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Rani A. RAR-related orphan receptor alpha and the staggerer mice: a fine molecular story. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1300729. [PMID: 38766309 PMCID: PMC11099308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1300729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) protein first came into the limelight due to a set of staggerer mice, discovered at the Jackson Laboratories in the United States of America by Sidman, Lane, and Dickie (1962) and genetically deciphered by Hamilton et al. in 1996. These staggerer mice exhibited cerebellar defects, an ataxic gait, a stagger along with several other developmental abnormalities, compensatory mechanisms, and, most importantly, a deletion of 160 kilobases (kb), encompassing the RORα ligand binding domain (LBD). The discovery of the staggerer mice and the subsequent discovery of a loss of the LBD within the RORα gene of these mice at the genetic level clearly indicated that RORα's LBD played a crucial role in patterning during embryogenesis. Moreover, a chance study by Roffler-Tarlov and Sidman (1978) noted reduced concentrations of glutamic acid levels in the staggerer mice, indicating a possible role for the essence of a nutritionally balanced diet. The sequential organisation of the building blocks of intact genes, requires the nucleotide bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): purines and pyrimidines, both of which are synthesized, upon a constant supply of glutamine, an amino acid fortified in a balanced diet and a byproduct of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways. A nutritionally balanced diet, along with a metabolic "enzymatic machinery" devoid of mutations/aberrations, was essential in the uninterrupted transcription of RORα during embryogenesis. In addition to the above, following translation, a ligand-responsive RORα acts as a "molecular circadian regulator" during embryogenesis and not only is expressed selectively and differentially, but also promotes differential activity depending on the anatomical and pathological site of its expression. RORα is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and the endocrine organs. Additionally, RORα and the clock genes are core components of the circadian rhythmicity, with the expression of RORα fluctuating in a night-day-night sigmoidal pattern and undoubtedly serves as an endocrine-like, albeit "molecular-circadian regulator". Melatonin, a circadian hormone, along with tri-iodothyronine and some steroid hormones are known to regulate RORα-mediated molecular activity, with each of these hormones themselves being regulated rhythmically by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA). The HPA regulates the circadian rhythm and cyclical release of hormones, in a self-regulatory feedback loop. Irregular sleep-wake patterns affect circadian rhythmicity and the ability of the immune system to withstand infections. The staggerer mice with their thinner bones, an altered skeletal musculature, an aberrant metabolic profile, the ataxic gait and an underdeveloped cerebellar cortex; exhibited compensatory mechanisms, that not only allowed the survival of the staggerer mice, but also enhanced protection from microbial invasions and resistance to high-fat-diet induced obesity. This review has been compiled in its present form, more than 14 years later after a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) cloning and sequencing methodology helped me identify signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) target sequences, one of which was mapped to the first intron of the RORα gene. The 599-base-long sequence containing one consensus TTCNNNGAA (TTCN3GAA) gamma-activated sequence (GAS) and five other non-consensus TTN5AA sequences had been identified from the clones isolated from the STAT5 target sites (fragments) in human phytohemagglutinin-activated CD8+ T lymphocytes, during my doctoral studies between 2006 and 2009. Most importantly, preliminary studies noted a unique RORα expression profile, during a time-course study on the ribonucleic acid (RNA), extracted from human phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated CD8+ T lymphocytes stimulated with interleukin-2 (IL-2). This review mainly focuses on the "staggerer mice" with one of its first roles materialising during embryogenesis, a molecular-endocrine mediated circadian-like regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- Medical Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
- Human Resource Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
- Immunology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Khan SU, Jannat S, Shaukat H, Unab S, Tanzeela, Akram M, Khan Khattak MN, Soto MV, Khan MF, Ali A, Rizvi SSR. Stress Induced Cortisol Release Depresses The Secretion of Testosterone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 16:11795514221145841. [PMID: 36636127 PMCID: PMC9830570 DOI: 10.1177/11795514221145841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both hormonal and genetic data reveal that the stress hormone cortisol and its regulating genes may affect the level of testosterone in humans. It is uncertain whether type 2 diabetes mellitus would manifest similarly. Furthermore, a genetic strategy to screen out the stress system genes that may contribute to testosterone decline in humans is less understood. Objectives In this study, we aimed to elucidate the link between stress and testosterone levels, both hormonally and genetically. Method This study comprised 37 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy individuals. For the analysis of hormones and the targeted genes, we used the RIA system and bioinformatics expertise. Results The patients had significantly elevated cortisol and lower testosterone readings, according to data from hormonal analyses. The bioinformatics approach reveals that SHBG was intracellularly suppressed by 2 defined stress system genes: FKB5 and CYP17. TCF4/TCF8, ATRX, and AR in skeletal muscle were inversely related to stress system genes. Furthermore, all testosterone regulated genes were positively linked with SHBG in the current study. A strong relationship between GNAS and PKA with CYP17 and FKBP5 reveals that the Gαs-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway may be one of the regulatory pathways through which the suppression of testosterone system genes happens. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that beyond stress, the key stress system genes might affect cortisol levels, which in turn affect testosterone figures via the Gαs-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,Departments of Cell Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the IPN, Mexico City, Mexico,Departments of Biology Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Safir Ullah Khan, Departments of Cell Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the IPN, CINVESTAV-IPN, Cell Biology Cinvestav, Mexico 36824, Mexico. Emails: ;
| | - Saba Jannat
- Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Shaukat
- Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Shiza Unab
- Department of Zoology, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela
- Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Akram
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Monica Vizcara Soto
- Departments of Cell Biology Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Amir Ali
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Zeng F, Zhao H, Liao J. Androgen interacts with exercise through the mTOR pathway to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Biol Sport 2017; 34:313-321. [PMID: 29472733 PMCID: PMC5819476 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of exogenous androgen and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling during the process. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham operation and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) implantation groups with subgroups subjected to sedentary conditions or resistance exercise (SHAM+SED, SHAM+EX, DHT+SED, and DHT+EX). The experimental procedure lasted for 10 days. The mRNA expression of androgen receptor (AR) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC), as well as the phosphorylation statuses of AR, mTOR, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) were determined in the white gastrocnemius muscle. The cross sectional area and wet mass of the muscle were also measured. The cross sectional area and MHC expression were significantly higher in SHAM+EX, DHT+SED, and DHT+EX than in SHAM+SED. There was no significant difference among groups in muscle mass. The mRNA expression of AR and IGF-I and the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1 were significantly increased in DHT+SED and SHAM+EX and were significantly enhanced in DHT+EX compared with either DHT or exercise alone. These data show that DHT causes hypertrophy in skeletal muscle and that exercise has a synergistic effect on DHT-induced hypertrophy. Exercise enhances androgen-induced rapid anabolic action, which involves activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Cheung AS, de Rooy C, Levinger I, Rana K, Clarke MV, How JM, Garnham A, McLean C, Zajac JD, Davey RA, Grossmann M. Actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 gene expression is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:56-64. [PMID: 28756295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases muscle mass and function but no human studies have investigated the underlying genetic or cellular effects. We tested the hypothesis that ADT will lead to changes in skeletal muscle gene expression, which may explain the adverse muscle phenotype seen clinically. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 9 men with localised prostate cancer who underwent a vastus lateralis biopsy before and after 4 weeks of ADT. Next-generation RNA sequencing was performed and genes differentially expressed following ADT underwent gene ontology mining using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differential expression of genes of interest was confirmed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) on gastrocnemius muscle of orchidectomised mice and sham controls (n=11/group). We found that in men, circulating total testosterone decreased from 16.5±4.3nmol/L at baseline to 0.4±0.15nmol/L post-ADT (p<0.001). RNA sequencing identified 19 differentially expressed genes post-ADT (all p<0.05 after adjusting for multiple testing). Gene ontology mining identified 8 genes to be of particular interest due to known roles in androgen-mediated signalling; ABCG1, ACTC1, ANKRD1, DMPK, THY1, DCLK1, CST3 were upregulated and SLC38A3 was downregulated post-ADT. Q-PCR in mouse gastrocnemius muscle confirmed that only one gene, Actc1 was concordantly upregulated (p<0.01) in orchidectomised mice compared with controls. In conclusion, given that ACTC1 upregulation is associated with improved muscle function in certain myopathies, we hypothesise that upregulation of ACTC1 may represent a compensatory response to ADT-induced muscle loss. Further studies will be required to evaluate the role and function of ACTC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Casey de Rooy
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie M How
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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O'Connell KE, Guo W, Serra C, Beck M, Wachtman L, Hoggatt A, Xia D, Pearson C, Knight H, O'Connell M, Miller AD, Westmoreland SV, Bhasin S. The effects of an ActRIIb receptor Fc fusion protein ligand trap in juvenile simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. FASEB J 2014; 29:1165-75. [PMID: 25466897 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There are no approved therapies for muscle wasting in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which portends poor disease outcomes. To determine whether a soluble ActRIIb receptor Fc fusion protein (ActRIIB.Fc), a ligand trap for TGF-β/activin family members including myostatin, can prevent or restore loss of lean body mass and body weight in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Fourteen pair-housed, juvenile male rhesus macaques were inoculated with SIVmac239 and, 4 wk postinoculation (WPI) treated with intramuscular injections of 10 mg ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ wk(-1) ActRIIB.Fc or saline placebo. Body weight, lean body mass, SIV titers, and somatometric measurements were assessed monthly for 16 wk. Age-matched SIV-infected rhesus macaques were injected with saline. Intervention groups did not differ at baseline. Gains in lean mass were significantly greater in the ActRIIB.Fc group than in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Administration of ActRIIB.Fc was associated with greater gains in body weight (P = 0.01) and upper arm circumference than placebo. Serum CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts and SIV copy numbers did not differ between groups. Administration of ActRIIB.Fc was associated with higher muscle expression of myostatin than placebo. ActRIIB.Fc effectively blocked and reversed loss of body weight, lean mass, and fat mass in juvenile SIV-infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn E O'Connell
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Guo
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlo Serra
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Beck
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Wachtman
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amber Hoggatt
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongling Xia
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Pearson
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather Knight
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micheal O'Connell
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan V Westmoreland
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- *Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA; and Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Peterson MP, Rosvall KA, Taylor CA, Lopez JA, Choi JH, Ziegenfus C, Tang H, Colbourne JK, Ketterson ED. Potential for sexual conflict assessed via testosterone-mediated transcriptional changes in liver and muscle of a songbird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:507-17. [PMID: 24198265 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Males and females can be highly dimorphic in metabolism and physiology despite sharing nearly identical genomes, and both sexes respond phenotypically to elevated testosterone, a steroid hormone that alters gene expression. Only recently has it become possible to learn how a hormone such as testosterone affects global gene expression in non-model systems, and whether it affects the same genes in males and females. To investigate the transcriptional mechanisms by which testosterone exerts its metabolic and physiological effects on the periphery, we compared gene expression by sex and in response to experimentally elevated testosterone in a well-studied bird species, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We identified 291 genes in the liver and 658 in the pectoralis muscle that were differentially expressed between males and females. In addition, we identified 1727 genes that were differentially expressed between testosterone-treated and control individuals in at least one tissue and sex. Testosterone treatment altered the expression of only 128 genes in both males and females in the same tissue, and 847 genes were affected significantly differently by testosterone treatment in the two sexes. These substantial differences in transcriptional response to testosterone suggest that males and females may employ different pathways when responding to elevated testosterone, despite the fact that many phenotypic effects of experimentally elevated testosterone are similar in both sexes. In contrast, of the 121 genes that were affected by testosterone treatment in both sexes, 78% were regulated in the same direction (e.g. either higher or lower in testosterone-treated than control individuals) in both males and females. Thus, it appears that testosterone acts through both unique and shared transcriptional pathways in males and females, suggesting multiple mechanisms by which sexual conflict can be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Peterson
- Department of Biology, Center for Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Kusko RL, Banerjee C, Long KK, Darcy A, Otis J, Sebastiani P, Melov S, Tarnopolsky M, Bhasin S, Montano M. Premature expression of a muscle fibrosis axis in chronic HIV infection. Skelet Muscle 2012; 2:10. [PMID: 22676806 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infected individuals remain at increased risk for frailty and declines in physical function that are more often observed in older uninfected individuals. This may reflect premature or accelerated muscle aging. Methods Skeletal muscle gene expression profiles were evaluated in three uninfected independent microarray datasets including young (19 to 29 years old), middle aged (40 to 45 years old) and older (65 to 85 years old) subjects, and a muscle dataset from HIV infected subjects (36 to 51 years old). Using Bayesian analysis, a ten gene muscle aging signature was identified that distinguished young from old uninfected muscle and included the senescence and cell cycle arrest gene p21/Cip1 (CDKN1A). This ten gene signature was then evaluated in muscle specimens from a cohort of middle aged (30 to 55 years old) HIV infected individuals. Expression of p21/Cip1 and related pathways were validated and further analyzed in a rodent model for HIV infection. Results We identify and replicate the expression of a set of muscle aging genes that were prematurely expressed in HIV infected, but not uninfected, middle aged subjects. We validated select genes in a rodent model of chronic HIV infection. Because the signature included p21/Cip1, a cell cycle arrest gene previously associated with muscle aging and fibrosis, we explored pathways related to senescence and fibrosis. In addition to p21/Cip1, we observed HIV associated upregulation of the senescence factor p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and fibrosis associated TGFβ1, CTGF, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Fibrosis in muscle tissue was quantified based on collagen deposition and confirmed to be elevated in association with infection status. Fiber type composition was also measured and displayed a significant increase in slow twitch fibers associated with infection. Conclusions The expression of genes associated with a muscle aging signature is prematurely upregulated in HIV infection, with a prominent role for fibrotic pathways. Based on these data, therapeutic interventions that promote muscle function and attenuate pro-fibrotic gene expression should be considered in future studies.
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Buehring B, Kirchner E, Sun Z, Calabrese L. The frequency of low muscle mass and its overlap with low bone mineral density and lipodystrophy in individuals with HIV--a pilot study using DXA total body composition analysis. J Clin Densitom 2012; 15:224-32. [PMID: 22169198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the advances in antiretroviral therapy, the life span of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has increased dramatically. Attendant to these effects are signs of premature aging with notable changes in the musculoskeletal system. Although changes in bone and fat distribution have been studied extensively, far less is known about changes in muscle. This study examined the extent of low muscle mass (LMM) and its relationship with low bone mineral density (BMD) and lipodystrophy (LD) in HIV-positive males. As such, HIV-positive males on therapy or treatment naive underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total body composition measurements. Appendicular lean mass/(height)2 and lowest 20% of residuals from regression analysis were used to define LMM. BMD criteria defined osteopenia/osteoporosis, and the percent central fat/percent lower extremity ratio defined LD. Several potential risk factors were assessed through chart review. Sixty-six males (57 with treatment and 9 treatment naive) volunteered. Treated individuals were older than naive (44 vs 34 yr) and had HIV longer (108 vs 14 mo). When definitions for sarcopenia (SP) in elderly individuals were applied, the prevalence of LMM was 21.9% and 18.8% depending on the definition used. Low BMD was present in 68.2% of participants. LD with a cutoff of 1.5 and 1.961 was present in 54.7% and 42.2% of participants, respectively. LMM and LD were negatively associated. In conclusion, this study shows that LMM is common in males with HIV and that SP affecting muscle function could be present in a substantial number of individuals. Future research needs to examine what impact decreased muscle mass and function has on morbidity, physical function, and quality of life in individuals with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Buehring
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Osteoporosis Clinical Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Alvarez-Ginarte YM, Montero-Cabrera LA, de la Vega JMG, Noheda-Marín P, Marrero-Ponce Y, Ruíz-García JA. Anabolic and androgenic activities of 19-nor-testosterone steroids: QSAR study using quantum and physicochemical molecular descriptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:35-45. [PMID: 21514384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of 19-nor-testosterone steroids family was performed using quantum and physicochemical molecular descriptors. The quantum-chemical descriptors were calculated using semiempirical calculations. The descriptor values were statistically correlated using multi-linear regression analysis. The QSAR study indicated that the electronic properties of these derivatives have significant relationship with observed biological activities. The found QSAR equations explain that the energy difference between the LUMO and HOMO, the total dipole moment, the chemical potential and the value of the net charge of different carbon atoms in the steroid nucleus showed key interaction of these steroids with their anabolic-androgenic receptor binding site. The calculated values predict that the 17α-cyclopropyl-17β, 3β-hydroxy-4-estrene compound presents the highest anabolic-androgenic ratio (AAR) and the 7α-methyl-17β-acetoxy-estr-4-en-3-one compound the lowest AAR. This study might be helpful in the future successful identification of "real" or "virtual" anabolic-androgenic steroids.
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Banerjee C, Ulloor J, Dillon EL, Dahodwala Q, Franklin B, Storer T, Sebastiani P, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, Bhasin S, Montano M. Identification of serum biomarkers for aging and anabolic response. Immun Ageing 2011; 8:5. [PMID: 21689392 PMCID: PMC3135554 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the progressive aging of the human population, there is an inexorable decline in muscle mass, strength and function. Anabolic supplementation with testosterone has been shown to effectively restore muscle mass in both young and elderly men. In this study, we were interested in identifying serum factors that change with age in two distinct age groups of healthy men, and whether these factors were affected by testosterone supplementation. METHODS We measured the protein levels of a number of serum biomarkers using a combination of banked serum samples from older men (60 to 75 years) and younger men (ages 18 to 35), as well as new serum specimens obtained through collaboration. We compared baseline levels of all biomarkers between young and older men. In addition, we evaluated potential changes in these biomarker levels in association with testosterone dose (low dose defined as 125 mg per week or below compared to high dose defined as 300 mg per week or above) in our banked specimens. RESULTS We identified nine serum biomarkers that differed between the young and older subjects. These age-associated biomarkers included: insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen (PIIINP), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA78), interleukin 7 (IL-7), p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12p40), macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), platelet derived growth factor β (PDGFβ) and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10). We further observed testosterone dose-associated changes in some but not all age related markers: IGF1, PIIINP, leptin, MIG and ENA78. Gains in lean mass were confirmed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that there are potential phenotypic biomarkers in serum that can be associated with healthy aging and that some but not all of these biomarkers reflect gains in muscle mass upon testosterone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camellia Banerjee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 710 Albany Street, Boston MA, 02118, USA.
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Ahtiainen JP, Lehti M, Hulmi JJ, Kraemer WJ, Alen M, Nyman K, Selänne H, Pakarinen A, Komulainen J, Kovanen V, Mero AA, Häkkinen K. Recovery after Heavy Resistance Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Androgen Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Isoform Expression in Strength Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:767-77. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318202e449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ibebunjo C, Eash JK, Li C, Ma Q, Glass DJ. Voluntary running, skeletal muscle gene expression, and signaling inversely regulated by orchidectomy and testosterone replacement. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E327-40. [PMID: 21045173 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00402.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Declines in skeletal muscle size and strength, often seen with chronic wasting diseases, prolonged or high-dose glucocorticoid therapy, and the natural aging process in mammals, are usually associated with reduced physical activity and testosterone levels. However, it is not clear whether the decline in testosterone and activity are causally related. Using a mouse model, we found that removal of endogenous testosterone by orchidectomy results in an almost complete cessation in voluntary wheel running but only a small decline in muscle mass. Testosterone replacement restored running behavior and muscle mass to normal levels. Orchidectomy also suppressed the IGF-I/Akt pathway, activated the atrophy-inducing E3 ligases MuRF1 and MAFBx, and suppressed several energy metabolism pathways, and all of these effects were reversed by testosterone replacement. The study also delineated a distinct, previously unidentified set of genes that is inversely regulated by orchidectomy and testosterone treatment. These data demonstrate the necessity of testosterone for both speed and endurance of voluntary wheel running in mice and suggest a potential mechanism for declined activity in humans where androgens are deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikwendu Ibebunjo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Haren MT, Siddiqui AM, Armbrecht HJ, Kevorkian RT, Kim MJ, Haas MJ, Mazza A, Kumar VB, Green M, Banks WA, Morley JE. Testosterone modulates gene expression pathways regulating nutrient accumulation, glucose metabolism and protein turnover in mouse skeletal muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:55-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis and marked loss of skeletal muscle and bone below the level of injury. Modest muscle activity prevents atrophy, whereas much larger--and as yet poorly defined--bone loading seems necessary to prevent bone loss. Once established, bone loss may be irreversible. SCI is associated with reductions in growth hormone, IGF-1, and testosterone, deficiencies likely to exacerbate further loss of muscle and bone. Reduced muscle mass and inactivity are assumed to be contributors to the high prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes in this population. Alterations in muscle gene expression after SCI share common features with other muscle loss states, but even so, show distinct profiles, possibly reflecting influences of neuromuscular activity due to spasticity. Changes in bone cells and markers after SCI have similarities with other conditions of unloading, although after SCI these changes are much more dramatic, perhaps reflecting the much greater magnitude of unloading. Adiposity and marrow fat are increased after SCI with intriguing, though poorly understood, implications for the function of skeletal muscle and bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Qin
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Qin W, Pan J, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. Differential alterations in gene expression profiles contribute to time-dependent effects of nandrolone to prevent denervation atrophy. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:596. [PMID: 20969782 PMCID: PMC3091741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic steroids, such as nandrolone, slow muscle atrophy, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect are largely unknown. Their effects on muscle size and gene expression depend upon time, and the cause of muscle atrophy. Administration of nandrolone for 7 days beginning either concomitantly with sciatic nerve transection (7 days) or 29 days later (35 days) attenuated denervation atrophy at 35 but not 7 days. We reasoned that this model could be used to identify genes that are regulated by nandrolone and slow denervation atrophy, as well as genes that might explain the time-dependence of nandrolone effects on such atrophy. Affymetrix microarrays were used to profile gene expression changes due to nandrolone at 7 and 35 days and to identify major gene expression changes in denervated muscle between 7 and 35 days. RESULTS Nandrolone selectively altered expression of 124 genes at 7 days and 122 genes at 35 days, with only 20 genes being regulated at both time points. Marked differences in biological function of genes regulated by nandrolone at 7 and 35 days were observed. At 35, but not 7 days, nandrolone reduced mRNA and protein levels for FOXO1, the mTOR inhibitor REDD2, and the calcineurin inhibitor RCAN2 and increased those for ApoD. At 35 days, correlations between mRNA levels and the size of denervated muscle were negative for RCAN2, and positive for ApoD. Nandrolone also regulated genes for Wnt signaling molecules. Comparison of gene expression at 7 and 35 days after denervation revealed marked alterations in the expression of 9 transcriptional coregulators, including Ankrd1 and 2, and many transcription factors and kinases. CONCLUSIONS Genes regulated in denervated muscle after 7 days administration of nandrolone are almost entirely different at 7 versus 35 days. Alterations in levels of FOXO1, and of genes involved in signaling through calcineurin, mTOR and Wnt may be linked to the favorable action of nandrolone on denervated muscle. Marked changes in the expression of genes regulating transcription and intracellular signaling may contribute to the time-dependent effects of nandrolone on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Qin
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury1, Room 1E-02, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jiangping Pan
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury1, Room 1E-02, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
| | - William A Bauman
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury1, Room 1E-02, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury1, Room 1E-02, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Buford TW, Anton SD, Judge AR, Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Carter CS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pahor M, Manini TM. Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:369-83. [PMID: 20438881 PMCID: PMC3788572 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, is a significant public health concern that continues to grow in relevance as the population ages. Certain conditions have the strong potential to coincide with sarcopenia to accelerate the progression of muscle atrophy in older adults. Among these conditions are co-morbid diseases common to older individuals such as cancer, kidney disease, diabetes, and peripheral artery disease. Furthermore, behaviors such as poor nutrition and physical inactivity are well-known to contribute to sarcopenia development. However, we argue that these behaviors are not inherent to the development of sarcopenia but rather accelerate its progression. In the present review, we discuss how these factors affect systemic and cellular mechanisms that contribute to skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, we describe gaps in the literature concerning the role of these factors in accelerating sarcopenia progression. Elucidating biochemical pathways related to accelerated muscle atrophy may allow for improved discovery of therapeutic treatments related to sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Buford
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Stephen D. Anton
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Andrew R. Judge
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Pahor
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Todd M. Manini
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Wu Y, Zhao W, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Qin W, Pan J, Bauman WA, Blitzer RD, Cardozo C. REDD1 is a major target of testosterone action in preventing dexamethasone-induced muscle loss. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1050-9. [PMID: 20032058 PMCID: PMC2840688 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a well-recognized and common cause of muscle atrophy that can be prevented by testosterone. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such protection have not been described. Thus, the global effects of testosterone on dexamethasone-induced changes in gene expression were evaluated in rat gastrocnemius muscle using DNA microarrays. Gene expression was analyzed after 7-d administration of dexamethasone, dexamethasone plus testosterone, or vehicle. Dexamethasone changed expression of 876 probe sets by at least 2-fold. Among these, 474 probe sets were changed by at least 2-fold in the opposite direction in the dexamethasone plus testosterone group (genes in opposition). Major biological themes represented by genes in opposition included IGF-I signaling, myogenesis and muscle development, and cell cycle progression. Testosterone completely prevented the 22-fold increase in expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1), and attenuated dexamethasone induced increased expression of eIF4E binding protein 1, Forkhead box O1, and the p85 regulatory subunit of the IGF-I receptor but prevented decreased expression of IRS-1. Testosterone attenuated increases in REDD1 protein in skeletal muscle and L6 myoblasts and prevented dephosphorylation of p70S6 kinase at the mTOR-dependent site Thr389 in L6 myoblast cells. Effects of testosterone on REDD1 mRNA levels occurred within 1 h, required the androgen receptor, were blocked by bicalutamide, and were due to inhibition of transcriptional activation of REDD1 by dexamethasone. These data suggest that testosterone blocks dexamethasone-induced changes in expression of REDD1 and other genes that collectively would otherwise down-regulate mTOR activity and hence also down-regulate protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 953 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
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Hakimov HA, Walters S, Wright TC, Meidinger RG, Verschoor CP, Gadish M, Chiu DKY, Strömvik MV, Forsberg CW, Golovan SP. Application of iTRAQ to catalogue the skeletal muscle proteome in pigs and assessment of effects of gender and diet dephytinization. Proteomics 2009; 9:4000-16. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Roberts MD, Dalbo VJ, Hassell SE, Kerksick CM. The Expression of Androgen-Regulated Genes Before and After a Resistance Exercise Bout in Younger and Older Men. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a59bdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Moreno-Pérez O, Picó Alfonso AM, Portilla J. Hipogonadismo, disfunción eréctil y disfunción endotelial en varones con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:311-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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