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Ulisse S, Tuccilli C, Sorrenti S, Antonelli A, Fallahi P, D'Armiento E, Catania A, Tartaglia F, Amabile MI, Giacomelli L, Metere A, Cornacchini N, Pironi D, Carbotta G, Vergine M, Monti M, Baldini E. PD-1 Ligand Expression in Epithelial Thyroid Cancers: Potential Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061405. [PMID: 30897754 PMCID: PMC6471477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The new immunotherapy targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its cognate ligand PD-L1 has renewed hopes of eradicating the most difficult human cancers to treat. Among these, there are the poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers, unresponsive to all the therapies currently in use. In the present review we will summarize information regarding the expression of PD-L1 in the different thyroid cancer histotypes, its correlation with clinicopathological features, and its potential prognostic value. Then, we will evaluate the available data indicating the PD-1/PD-L1 axis as a promising target for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora D'Armiento
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tartaglia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Ida Amabile
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Metere
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cornacchini
- Department of Surgery, S. Kliment Ohridski University, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Carbotta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vergine
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Monti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Tuccilli C, Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Catania A, Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Tartaglia F, Barollo S, Mian C, Palmieri A, Carbotta G, Arcieri S, Pironi D, Vergine M, Monti M, Ulisse S. CTLA-4 and PD-1 Ligand Gene Expression in Epithelial Thyroid Cancers. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:1742951. [PMID: 30123257 PMCID: PMC6079443 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1742951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) and CTLA-4 ligands (CD80 and CD86) represents a tumor strategy to escape the immune surveillance. Here, the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, CD80, and CD86 was evaluated at the mRNA level in 94 patients affected by papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and 11 patients affected by anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). Variations in the mRNAs in PTC patients were then correlated with clinicopathological features. The expression of all genes was deregulated in PTC and ATC tissues compared to normal tissues. In particular, the downregulation of CD80 was observed above all in ATC. In addition, the increased expression of CD80 associated with longer disease-free survival in PTC. Higher expression of PD-L1 associated with the classical histological variant and with the presence of BRAFV600E mutation in PTC. The increased PD-L2 expression correlated with BRAFV600E mutation and lymph node metastasis, while its lower expression correlated with the follicular PTC variant. The latter was also associated with the CD80 downregulation, which was also related to the absence of lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, we documented the overall dysregulation of PD-1 and CTLA-4 ligands in PTC and ATC tissues and a possible prognostic value for CD80 gene expression in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Susi Barollo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Mian
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Palmieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carbotta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Arcieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Vergine
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Monti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Heninger AK, Wentrup S, Al-Saeedi M, Schiessling S, Giese T, Wartha F, Meuer S, Schröder-Braunstein J. Immunomodulation of human intestinal T cells by the synthetic CD80 antagonist RhuDex®. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2014; 2:166-80. [PMID: 25505551 PMCID: PMC4257762 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated activation of mucosal lamina propria T cells plays a central role in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. One of the means to attenuate T cell activation is by blocking the CD28/CD80 co-stimulatory pathway. Here we investigate RhuDex®, a small molecule that binds to human CD80, for its effects on the activation of lamina propria T cells employing a gut-culture model of inflammation. To this end, lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated either through the CD3/T-cell-receptor complex or the CD2-receptor (CD2) employing agonistic monoclonal antibodies. Co-stimulatory signals were provided by CD80/CD86 present on lamina propria myeloid cells or LPS-activated peripheral blood monocytes. Results show that RhuDex® caused a profound reduction of LPL and PBL proliferation, while Abatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) inhibited LPL proliferation to a small degree, and had no effect on PBL proliferation. Furthermore, Abatacept significantly inhibited IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ release from LPL, primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, where IL-2 blockage was surprisingly strong, suggesting a down-regulating effect on regulatory T cells. In contrast, in the presence of RhuDex®, secretion of IL-17, again mostly by CD4+ T cells, and IFN-γ was inhibited in LPL and PBL, yet IL-2 remained unaffected. Thus, RhuDex® efficiently inhibited lamina propria and peripheral blood T-cell activation in this pre-clinical study making it a promising drug candidate for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Heninger
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wentrup
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Serin Schiessling
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wartha
- Medigene AG Lochhamer Str. 11, 82152, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Meuer
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schröder-Braunstein
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:576-88. [PMID: 22654557 PMCID: PMC3271310 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune thyroid disorder. Intrathyroidal lymphocytic infiltration is followed by a gradual destruction of the thyroid gland which may lead to subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Biochemical markers of the disease are thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the serum which are present with a higher prevalence in females than in males and increase with age. Although exact mechanisms of aetiology and pathogenesis of the disorder are not completely understood, a strong genetic susceptibility to the disease has been confirmed predominantly by family and twin studies. Several genes were shown to be associated with the disease occurrence, progression, and severity. Genes for human leukocyte antigen, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-type 22, thyroglobulin, vitamin D receptor, and cytokines are considered to be of utmost importance. Amongst endogenous factors for the disease development, the attention is focused predominantly on female sex, pregnancy with postpartum period and fetal microchimerism. Environmental factors influencing HT development are iodine intake, drugs, infections and different chemicals. Disturbed self-tolerance accompanied by the increased antigen presentation is a prerequisite for the HT occurrence, whereas proper interaction of thyroid cells, antigen presenting cells, and T cells are necessary for the initiation of thyroid autoimmunity. Secreted cytokines lead predominantly to T-helper type 1 (Th1) response as well as to Th 17 response which has only recently been implicated. Final outcome of HT is thyroid destruction which is mostly a consequence of the apoptotic processes combined with T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Gaberšček
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hayashi F, Watanabe M, Nanba T, Inoue N, Akamizu T, Iwatani Y. Association of the -31C/T functional polymorphism in the interleukin-1beta gene with the intractability of Graves' disease and the proportion of T helper type 17 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:281-6. [PMID: 19793334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1beta is a proinflammatory cytokine and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. To evaluate the hypothesis that the functional -31C/T polymorphism (rs1143627) in the gene encoding IL-1beta is associated with the intractability and the severity of autoimmune thyroid diseases, we genotyped this polymorphism in 64 patients with intractable Graves' disease (GD), 28 GD patients in remission, 49 patients with Hashimoto's disease (HD) who developed hypothyroidism (severe HD), 28 untreated euthyroid HD patients (mild HD) and 59 healthy volunteers. The -31T allele, which is related to the high producibility of IL-1beta, was significantly more frequent in patients with intractable GD than in those with GD in remission (P = 0.0017; odds ratio 2.8; 95% confidence interval 1.5-5.3), although there was no difference in this frequency between two groups of HD patients. We showed additionally that the proportion of IL-17-producing T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, whose differentiation and proliferation are promoted by IL-1beta, was higher in autoimmune thyroid disease patients with the T allele than in those with CC genotypes. In conclusion, our data indicated that the T allele of -31C/T polymorphism in the IL1B gene was involved in the intractability of GD, and this involvement may arise through the differentiation and proliferation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Dooley J, Erickson M, Farr AG. Alterations of the medullary epithelial compartment in the Aire-deficient thymus: implications for programs of thymic epithelial differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:5225-32. [PMID: 18832676 PMCID: PMC2677919 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A widely held model of thymic epithelial differentiation is based on patterns of keratin expression, where a K8(+)K5(+) progenitor gives rise to K8(+)K5/K14(-) cortical thymic epithelium (CTEC), and medullary thymic epithelium (MTEC) are K8(-)K5(+)K14(+). The thymic phenotype of p63-deficient mice indicates that p63 is an important regulator of proximal stages of thymic epithelial differentiation. In this study, we have examined several features of the thymic medullary compartment in wild-type and Aire-deficient thymi in an effort to integrate the proapoptotic activity of Aire with these different perspectives of TE differentiation. Patterns of keratin and p63 expression by MTEC described here are difficult to reconcile with postmitotic MTEC that express a K8(-)K14(+) phenotype and suggest that the patterns of p63 and keratin expression reflecting differentiation programs of other epithelial tissues provide a useful framework for revising models of TE differentiation. Alterations of the Aire(-/-) MTEC compartment included reduced expression of p63, increased frequency of MTEC expressing truncated Aire protein, and shifts in the pattern of keratin expression and epithelial morphology. These data suggest a scenario where cellular targets of Aire-mediated apoptosis are postmitotic MTEC that have not yet completed their terminal differentiation program. According to this view, the minor population of globular K8(+)K14(-/low) MTEC observed in the Aire(+/+) thymus and significantly expanded in the Aire(-/-) thymic medulla represent end-stage, terminally differentiated MTEC. These Aire-dependent alterations of the MTEC compartment suggest that the activity of Aire is not neutral with respect to the program of MTEC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Departments of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7420
| | - Matthew Erickson
- Departments of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7420
| | - Andrew G. Farr
- Departments of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7420
- Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7420
- Institute for Stem Cell and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7420
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Estienne V, Brisbarre N, Blanchin S, Durand-Gorde JM, Carayon P, Ruf J. An in vitro model based on cell monolayers grown on the underside of large- pore filters in bicameral chambers for studying thyrocyte-lymphocyte interactions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1763-8. [PMID: 15329336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00024.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the processes underlying thyroid autoimmunity, thyrocytes probably act as antigen-presenting cells exposing T-cell epitopes to intrathyroid lymphocytes. To study the interactions between lymphocytes and thyrocytes, which are arranged in a tight, polarized monolayer, we developed a new in vitro model based on human thyrocytes grown on the underside of a filter placed in a bicameral chamber. Thyrocytes from Graves' disease glands were plated onto the upper face of a 8-μm-pore polyethylene terephthalate culture insert filter placed in the inverted position and grown for 24 h before the insert was returned to the normal position for a week in the cell culture plate wells. Thyrocytes grown in the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone, forming a homogeneous monolayer on the underside of the filter, reached confluence after 8 days in vitro. The cells developed a transepithelial electrical resistance >1,000 Ω·cm2, and the ZO-1 tight junction protein showed a junctional pattern of distribution. Thyrocytes showed a polarized pattern of thyroperoxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor expression in the apical and basolateral positions, respectively. They were also found to aberrantly express DR class II human leukocyte antigen and an Fc immunoglobulin receptor (FcγRIIB2) in the basolateral and apical positions, respectively. Autologous intrathyroidal T lymphocytes cocultured for 24 h across the filter with the thyrocyte monolayer proliferated and remained in the upper chamber without any leakage occurring through the epithelial barrier, which makes this model particularly suitable for studying the cell-cell interactions involved in antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Estienne
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 555, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Yan XM, Guo J, Pichurin P, Tanaka K, Jaume JC, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Cytokines, IgG subclasses and costimulation in a mouse model of thyroid autoimmunity induced by injection of fibroblasts co-expressing MHC class II and thyroid autoantigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 122:170-9. [PMID: 11091271 PMCID: PMC1905782 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AKR/N mice injected with fibroblasts expressing MHC class II (RT4.15HP cells) and the TSH receptor (TSHR) develop antibodies similar to those in Graves' disease. We were unable to analyse the subclass of these antibodies because of unexpectedly high non-specific binding by ELISA or flow cytometry. The non-specific binding reflected generalized immune activation which occurred even when the fibroblasts did not express the TSHR. However, the IgG subclasses were determined for thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies induced using TPO-expressing RT4.14HP cells and found to be IgG2a > IgG1. This Thl pattern is consistent with spontaneous secretion of interferon-gamma (but not IL-4 or IL-10) by splenocytes from injected mice. The Th1 bias was related to fibroblast injection because conventional immunization of the same mouse strain with purified TPO and adjuvant induced a Th2 response (IgG1 >> IgG2a). Further, untransfected fibroblasts themselves induced powerful, non-specific proliferative responses when used as antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vitro. Flow cytometry revealed that the RT4.15HP fibroblasts (and TSHR- and TPO-transfected derivatives) expressed B7-1. Unexpected constitutive expression of this key molecule may bypass the requirement for up-regulation of other costimulatory molecules involved in T cell stimulation. Our data support the concept that RT4.15HP fibroblasts present the TSHR (or TPO), at least for initiating the immune response. However, the accompanying generalized immune stimulation creates difficulties for analysis of TSHR-specific T and B lymphocytes. On the other hand, extension of the model to TPO, an easier antigen to study, will facilitate analysis of murine T cell responses likely to resemble those in human thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Yan
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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