1
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Tsubaki M, Seki S, Takeda T, Chihara A, Arai Y, Morii Y, Imano M, Satou T, Shimomura K, Nishida S. The HGF/Met/NF-κB Pathway Regulates RANKL Expression in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217905. [PMID: 33114380 PMCID: PMC7663721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM)-induced bone disease occurs through hyperactivation of osteoclasts by several factors secreted by MM cells. MM cell-secreted factors induce osteoclast differentiation and activation via direct and indirect actions including enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is elevated in MM patients and is associated with MM-induced bone disease, although the mechanism by which HGF promotes bone disease remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that HGF induces RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs, and investigated the mechanism of induction. We found that HGF and MM cell supernatants induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. In addition, HGF increased phosphorylation of Met and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, or mouse BMSCs. Moreover, Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. These results indicated that HGF promotes RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs via the Met/NF-κB signaling pathway, and Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression. Our findings suggest that Met and NF-κB inhibitors are potentially useful in mitigating MM-induced bone disease in patients expressing high levels of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shiori Seki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Akiko Chihara
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuuko Arai
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuusuke Morii
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6721-2332
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2
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Tong X, Ganta RR, Liu Z. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates autophagy, inflammation and immunity and contributes to osteoclast differentiation and functionabs. Biol Cell 2020; 112:251-264. [PMID: 32445585 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells, responsible for bone resorption. Osteoclast differentiation and function requires a series of cytokines to remove the old bone, which coordinates with the induction of bone remodelling by osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Studies have demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) play a negative regulatory role in osteoclast differentiation and function. Research involving AMPK, a nutrient and energy sensor, has primarily focused on osteoclast differentiation and function; thus, its role in autophagy, inflammation and immunity remains poorly understood. Autophagy is a conservative homoeostatic mechanism of eukaryotic cells, and response to osteoclast differentiation and function; however, how it interacts with inflammation remains unclear. Additionally, based on the regulatory function of different AMPK subunits for osteoclast differentiation and function, its activation is regulated by upstream factors to perform bone metabolism. This review summarises the critical role of AMPK-mediated autophagy, inflammation and immunity by upstream and downstream signalling during receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation and function. This pathway may provide therapeutic targets for bone-related diseases, as well as function as a biomarker for bone homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502, USA.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Roman R Ganta
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502, USA
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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3
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Huck K, Sens C, Wuerfel C, Zoeller C, A. Nakchbandi I. The Rho GTPase RAC1 in Osteoblasts Controls Their Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020385. [PMID: 31936261 PMCID: PMC7014472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the differentiation of the bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts, is complex. Many signaling pathways converge on the master regulator of osteoblast differentiation Runx2. The role of molecules that integrate several signaling pathways such as the Rho GTPases need to be better understood. We, therefore, asked at which stage Rac1, one of the Rho GTPase, is needed for osteoblast differentiation and whether it is involved in two pathways, the anabolic response to parathyroid hormone and the stimulatory effect of fibronectin isoforms on integrins. Genetic deletion of Rac1 in preosteoblasts using the osterix promoter diminished osteoblast differentiation in vitro. This effect was however similar to the presence of the promoter by itself. We, therefore, applied a Rac1 inhibitor and confirmed a decrease in differentiation. In vivo, Rac1 deletion using the osterix promoter decreased bone mineral density as well as histomorphometric measures of osteoblast function. In contrast, deleting Rac1 in differentiating osteoblasts using the collagen α1(I) promoter had no effects. We then evaluated whether intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) was able to affect bone mineral density in the absence of Rac1 in preosteoblasts. The increase in bone mineral density was similar in control animals and in mice in which Rac1 was deleted using the osterix promoter. Furthermore, stimulation of integrin by integrin isoforms was able to enhance osteoblast differentiation, despite the deletion of Rac1. In summary, Rac1 in preosteoblasts is required for normal osteoblast function and bone density, but it is neither needed for PTH-mediated anabolic effects nor for integrin-mediated enhancement of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Huck
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.S.); (C.W.); (C.Z.)
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, and for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carla Sens
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.S.); (C.W.); (C.Z.)
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, and for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carina Wuerfel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.S.); (C.W.); (C.Z.)
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, and for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Caren Zoeller
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.S.); (C.W.); (C.Z.)
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, and for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Inaam A. Nakchbandi
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.H.); (C.S.); (C.W.); (C.Z.)
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, and for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-8744; Fax: +49-6221-56-5611
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Dai Q, Morita Y, Huang Y, Liaw PC, Wu J, Khang J, Islam D, Yu K, Li Y, Zhang H. Modulation of Human Neutrophil Peptides on P. aeruginosa Killing, Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome Profiles. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:335-343. [PMID: 31908518 PMCID: PMC6927223 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s219276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neutrophil infiltration and release of the abundant human neutrophil peptides (HNP) are a common clinical feature in critically ill patients. We tested a hypothesis that different cell types respond to HNP differently in lung microenvironment that may influence the host responses. Methods Plasma concentrations of HNP were measured in healthy volunteers and patients with sepsis. Cells including the bacteria P. aeruginosa, human lung epithelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were exposed to various concentrations of HNP. Bacterial killing, epithelial cell inflammation, MSC adhesion and behaviours were examined after HNP stimulation. Results Incubation of P. aeruginosa or stimulation of human lung epithelial cells with HNP resulted in bacterial killing or IL-8 production at a dose of 50 μg/mL, while MSC adhesion and alternations of secretome profiles took place after HNP stimulation at a dose of 10 μg/mL. The secretome profile changes were characterized by increased release of the IL-6 family members such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin (IL-11), and first apoptosis signal (FAS) and platelet-derived growth factor-AA as compared to a vehicle control group. Conclusion Stimulation of MSCs with HNP resulted in changes of secretome profiles at 5-fold lower concentration than that required for bacterial killing and lung epithelial inflammation. This undisclosed risk factor of HNP in lung environment should be taken into consideration when MSCs are applied as cell therapy in inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasumasa Morita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yongbo Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, and The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Julie Khang
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Diana Islam
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, and The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, and The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Rossnagl S, Altrock E, Sens C, Kraft S, Rau K, Milsom MD, Giese T, Samstag Y, Nakchbandi IA. EDA-Fibronectin Originating from Osteoblasts Inhibits the Immune Response against Cancer. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002562. [PMID: 27653627 PMCID: PMC5031442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts lining the inner surface of bone support hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by virtue of proximity to the bone marrow. The osteoblasts also modify their own differentiation by producing various isoforms of fibronectin (FN). Despite evidence for immune regulation by osteoblasts, there is limited knowledge of how osteoblasts modulate cells of the immune system. Here, we show that extra domain A (EDA)-FN produced by osteoblasts increases arginase production in myeloid-derived cells, and we identify α5β1 as the mediating receptor. In different mouse models of cancer, osteoblasts or EDA-FN was found to up-regulate arginase-1 expression in myeloid-derived cells, resulting in increased cancer growth. This harmful effect can be reduced by interfering with the integrin α5β1 receptor or inhibiting arginase. Conversely, in tissue injury, the expression of arginase-1 is normally beneficial as it dampens the immune response to allow wound healing. We show that EDA-FN protects against excessive fibrotic tissue formation in a liver fibrosis model. Our results establish an immune regulatory function for EDA-FN originating from the osteoblasts and identify new avenues for enhancing the immune reaction against cancer. Osteoblasts produce an isoform of fibronectin (EDA-fibronectin) that acts on myeloid cells to increase arginase-1 expression and protect against fibrosis. However, it can also enhance cancer growth; interfering with the interaction between EDA-fibronectin and its receptor diminishes this effect. Osteoblasts, which are the cells that produce bone, line the inner surface of the bone and are adjacent to the marrow that generates all the different blood cells. Osteoblasts have a close relationship with hematopoiesis, and it has been shown that a transient elimination of osteoblasts leads to the decrease of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix protein with a known role in hematopoiesis in vitro that is secreted by osteoblasts. Here, we analyze the role of FN in hematopoiesis and find that an isoform that contains the extra domain A (EDA) and is produced by the osteoblasts affects both the number and future behavior of a subset of immune cells. EDA-FN protects against excessive fibrotic tissue formation in a liver fibrosis model. The same process, however, is detrimental in cancer, because it prevents the organism from mounting a potent immune response against the cancer and induces an increase of cancer growth. Mechanistically, we find that the EDA domain binds to the cell surface receptor α5β1 integrin and enhances the production of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor arginase-1. We conclude that EDA-FN production by osteoblasts modulates immune cell behavior, and that interfering with this mechanism opens up new possibilities for enhancing an immune reaction against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rossnagl
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Altrock
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Sens
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kraft
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Rau
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D. Milsom
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Experimental Hematology Group, and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, gGmbH (HI-STEM), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inaam A. Nakchbandi
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Rossnagl S, von Au A, Vasel M, Cecchini AG, Nakchbandi IA. Blood clot formation does not affect metastasis formation or tumor growth in a murine model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94922. [PMID: 24740307 PMCID: PMC3989235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with increased fracture risk, due either to metastasis or associated osteoporosis. After a fracture, blood clots form. Because proteins of the coagulation cascade and activated platelets promote cancer development, a fracture in patients with cancer often raises the question whether it is a pathologic fracture or whether the fracture itself might promote the formation of metastatic lesions. We therefore examined whether blood clot formation results in increased metastasis in a murine model of experimental breast cancer metastasis. For this purpose, a clot was surgically induced in the bone marrow of the left tibia of immundeficient mice. Either one minute prior to or five minutes after clot induction, human cancer cells were introduced in the circulation by intracardiac injection. The number of cancer cells that homed to the intervention site was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Metastasis formation and longitudinal growth were evaluated by bioluminescence imaging. The number of cancer cells that homed to the intervention site after 24 hours was similar to the number of cells in the opposite tibia that did not undergo clot induction. This effect was confirmed using two more cancer cell lines. Furthermore, no difference in the number of macroscopic lesions or their growth could be detected. In the control group 72% developed a lesion in the left tibia. In the experimental groups with clot formation 79% and 65% developed lesions in the left tibia (p = ns when comparing each experimental group with the controls). Survival was similar too. In summary, the growth factors accumulating in a clot/hematoma are neither enough to promote cancer cell homing nor support growth in an experimental model of breast cancer bone metastasis. This suggests that blood clot formation, as occurs in traumatic fractures, surgical interventions, and bruises, does not increase the risk of metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rossnagl
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja von Au
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthaeus Vasel
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Inaam A. Nakchbandi
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Zupan J, Jeras M, Marc J. Osteoimmunology and the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2013; 23:43-63. [PMID: 23457765 PMCID: PMC3900089 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and immune system are functionally interconnected. Immune and bone cells derive from same progenitors in the bone marrow, they share a common microenvironment and are being influenced by similar mediators. The evidence on increased bone resorption associated with inappropriate activation of T cells such as during inflammation, is well established. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond this clinical observation have begun to be intensively studied with the advancement of osteoimmunology. Now days, we have firm evidence on the influence of numerous proinflammatory cytokines on bone cells, with the majority of data focused on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. It has been shown that some proinflammatory cytokines could possess osteoclastogenic and/or anti-osteoclastogenic properties and can target osteoclasts directly or via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/RANK ligand(RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. Several studies have reported opposing data regarding (anti)osteoclastogenic properties of these cytokines. Therefore, the first part of this review is summarizing current evidence on the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts and thus on bone resorption. In the second part, the evidence on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis is reviewed to show that unravelling the mechanisms beyond such complex bone diseases, is almost impossible without considering skeletal and immune systems as an indivisible integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Zupan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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9
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Guo J, Liu M, Yang D, Bouxsein ML, Thomas CC, Schipani E, Bringhurst FR, Kronenberg HM. Phospholipase C signaling via the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor is essential for normal bone responses to PTH. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3502-13. [PMID: 20501677 PMCID: PMC2940537 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes is delayed in mice expressing a mutated PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHR) (called DSEL here) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase normally but fails to activate phospholipase C (PLC). To better understand the role of PLC signaling via the PTHR in skeletal and mineral homeostasis, we examined these mice fed a normal or calcium-deficient diet. On a standard diet, DSEL mice displayed a modest decrease in bone mass. Remarkably, when fed a low-calcium diet or infused with PTH, DSEL mice exhibited strikingly curtailed peritrabecular stromal cell responses and attenuated new bone formation when compared with Wt mice. Attenuated in vitro colony formation was also observed in bone marrow cells derived from DSEL mice fed a low-calcium diet. Furthermore, PTH stimulated proliferation and increased mRNAs encoding cyclin D1 in primary osteoblasts derived from Wt but not from DSEL mice. Our data indicate that PLC signaling through the PTHR is required for skeletal homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Bone Remodeling/genetics
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/physiology
- Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/physiology
- Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Type C Phospholipases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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10
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Yetkin Ay Z, Sütçü R, Uskun E, Bozkurt FY, Berker E. The impact of the IL-11:IL-17 ratio on the chronic periodontitis pathogenesis: a preliminary report. Oral Dis 2009; 15:93-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Yürürer D, Teber S, Deda G, Egin Y, Akar N. The relation between cytokines, soluble endothelial protein C receptor, and factor VIII levels in Turkish pediatric stroke patients. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2008; 15:545-51. [PMID: 18591180 DOI: 10.1177/1076029608319880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the authors is to examine the relationship between the cytokine levels that are thought to be involved in stroke etiopathogenesis (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11), soluble protein C receptor (sEPCR), and factor VIII (FVIII) levels. The study included 27 patients with stroke and 30 healthy controls, aged 0 to 18. In the comparison of the sEPCR, cytokine, and FVIII levels between patient and control groups, median levels of TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 are found to be high in the patient group when compared with controls, whereas there is no difference in sEPCR, IL-11, and FVIII levels. In the patient group, a positive correlation is seen between TNF-alpha levels and IL-2 and IL-6 levels, between IL-2 and IL-6 levels, and between IL-6 and IL-8 levels, whereas a negative relationship is seen between sEPCR and FVIII. In the control group apart from the patient group, a negative relationship is seen between TNF-alpha and FVIII, whereas there is a positive relationship between IL-11 and sEPCR levels. Median sEPCR levels in patients who have normal or low FVIII levels are significantly high when compared with those with high FVIII levels. In conclusion, in the pediatric population, an increase in TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 levels is seen. Also, an inverse relationship of sEPCR and FVIII levels is shown for the first time. This study provides a basis for ongoing studies that aim to clarify stroke etiopathogenesis. Studies with larger series of patients are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denizay Yürürer
- Pediatric Clinics of Ankara University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Safley SA, Villinger F, Jackson EH, Tucker-Burden C, Cohen C, Weber CJ. Interleukin-6 production and secretion by human parathyroids. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:145-56. [PMID: 15030526 PMCID: PMC1809004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoblasts to produce the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), causing bone resorption. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, elevated serum levels of IL-6 normalize after resection of parathyroid tumours. Because IL-6 is also expressed in normal parathyroids and in other endocrine cells (adrenal and islet), we hypothesized that parathyroid tumours might contribute directly to the elevated serum IL-6 levels in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Immunohistochemistry identified IL-6, PTH, and chromogranin-A (an endocrine and neuroendocrine tumour marker) in normal, adenomatous and hyperplastic parathyroids. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, IL-6 co-localized with PTH and with chromogranin-A in parathyroid cells. All cultured parathyroid tumours secreted IL-6 at levels markedly higher than optimally stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Supernates from cultured parathyroids stimulated proliferation of an IL-6-dependent cell line, and anti-IL-6 MoAb abolished this stimulatory effect. IL-6 mRNA was documented in cultured parathyroid tumours, cultured normal parathyroids, fresh operative parathyroid tumours and fresh operative normal specimens. In conclusion, these data show that parathyroid tumours and normal parathyroids contain, produce and secrete IL-6. Our findings present a novel pathway by which human parathyroids may contribute markedly to IL-6 production and elevation of serum IL-6 levels in patients with hyperparathyroidism. The physiological relevance of IL-6 production by human parathyroids remains to be determined, but IL-6 secretion by parathyroid tumours may contribute to bone loss and to other multi-system complaints observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Safley
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Angeli A, Dovio A, Sartori ML, Masera RG, Ceoloni B, Prolo P, Racca S, Chiappelli F. Interactions between glucocorticoids and cytokines in the bone microenvironment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966:97-107. [PMID: 12114264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the so-called interleukin-6 (IL-6) or gp130 cytokine family, notably IL-6 and IL-11, are known as pro-resorptive cytokines, in that they promote osteoclastogenesis. Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis is admittedly the most frequent secondary osteoporosis. The pathogenesis still has many unresolved issues. Although the effects of GCs on cytokine production and recognition have been extensively studied, little is known about the effects of cytokines on GC action at the target level. We have focused on the effects of IL-6 and IL-11 on specific binding by type II GC receptors (GRs) in two human osteoblast-like cell lines (Saos-2 and MG-63) that have remarkably different constitutive expression of these cytokines and GRs as well. We have provided evidence that IL-6 upregulates GR binding sites, while IL-11 downregulates these sites, as determined by radioligand binding assay and Scatchard analysis. GR affinity (K(d)) did not change after exposure to both cytokines. A number of experiments were consistent with the view that in human osteoblast-like cells, cytokines of the IL-6 family have autocrine modulatory effects on GRalpha (GRbeta is a variant that does not bind specifically in our method). Complex effects of GCs on the system(s) of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and conversely of these cytokines on GC action could account for the dynamics of bone loss in patients given GCs and conceivably having high concentrations of these cytokines in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Angeli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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