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Farasati Far B, Broomand Lomer N, Gharedaghi H, Sahrai H, Mahmoudvand G, Karimi Rouzbahani A. Is beta-carotene consumption associated with thyroid hormone levels? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1089315. [PMID: 37305054 PMCID: PMC10250628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1089315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormones play a pivotal role in various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism regulation, and reproduction. While non-modifiable factors are known to impact thyroid function, such as genetics and age, nutritional factors are also important. Diets rich in selenium and iodine are conventionally acknowledged to be beneficial for the production and release of thyroid hormones. Recent studies have suggested a potential link between beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A (retinol), and thyroid function. Beta-carotene is known for its antioxidant properties and has been shown to play a role in the prevention of various clinical conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. However, its impact on thyroid function is still unclear. Some studies have suggested a positive association between beta-carotene levels and thyroid function, while others have found no significant effect. Conversely, the hormone produced by the thyroid gland, thyroxine, enhances the conversion of beta-carotene to retinol. Furthermore, vitamin A derivatives are being explored as potential therapeutic options for thyroid malignancies. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms through which beta-carotene/retinol and thyroid hormones interact and review the findings of clinical studies examining the association between beta-carotene consumption and thyroid hormone levels. Our review underscores the need for further research to clarify the relationship between beta-carotene and thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hadi Sahrai
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golnaz Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arian Karimi Rouzbahani
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Pleić N, Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Boutin T, Torlak V, Matana A, Punda A, Polašek O, Hayward C, Zemunik T. Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Genomic Prediction of Thyroglobulin Plasma Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042173. [PMID: 35216288 PMCID: PMC8876738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is an iodoglycoprotein produced by thyroid follicular cells which acts as an essential substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis. To date, only one genome-wide association study (GWAS) of plasma Tg levels has been performed by our research group. Utilizing recent advancements in computation and modeling, we apply a Bayesian approach to the probabilistic inference of the genetic architecture of Tg. We fitted a Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM) and a frequentist linear mixed model (LMM) of 7,289,083 variants in 1096 healthy European-ancestry participants of the Croatian Biobank. Meta-analysis with two independent cohorts (total n = 2109) identified 83 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ST6GAL1 gene (p<5×10-8). BSLMM revealed additional association signals on chromosomes 1, 8, 10, and 14. For ST6GAL1 and the newly uncovered genes, we provide physiological and pathophysiological explanations of how their expression could be associated with variations in plasma Tg levels. We found that the SNP-heritability of Tg is 17% and that 52% of this variation is due to a small number of 16 variants that have a major effect on Tg levels. Our results suggest that the genetic architecture of plasma Tg is not polygenic, but influenced by a few genes with major effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Pleić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.P.); (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.P.); (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.P.); (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Thibaud Boutin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (T.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Vesela Torlak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia; (V.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonela Matana
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.P.); (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Ante Punda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia; (V.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (T.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.P.); (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-2155-7888
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Bagheri-Yarmand R, Busaidy NL, McBeath E, Danysh BP, Evans KW, Moss TJ, Akcakanat A, Ng PKS, Knippler CM, Golden JA, Williams MD, Multani AS, Cabanillas ME, Shaw KR, Meric-Bernstam F, Shah MH, Ringel MD, Hofmann MC. RAC1 Alterations Induce Acquired Dabrafenib Resistance in Association with Anaplastic Transformation in a Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patient. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4950. [PMID: 34638434 PMCID: PMC8507731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF-activating mutations are the most frequent driver mutations in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Targeted inhibitors such as dabrafenib have been used in advanced BRAF-mutated PTC; however, acquired resistance to the drug is common and little is known about other effectors that may play integral roles in this resistance. In addition, the induction of PTC dedifferentiation into highly aggressive KRAS-driven anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has been reported. We detected a novel RAC1 (P34R) mutation acquired during dabrafenib treatment in a progressive metastatic lesion with ATC phenotype. To identify a potential functional link between this novel mutation and tumor dedifferentiation, we developed a cell line derived from the metastatic lesion and compared its behavior to isogenic cell lines and primary tumor samples. Our data demonstrated that RAC1 mutations induce changes in cell morphology, reorganization of F-actin almost exclusively at the cell cortex, and changes in cell adhesion properties. We also established that RAC1 amplification, with or without mutation, is sufficient to drive cell proliferation and resistance to BRAF inhibition. Further, we identified polyploidy of chromosome 7, which harbors RAC1, in both the metastatic lesion and its derived cell line. Copy number amplification and overexpression of other genes located on this chromosome, such as TWIST1, EGFR, and MET were also detected, which might also lead to dabrafenib resistance. Our study suggests that polyploidy leading to increased expression of specific genes, particularly those located on chromosome 7, should be considered when analyzing aggressive thyroid tumor samples and in further treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Bagheri-Yarmand
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Naifa L. Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Elena McBeath
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Brian P. Danysh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Kurt W. Evans
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Tyler J. Moss
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Argun Akcakanat
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Patrick K. S. Ng
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Christina M. Knippler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.M.K.); (M.D.R.)
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jalyn A. Golden
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Michelle D. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Asha S. Multani
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Kenna R. Shaw
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Manisha H. Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.M.K.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Marie Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
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Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Valentine AD, Hein Z, Dallto U, Springer S, Brix K. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Trafficking to Cilia of Thyroid Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061518. [PMID: 34208608 PMCID: PMC8234161 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (rodent Taar1/human TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is mainly recognized for its functions in neuromodulation. Previous in vitro studies suggested that Taar1 may signal from intracellular compartments. However, we have shown Taar1 to localize apically and on ciliary extensions in rodent thyrocytes, suggesting that at least in the thyroid, Taar1 may signal from the cilia at the apical plasma membrane domain of thyrocytes in situ, where it is exposed to the content of the follicle lumen containing putative Taar1 ligands. This study was designed to explore mouse Taar1 (mTaar1) trafficking, heterologously expressed in human and rat thyroid cell lines in order to establish an in vitro system in which Taar1 signaling from the cell surface can be studied in future. The results showed that chimeric mTaar1-EGFP traffics to the apical cell surface and localizes particularly to spherical structures of polarized thyroid cells, procilia, and primary cilia upon serum-starvation. Moreover, mTaar1-EGFP appears to form high molecular mass forms, possibly homodimers and tetramers, in stably expressing human thyroid cell lines. However, only monomeric mTaar1-EGFP was cell surface biotinylated in polarized human thyrocytes. In polarized rat thyrocytes, mTaar1-EGFP is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, while cilia were reached by mTaar1-EGFP transiently co-expressed in combination with an HA-tagged construct of the related mTaar5. We conclude that Taar1 trafficking to cilia depends on their integrity. The results further suggest that an in vitro cell model was established that recapitulates Taar1 trafficking in thyrocytes in situ, in principle, and will enable studying Taar1 signaling in future, thus extending our general understanding of its potential significance for thyroid autoregulation.
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Wang N, Wen J, Ren W, Wu Y, Deng C. Upregulation of TRIB2 by Wnt/β-catenin activation in BRAF V600E papillary thyroid carcinoma cells confers resistance to BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:155-164. [PMID: 33860836 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The BRAFV600E mutation is an oncogenic driver associated with aggressive tumor behaviors and increased mortality among patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Although the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib gave promising results in BRAFV600E-mutant PTC, resistance development remains a major clinical challenge. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in PTC. METHODS Two vemurafenib-resistant PTC cell lines (KTC1 and BCPAP) were established by continuous treatment with vemurafenib for 5 months. The knockdown and upregulation of Tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2) in PTC cells were achieved by the transfection with short hairpin RNA against TRIB2 or recombinant lentiviral vector carrying TRIB2, respectively. The β-catenin inhibitor, ICG-001, was used for the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PTC cells. RESULTS Vemurafenib-resistant PTC cells showed higher TRIB2 expression, upregulated ERK and AKT activation, enhanced invasive capacity, and increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition compared to the drug-sensitive groups. TRIB2 knockdown repressed the activation of ERK and AKT, inhibited invasion and EMT, and induced apoptosis of PTC cells. TRIB2 deficiency also enhanced the sensitivity of both PTC cells to vemurafenib. Vemurafenib-resistant PTC cells showed elevated expression of β-catenin in both cytoplasm and nucleus. The pre-incubation of cells with β-catenin inhibitor significantly inhibited TRIB2 expression, suppressed EMT, and repressed the activation of ERK and AKT in vemurafenib-resistant cells. CONCLUSION Our study showed that the upregulation of TRIB2 by the Wnt/β-catenin activation confers resistance to vemurafenib in PTC with BRAFV600 mutation. These findings support the potential use of TRIB2 as a therapeutic target for resistant PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianxue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Ultrasonic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chaonan Deng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
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Oh JM, Ahn BC. Molecular mechanisms of radioactive iodine refractoriness in differentiated thyroid cancer: Impaired sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression owing to altered signaling pathway activity and intracellular localization of NIS. Theranostics 2021; 11:6251-6277. [PMID: 33995657 PMCID: PMC8120202 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advanced, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) have a poor prognosis mainly owing to radioactive iodine (RAI) refractoriness caused by decreased expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), diminished targeting of NIS to the cell membrane, or both, thereby decreasing the efficacy of RAI therapy. Genetic aberrations (such as BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC rearrangements) have been reported to be prominently responsible for the onset, progression, and dedifferentiation of DTCs, mainly through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Eventually, these alterations result in a lack of NIS and disabling of RAI uptake, leading to the development of resistance to RAI therapy. Over the past decade, promising approaches with various targets have been reported to restore NIS expression and RAI uptake in preclinical studies. In this review, we summarized comprehensive molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation in RAI-refractory DTCs and reviews strategies for restoring RAI avidity by tackling the mechanisms.
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Mussazhanova Z, Shimamura M, Kurashige T, Ito M, Nakashima M, Nagayama Y. Causative role for defective expression of mitochondria-eating protein in accumulation of mitochondria in thyroid oncocytic cell tumors. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2814-2823. [PMID: 32458504 PMCID: PMC7419045 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncocytic cell tumor of the thyroid is composed of large polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm that is rich in mitochondria. These tumors frequently have the mutations in mitochondrial DNA encoding the mitochondrial electron transport system complex I. However, the mechanism for accumulation of abnormal mitochondria is unknown. A noncanonical mitophagy system has recently been identified, and mitochondria-eating protein (MIEAP) plays a key role in this system. We therefore hypothesized that accumulation of abnormal mitochondria could be attributed to defective MIEAP expression in these tumors. We first show that MIEAP was expressed in all the conventional thyroid follicular adenomas (FAs)/adenomatous goiters (AGs) but not in oncocytic FAs/AGs; its expression was defective not only in oncocytic thyroid cancers but also in the majority of conventional thyroid cancers. Expression of MIEAP was not correlated with methylation status of the 5'-UTR of the gene. Our functional analysis showed that exogenously induced MIEAP, but not PARK2, reduced the amounts of abnormal mitochondria, as indicated by decreased reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial DNA / nuclear DNA ratios, and cytoplasmic acidification. Therefore, together with previous studies showing that impaired mitochondrial function triggers compensatory mitochondrial biogenesis that causes an increase in the amounts of mitochondria, we conclude that, in oncocytic cell tumors of the thyroid, increased abnormal mitochondria cannot be efficiently eliminated because of a loss of MIEAP expression, ie impaired MIEAP-mediated noncanonical mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Mussazhanova
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,High Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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The Transcription Factor ETV5 Mediates BRAFV600E-Induced Proliferation and TWIST1 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1121-1134. [PMID: 30265861 PMCID: PMC6161370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS family of transcription factors is involved in several normal remodeling events and pathological processes including tumor progression. ETS transcription factors are divided into subfamilies based on the sequence and location of the ETS domain. ETV5 (Ets variant gene 5; also known as ERM) is a member of the PEA3 subfamily. Our meta-analysis of normal, benign, and malignant thyroid samples demonstrated that ETV5 expression is upregulated in papillary thyroid cancer and was predominantly associated with BRAF V600E or RAS mutations. However, the precise role of ETV5 in these lesions is unknown. In this study, we used the KTC1 cell line as a model for human advanced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) because the cells harbor the heterozygous BRAF (V600E) mutation together with the C250T TERT promoter mutation. The role of ETV5 in PTC proliferation was tested using RNAi followed by high-throughput screening. Signaling pathways driving ETV5 expression were identified using specific pharmacological inhibitors. To determine if ETV5 influences the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) markers in these cells, an EMT PCR array was used, and data were confirmed by qPCR and ChIP-qPCR. We found that ETV5 is critical for PTC cell growth, is expressed downstream of the MAPK pathway, and directly upregulates the transcription factor TWIST1, a known marker of intravasation and metastasis. Increased ETV5 expression could therefore be considered as a marker for advanced PTCs and a possible future therapeutic target.
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Marlow LA, Rohl SD, Miller JL, Knauf JA, Fagin JA, Ryder M, Milosevic D, Netzel BC, Grebe SK, Reddi HV, Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Methodology, Criteria, and Characterization of Patient-Matched Thyroid Cell Lines and Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3169-3182. [PMID: 29846633 PMCID: PMC6126888 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular underpinnings of thyroid cancer, preclinical cell line models are crucial; however, ∼40% of these have been proven to be either duplicates of existing thyroid lines or even nonthyroid-derived lines or are not derived from humans at all. Therefore, we set out to establish procedures and guidelines that should proactively avoid these problems, which facilitated the creation of criteria to make valid preclinical models for thyroid cancer research. DESIGN Based on our recommendations, we systematically characterized all new cell lines that we generated by a standardized approach that included (1) determination of human origin, (2) exclusion of lymphoma, (3) DNA fingerprinting and histological comparisons to establish linkage to presumed tissue of origin, (4) examining thyroid differentiation by screening two to three thyroid markers, (5) examination of biological behavior (growth rate, tumorigenicity), and (6) presence of common thyroid cancer genetic changes (TP53, BRAF, PTEN, PIK3CA, RAS, TERT promoter, RET/PTC, PAX8/PPARγ, NF1, and EIF1AX). RESULTS We established seven new thyroid cell lines (LAM136, EAM306, SDAR1, SDAR2, JEM493, THJ529, and THJ560) out of 294 primary culture attempts, and 10 patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs; MC-Th-95, MC-Th-374, MC-Th-467, MC-Th-491, MC-Th-493, MC-Th-504, MC-Th-524, MC-Th-529, MC-Th-560, and MC-Th-562) out of 67 attempts. All were successfully validated by our protocols. CONCLUSIONS This standardized approach for cell line and PDTX characterization should prevent (or detect) future cross-contamination and ensure that only valid preclinical models are used for thyroid cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Laura A. Marlow, MS, Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224. E-mail:
| | - Stephen D Rohl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - James L Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jeffery A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mabel Ryder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dragana Milosevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian C Netzel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stefan K Grebe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Honey V Reddi
- Jackson Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Prete A, Lo AS, Sadow PM, Bhasin SS, Antonello ZA, Vodopivec DM, Ullas S, Sims JN, Clohessy J, Dvorak AM, Sciuto T, Bhasin M, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Lawler J, Karumanchi SA, Nucera C. Pericytes Elicit Resistance to Vemurafenib and Sorafenib Therapy in Thyroid Carcinoma via the TSP-1/TGFβ1 Axis. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6078-6097. [PMID: 30076136 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The BRAFV600E oncogene modulates the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) microenvironment, in which pericytes are critical regulators of tyrosine-kinase (TK)-dependent signaling pathways. Although BRAFV600E and TK inhibitors are available, their efficacy as bimodal therapeutic agents in BRAFV600E-PTC is still unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assessed the effects of vemurafenib (BRAFV600E inhibitor) and sorafenib (TKI) as single agents or in combination in BRAFWT/V600E-PTC and BRAFWT/WT cells using cell-autonomous, pericyte coculture, and an orthotopic mouse model. We also used BRAFWT/V600E-PTC and BRAFWT/WT-PTC clinical samples to identify differentially expressed genes fundamental to tumor microenvironment. RESULTS Combined therapy blocks tumor cell proliferation, increases cell death, and decreases motility via BRAFV600E inhibition in thyroid tumor cells in vitro. Vemurafenib produces cytostatic effects in orthotopic tumors, whereas combined therapy (likely reflecting sorafenib activity) generates biological fluctuations with tumor inhibition alternating with tumor growth. We demonstrate that pericytes secrete TSP-1 and TGFβ1, and induce the rebound of pERK1/2, pAKT and pSMAD3 levels to overcome the inhibitory effects of the targeted therapy in PTC cells. This leads to increased BRAFV600E-PTC cell survival and cell death refractoriness. We find that BRAFWT/V600E-PTC clinical samples are enriched in pericytes, and TSP1 and TGFβ1 expression evoke gene-regulatory networks and pathways (TGFβ signaling, metastasis, tumor growth, tumor microenvironment/ECM remodeling functions, inflammation, VEGF ligand-VEGF receptor interactions, immune modulation, etc.) in the microenvironment essential for BRAFWT/V600E-PTC cell survival. Critically, antagonism of the TSP-1/TGFβ1 axis reduces tumor cell growth and overcomes drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS Pericytes shield BRAFV600E-PTC cells from targeted therapy via TSP-1 and TGFβ1, suggesting this axis as a new therapeutic target for overcoming resistance to BRAFV600E and TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prete
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Agnes S Lo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Swati S Bhasin
- Bioinformatic and Systems Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zeus A Antonello
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danica M Vodopivec
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility (LSAIF), Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer N Sims
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Clohessy
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ann M Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracey Sciuto
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Bioinformatic and Systems Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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11
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Chen H, Luo D, Zhang L, Lin X, Luo Q, Yi H, Wang J, Yan X, Li B, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Liu S, Qiu M, Yang D, Jiang N. Restoration of p53 using the novel MDM2-p53 antagonist APG115 suppresses dedifferentiated papillary thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43008-43022. [PMID: 28498808 PMCID: PMC5522123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated papillary thyroid cancer (DePTC) is characterized by aggressive growth, recurrence, distant metastasis, and resistance to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. DePTC is also accompanied by poor prognosis and high early-mortality. Nevertheless, most DePTC cells show intact p53 downstream functionality. In cells with wild-type p53, the murine double minute2 (MDM2) protein interacts with p53 and abrogates its activity. Inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction restores p53 activity and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Restoring p53 function by inhibiting its interaction with p53 suppressors such as MDM2 is thus a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DePTC. The novel MDM2-p53 interaction antagonist APG115 is an analogue of SAR405838, and is being tested in a phase I clinical trial. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of APG115 as a single-agent to treat DePTC. APG115 diminished the viability of p53 wild-type DePTC cells and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In a human xenograft mouse model, APG115 elicited robust tumor regression and cell apoptosis. These data demonstrate that further research is warranted to determine whether APG115 can be used to effectively treat DePTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dingyuan Luo
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiuyun Luo
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hanjie Yi
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xianglei Yan
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dajun Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Suzhou Ascentage Pharma Inc., Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ningyi Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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12
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Long-term vemurafenib treatment drives inhibitor resistance through a spontaneous KRAS G12D mutation in a BRAF V600E papillary thyroid carcinoma model. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30907-23. [PMID: 27127178 PMCID: PMC5058727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation is commonly observed in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and predominantly activates the MAPK pathway. Presence of BRAF V600E predicts increasing risk of recurrence and higher mortality rate, and treatment options for such patients are limited. Vemurafenib, a BRAF V600E inhibitor, is initially effective, but cells inevitably develop alternative mechanisms of pathway activation. Mechanisms of primary resistance have been described in short-term cultures of PTC cells; however, mechanisms of acquired resistance have not. In the present study, we investigated possible adaptive mechanisms of BRAF V600E inhibitor resistance in KTC1 thyroid cancer cells following long-term vemurafenib exposure. We found that a subpopulation of KTC1 cells acquired resistance to vemurafenib following 5 months of treatment with the inhibitor. Resistance coincided with the spontaneous acquisition of a KRAS G12D activating mutation. Increases in activated AKT, ERK1/2, and EGFR were observed in these cells. In addition, the resistant cells were less sensitive to combinations of vemurafenib and MEK1 inhibitor or AKT inhibitor. These results support the KRAS G12D mutation as a genetic mechanism of spontaneously acquired secondary BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF V600E thyroid cancer cells.
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13
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Matsuzaki I, Iguchi H, Mikasa Y, Morishita H, Okuda K, Nakaguchi K, Mori Y, Iwahashi Y, Warigaya K, Fujimoto M, Kojima F, Murata SI. Novel Application of Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid Detection of Gene Translocation. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:169-176. [PMID: 29343880 PMCID: PMC5765217 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of fusion genes in cancer is essential for pathological diagnosis and clinical therapy. Although methods for detection of fusion genes, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been developed in last two decades, these methods are not ideal for detection of these genetic alterations owing to their high cost and time-consuming procedures. In this study, we developed novel application for detection of gene translocations using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). We verified the amplified DNA products of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK), synaptotagmin and synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint (SYT-SSX), and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (IgH/BCL2) by real-time PCR, agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the naked eye after the LAMP procedure. Fusion genes were detected in samples diluted 103 times within 60 min. Because of the advantages of rapid amplification, simple operation, and easy detection without requiring sophisticated equipment or technical skill, LAMP may have potential applications as an on-site analytical approach in hospitals for pathological diagnosis and decision making regarding appropriate therapeutic approachs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibu Matsuzaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Hideto Iguchi
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Yurina Mikasa
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Hiromu Morishita
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Katsuya Okuda
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Keita Nakaguchi
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwahashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Kenji Warigaya
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Kojima
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Murata
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–8509, Japan
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14
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Antonello ZA, Hsu N, Bhasin M, Roti G, Joshi M, Van Hummelen P, Ye E, Lo AS, Karumanchi SA, Bryke CR, Nucera C. Vemurafenib-resistance via de novo RBM genes mutations and chromosome 5 aberrations is overcome by combined therapy with palbociclib in thyroid carcinoma with BRAF V600E. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84743-84760. [PMID: 29156680 PMCID: PMC5689570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent endocrine tumor. BRAFV600E represents the PTC hallmark and is targeted with selective inhibitors (e.g. vemurafenib). Although there have been promising results in clinical trials using these inhibitors, most patients develop resistance and progress. Tumor clonal diversity is proposed as one mechanism underlying drug resistance. Here we have investigated mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to vemurafenib in BRAFWT/V600E-positive PTC patient-derived cells with P16-/- (CDKN2A-/-). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Following treatment with vemurafenib, we expanded a sub-population of cells with primary resistance and characterized them genetically and cytogenetically. We have used exome sequencing, metaphase chromosome analysis, FISH and oligonucleotide SNP-microarray assays to assess clonal evolution of vemurafenib-resistant cells. Furthermore, we have validated our findings by networks and pathways analyses using PTC clinical samples. RESULTS Vemurafenib-resistant cells grow similarly to naïve cells but are refractory to apoptosis upon treatment with vemurafenib, and accumulate in G2-M phase. We find that vemurafenib-resistant cells show amplification of chromosome 5 and de novo mutations in the RBM (RNA-binding motifs) genes family (i.e. RBMX, RBM10). RBMX knockdown in naïve-cells contributes to tetraploidization, including expansion of clones with chromosome 5 aberrations (e.g. isochromosome 5p). RBMX elicits gene regulatory networks with chromosome 5q cancer-associated genes and pathways for G2-M and DNA damage-response checkpoint regulation in BRAFWT/V600E-PTC. Importantly, combined therapy with vemurafenib plus palbociclib (inhibitor of CDK4/6, mimicking P16 functions) synergistically induces stronger apoptosis than single agents in resistant-cells and in anaplastic thyroid tumor cells harboring the heterozygous BRAFWT/V600E mutation. CONCLUSIONS Critically, our findings suggest for the first time that targeting BRAFWT/V600E and CDK4/6 represents a novel therapeutic strategy to treat vemurafenib-resistant or vemurafenib-naïve radioiodine-refractory BRAFWT/V600E-PTC. This combined therapy could prevent selection and expansion of aggressive PTC cell sub-clones with intrinsic resistance, targeting tumor cells either with primary or secondary resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A. Antonello
- Laboratory of human thyroid cancers preclinical and translational research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Hsu
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Bioinformatic and Systems Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mukta Joshi
- Bioinformatic and Systems Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Ye
- Laboratory of human thyroid cancers preclinical and translational research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnes S. Lo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine R. Bryke
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Laboratory of human thyroid cancers preclinical and translational research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Buffet C, Hecale-Perlemoine K, Bricaire L, Dumont F, Baudry C, Tissier F, Bertherat J, Cochand-Priollet B, Raffin-Sanson ML, Cormier F, Groussin L. DUSP5 and DUSP6, two ERK specific phosphatases, are markers of a higher MAPK signaling activation in BRAF mutated thyroid cancers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184861. [PMID: 28910386 PMCID: PMC5599027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular alterations of the MAPK pathway are frequently observed in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It leads to a constitutive activation of the signalling pathway through an increase in MEK and ERK phosphorylation. ERK is negatively feedback-regulated by Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs), especially two ERK-specific DUSPs, DUSP5 (nuclear) and DUSP6 (cytosolic). These negative MAPK regulators may play a role in thyroid carcinogenesis. Methods MAPK pathway activation was analyzed in 11 human thyroid cancer cell lines. Both phosphatases were studied in three PCCL3 rat thyroid cell lines that express doxycycline inducible PTC oncogenes (RET/PTC3, H-RASV12 or BRAFV600E). Expression levels of DUSP5 and DUSP6 were quantified in 39 human PTCs. The functional role of DUSP5 and DUSP6 was investigated through their silencing in two human BRAFV600E carcinoma cell lines. Results BRAFV600E human thyroid cancer cell lines expressed higher phospho-MEK levels but not higher phospho-ERK levels. DUSP5 and DUSP6 are specifically induced by the MEK-ERK pathway in the three PTC oncogenes inducible thyroid cell lines. This negative feedback loop explains the tight regulation of p-ERK levels. DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA are overexpressed in human PTCs, especially in BRAFV600E mutated PTCs. DUSP5 and/or DUSP6 siRNA inactivation did not affect proliferation in two BRAFV600E mutated cell lines, which may be explained by a compensatory increase in other phosphatases. In the light of this, we observed a marked DUSP6 upregulation upon DUSP5 inactivation. Despite this, DUSP5 and DUSP6 positively control cell migration and invasion. Conclusions Our results are in favor of a stronger activation of the MAPK pathway in BRAFV600E PTCs. DUSP5 and DUSP6 have pro-tumorigenic properties in two BRAFV600E PTC cell line models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Buffet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Hecale-Perlemoine
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Léopoldine Bricaire
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Florent Dumont
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Camille Baudry
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Cormier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Lionel Groussin
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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16
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Fan YX, Liang ZX, Liu QZ, Xiao H, Li KB, Wu JZ. Cell penetrating peptide of sodium-iodide symporter effect on the I-131 radiotherapy on thyroid cancer. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:989-994. [PMID: 28450931 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the cell penetrating peptide of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) has an effect on the I-131 radiotherapy of thyroid cancer. Firstly, we combined the HIV-1 TAT peptide (a cell penetrating peptide, dTAT) and established a nanoparticle vector (dTAT NP) to study the delivery efficiency of this cell-penetrating strategy for tumor-targeted gene delivery. dTAT NP was transfected into cultured TPC-1 cells as a model to study the effects of I-131 radiotherapy on thyroid cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of NIS in the transfected TPC-1 cells were substantially higher than in the negative control cells. MTT and flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that the cell growth and apoptosis rates of the TPC-1 cells were significantly inhibited and activated, respectively, by treatment with dTAT NP. The results of DAPI staining showed that treatment with dTAT NP visibly increased the nuclear apoptosis rate of the TPC-1 cells. The effect of dTAT NP on TPC-1 cells was associated with the promotion of caspase-3 and downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In summary, the present data provide a pre-clinical proof-of-concept for a novel gene delivery system that efficiently delivers NIS to the targeted cancer cells and presents a satisfactory efficacy. This approach may offer an effective strategy for improving thyroid cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Zhu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Bin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Zhen Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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17
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Metastasis-associated MCL1 and P16 copy number alterations dictate resistance to vemurafenib in a BRAFV600E patient-derived papillary thyroid carcinoma preclinical model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42445-67. [PMID: 26636651 PMCID: PMC4767444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation exerts an essential oncogenic function in many tumors, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Although BRAFV600E inhibitors are available, lack of response has been frequently observed. To study the mechanism underlying intrinsic resistance to the mutant BRAFV600E selective inhibitor vemurafenib, we established short-term primary cell cultures of human metastatic/recurrent BRAFV600E-PTC, intrathyroidal BRAFV600E-PTC, and normal thyroid (NT). We also generated an early intervention model of human BRAFV600E-PTC orthotopic mouse. We find that metastatic BRAFV600E-PTC cells elicit paracrine-signaling which trigger migration of pericytes, blood endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells as compared to BRAFWT-PTC cells, and show a higher rate of invasion. We further show that vemurafenib therapy significantly suppresses these aberrant functions in non-metastatic BRAFV600E-PTC cells but lesser in metastatic BRAFV600E-PTC cells as compared to vehicle treatment. These results concur with similar folds of down-regulation of tumor microenvironment–associated pro-metastatic molecules, with no effects in BRAFWT-PTC and NT cells. Our early intervention preclinical trial shows that vemurafenib delays tumor growth in the orthotopic BRAFWT/V600E-PTC mice. Importantly, we identify high copy number gain of MCL1 (chromosome 1q) and loss of CDKN2A (P16, chromosome 9p) in metastatic BRAFV600E-PTC cells which are associated with resistance to vemurafenib treatment. Critically, we demonstrate that combined vemurafenib therapy with BCL2/MCL1 inhibitor increases metastatic BRAFV600E-PTC cell death and ameliorates response to vemurafenib treatment as compared to single agent treatment. In conclusion, short-term PTC and NT cultures offer a predictive model for evaluating therapeutic response in patients with PTC. Our PTC pre-clinical model suggests that combined targeted therapy might be an important therapeutic strategy for metastatic and refractory BRAFV600E-positive PTC.
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UHRF1 suppression promotes cell differentiation and reduces inflammatory reaction in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 9:31945-31957. [PMID: 30174788 PMCID: PMC6112835 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), an undifferentiated subtype of thyroid cancer, is one of the most malignant endocrine cancer with low survival rate, and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Here we found that UHRF1 was highly expressed in human ATC compared with normal tissue and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Knockdown of UHRF1 inhibited proliferation of ATC in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, overexpression of UHRF1 promoted the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells. Moreover, UHRF1 suppression induced differentiation of three-dimensional (3D) cultured ATC cells and down-regulated the expression of dedifferentiation marker (CD97). The stem cell markers (Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog) were suppressed simultaneously. In addition, UHRF1 knockdown reduced the transcription of cytokines (IL-8, TGF-α and TNF-α), which might relieve the inflammatory reaction in ATC patients. This study demonstrated a role of UHRF1 in ATC proliferation, dedifferentiation and inflammatory reaction, presenting UHRF1 as a potential target in ATC therapy.
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Ishikawa M, Tachibana T, Hashimoto H, Toyomura J, Ito T, Tsuboi K, Shibuya K, Hirose T, Minami S, Yoshino G. Functional analysis of three novel cell lines derived from human papillary thyroid carcinomas with three different clinical courses. Hum Cell 2014; 27:111-20. [PMID: 24567186 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-014-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent thyroid carcinoma. PTC cell lines have been of considerable value in studying aspects of thyroid cancer, such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Here we report three novel PTC lines established from three patients with different backgrounds. Case 1 was a 38-year-old woman with PTC in the right thyroid lobe, with no metastasis. The cell line was established from the resection sample and named D-PTC. The cell line consisted of epithelial cells with few lysosomes and showed a pavement structure and follicular formation at confluency. There was a little pilling up. The secretion of free thyroxin (fT4) and thyroglobulin (Tg) was increased by TSH, or GH and IGF-I treatment. Case 2 was a 22-year-old woman with PTC initially in the right thyroid lobe, but 4 years after the right lobe resection, PTC metastasis was observed in left lobe. The cell line was established from a sample of the second resection and named UD-PTC. This cell line consisted of small epithelial cells with evident lysosomes and exhibited floating cell clusters. The secretion of fT4 and Tg was slightly increased by TSH, or GH and IGF-I treatment. Case 3 was an 85-year-old man with PTC and with acromegaly. Metastasis was observed at cervical lymph nodes. The cell line was derived from the metastasis region and named A-PTC. This cell line consisted of small epithelial cells and many lysosomes. The cells frequently showed pilling up. The secretion of fT4 and Tg was significantly increased by GH and IGF-I treatment. We have established three PTC cell lines with substantial variation in their phenotype. The cell lines may be useful for thyroid cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ishikawa
- Center of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Arteriosclerosis, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, 211-8533, Japan,
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McCarty SK, Saji M, Zhang X, Knippler CM, Kirschner LS, Fernandez S, Ringel MD. BRAF activates and physically interacts with PAK to regulate cell motility. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:865-77. [PMID: 25228413 PMCID: PMC4487662 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased p21-activated kinase (PAK) signaling and expression have been identified in the invasive fronts of aggressive papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), including those with RET/PTC, BRAFV600E, and mutant RAS expression. Functionally, thyroid cancer cell motility in vitro is dependent on group 1 PAKs, particularly PAK1. In this study, we hypothesize that BRAF, a central kinase in PTC tumorigenesis and invasion, regulates thyroid cancer cell motility in part through PAK activation. Using three well-characterized human thyroid cancer cell lines, we demonstrated in all cell lines that BRAF knockdown reduced PAK phosphorylation of direct downstream targets. In contrast, inhibition of MEK activity either pharmacologically or with siRNA did not reduce PAK activity, indicating MEK is dispensable for PAK activity. Inhibition of cell migration through BRAF loss is rescued by overexpression of either constitutive active MEK1 or PAK1, demonstrating that both signaling pathways are involved in BRAF-regulated cell motility. To further characterize BRAF-PAK signaling, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that both exogenously overexpressed and endogenous PAK1 and BRAF co-localize and physically interact, and that this interaction was enhanced in mitosis. Finally, we demonstrated that acute induction of BRAFV600E expression in vivo in murine thyroid glands results in increased PAK expression and activity confirming a positive signaling relationship in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified a signaling pathway in thyroid cancer cells which BRAF activates and physically interacts with PAK and regulates cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K McCarty
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Christina M Knippler
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lawrence S Kirschner
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kikuchi Y, Tsuji E, Yagi K, Matsusaka K, Tsuji S, Kurebayashi J, Ogawa T, Aburatani H, Kaneda A. Aberrantly methylated genes in human papillary thyroid cancer and their association with BRAF/RAS mutation. Front Genet 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24367375 PMCID: PMC3851831 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises through accumulation of epigenetic and genetic alteration. Aberrant promoter methylation is a common epigenetic mechanism of gene silencing in cancer cells. We here performed genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of promoter regions by Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip, using 14 clinical papillary thyroid cancer samples and 10 normal thyroid samples. Among the 14 papillary cancer cases, 11 showed frequent aberrant methylation, but the other three cases showed no aberrant methylation at all. Distribution of the hypermethylation among cancer samples was non-random, which implied existence of a subset of preferentially methylated papillary thyroid cancer. Among 25 frequently methylated genes, methylation status of six genes (HIST1H3J, POU4F2, SHOX2, PHKG2, TLX3, HOXA7) was validated quantitatively by pyrosequencing. Epigenetic silencing of these genes in methylated papillary thyroid cancer cell lines was confirmed by gene re-expression following treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A, and detected by real-time RT-PCR. Methylation of these six genes was validated by analysis of additional 20 papillary thyroid cancer and 10 normal samples. Among the 34 cancer samples in total, 26 cancer samples with preferential methylation were significantly associated with mutation of BRAF/RAS oncogene (P = 0.04, Fisher's exact test). Thus, we identified new genes with frequent epigenetic hypermethylation in papillary thyroid cancer, two subsets of either preferentially methylated or hardly methylated papillary thyroid cancer, with a concomitant occurrence of oncogene mutation and gene methylation. These hypermethylated genes may constitute potential biomarkers for papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kikuchi
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Metabolic Care and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tsuji
- Department of Metabolic Care and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yagi
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Tsuji
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kurebayashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kawasaki Medical University Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ogawa
- Department of Metabolic Care and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Chiba, Japan ; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama, Japan
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Damle N, Patnecha M, Kumar P, Maharjan S, Bal C. Retinoic acid therapy in patients with radioiodine negative differentiated thyroid cancer and clinical or biochemical evidence of disease: An initial experience. Indian J Nucl Med 2013; 26:144-8. [PMID: 23326066 PMCID: PMC3543580 DOI: 10.4103/0972-3919.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiation of thyroid follicular cells renders radioiodine therapy ineffective in patients of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). An alternative therapy to treat the disease or reinduce radioiodine uptake is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the role of retinoic acid therapy in 13 cases of DTC with raised thyroglobulin and/or clinically evident disease. Retinoic acid was given in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for a period ranging between 1.5 and 18 months. RESULTS Age of the patients was between 18 and 65 years with a median of 49 years. Ten patients had papillary while two had follicular and one patient had mixed papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Mean radioiodine given before starting retinoic acid was 164 mCi. Mean duration of therapy was 6.4 months. Thyroglobulin decreased in 2 patients and increased in 11 patients at the end of therapy. Radioiodine uptake was demonstrable in six patients, though faintly, while 7 cases showed no uptake. Based on the clinical and biochemical parameters, four patients had progressive disease, eight had stable disease and one patient showed partial response. Of the six patients with reinduction of radioiodine uptake, three had biochemical progression and the other three had stable disease. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that retinoic acid therapy may induce radioiodine uptake and reduce serum thyroglobulin levels in some patients with DTC, but whether this results in clinically significant response can only be ascertained on long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Damle
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Tedelind S, Jordans S, Resemann H, Blum G, Bogyo M, Führer D, Brix K. Cathepsin B trafficking in thyroid carcinoma cells. Thyroid Res 2011; 4 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 21835049 PMCID: PMC3155108 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-4-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cysteine peptidase cathepsin B is important in thyroid physiology by being involved in prohormone processing initiated in the follicle lumen and completed in endo-lysosomal compartments. However, cathepsin B has also been localized to the extrafollicular space in thyroid cancer tissue, and is therefore suggested to promote invasiveness and metastasis in thyroid carcinomas through e.g. extracellular matrix degradation. METHODS Transport of cathepsin B in normal thyroid epithelial and carcinoma cells was investigated through immunolocalization of endogenous cathepsin B in combination with probing protease activity. Transport analyses of cathepsin B-eGFP and its active-site mutant counterpart cathepsin B-C29A-eGFP were used to test whether intrinsic sequences of a protease influence its trafficking. RESULTS Our approach employing activity based probes, which distinguish between active and inactive cysteine proteases, demonstrated that both eGFP-tagged normal and active-site mutated cathepsin B chimeras reached the endo-lysosomal compartments of thyroid epithelial cells, thereby ruling out alterations of sorting signals by mutagenesis of the active-site cysteine. Analysis of chimeric protein trafficking further showed that GFP-tagged cathepsin B was transported to the expected compartments, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and endo-lysosomes of normal and thyroid carcinoma cell lines. However, the active-site mutated cathepsin B chimera was mostly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of KTC-1 and HTh7 cells. Hence the latter, as the least polarized of the three carcinoma cell lines analyzed, exhibited severe transport defects in that it retained chimeras in pre-endolysosomal compartments. Furthermore, secretion of endogenous cathepsin B and of other cysteine peptidases, which occurs at the apical pole of normal thyroid epithelial cells, was most prominent and occurred in a non-directed fashion in thyroid carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Transport of endogenous and eGFP-tagged active and inactive cathepsin B in the cultured thyroid carcinoma cells reflected the distribution patterns of this protease in thyroid carcinoma tissue. Hence, our studies showed that sub-cellular localization of proteolysis is a crucial step in regulation of tissue homeostasis. We conclude that any interference with protease trafficking resulting in altered regulation of proteolytic events leads to, or is a consequence of the onset and progression of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tedelind
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Silvia Jordans
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Henrike Resemann
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Galia Blum
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig Medizinische Klinik III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; as of June 2011: Klinik für Endokrinologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Bereich Forschung und Lehre im Zentrallabor, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center for Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Oh SW, Moon SH, Park DJ, Cho BY, Jung KC, Lee DS, Chung JK. Combined therapy with 131I and retinoic acid in Korean patients with radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1798-805. [PMID: 21698415 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of redifferentiation therapy using retinoic acid (RA) in combination with 131I therapy, and to identify biological parameters that predict therapeutic response in Korean patients with radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 47 patients (13 men, 34 women; age 54.2±13.6 years) with radioiodine-refractory PTC underwent therapy consisting of consecutive treatment with 131I and RA. Each 131I/RA treatment cycle involved the administration of oral isotretinoin for 6 weeks at 1-1.5 mg/kg daily followed by a single oral dose of 131I (range 5.5-16.7 GBq). Therapeutic responses were determined using serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and the change in tumour size 6 months after completing the 131I/RA therapy. Biological parameters and pathological parameters before and after combined therapy were compared. RESULTS After completing 131I/RA therapy, 1 patient showed a complete response, 9 partial response, 9 stable disease, and 28 progressive disease, representing an overall response rate of 21.3%. Univariate analysis revealed that an age of <45 years and a persistently high serum Tg level were related to a good response. No clinical response was achieved when metastases showing no iodine uptake were present. Multivariate regression analysis showed that an age of <45 years was significantly associated with a good response. Of the 24 patients with well-differentiated carcinoma, 5 (20.8%) responded to 131I/RA therapy, whereas all 6 patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma failed to respond. CONCLUSION 131I/RA therapy was found to elicit a response rate of 21.3% among patients with radioiodine-refractory PTC, and an age of <45 years was found to be significantly associated with a good response.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Won Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehang-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Dong X, Korch C, Meinkoth JL. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate Rap1GAP and inhibit Rap activity in thyroid tumor cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:301-10. [PMID: 21367844 PMCID: PMC3531977 DOI: 10.1530/erc-10-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increases in Rap activity have been associated with tumor progression. Although activating mutations in Rap have not been described, downregulation of Rap1GAP is frequent in human tumors including thyroid carcinomas. In this study, we explored whether endogenous Rap1GAP expression could be restored to thyroid tumor cells. The effects of deacetylase inhibitors and a demethylating agent, individually and in combination, were examined in four differentiated and six anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) cell lines. Treatment with the structurally distinct histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, increased Rap1GAP expression in all the differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell lines and in four of the six ATC cell lines. The demethylating agent, 5-aza-deoxycytidine, restored Rap1GAP expression in one anaplastic cell line and enhanced the effects of HDAC inhibitors in a second anaplastic cell line. Western blotting indicated that Rap2 was highly expressed in human thyroid cancer cells. Importantly, treatment with HDAC inhibitors impaired Rap2 activity in both differentiated and anaplastic tumor cell lines. The mechanism through which Rap activity is repressed appears to entail effects on the expression of multiple Rap regulators, including RapGEFs and RapGAPs. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may provide a tractable approach to impair Rap activity in human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsylvania, USA
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Establishment and characterization of six human lung cancer cell lines: EGFR, p53 gene mutations and expressions of drug sensitivity genes. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:45-54. [PMID: 21290211 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-010-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Six human lung cancer cell lines (SNU-371, SNU-963, SNU-1327, SNU-1330, SNU-2292 and SNU-2315) were newly established through primary cell cultures. These cell lines were derived from a pulmonary blastoma, a small cell lung cancer, three adenocarcinomas and a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung of six Korean lung cancer patients. METHODS The histopathology of the primary tumors and their in vitro growth characteristics were described. DNA fingerprinting analysis and genetic alterations in the p53, β-catenin, TGFβRII, K-ras and EGFR genes were conducted. mRNA expressions levels of E-cadherin, COX-2, MDR1, MXR, CGA, synatophysin and TTF1 genes were investigated and sensitivity to anticancer drugs was screened. RESULTS Five cell lines grew as adherent cells and one cell line grew as floating aggregates. All lines were free of mycoplasma or bacteria and were proven unique by DNA fingerprinting analysis. A significant polymorphism at codon 72 (Arg to Pro) of the p53 gene was found in one line (SNU-1327) and a mutation at codon 176 was found in SNU-2292. No mutations in the K-ras, β-catenin and TGF-βRII genes were observed. E-cadherin was not expressed in SNU-371 and COX-2 was overexpressed in SNU-1330, SNU-2292 and SNU-2315 cell lines. MDR1 was overexpressed in SNU-371 and SNU-2292 cell lines and MXR was overexpressed in SNU-1327 cell line. Interestingly, the SNU-371 cell line derived from a pulmonary blastoma and which overexpressed MDR1 displayed cross resistance for several anticancer drugs. Neuroendocrine markers, chromogranin A and synaptophysin, were overexpressed in the small cell lung cancer cell line, SNU-963 and thyroid transcription factor-1 was also over expressed in this cell line. Two mutations (p.Glu746_Ser752delinsVal and p.Glu746_Ala750del) in exon 19 of EGFR were found in SNU-1330 and SNU-2315 cell lines, respectively. CONCLUSION These well-characterized lung cancer cell lines may be useful tools for investigations of the biological characteristics of lung cancers, particularly for investigations related to mutations of EGFR.
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McCarty SK, Saji M, Zhang X, Jarjoura D, Fusco A, Vasko VV, Ringel MD. Group I p21-activated kinases regulate thyroid cancer cell migration and are overexpressed and activated in thyroid cancer invasion. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:989-99. [PMID: 20817787 PMCID: PMC3717591 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility. PAKs are subdivided into group I (PAKs 1-3) and group II (PAKs 4-6) on the basis of structural and functional characteristics. Based on prior gene expression data that predicted enhanced PAK signaling in the invasive fronts of aggressive papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), we hypothesized that PAKs functionally regulate thyroid cancer cell motility and are activated in PTC invasive fronts. We examined PAK isoform expression in six human thyroid cancer cell lines (BCPAP, KTC1, TPC1, FTC133, C643, and SW1746) by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot. All cell lines expressed PAKs 1-4 and PAK6 mRNA and PAKs 1-4 protein; PAK6 protein was variably expressed. Samples from normal and malignant thyroid tissues also expressed PAKs 1-4 and PAK6 mRNA; transfection with the group I (PAKs 1-3) PAK-specific p21 inhibitory domain molecular inhibitor reduced transwell filter migration by ∼50% without altering viability in all cell lines (P<0.05). BCPAP and FTC133 cells were transfected with PAK1, PAK2, or PAK3-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA); only PAK1 siRNA reduced migration significantly for both cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of seven invasive PTCs demonstrated an increase in PAK1 and pPAK immunoactivity in the invasive fronts versus the tumor center. In conclusion, PAK isoforms are expressed in human thyroid tissues and cell lines. PAK1 regulates thyroid cancer cell motility, and PAK1 and pPAK levels are increased in PTC invasive fronts. These data implicate PAKs as regulators of thyroid cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K McCarty
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Oncology Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Chung JK, Youn HW, Kang JH, Lee HY, Kang KW. Sodium iodide symporter and the radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:4-14. [PMID: 24899932 PMCID: PMC4042960 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-009-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the specific accumulation of iodide in thyroid was found in 1915, radioiodine has been widely applied to diagnose and treat thyroid cancer. Iodide uptake occurs across the membrane of the thyroid follicular cells and cancer cells through an active transporter process mediated by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). The NIS coding genes were cloned and identified from rat and human in 1996. Evaluation of the NIS gene and protein expression is critical in the management of thyroid cancer, and several approaches have been tried to increase NIS levels. Identification of the NIS gene has provided a means of expanding its role in the radionuclide gene therapy of nonthyroidal cancers as well as thyroid cancer. In this article, we explain the relationship between NIS expression and the treatment of thyroid carcinoma with I-131, and we include a review of the results of our experimental and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Key Chung
- />Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-744 Korea
- />Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Research Center of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Youn
- />Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-744 Korea
- />Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Research Center of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- />Molecular Imaging Research Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Young Lee
- />Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-744 Korea
- />Research Center of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- />Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-744 Korea
- />Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- />Research Center of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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O'Neill CJ, Oucharek J, Learoyd D, Sidhu SB. Standard and emerging therapies for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Oncologist 2010; 15:146-56. [PMID: 20142332 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer accounts for >90% of cases of thyroid cancer, with most patients having an excellent prognosis. Distant metastases occur in 10%-15% of patients, decreasing the overall 10-year survival rate in this group to 40%. Radioactive iodine has been the mainstay of treatment for distant metastases, with good results when lesions retain the ability to take up iodine. For patients with metastatic disease resistant to radioactive iodine, treatment options are few and survival is poor. Chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy have been used in these patients, but with disappointing results. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in thyroid cancer has increased and a number of molecular targets have been identified. These targets include the proto-oncogenes BRAF and RET, known to be common mutations in thyroid cancer; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, associated with angiogenesis; and the sodium-iodide symporter, with the aim of restoring its expression and hence radioactive iodine uptake. There are now multiple trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, and other novel agents available to patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. This review discusses both traditional and novel treatments for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer with a particular focus on emerging treatments for patients with radioactive iodine-refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J O'Neill
- University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Pilli T, Prasad KV, Jayarama S, Pacini F, Prabhakar BS. Potential utility and limitations of thyroid cancer cell lines as models for studying thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009; 19:1333-42. [PMID: 20001716 PMCID: PMC2833173 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived cell lines are widely used to study the mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis but recent studies have reported redundancy among thyroid cancer cell lines and identification of some "thyroid cell lines" that are likely not of thyroid origin. SUMMARY In this review, we have summarized the uses, the limitations, and the existing problems associated with the available follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer cell lines. There are some limitations to the use of cell lines as a model to "mimic" in vivo tumors. Based on the gene expression profiles of thyroid cell lines originating from tumors of different types it has become apparent that some of the cell lines are closely related to each other and to those of undifferentiated carcinomas. Further, many cell lines have lost the expression of thyroid-specific genes and have altered karyotypes, while they exhibit activation of several oncogenes (BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; RAS, rat sarcoma; and RET/PTC, rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinoma) and inactivation of tumor suppressor gene (TP53) which is known to be important for thyroid tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS A careful selection of thyroid cancer cell lines that reflect the major characteristics of a particular type of thyroid cancer being investigated could be used as a good model system to analyze the signaling pathways that may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis. Further, the review of literature also suggests that some of the limitations can be overcome by using multiple cell lines derived from the same type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Pilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kanteti V. Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shankar Jayarama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Growth inhibition of thyroid follicular cell-derived cancers by the opioid growth factor (OGF) - opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) axis. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:369. [PMID: 19835629 PMCID: PMC2770570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an uncommon cancer, but the most frequent malignancy of the endocrine system. Most thyroid cancers are derived from the follicular cell. Follicular carcinoma (FTC) is considered more malignant than papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human cancers. Opioid Growth Factor (OGF; chemical term - [Met5]-enkephalin) and its receptor, OGFr, form an inhibitory axis regulating cell proliferation. Both the peptide and receptor have been detected in a wide variety of cancers, and OGF is currently used clinically as a biotherapy for some non-thyroid neoplasias. This study addressed the question of whether the OGF-OGFr axis is present and functional in human thyroid follicular cell - derived cancer. METHODS Utilizing human ATC (KAT-18), PTC (KTC-1), and FTC (WRO 82-1) cell lines, immunohistochemistry was employed to ascertain the presence and location of OGF and OGFr. The growth characteristics in the presence of OGF or the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX), and the specificity of opioid peptides for proliferation of ATC, were established in KAT-18 cells. Dependence on peptide and receptor were investigated using neutralization studies with antibodies and siRNA experiments, respectively. The mechanism of peptide action on DNA synthesis and cell survival was ascertained. The ubiquity of the OGF-OGFr axis in thyroid follicular cell-derived cancer was assessed in KTC-1 (PTC) and WRO 82-1 (FTC) tumor cells. RESULTS OGF and OGFr were present in KAT-18 cells. Concentrations of 10-6 M OGF inhibited cell replication up to 30%, whereas NTX increased cell growth up to 35% relative to cultures treated with sterile water. OGF treatment reduced cell number by as much as 38% in KAT-18 ATC in a dose-dependent and receptor-mediated manner. OGF antibodies neutralized the inhibitory effects of OGF, and siRNA knockdown of OGFr negated growth inhibition by OGF. Cell survival was not altered by OGF, but DNA synthesis as recorded by BrdU incorporation was depressed by 28% in OGF-treated cultures compared to those exposed to sterile water. The OGF-OGFr axis was detected and functional in PTC (KTC-1) and FTC (WRO 82-1) cell lines. CONCLUSION These data suggest that OGF and OGFr are present in follicular-derived thyroid cancers, and that OGF serves in a tonically active inhibitory manner to maintain homeostasis of cell proliferation. These results may provide a biotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of these cancers.
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Handkiewicz-Junak D, Roskosz J, Hasse-Lazar K, Szpak-Ulczok S, Puch Z, Kukulska A, Olczyk T, Piela A, Paliczka-Cieslik E, Jarzab B. 13-cis-retinoic acid re-differentiation therapy and recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of non-Functional metastatic thyroid cancer: a single-center, 53-patient phase 2 study. Thyroid Res 2009; 2:8. [PMID: 19646277 PMCID: PMC2739165 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 30-50% of patients with metastatic non-medullary thyroid cancer the metastases are not radioiodine-avid and so there is no effective treatment. Retinoids have demonstrated inhibition of thyroid tumor growth and induction of radioiodine uptake. The aim of our study was to assess benefits of the retinoic acid (RA) treatment to re-differentiate non-functional NMTC metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 53 patients with radioiodine non avid metastatic disease (45) or hyperthyroglobulinemia (8) were treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-CRA) [1.0 mg/kg/day over 1st week and then 1.5 mg/kg] for six weeks prior to I-131 treatment performed under rhTSH stimulation. The re-differentiating effect of RA was evaluated by serum thyroglobulin (Tg) monitoring before and after cessation of RA treatment and by qualitative analysis of iodine uptake on the post-therapeutic whole body scan (rxWBS). RESULTS 13-CRA induced radioiodine uptake in 9 (17%) of patients. In the univariate analysis neither the patient's gender, age, tumor histopathology, uptake in thyroid bed nor time since thyroid cancer diagnosis was associated with results of rxWBS.41 (77%) patients were evaluable for Tg response before and after to 13-CRA treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in median Tg level (60 v. 90 ng/ml, p < 0.05). There was no difference in Tg increase between scintigraphic responders and non-responders.13-CRA and RIT was repeated at least once in 8 of 9 scintigraphic responders. None of them showed tumor regression by radiological imaging within 12 months after the first treatment, 4/9 (44%) of them had disease progression.13-CRA treatment was well-tolerated. All but one patient complained of at least one side effect the most prevalent being lip dryness (98%). All side effects were transient and resolved within 2 weeks after 13-CRA cessation. CONCLUSION Our results show that in patients with non-functional metastases from NMTC, 13-CRA is able to exert some re-differentiation effect by induction of radioiodine uptake in <20% of patients and increase of Tg serum level in about 30% of them. Nevertheless, this does not transfer into clinical benefit as it neither induces measurable tumor response nor prevents disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Handkiewicz-Junak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeza Armii Krajowej 14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Schweppe RE, Klopper JP, Korch C, Pugazhenthi U, Benezra M, Knauf JA, Fagin JA, Marlow LA, Copland JA, Smallridge RC, Haugen BR. Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling analysis of 40 human thyroid cancer cell lines reveals cross-contamination resulting in cell line redundancy and misidentification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4331-41. [PMID: 18713817 PMCID: PMC2582569 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cell lines derived from human cancers provide critical tools to study disease mechanisms and develop novel therapies. Recent reports indicate that up to 36% of cell lines are cross- contaminated. OBJECTIVE We evaluated 40 reported thyroid cancer-derived cell lines using short tandem repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. RESULTS Only 23 of 40 cell lines tested have unique genetic profiles. The following groups of cell lines are likely derivatives of the same cell line: BHP5-16, BHP17-10, BHP14-9, and NPA87; BHP2-7, BHP10-3, BHP7-13, and TPC1; KAT5, KAT10, KAT4, KAT7, KAT50, KAK1, ARO81-1, and MRO87-1; and K1 and K2. The unique cell lines include BCPAP, KTC1, TT2609-C02, FTC133, ML1, WRO82-1, 8505C, SW1736, Cal-62, T235, T238, Uhth-104, ACT-1, HTh74, KAT18, TTA1, FRO81-2, HTh7, C643, BHT101, and KTC-2. The misidentified cell lines included the DRO90-1, which matched the melanoma-derived cell line, A-375. The ARO81-1 and its derivatives matched the HT-29 colon cancer cell line, and the NPA87 and its derivatives matched the M14/MDA-MB-435S melanoma cell line. TTF-1 and Pax-8 mRNA levels were determined in the unique cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Many of these human cell lines have been widely used in the thyroid cancer field for the past 20 yr and are not only redundant, but not of thyroid origin. These results emphasize the importance of cell line integrity, and provide the short tandem repeat profiles for a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines that can be used as a reference for comparison of cell lines from other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Shinohara S, Rothstein JL. Interleukin 24 is induced by the RET/PTC3 oncoprotein and is an autocrine growth factor for epithelial cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7571-9. [PMID: 15326486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancers, like hematological malignancies, are commonly associated with chromosomal translocations leading to the formation of fusion proteins. Through altered signaling by fusion proteins, cell death and survival pathways are disrupted and the physiological balance of cell-cell communication may be lost. A consequence of this disruption is the release of factors by stressed cells that alert the host. One type of host response is leukocytic infiltration that may develop into chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease. Although inflammation can be associated with neoplastic tissue, the mechanism driving this process is largely unknown. Therefore, to address the mechanism of cancer inflammation we investigated the effects of an oncogene in a murine model system. A comprehensive genetic analysis revealed several soluble factors that were induced by RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)3 gene expression including several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immunologically relevant costimulatory molecules. Following a large genetic screen using RP3-expressing thyroid cells, we identified a highly abundant transcript and later identified it as interleukin 24 (Il24), a cytokine with diverse tumor suppressor and inflammatory activities. We show that RET/PTC3 induces Il24 expression in rat thyrocytes and that this expression is dependent on the signaling properties of its tyrosine kinase. Likewise, RET/PTC3 induces large amounts of Il24 following expression in murine thyrocytes, but its expression is dramatically reduced in poorly differentiated carcinomas, a finding that parallels the loss of RET/PTC3 expression. Consistent with its behavior as a tumor suppressor, the loss of Il24 coincided with the loss of RET/PTC3 in poorly differentiated mouse tumors. A functional role of Il24 in the autocrine growth/survival of RET/PTC3-expressing thyroid cells was identified helping to support its role in cellular transformation. These data suggest that the induction of Il24 by oncogenes may support tumor growth at the early stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Shinohara
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Russell JP, Shinohara S, Melillo RM, Castellone MD, Santoro M, Rothstein JL. Tyrosine kinase oncoprotein, RET/PTC3, induces the secretion of myeloid growth and chemotactic factors. Oncogene 2003; 22:4569-77. [PMID: 12881713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid carcinomas are the most frequent endocrine neoplasms, but account for few cancer-related deaths. Although the indolent growth of these cancers correlates well with longevity, the biological basis for this good prognosis is not known. In contrast, two of the most frequent autoimmune diseases involve the thyroid suggesting a high propensity for this organ to invoke destructive immunity. Unfortunately, the mechanism linking malignancy and autoimmunity is not clear, although the expression of the oncogenic fusion protein RET/PTC3 (RP3) in both of these disorders may provide a clue. Interestingly, the signaling caused by activated RET kinase involves overlapping pathways and some common to the inflammatory response. Accordingly, we analyzed the function of RP3 and a mutant RP3 molecule to induce proinflammatory pathways in thyroid epithelial cells. Indeed, we find that RP3 alone causes increases in nuclear NF-kappaB activity and secretion of MCP-1 and GM-CSF. Finally, transfer of RP3-expressing thyrocytes into mice in vivo attracted dense macrophage infiltrates, which lead to rapid thyroid cell death. Further, cytokine synthesis and inflammation was largely abrogated by mutation of RP3 Tyr588; an important protein-binding site for downstream signaling. Together, these studies implicate oncogene-induced cytokine-signaling pathways in a new mechanism linking inflammation with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Russell
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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36
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Lin JD. The role of apoptosis in autoimmune thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 322:1525-7. [PMID: 11420275 PMCID: PMC1120572 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.322.7301.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kweishan County, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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