knocking down AR expression in LNCaP significantly reduced the expression of UGT2B15/B17 and completely inhibited the DHT-induced down-regulation of UGT2B15/B17 genes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that UGT2B15 and B17 are primary androgen-regulated genes and AR is required for both their basal expression and their androgen-regulated expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bin-Fay Chuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W. Kantoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gwo-Shu Mary Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence to: Gwo-Shu Mary Lee, Department of Medical Oncology, D710B, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
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32
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Activators of the farnesoid X receptor negatively regulate androgen glucuronidation in human prostate cancer LNCAP cells. Biochem J 2008; 410:245-53. [PMID: 17988216 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are major regulators of prostate cell growth and physiology. In the human prostate, androgens are inactivated in the form of hydrophilic glucuronide conjugates. These metabolites are formed by the two human UGT2B15 [UGT (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) 2B15] and UGT2B17 enzymes. The FXR (farnesoid X receptor) is a bile acid sensor controlling hepatic and/or intestinal cholesterol, lipid and glucose metabolism. In the present study, we report the expression of FXR in normal and cancer prostate epithelial cells, and we demonstrate that its activation by chenodeoxycholic acid or GW4064 negatively interferes with the levels of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 mRNA and protein in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. FXR activation also causes a drastic reduction of androgen glucuronidation in these cells. These results point out activators of FXR as negative regulators of androgen-conjugating UGT expression in the prostate. Finally, the androgen metabolite androsterone, which is also an activator of FXR, dose-dependently reduces the glucuronidation of androgens catalysed by UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 in an FXR-dependent manner in LNCaP cells. In conclusion, the present study identifies for the first time the activators of FXR as important regulators of androgen metabolism in human prostate cancer cells.
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Kaeding J, Bélanger J, Caron P, Verreault M, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Calcitrol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) inhibits androgen glucuronidation in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:380-90. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gallagher CJ, Kadlubar FF, Muscat JE, Ambrosone CB, Lang NP, Lazarus P. The UGT2B17 gene deletion polymorphism and risk of prostate cancer. A case-control study in Caucasians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:310-5. [PMID: 17935910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B17 is a phase II metabolizing enzyme that mediates the glucuronidation of C(19) steroids. A deletion polymorphism in the UGT2B17 gene is associated with a substantial reduction in glucuronidation activity in vitro. METHODS We examined the association between the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism and the risk of incident prostate cancer in a population-based study from central Arkansas that included 411 Caucasian cases and 397 Caucasian controls. We developed a novel high-throughput procedure that uses real-time PCR and allelic discrimination for genotyping analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the UGT2B17 deletion [(0/0)] was 12% in the controls, which was consistent with previous population estimates and with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. There was no association between the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism and prostate cancer risk in unconditional logistic regression analysis. Compared to the wild-type group (+/+), the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.89 (95% CI=0.55-1.45) for the homozygous deletion (0/0), and the OR was 0.99 (95% CI=0.73-1.35) for the heterozygote group (+/0). CONCLUSION These findings show that the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism is not associated with prostate cancer risk in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Gallagher
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Nguyen N, Bonzo JA, Chen S, Chouinard S, Kelner MJ, Hardiman G, Bélanger A, Tukey RH. Disruption of the ugt1 locus in mice resembles human Crigler-Najjar type I disease. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7901-11. [PMID: 18180294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709244200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 9 UDP-glucuronosyltranferases (UGTs) encoded by the UGT1 locus in humans are key enzymes in the metabolism of most drugs as well as endogenous substances such as bile acids, fatty acids, steroids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and bilirubin. Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in humans that suffer from Crigler-Najjar type I disease results from lesions in the UGT1A1 gene and is often fatal. To examine the physiological importance of the Ugt1 locus in mice, this locus was rendered non-functional by interrupting exon 4 to create Ugt1(-/-) mice. Because UGT1A1 in humans is responsible for 100% of the conjugated bilirubin, it followed that newborn Ugt1(-/-) mice developed serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin that were 40-60 times higher than Ugt1(+/-) or wild-type mice. The result of extreme unconjugated bilirubin in Ugt1(-/-) mice, comparable to the induced levels noted in patients with Crigler-Najjar type 1 disease, is fatal in neonatal Ugt1(-/-) mice within 2 weeks following birth. The extreme jaundice is present as a phenotype in skin color after 8 h. Neonatal Ugt1(-/-) mice exhibit no detectable UGT1A-specific RNA, which corresponds to a complete absence of UGT1A proteins in liver microsomes. Conserved glucuronidation activity attributed to the Ugt1 locus can be defined in Ugt1(-/-) mice, because UGT2-dependent glucuronidation activity is unaffected. Remarkably, the loss of UGT1A functionality in liver results in significant alterations in cellular metabolism as investigated through changes in gene expression. Thus, the loss of UGT1A function in Ugt1(-/-) mice leads to a metabolic syndrome that can serve as a model to further investigate the toxicities associated with unconjugated bilirubin and the impact of this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Nguyen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Starlard-Davenport A, Lyn-Cook B, Radominska-Pandya A. Novel identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 as an estrogen-regulated target gene. Steroids 2008; 73:139-47. [PMID: 17981312 PMCID: PMC2238686 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that UGT1A10 is actively involved in the inactivation of E(1), E(2), and their 2- and 4-hydroxylated derivatives. In the present study, we show for the first time that treatment of the MCF-7 ER-positive breast cancer cell line with E(2) produces a dose-dependent up-regulation of UGT1A10 mRNA levels, followed by a steady down-regulation. In contrast, E(2) did not stimulate mRNA expression in the MDA-MB-231 (ER)-negative breast cancer cell line. Expression of UGT1A10 mRNA was blocked by the antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, but not by the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin-d. These findings suggest that regulation of UGT1A10 mRNA might be a primary transcriptional response mediated through the ER. Expression of UGT1A10 mRNA was also stimulated by other estrogenic compounds including propylpyrazoletriol (PPT) and genistein (Gen). Exposure of MCF-7 cells to 0.1nM E(2) up-regulated, and then down-regulated, UGT1A protein and enzymatic activity toward E(2) at 10nM E(2) as determined by Western blot and glucuronidation activity assays. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of UGT1A10 mRNA expression by E(2) might be mediated through ER, and that this isoform is a novel, estrogen-regulated target gene in MCF-7, ER-positive human breast cancer cells. The finding of E(2)-induced expression of UGT1A10 mRNA, followed by the down-regulation of UGT1A10 at pharmacological concentrations of E(2), might have a significant moderating effect on E(2) availability for ER and estrogen clearance, thereby promoting the signaling of E(2) in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Starlard-Davenport
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, HFT-100, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Anna Radominska-Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Corresponding author: Anna Radominska-Pandya, Ph.D. Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 W. Markham, Slot 516 Little Rock, AR 72205 Tel: (501)-686−5414 Fax: (501)-603−1146
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Chouinard S, Barbier O, Bélanger A. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) and UGT2B17 Enzymes Are Major Determinants of the Androgen Response in Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33466-33474. [PMID: 17848572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703370200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2 (UGT2)B15 and B17 enzymes conjugate dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and its metabolites androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-DIOL) and androsterone (ADT). The presence of UGT2B15/B17 in the epithelial cells of the human prostate has been clearly demonstrated, and significant 3alpha-DIOL glucuronide and ADT-glucuronide concentrations have been detected in this tissue. The human androgen-dependent cancer cell line, LNCaP, expresses UGT2B15 and -B17 and is also capable of conjugating androgens. To assess the impact of these two genes in the inactivation of androgens in LNCaP cells, their expression was inhibited using RNA interference. The efficient inhibitory effects of a UGT2B15/B17 small interfering RNA (siRNA) probe was established by the 70% reduction of these UGT mRNA levels, which was further confirmed at the protein levels. The glucuronidation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3alpha-DIOL, and ADT by LNCaP cell homogenates was reduced by more than 75% in UGT2B15/B17 siRNA-transfected LNCaP cells when compared with cells transfected with a non-target probe. In UGT2B15/B17-deficient LNCaP cells, we observe a stronger response to DHT than in control cells, as determined by cell proliferation and expression of eight known androgen-sensitive genes. As expected, the amounts of DHT in cell culture media from control cells were significantly lower than that from UGT2B15/B17 siRNA-treated cells, which was caused by a higher conversion to its corresponding glucuronide derivative. Taken together these data support the idea that UGT2B15 and -B17 are critical enzymes for the local inactivation of androgens and that glucuronidation is a major determinant of androgen action in prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chouinard
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Alain Bélanger
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada.
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Gallagher CJ, Muscat JE, Hicks AN, Zheng Y, Dyer AM, Chase GA, Richie J, Lazarus P. The UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 Gene Deletion Polymorphism: Sex-Specific Association with Urinary 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol Glucuronidation Phenotype and Risk for Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:823-8. [PMID: 17416778 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone is a potent and abundant procarcinogen found in tobacco smoke, and glucuronidation of its major metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) including UGT2B17 is an important mechanism for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone detoxification. Both copies of the UGT2B17 gene are deleted in approximately 10% of Whites and the deletion is associated with a reduction in NNAL glucuronidation activity in vitro. In this study, we examined the effects of the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) on NNAL glucuronidation rates in a sample of 82 healthy cigarette smokers and further examined its effects on lung cancer risk in a separate case-control study. In the healthy smokers study, a lower urinary ratio of NNAL-glucuronide to NNAL was observed in women with the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) as compared with women with either the wild-type or heterozygous genotypes (P = 0.058). There were no significant differences in this ratio by genotype in men (P = 0.597). In the case-control study of 398 lung cancer patients and 697 community controls, the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) was associated with a significant increase in risk of lung cancer in women (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.0). The risk for the subset of women with lung adenocarcinoma was 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.3). The deletion was not associated with other lung histologic types in women and was not associated with the risk for any lung histologic types in men. The association of the UGT2B17 deletion with increased lung adenocarcinoma in women is consistent with its association with decreased NNAL glucuronidation rates in women and with studies showing that NNAL is a selective inducer of lung adenocarcinoma in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Gallagher
- Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Karypidis AH, Olsson M, Andersson SO, Rane A, Ekström L. Deletion polymorphism of the UGT2B17 gene is associated with increased risk for prostate cancer and correlated to gene expression in the prostate. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2007; 8:147-51. [PMID: 17387331 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of androgens includes glucuronidation, the major pathway of steroid elimination in several steroid target tissues. Glucuronidation is catalysed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT2B17 has been shown to be particularly active against androgens and is highly abundant in the prostate. Recently, we discovered that deletion of the UGT2B17 gene is associated with low or undetectable urinary testosterone levels. Here, we determined the phenotypic outcome of the deletion by quantifying the UGT2B17 mRNA expression in normal prostate tissues in individuals with different genotypes. Additionally, the frequency of UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism was studied in a Swedish population-based case-control study including 176 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and 161 controls. We found that the individuals homozygous for the insertion allele expressed 30 times more UGT2B17 mRNA in prostate tissue than the heterozygotes. Carriers of the deletion allele had a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (OR=2.07; 95% CI=1.32-3.25). In conclusion, these results show the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-H Karypidis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Ergün A, Lawrence CA, Kohanski MA, Brennan TA, Collins JJ. A network biology approach to prostate cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2007; 3:82. [PMID: 17299418 PMCID: PMC1828752 DOI: 10.1038/msb4100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to identify genetic mediators of solid-tumor cancers, such as prostate cancer, where invasion and distant metastases determine the clinical outcome of the disease. Whole-genome expression profiling offers promise in this regard, but can be complicated by the challenge of identifying the genes affected by a condition from the hundreds to thousands of genes that exhibit changes in expression. Here, we show that reverse-engineered gene networks can be combined with expression profiles to compute the likelihood that genes and associated pathways are mediators of a disease. We apply our method to non-recurrent primary and metastatic prostate cancer data, and identify the androgen receptor gene (AR) among the top genetic mediators and the AR pathway as a highly enriched pathway for metastatic prostate cancer. These results were not obtained on the basis of expression change alone. We further demonstrate that the AR gene, in the context of the network, can be used as a marker to detect the aggressiveness of primary prostate cancers. This work shows that a network biology approach can be used advantageously to identify the genetic mediators and mediating pathways associated with a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Ergün
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy A Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel.: +1 617 353 0390; Fax: +1 617 353 5462; E-mail:
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Takahashi Y, Lavigne JA, Hursting SD, Chandramouli GVR, Perkins SN, Kim YS, Wang TTY. Molecular signatures of soy-derived phytochemicals in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells: a comparison study using DNA microarray. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:943-56. [PMID: 16865672 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study utilized microarray technology as a tool to elucidate the molecular signatures of soy-derived phytochemicals in the human androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Global gene expression pattern analysis of LNCaP cells exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 25 microM of the soy-derived phytochemicals equol and daidzein were conducted and compared. The data were further compared with previously generated data from exposure of LNCaP cells to the same doses of genistein, a soy isoflavone. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of the expression patterns suggest that these compounds exerted differential effects on gene expression in LNCaP cells. Further examination of specific gene changes revealed that these compounds differentially modulated genes in multiple cellular pathways, including the cell-cycle pathway genes. However, the three compounds also exerted similar effect on genes belonging to several other important cellular pathways. A universal effect of the three compounds on androgen-responsive genes, IGF-1 pathway gene, and MAP kinase-related pathway gene was observed. These results provide the foundation for establishing molecular signatures for equol, daidzein, and genistein. Moreover, these results also allow for the identification of candidate mechanism(s) by which soy phytochemicals and soy may act in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takahashi
- Phytonutrients Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Park J, Chen L, Ratnashinge L, Sellers TA, Tanner JP, Lee JH, Dossett N, Lang N, Kadlubar FF, Ambrosone CB, Zachariah B, Heysek RV, Patterson S, Pow-Sang J. Deletion Polymorphism of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 and Risk of Prostate Cancer in African American and Caucasian Men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:1473-8. [PMID: 16896035 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) are a family of enzymes that glucuronidate many endogenous chemicals, including androgens. This makes them more hydrophilic, alters biological activity, and facilitates their excretion. A deletion polymorphism in the UGT2B17 gene was recently described that was associated with a reduced rate of glucuronidation in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine if the deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS UGT2B17 expression was determined by reverse transcription-PCR of pathologically normal prostate tissues (n = 5). In a case-control study with 420 patients with incident primary prostate cancer (127 African Americans and 293 Caucasians) and 487 controls (120 African Americans and 367 Caucasians), the frequency of UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism in genomic DNA was compared between cases and controls with PCR analysis. RESULTS UGT2B17 mRNA was detected only in individuals with at least one UGT2B17 allele. The frequency of the null genotype was present in 0.11 and 0.12 of Caucasian and African American controls, respectively. When all subjects were considered, a significant association was found between the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism and prostate cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 1.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.2-2.6]. There was an increase in prostate cancer risk among individuals with UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism in Caucasians (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0) but not in African Americans (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.7). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the UGT2B17 enzyme may play a role in the metabolism of androgens in prostate tissue and that the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Takeuchi T, Tsutsumi O, Nakamura N, Ikezuki Y, Takai Y, Yano T, Taketani Y. Gender difference in serum bisphenol A levels may be caused by liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:549-54. [PMID: 15530427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gender difference in human bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations was revealed by determining serum BPA. We studied the serum concentrations and the metabolism of BPA in rats by an HPLC system. Rat serum BPA concentrations were significantly higher in males (24.9+/-7.38 ng/ml, P=0.026, n=10) than in females (8.27+/-3.11 ng/ml, n=10), as in humans. The resultant enzyme reaction products of BPA glucuronidation in the rat liver microsomes fraction were analyzed by an HPLC system. The ratio of BPA glucuronidation in the microsome reaction was significantly higher (P=0.015) in female than in male rats. The mRNA expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 (UGT2B1), an isoform of UGT related to BPA glucuronidation, in the rat liver was analyzed by a real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The relative expression level of UGT2B1 mRNA was significantly higher (P<0.001) in female than in male rat livers. The gender difference in serum BPA concentrations may be explained by the difference in clearance based on the UGT activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Tsutsumi O. Assessment of human contamination of estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their risk for human reproduction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:325-30. [PMID: 15860277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is broad human exposure to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but the data sets that exist are primarily for various environmental media such as food and water rather than the most relevant internal exposure. We have detected various kind of EDC contamination in humans including dioxin and bisphenol A (BPA) widely used for the production of plastic products. BPA was present in serum and follicular fluid at approximately 1-2 ng/ml, as well as in fetal serum and full-term amniotic fluid, confirming passage through the placenta. An approximately five-fold higher concentration, 8.3+/-8.7 ng/ml, was revealed in amniotic fluid at 15-18 weeks of gestation, compared to other fluids showing increased exposure at the critical developmental period in humans. Interestingly, serum BPA concentrations were significantly higher in normal men and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with normal women possibly due to differences in the androgen-related metabolism of BPA. These findings may provide some insight into the metabolism of EDCs in human and the pathophysiology of endocrine disorders such as PCOS. Dioxin contamination in relationship to development of endometriosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tsutsumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Michael M, Doherty MM. Tumoral drug metabolism: overview and its implications for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:205-29. [PMID: 15625375 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) in tumors are capable of biotransforming a variety of xenobiotics, including antineoplastics, resulting in either their activation or detoxification. Many studies have reported the presence of DME in tumors; however, heterogeneous detection methodology and patient cohorts have not generated consistent, firm data. Nevertheless, various gene therapy approaches and oral prodrugs have been devised, taking advantage of tumoral DME. With the need to target and individualize anticancer therapies, tumoral processes such as drug metabolism must be considered as both a potential mechanism of resistance to therapy and a potential means of achieving optimal therapy. This review discusses cytotoxic drug metabolism by tumors, through addressing the classes of the individual DME, their relevant substrates, and their distribution in specific malignancies. The limitations of preclinical models relative to the clinical setting and lack of data on the changes of DME with disease progression and host response will be discussed. The therapeutic implications of tumoral drug metabolism will be addressed-in particular, the role of DME in predicting therapeutic response, the activation of prodrugs, and the potential for modulation of their activity for gain are considered, with relevant clinical examples. The contribution of tumoral drug metabolism to cancer therapy can only be truly ascertained through large-scale prospective studies and supported by new technologies for tumor sampling and genetic analysis such as microarrays. Only then can efforts be concentrated in the design of better prodrugs or combination therapy to improve drug efficacy and individualize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael
- Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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Chouinard S, Pelletier G, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Cellular specific expression of the androgen-conjugating enzymes UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 in the human prostate epithelium. Endocr Res 2004; 30:717-25. [PMID: 15666817 DOI: 10.1081/erc-200044014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In humans, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), 17beta-HSD, and 5alpha-reductase enzymes convert dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and testosterone into the most potent natural androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. This androgen is transformed mainly in situ to two Phase I metabolites, androsterone (ADT) and androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-DIOL), which can, however, be back-converted to DHT. Here, we report recent findings on the characterization of specific anti-UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 2B15 and 2B17 antibodies and their use to identify UGT2B expressing-cells in the human prostate epithelium. We found that UGT2B17 is expressed in basal cells where DHEA is converted into 3alpha-DIOL and ADT. By contrast, the expression of UGT2B 15 was observed only in luminal cells, where DHT is formed from testosterone. These results demonstrate that, in the human prostate, UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 genes have complementary roles, and are expressed in cells where their specific substrates are synthesized. This reinforces the hypothesis that UGT enzymes catalyze an important mechanism for modulating the action of steroids and protecting the steroid-sensitive tissues from deleteriously high steroid concentrations.
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Lépine J, Bernard O, Plante M, Têtu B, Pelletier G, Labrie F, Bélanger A, Guillemette C. Specificity and regioselectivity of the conjugation of estradiol, estrone, and their catecholestrogen and methoxyestrogen metabolites by human uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases expressed in endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5222-32. [PMID: 15472229 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) inactivate and facilitate the excretion of estrogens to glucuronides (-G), the most abundant circulating estrogen conjugates. The identity of the conjugated estrogens formed by all known overexpressed UGTs (n = 16) was analyzed by comparison with retention time and mass fragmentation of authentic standards by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry methods. Six UGTs, namely 1A1, 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, and 2B7, were found to glucuronidate estradiol (E(2)) and estrone (E(1)), their hydroxyls (OH), and their methoxy derivatives (MeO). Addition of glucuronic acid was catalyzed by specific UGTs at positions 2, 3, and 4 of the estrogens, whereas only E(2) was conjugated at position 17 by UGT2B7. Kinetic parameters indicate that the conjugation of E(2) at position 3 was predominantly catalyzed by 1A1, 1A3, and 1A8 and by 1A8 for E(1). Conjugation of 2-OHE(1)/E(2) and 2- and 4-MeOE(1)/E(2) was selective at position 3, mostly catalyzed by 1A1 and 1A8. Of all UGTs, UGT2B7 demonstrated the highest catalytic activities for estrogens and at least 10- to 50-fold higher activity for the conjugation of genotoxic 4-hydroxycatecholestrogens at position 4, compared with the conjugation of E(2), E(1), and 2-hydroxycatecholestrogens. Its presence was further shown in the endometrium by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, localizing in the same cells expressing CYP1B1, involved locally in the formation of 4-hydroxycatecholestrogens. Data show that several UGT enzymes detected in the endometrium are involved in the glucuronidation of E(2) and its 2-OH, 4-OH, and 2-MeO metabolites that exert various biological effects in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanie Lépine
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, G1V 4G2 Québec, Canada
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48
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Velasco AM, Gillis KA, Li Y, Brown EL, Sadler TM, Achilleos M, Greenberger LM, Frost P, Bai W, Zhang Y. Identification and validation of novel androgen-regulated genes in prostate cancer. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3913-24. [PMID: 15131019 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-regulated genes (ARGs) are essential for the development of the prostate. Ironically, ARGs are also responsible for the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. We used oligonucleotide array technology to study the expression profiles of ARGs in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and identified 692 dihydrotestosterone-regulated genes. Representative clusters containing genes with similar expression patterns to prostate-specific antigen and other known ARGs are discussed. Based on functional information, we categorized several candidate targets for prostate cancer therapy and diagnosis. Although many of these candidate targets are known to play an important role in cancer development, several are novel genes to the field of prostate cancer. A cross-comparison study of our results with those that have been previously published from three other array experiments using a similar LNCaP model validated 13 of these candidate targets as androgen-regulated. FKBP51 (FK506-binding immunophilin 51) was found in the same cluster as prostate-specific antigen and its protein expression was increased in LNCaP cells treated with either dihydrotestosterone or synthetic androgen R1881. Results from mining the Gene Logic BioExpress database showed that FKBP51 expression is significantly higher in the prostate cancer group than in the normal and normal adjacent group. Additionally, the androgen-independent prostate tumor xenograft, CWR22R, had higher FKBP51 protein levels than that of the androgen-dependent prostate tumor xenograft, CWR22. A tissue microarray study further revealed that FKBP51 protein expression was higher in prostate cancer specimens than in benign prostate tumor samples. These results suggest the potential value of FKBP51 as a novel diagnostic marker or target for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Velasco
- Department of Genomics, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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Girard C, Barbier O, Veilleux G, El-Alfy M, Bélanger A. Human uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B7 conjugates mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid metabolites. Endocrinology 2003; 144:2659-68. [PMID: 12746330 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones are metabolized as glucuronide conjugates. Using labeled [(14)C]uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid and microsomal preparations from human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing the different human and monkey uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)2B enzymes, it is demonstrated that the two human allelic variants UGT2B7H((268)) and UGT2B7Y((268)) conjugate aldosterone, its A-ring reduced metabolites (5alpha-dihydroaldosterone and 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone), and both 5alpha- and 5beta-tetrahydrocortisone epimers. The two variants of UGT2B4 also glucuronidate tetrahydroaldosterone, whereas all enzymes tested were inefficient to produce cortisol glucuronide derivatives. Kinetic analyses reveal that UGT2B7 polymorphisms glucuronidate mineralocorticoids with a 5.5- to 20-fold higher affinity than glucocorticoids. For the first time, a significant difference between the two allelic variants of UGT2B7 is described, because UGT2B7H((268)) possesses an 11-fold higher aldosterone glucuronidation efficiency (ratio Vmax((app.))/Km((app.))) than UGT2B7Y((268)). RT-PCR experiments demonstrate the expression of UGT2B7 in human kidney and in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, suggesting that mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are metabolized in their target tissue. Measurement of aldosterone glucuronidation and normalization with the UGT2B protein contents in monkey tissues demonstrate that liver and kidney glucuronidate this hormone with a similar velocity. Immunohistochemical studies performed in monkey kidney cortex reveal a restrictive expression of UGT2B proteins in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. Because expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor was detected in the distal tubule epithelial cells, the present data suggest a two-cell mechanism of aldosterone action and metabolism in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Girard
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval) and Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Girard C, Barbier O, Turgeon D, Bélanger A. Isolation and characterization of the monkey UGT2B30 gene that encodes a uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme active on mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen and oestrogen hormones. Biochem J 2002; 365:213-22. [PMID: 12071853 PMCID: PMC1222670 DOI: 10.1042/bj20011594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the genomic organization and the characterization of a novel cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme, UGT2B30. UGT enzymes are microsomal proteins that catalyse the transfer of the glucuronosyl group from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to a wide variety of lipophilic compounds, namely hormonal steroids. The 15 kb UGT2B30 gene amplified by PCR showed a genomic organization similar to those encoding UGT2B human enzymes. The cDNA encoding UGT2B30 was isolated from a cynomolgus monkey prostate cDNA library, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed an identity of 94% with UGT2B19, a monkey isoform previously characterized. Stable expression of UGT2B30 protein in human kidney 293 (HK293) cells was assessed by Western-blot analysis and its conjugating activity was screened using 39 potential substrates. The UGT2B30 enzyme is active on many compounds of different classes, including testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, androsterone, oestradiol, tetrahydroaldosterone and tetrahydrocortisone, with glucuronidation efficiencies (V(max)/K(m) ratios) ranging from 0.6 to 8.8 microl x min(-1) x mg of protein(-1). Reverse-transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that the UGT2B30 transcript is expressed in several tissues, including prostate, testis, mammary gland, kidney, adrenals and intestine. The relative activity of UGT2B30 in comparison with other simian UGT2B isoforms, as well as its large variety of substrates, strongly suggest that this enzyme is essential to inactivation of several steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Girard
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705, Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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