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Lazarus HM, Pitts K, Wang T, Lee E, Buchbinder E, Dougan M, Armstrong DG, Paine R, Ragsdale CE, Boyd T, Rock EP, Gale RP. Recombinant GM-CSF for diseases of GM-CSF insufficiency: Correcting dysfunctional mononuclear phagocyte disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1069444. [PMID: 36685591 PMCID: PMC9850113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), identified by its ability to support differentiation of hematopoietic cells into several types of myeloid cells, is now known to support maturation and maintain the metabolic capacity of mononuclear phagocytes including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These cells sense and attack potential pathogens, present antigens to adaptive immune cells, and recruit other immune cells. Recombinant human (rhu) GM-CSF (e.g., sargramostim [glycosylated, yeast-derived rhu GM-CSF]) has immune modulating properties and can restore the normal function of mononuclear phagocytes rendered dysfunctional by deficient or insufficient endogenous GM-CSF. Methods We reviewed the emerging biologic and cellular effects of GM-CSF. Experts in clinical disease areas caused by deficient or insufficient endogenous GM-CSF examined the role of GM-CSF in mononuclear phagocyte disorders including autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP), diverse infections (including COVID-19), wound healing, and anti-cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Results We discuss emerging data for GM-CSF biology including the positive effects on mitochondrial function and cell metabolism, augmentation of phagocytosis and efferocytosis, and immune cell modulation. We further address how giving exogenous rhu GM-CSF may control or treat mononuclear phagocyte dysfunction disorders caused or exacerbated by GM-CSF deficiency or insufficiency. We discuss how rhu GM-CSF may augment the anti-cancer effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy as well as ameliorate immune-related adverse events. Discussion We identify research gaps, opportunities, and the concept that rhu GM-CSF, by supporting and restoring the metabolic capacity and function of mononuclear phagocytes, can have significant therapeutic effects. rhu GM-CSF (e.g., sargramostim) might ameliorate multiple diseases of GM-CSF deficiency or insufficiency and address a high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillard M. Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Katherine Pitts
- Medical Affairs, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Tisha Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elinor Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Buchbinder
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Dougan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David G. Armstrong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Timothy Boyd
- Clinical Development, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Edwin P. Rock
- Clinical Development, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Hematology Centre, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Kim M, Lin J, Huh JE, Park JH, Go M, Lee H, Hwang D, Kim HS, Kim T, Lee D, Lee SY. Tetraspanin 7 regulates osteoclast function through association with the RANK/αvβ3 integrin complex. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:846-855. [PMID: 34407208 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin rings are unique structures that facilitate the attachment of osteoclasts to the bone matrix during bone resorption. Previous studies have shown that tetraspanin7 (TSPAN7) plays an important role in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton necessary for the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. However, questions remain as to the mechanisms by which TSPAN7 regulates this cytoskeletal rearrangement. In this study, we investigated the roles of TSPAN7 in osteoclasts by deleting the Tm4sf2 gene in mice, which encodes TSPAN7. The Tm4sf2 global knockout model showed protective effects on pathological bone loss, but no discernible changes in bone phenotypes under physiological conditions. In vitro study revealed that ablation of Tm4sf2 caused significant defects in integrin-mediated actin ring formation, thereby leading to significantly decreased bone resorption. Additionally, we demonstrated an association between TSPAN7 and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-кB/αvβ3 integrin. Overall, our findings suggest that TSPAN7 acts as a novel modulator regulating the bone-resorbing function of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Huh
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miyeon Go
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daekee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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3
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Murakami A, Matsuda M, Harada Y, Hirata M. Phospholipase C-related, but catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) up-regulates osteoclast differentiation via calcium-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7994-8006. [PMID: 28341745 PMCID: PMC5427276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-related, but catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) was previously identified as a novel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein with a domain organization similar to that of phospholipase C-δ but lacking phospholipase activity. We recently showed that PRIP gene knock-out (KO) in mice increases bone formation and concomitantly decreases bone resorption, resulting in increased bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume. However, the role of PRIP in osteoclastogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of PRIP on bone remodeling by investigating dynamic tooth movement in mice fitted with orthodontic devices. Morphological analysis indicated that the extent of tooth movement was smaller in the PRIP-KO mice than in wild-type mice. Histological analysis revealed fewer osteoclasts on the bone-resorption side in maxillary bones of PRIP-KO mice, and osteoclast formation assays and flow cytometry indicated lower osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow cells isolated from these mice. The expression of genes implicated in bone resorption was lower in differentiated PRIP-KO cells, and genes involved in osteoclast differentiation, such as the transcription factor NFATc1, exhibited lower expression in immature PRIP-KO cells initiated by M-CSF. Moreover, calcineurin expression and activity were also lower in the PRIP-KO cells. The PRIP-KO cells also displayed fewer M-CSF-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ and exhibited reduced nuclear localization of NFATc1. Up-regulation of intracellular Ca2+ restored osteoclastogenesis of the PRIP-KO cells. These results indicate that PRIP deficiency impairs osteoclast differentiation, particularly at the early stages, and that PRIP stimulates osteoclast differentiation through calcium-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling via regulating intracellular Ca2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Murakami
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, and
| | - Miho Matsuda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, and
| | - Yui Harada
- R&D Laboratory for Innovative Biotherapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Masato Hirata
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, and
- the Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, Japan
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4
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Lu X, Ito Y, Atsawasuwan P, Dangaria S, Yan X, Wu T, Evans CA, Luan X. Ameloblastin modulates osteoclastogenesis through the integrin/ERK pathway. Bone 2013; 54:157-168. [PMID: 23385480 PMCID: PMC5023015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the extracellular matrix often have multiple functions to facilitate complex tasks ranging from signaling to structural support. Here we have focused on the function of one of the matrix proteins expressed in bones and teeth, the matrix adhesion protein ameloblastin (AMBN). Transgenic mice with 5-fold elevated AMBN levels in mandibles suffered from root cementum resorption, delamination, and reduced alveolar bone thickness. AMBN gain of function also resulted in a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume and bone mass dentistry in 42 days postnatal mouse jaws. In an in vitro model of osteoclastogenesis, AMBN modulated osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow derived monocytes (BMMCs), and dramatically increased osteoclast numbers and resorption pits. Furthermore, AMBN more than doubled BMMC adhesion, accelerated cell spreading, and promoted podosome belt and actin ring formation. These effects were associated with elevated ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation as well as higher expression of osteoclast activation related genes. Blocking integrin α2β1 and ERK 1/2 pathways alleviated the effects of AMBN on osteoclast differentiation. Together, our data indicate that AMBN increases osteoclast number and differentiation as well as mineralized tissue resorption by regulating cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton polymerization, initiating integrin-dependent extracellular matrix signaling cascades and enhancing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Lu
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Phimon Atsawasuwan
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, USA
| | - Smit Dangaria
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Xiulin Yan
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Tuojiang Wu
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Carla A. Evans
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, USA
| | - Xianghong Luan
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, USA
- University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, USA
- Corresponding author at: University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, 801 South Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612, USA., (X. Luan)
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5
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Zou W, Izawa T, Zhu T, Chappel J, Otero K, Monkley SJ, Critchley DR, Petrich BG, Morozov A, Ginsberg MH, Teitelbaum SL. Talin1 and Rap1 are critical for osteoclast function. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:830-44. [PMID: 23230271 PMCID: PMC3571341 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00790-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine talin1's role in osteoclasts, we mated TLN1(fl/fl) mice with those expressing cathepsin K-Cre (CtsK-TLN1) to delete the gene in mature osteoclasts or with lysozyme M-Cre (LysM-TLN1) mice to delete TLN1 in all osteoclast lineage cells. Absence of TLN1 impairs macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-stimulated inside-out integrin activation and cytoskeleton organization in mature osteoclasts. Talin1-deficient precursors normally express osteoclast differentiation markers when exposed to M-CSF and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand but attach to substrate and migrate poorly, arresting their development into mature resorptive cells. In keeping with inhibited resorption, CtsK-TLN1 mice exhibit an ∼5-fold increase in bone mass. Osteoclast-specific deletion of Rap1 (CtsK-Rap1), which promotes talin/β integrin recognition, yields similar osteopetrotic mice. The fact that the osteopetrosis of CtsK-TLN1 and CtsK-Rap1 mice is substantially more severe than that of those lacking αvβ3 is likely due to added failed activation of β1 integrins. In keeping with osteoclast dysfunction, mice in whom talin is deleted late in the course of osteoclastogenesis are substantially protected from ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis and the periarticular osteolysis attending inflammatory arthritis. Thus, talin1 and Rap1 are critical for resorptive function, and their selective inhibition in mature osteoclasts retards pathological bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan J. Monkley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Critchley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G. Petrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexei Morozov
- Unit on Behavioral Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Hayashi S, Wang Z, Bryan J, Kobayashi C, Faccio R, Sandell LJ. The type II collagen N-propeptide, PIIBNP, inhibits cell survival and bone resorption of osteoclasts via integrin-mediated signaling. Bone 2011; 49:644-52. [PMID: 21708300 PMCID: PMC3166963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type IIB procollagen is characteristic of cartilage, comprising 50% of the extracellular matrix. The NH(2)-propeptide of type IIB collagen, PIIBNP, can kill tumor cells via binding to integrins α(V)β(3) and α(V)β(5). As osteoclasts rely on α(V)β(3) integrins for function in bone erosion, we sought to determine whether PIIBNP could inhibit osteoclast function. METHODS We undertook in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate both osteoblast and osteoclast functions in the presence of recombinant PIIBNP. Adhesion of osteoclasts to PIIBNP was analyzed by staining of attached cells with crystal violet. PIIBNP-induced cell death was evaluated by counting Trypan Blue stained cells. The mechanism of cell death was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining and western blotting to detect cleaved caspases. To determine the role of α(V)β(3) integrin, osteoclasts were pretreated with α(V) or β(3) integrin specific siRNA before the treatment with PIIBNP. To explore PIIBNP function in vivo, a lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse calvaria lysis model was employed. RESULTS Osteoclasts adhered to PIIBNP via an RGD-mediated mechanism. When osteoclasts were plated on extracellular matrix proteins, PIIBNP induced apoptosis of osteoclasts via caspase 3/8 activation. Osteoblasts and macrophages were not killed. Reduction of α(V) or β(3) integrin levels on osteoclasts by siRNA reduced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, PIIBNP could inhibit bone resorption. CONCLUSION We conclude that PIIBNP can inhibit osteoclast survival and bone resorption via signal transduction through the α(V)β(3) integrins. Because of this property and the cell specificity, we propose that PIIBNP may play a role in vivo in protecting cartilage from osteoclast invasion and also could be a new therapeutic strategy for decreasing bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhepeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Bryan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chikashi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Feng X. Chemical and Biochemical Basis of Cell-Bone Matrix Interaction in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:189-196. [PMID: 20161446 DOI: 10.2174/187231309788166398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone, a calcified tissue composed of 60% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite), 10% water and 30% organic component (proteins), has three functions: providing mechanical support for locomotion, protecting vital organs, and regulating mineral homeostasis. A lifelong execution of these functions depends on a healthy skeleton, which is maintained by constant bone remodeling in which old bone is removed by the bone-resorbing cell, osteoclasts, and then replaced by new bone formed by the bone-forming cell, osteoblasts. This remodeling process requires a physical interaction of bone with these bone cells. Moreover, numerous cancers including breast and prostate have a high tendency to metastasize to bone, which is in part attributable to the capacity of the tumor cells to attach to bone. The intensive investigation in the past two decades has led to the notion that the cell-bone interaction involves integrins on cell surface and bone matrix proteins. However, the biochemical composition of bone and emerging evidence are inconsistent with this belief. In this review, I will discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the cell-bone interaction. I will also highlight the facts and new findings supporting that the inorganic, rather than the organic, component of bone is likely responsible for cellular attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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8
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Lui WY, Cheng CY. Regulation of cell junction dynamics by cytokines in the testis: a molecular and biochemical perspective. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:299-311. [PMID: 17521954 PMCID: PMC2701191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the past decade in the field have demonstrated the significance of cytokines in regulating epithelial and endothelial cell junctions including tight and anchoring junctions in multiple organs including the testis. There are mounting evidences in recent years that cytokines play a crucial role in the restructuring of junctions at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis. These earlier studies, however, were focused on the effects of cytokines in maintaining the steady-state protein levels of integral membrane proteins at the sites of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and anchoring junctions at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface, such as basal and apical ectoplasmic specialization, respectively. The molecular pathway(s) and/or mechanism(s) underlying these effects remained virtually unexplored until very recently. Herein, we summarize and provide some discussions on studies that focused on the role of cytokines in regulating junction restructuring events in epithelia from a molecular and biochemical perspective. Specifically, we use the adult rat or mouse testis as a model to highlight the significance of transcriptional and translational regulation. Specific areas of research that require further attentions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yee Lui
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
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Abstract
As Americans live longer, degenerative skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, become increasingly prevalent. Regardless of cause, osteoporosis reflects a relative enhancement of osteoclast activity. Thus, this unique bone resorptive cell is a prominent therapeutic target. A number of key observations provide insights into the mechanisms by which precursors commit to the osteoclast phenotype and how the mature cell degrades bone. The osteoclast is a member of the monocyte/macrophage family that differentiates under the aegis of two critical cytokines, namely RANK ligand and M-CSF. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha also promotes osteoclastogenesis, particularly in states of inflammatory osteolysis such as that attending rheumatoid arthritis. Once differentiated, the osteoclast forms an intimate relationship with the bone surface via the alphavbeta3 integrin, which transmits matrix-derived, cytoskeleton-organizing, signals. These integrin-transmitted signals include activation of the associated proteins, c-src, syk, Vav3, and Rho GTPases. The organized cytoskeleton generates an isolated microenvironment between the cell's plasma membrane and the bone surface in which matrix mineral is mobilized by the acidic milieu and organic matrix is degraded by the lysosomal protease, cathepsin K. This review focuses on these and other molecules that mediate osteoclast differentiation or function and thus serve as candidate anti-osteoporosis therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10
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Ye Y, Bloch S, Xu B, Achilefu S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of near infrared fluorescent multimeric RGD peptides for targeting tumors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2268-75. [PMID: 16570923 PMCID: PMC2525663 DOI: 10.1021/jm050947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular interactions between RGD peptides and integrins are known to mediate many biological and pathological processes. This has led to an increased interest in the development of RGD compounds with high affinity and improved selectivity for integrin receptors. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated a series of multimeric RGD compounds constructed on a dicarboxylic acid-containing near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye (cypate) for tumor targeting. An array of NIR fluorescent RGD compounds was prepared efficiently, including one RGD monomer (cypate-(RGD)(2)-NH(2)), two RGD dimers (cypate-(RGD)(2)-NH(2) and cypate-(RGD-NH(2))(2)), one trimer (cypate-(RGD)(3)-NH(2)), two tetramers (cypate-(RGD)(4)-NH(2) and cypate-[(RGD)(2)-NH(2)](2)), one hexamer (cypate-[(RGD)(3)-NH(2)](2)), and one octamer (cypate-[(RGD)(4)-NH(2)](2)). The binding affinity of the multimeric RGD compounds for alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor (ABIR) showed a remarkable increase relative to the monomer cypate-RGD-NH(2). Generally, the divalent linear arrays of the multimeric RGD units bound the ABIR with slightly higher affinity than their monovalent analogues. These results suggest that the receptor binding affinity was not only dependent on the number of RGD moieties but also on the spatial alignments of the pendant peptides. Internalization of the compounds by ABIR-positive tumor cells (A549) was monitored by NIR fluorescence microscopy. The data showed that endocytosis of the octameric RGD derivative was significantly higher by comparison to other compounds in this study. In vivo noninvasive optical imaging and biodistribution data showed that the compounds were retained in A549 tumor tissue. These results clearly demonstrated that an array of simple RGD tripeptides on a NIR fluorescent dye core can be recognized by ABIR. Optimization of the spatial alignment of the RGD moieties through careful molecular design and library construction could induce multivalent ligand-receptor interactions useful for in vivo tumor imaging and tumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel Achilefu
- Corresponding author. Phone: 314-362-8599. Fax: 314-747-5191. E-mail:
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11
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Shen Z, Crotti TN, McHugh KP, Matsuzaki K, Gravallese EM, Bierbaum BE, Goldring SR. The role played by cell-substrate interactions in the pathogenesis of osteoclast-mediated peri-implant osteolysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R70. [PMID: 16613614 PMCID: PMC1526628 DOI: 10.1186/ar1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic wear debris-induced peri-implant osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening after total joint replacement. In this condition, wear particles released from the implant components induce a granulomatous inflammatory reaction at the interface between implant and adjacent bone, leading to progressive bone resorption and loss of fixation. The present study was undertaken to characterize definitively the phenotype of osteoclast-like cells associated with regions of peri-implant focal bone resorption and to compare the phenotypic features of these cells with those of mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene wear particles. Peri-implant tissues were obtained from patients undergoing hip revision surgery for aseptic loosening after total joint replacement. Cells were examined for the expression of several markers associated with the osteoclast phenotype using immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and/or in situ hybridization. CD68 protein, a marker expressed by multiple macrophage lineage cell types, was detected in mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene particles and the bone surface. Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were expressed highly in both mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with the bone surface. Levels of expression were much lower in cells associated with polyethylene particles. High levels of β3 integrin protein were detected in cells in contact with bone. Multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene particles exhibited faint positive staining. Calcitonin receptor mRNA expression was detected solely in multinucleated cells present in resorption lacunae on the bone surface and was absent in cells associated with polyethylene particles. Our findings provide further evidence that cells expressing the full repertoire of osteoclast phenotypic markers are involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implant osteolysis after total joint replacement. They also demonstrate that foreign body giant cells, although believed to be phenotypically and functionally distinct from osteoclasts, express many osteoclast-associated genes and gene products. However, the levels and patterns of expression of these genes in the two cell types differ. We speculate that, in addition to the role of cytokines and growth factors, the substrate with which these cells interact plays a critical role in their differential phenotypic and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Shen
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tania N Crotti
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin P McHugh
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenichiro Matsuzaki
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin E Bierbaum
- Department of Orthopedics, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R Goldring
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bakewell SJ, Nestor P, Prasad S, Tomasson MH, Dowland N, Mehrotra M, Scarborough R, Kanter J, Abe K, Phillips D, Weilbaecher KN. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14205-10. [PMID: 14612570 PMCID: PMC283570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2234372100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with a targeted deletion of beta3 integrin were used to examine the process by which tumor cells metastasize and destroy bone. Injection of B16 melanoma cells into the left cardiac ventricle resulted in osteolytic bone metastasis in 74% of beta3+/+ mice by 14 days. In contrast, only 4% of beta3-/- mice developed bone lesions. Direct intratibial inoculation of tumor resulted in marrow replacement by tumor in beta3-/- mice, but no associated trabecular bone resorption as seen inbeta3+/+ mice. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed that susceptibility to bone metastasis was conferred by a bone marrow-derived cell. To dissect the roles of osteoclast and platelet beta3 integrins in this model of bone metastasis, osteoclast-defective src-/- mice were used. Src-null mice were protected from tumor-associated bone destruction but were not protected from tumor cell metastasis to bone. In contrast, a highly specific platelet aggregation inhibitor of activated alphaIIbbeta3 prevented B16 metastases. These data demonstrate a critical role for platelet alphaIIbbeta3 in tumor entry into bone and suggest a mechanism by which antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial in preventing the metastasis of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Bakewell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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McHugh KP, Hodivala-Dilke K, Zheng MH, Namba N, Lam J, Novack D, Feng X, Ross FP, Hynes RO, Teitelbaum SL. Mice lacking beta3 integrins are osteosclerotic because of dysfunctional osteoclasts. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:433-40. [PMID: 10683372 PMCID: PMC289172 DOI: 10.1172/jci8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/1999] [Accepted: 01/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts express the alphavbeta3 integrin, an adhesion receptor that has been implicated in bone resorption and that is therefore a potential therapeutic target. To assess the role of this heterodimer in skeletal development in vivo, we engineered mice in which the gene for the beta3 integrin subunit was deleted. Bone marrow macrophages derived from these mutants differentiate in vitro into numerous osteoclasts, thus establishing that alphavbeta3 is not necessary for osteoclast recruitment. Furthermore, the closely related integrin, alphavbeta5, does not substitute for alphavbeta3 during cytokine stimulation or authentic osteoclastogenesis. beta3 knockout mice, but not their heterozygous littermates, develop histologically and radiographically evident osteosclerosis with age. Despite their increased bone mass, beta3-null mice contain 3.5-fold more osteoclasts than do heterozygotes. These mutant osteoclasts are, however, dysfunctional, as evidenced by their reduced ability to resorb whale dentin in vitro and the significant hypocalcemia seen in the knockout mice. The resorptive defect in beta3-deficient osteoclasts may reflect absence of matrix-derived intracellular signals, since their cytoskeleton is distinctly abnormal and they fail to spread in vitro, to form actin rings ex vivo, or to form normal ruffled membranes in vivo. Thus, although it is not required for osteoclastogenesis, the integrin alphavbeta3 is essential for normal osteoclast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P McHugh
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Sago K, Teitelbaum SL, Venstrom K, Reichardt LF, Ross FP. The integrin alphavbeta5 is expressed on avian osteoclast precursors and regulated by retinoic acid. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:32-8. [PMID: 9893063 PMCID: PMC2710096 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts arise by proliferation, differentiation, and subsequent fusion of marrow-derived precursors, all processes requiring attachment to matrix. Integrins are important mediators of cell-matrix recognition and bone is rich in proteins containing the Arg-Gly-Asp motif, recognized primarily by alphav integrins. Thus, we determined if avian osteoclast precursors express integrins capable of mediating initial attachment to matrix proteins. Early, marrow-derived osteoclast precursors, when first isolated, contain no detectable alphavbeta3, but express an alphav integrin with an 80 kDa associated beta subunit. Immunoprecipitation with an antibody raised against the conserved beta5 cytoplasmic tail sequence indicates the the alphav associated the integrin is alphavbeta5. Retinoic acid is a resorptive steroid, and its exposure to early osteoclast precursors prompts a time- and dose-dependent decrease in alphavbeta5 expression, while simultaneously stimulating alphavbeta3 expression. Northern analysis reveals that retinoic acid decreases beta5 steady-state mRNA, nontranscriptionally, without altering that of alphav. The finding alphavbeta5 expression decreases under the influence of retinoic acid, an osteoclastogenic steroid, while those of alphavbeta3 rise, suggests that these closely related integrins play separate and complementary roles during osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sago
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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