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Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Multiparticulate Dosage Form Carrying Budesonide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance the Efficiency of Pellets in the Colon. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010069. [PMID: 36678698 PMCID: PMC9865799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempt was made to conquer the limitation of orally administered nanoparticles for the delivery of budesonide to the colon. The ionic gelation technique was used to load budesonide on chitosan nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were investigated in terms of size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, shape and drug release. Then, nanoparticles were pelletized using the extrusion-spheronization method and were investigated for their size, mechanical properties, and drug release. Pellets were subsequently coated with a polymeric solution composed of two enteric (eudragit L and S) and time-dependent polymers (eudragit RS) for colon-specific delivery. All formulations were examined for their anti-inflammatory effect in rats with induced colitis and the relapse of the colitis after discontinuation of treatment was also followed. The size of nanoparticles ranged between 288 ± 7.5 and 566 ± 7.7 nm and zeta potential verified their positive charged surface. The drug release from nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by a continuous release. Pelletized nanoparticles showed proper mechanical properties and faster drug release in acidic pH compared with alkaline pH. It was interesting to note that pelletized budesonide nanoparticles released the drug throughout the GIT in a sustained fashion, and had long-lasting anti-inflammatory effects while rapid relapse was observed for those treated with conventional budesonide pellets. It seems that there is a synergistic effect of nanoformulation of budesonide and the encapsulation of pelletized nanoparticles in a proper coating system for colon delivery that could result in a significant and long-lasting anti-inflammatory effect.
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Hajiali F, Jin T, Yang G, Santos M, Lam E, Moores A. Mechanochemical Transformations of Biomass into Functional Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102535. [PMID: 35137539 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is one of the promising alternatives to petroleum-derived materials and plays a major role in our fight against climate change by providing renewable sources of chemicals and materials. Owing to its chemical and structural complexity, the transformation of biomass into value-added products requires a profound understanding of its composition at different scales and innovative methods such as combining physical and chemical processes. In this context, the use of mechanochemistry in biomass valorization is currently growing owing to its potentials as an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach. This review highlights the latest advances in the transformation of biomass (i. e., chitin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and starch) to functional materials using mechanochemical-assisted methods. We focused here on the methodology of biomass processing, influencing factors, and resulting properties with an emphasis on achieving functional materials rather than breaking down the biopolymer chains into smaller molecules. Opportunities and limitations associated this methodology were discussed accordingly for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Hajiali
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tony Jin
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Galen Yang
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Madison Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3480 University St., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0 C5, Canada
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Liu X, Zhang M, Tian Y, Liu R, Wang Y, Guo F, Gong Y, Yan M. Development, Characterization, and Investigation of In Vivo Targeted Delivery Efficacy of Luteolin-Loaded, Eudragit S100-Coated mPEG-PLGA Nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:100. [PMID: 35348949 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin (Lu) is a kind of flavonoid that has been proved to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by alleviating intestinal microbiota disorder. In this study, luteolin was coated with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) using an emulsion solvent evaporation method, and the optimum preparation process was determined by a single-factor experiment combined with response surface methodology (RSM). Methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate (1:2) copolymer (Eudragit S100) was then used to coat the surface of Lu/mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles. The physical parameters of Eudragit S100-coated Lu/mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles (Lu-NPs), such as appearance, particle size, potential, particle size distribution and drug release, and stability in vitro, were evaluated. In addition, its cytotoxicity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and toxicity in vivo were also studied. The results showed that the prepared Lu-NPs had uniform particle size distribution, high encapsulation efficiency, and good stability. Normal colonic epithelial cells showed good tolerance to Lu-NPs. After oral administration, the blood concentration of luteolin peaked at 8 h, and the main tissue distribution was within the colon, confirming its colon-targeted profile. Safety assessments also indicated that no significant changes were observed in main organs after administration of Lu-NPs. The use of Eudragit S100-coated Lu/mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles is a new strategy for colon-targeted delivery of luteolin that encourages luteolin to fulfill its role in the colon.
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Lechner K, Zeeshana M, Noack M, Ali H, Neurath M, Weigmanna B. Small but powerful: Will nanoparticles be the future state‐of‐the‐art therapy for IBD? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:235-245. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2043847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lechner
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Erlangen, Research Campus, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mahira Zeeshana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid‐i‐Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Maxi Noack
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Erlangen, Research Campus, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid‐i‐Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Markus Neurath
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 14, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmanna
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich‐Alexander University, Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Xu W, Su W, Xue Z, Pu F, Xie Z, Jin K, Polyakov NE, Dushkin AV, Su W. Research on Preparation of 5-ASA Colon-Specific Hydrogel Delivery System without Crosslinking Agent by Mechanochemical Method. Pharm Res 2021; 38:693-706. [PMID: 33754258 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to overcome the challenges of the current oral targeted drug delivery system, such as the complex preparation process, poor biocompatibility, and delayed drug release. METHODS Here, a non-covalent polymer hydrogel was prepared using the mechanochemical method, and the solid phase loading of 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) was realized. RESULTS The results obtained from the thermodynamics study, particle size analysis, and electron microscopy show that chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA) form a pH-sensitive hydrogel under the mechanochemical force and also maintain good stability in aqueous solution. Fluorescent tracers study showed that the pH-sensitive hydrogel could achieve the targeted drug release in the colon and the retention time was over 12 h. Next, in vivo efficacy studies, change in mice body weight, DAI (disease activity index) score, thymus, and spleen index, and the diseased state of the mice colon revealed that the pH-sensitive hydrogel is an improved drug delivery system over 5-ASA API commercial preparations as observed in the efficacy and toxicological studies. CONCLUSION This method uses an innovative preparation technology that without the need of cross-linking agent to produce an efficient colon-targeted drug delivery system for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhencheng Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Pu
- Zhejiang Suichang Limin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangfu Xie
- Zhejiang Suichang Limin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongliang Jin
- Zhejiang Suichang Limin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suichang, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Alexander V Dushkin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Ferri D, Costero AM, Gaviña P, Parra M, Merino V, Teruel AH, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R. Efficacy of budesonide-loaded mesoporous silica microparticles capped with a bulky azo derivative in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:93-101. [PMID: 30817986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A colon targeted drug delivery system for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), consisting in budesonide loaded mesoporous silica microparticles functionalized with a selective azo-molecular gate (M-Bud), has been evaluated for in vivo efficacy. Experimental colitis in male Wistar rats was induced by rectal instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). M-Bud was orally administered to the rats as a suspension in water. Colon/body weight ratio, clinical activity score, and histological evaluation were used as inflammatory indices to measure the performance of the microparticles. The formulation was compared with a suspension prepared from the commercial drug Entocord®. Statistical analyses of all scores indicate that the controlled release of budesonide in colon from M-Bud showed efficacy similar to that of Entocord in the healing of induced colitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferri
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M Costero
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Pablo Gaviña
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Margarita Parra
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Avda Vte Andrés Estellés sn, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Adrián H Teruel
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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7
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Sipponen MH, Lange H, Ago M, Crestini C. Understanding Lignin Aggregation Processes. A Case Study: Budesonide Entrapment and Stimuli Controlled Release from Lignin Nanoparticles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:9342-9351. [PMID: 30271691 PMCID: PMC6156105 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of lignin nanoprecipitation and subsequent self-assembly was elucidated by studying generation of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) from aqueous ethanol. LNP formation was found to follow a kinetically controlled nucleation-growth mechanism in which large lignin molecules formed the initial critical nuclei. Using this information, we demonstrate entrapment of budesonide in LNPs and subsequent pH-triggered and surfactant-responsive release of this synthetic anti-inflammatory corticosteroid. Overall, our results not only provide a promising intestinal delivery system for budesonide but also deliver fundamental mechanistic understanding for the entrapment of actives in LNPs with controlled size and release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika H. Sipponen
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Heiko Lange
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
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8
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Sinhmar GK, Shah NN, Rawal SU, Chokshi NV, Khatri HN, Patel BM, Patel MM. Surface engineered lipid nanoparticle-mediated site-specific drug delivery system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:565-578. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1463232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur Sinhmar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Neel N. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti U. Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nimitt V. Chokshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hiren N. Khatri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomika M. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayur M. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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9
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Samak YO, El Massik M, Coombes AGA. A Comparison of Aerosolization and Homogenization Techniques for Production of Alginate Microparticles for Delivery of Corticosteroids to the Colon. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:208-216. [PMID: 27693300 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alginate microparticles incorporating hydrocortisone hemisuccinate were produced by aerosolization and homogenization methods to investigate their potential for colonic drug delivery. Microparticle stabilization was achieved by CaCl2 crosslinking solution (0.5 M and 1 M), and drug loading was accomplished by diffusion into blank microparticles or by direct encapsulation. Homogenization method produced smaller microparticles (45-50 μm), compared to aerosolization (65-90 μm). High drug loadings (40% wt/wt) were obtained for diffusion-loaded aerosolized microparticles. Aerosolized microparticles suppressed drug release in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) prior to drug release in simulated colonic fluid (SCF) to a higher extent than homogenized microparticles. Microparticles prepared using aerosolization or homogenization (1 M CaCl2, diffusion loaded) released 5% and 17% of drug content after 2 h in SGF and 4 h in SIF, respectively, and 75% after 12 h in SCF. Thus, aerosolization and homogenization techniques show potential for producing alginate microparticles for colonic drug delivery in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin O Samak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Magda El Massik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Allan G A Coombes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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10
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Nanoparticle-based oral delivery systems for colon targeting: principles and design strategies. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Gulbake A, Chashoo G, Sharma PR, Gupta PN, Saxena AK, Jain SK. Polymeric nanocomposite: Development, characterization,ex vivoandin vivoevaluation for ulcerative colitis. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Viscido A, Capannolo A, Latella G, Caprilli R, Frieri G. Nanotechnology in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:903-18. [PMID: 24686095 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is only aimed to block or inhibit the pathogenetic steps of the inflammatory cascade. Side effects of systemic therapies, poor targeting of orally administered topical drug and low adherence to prescription represent frequent therapeutic challenges. Recent observations suggest that nanotechnology could provide amazing advantage in this field since particles having dimension in the nanometer scale (nanoparticles) can modify pharmacokinetic step of biologic and conventional therapeutic agents with a better delivery of drugs within the intestinal inflammatory cells. The aim of this review was to provide the clinician with an insight into the potential role of nanotechnology in the treatment of IBD. METHODS A systematic search (PubMed) for experimental studies on the treatment of intestinal inflammation using nanotechnology for the delivery of drugs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The size of the pharmaceutical formulation is inversely related to specificity for inflammation. Nanoparticles can penetrate epithelial and inflammatory cells resulting in much higher, effective and long-acting concentrations than can be obtained using conventional delivery systems. From a practical point of view, this should lead to improvements in both efficacy and adherence to treatment, providing patients with the prospect of stable and prolonged remissions with reduced drug loadings. Reduced systemic side effects could also be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Viscido
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Capannolo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Frieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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13
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Moulari B, Béduneau A, Pellequer Y, Lamprecht A. Lectin-decorated nanoparticles enhance binding to the inflamed tissue in experimental colitis. J Control Release 2014; 188:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Ali H, Weigmann B, Neurath MF, Collnot EM, Windbergs M, Lehr CM. Budesonide loaded nanoparticles with pH-sensitive coating for improved mucosal targeting in mouse models of inflammatory bowel diseases. J Control Release 2014; 183:167-77. [PMID: 24685705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of budesonide loaded nanocarriers for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). First, budesonide was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles by an oil in water (O/W) emulsion technique. A second batch of the same nanoparticles was additionally coated with a pH-sensitive methyl-methacrylate-copolymer. The particle sizes of the plain and the coated PLGA were 200±10.1nm and ~240±14.7nm, respectively. As could be shown in vitro, the pH-sensitive coating prevented premature drug release at acidic pH and only releases the drug at neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The efficacy of both coated and plain nanoparticle formulations was assessed in different acute and chronic colitis mouse models, also in comparison to an aqueous solution of the drug. The dose was always the same (0.168mg/kg). It was found that delivery by coated PLGA nanoparticles alleviated the induced colitis significantly better than by plain PLGA particles, which was already more effective than treatment with the same dose of the free drug. These data further corroborate the potential of polymeric nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the inflamed intestinal mucosa, and that this concept can still be further improved regarding the oral route of administration by implementing pH-dependent drug release characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ali
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Campus A 4 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - B Weigmann
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M F Neurath
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E M Collnot
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus A 4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Windbergs
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Campus A 4 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus A 4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - C-M Lehr
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Campus A 4 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus A 4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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15
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Xiao B, Merlin D. Oral colon-specific therapeutic approaches toward treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1393-407. [PMID: 23036075 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.730517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing idiopathic disease. In clinical terms, most patients require lifelong medication associated with possible unpleasant adverse effects. Oral colon-specific drug delivery systems are designed to deliver therapeutic drugs to the inflamed colon to target pathophysiological manifestations of IBD. The aim is to maintain the drug with proper concentration in the inflamed colon, to enhance drug residence time and to minimize drug absorption by healthy tissues. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the main barriers for colon-specific drug delivery from organism, tissue and cell levels, respectively. It also summarizes novel colon-specific therapeutic strategies using microparticles and nanoparticles. EXPERT OPINION Oral colon-specific drug delivery represents a possible approach toward efficient treatment of IBD. As the environment of the gastrointestinal tract is harsh and intricate, this approach requires that drug carriers can respond to specific environmental factors of the inflamed colon, permitting stimulus-responsive release of loaded drugs to specific cells or even into specific organelles within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA.
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Collnot EM, Ali H, Lehr CM. Nano- and microparticulate drug carriers for targeting of the inflamed intestinal mucosa. J Control Release 2012; 161:235-46. [PMID: 22306429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is based on the daily administration of high doses of immune-suppressant or anti-inflammatory drugs, often complicated by serious adverse effects. Thus, a carrier system that delivers the drug specifically to the inflamed intestinal regions and shows prolonged drug release would be desirable. The advent of TNF-α antibodies and other biopharmaceuticals as potent and specific immune modulators in recent years has broadened the treatment options in IBD, but further increases the necessity for adequate drug delivery, as integrity and bioactivity of the biological active have to be ensured. Exploiting the pathophysiological idiosyncrasies of IBD such as increased mucus production, changes in the structure of the intestinal epithelium and invasion of activated macrophages, different colloidal drug carrier systems have been designed to passively or actively target the site of inflammation. This review introduces different micro- or nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for oral application in IBD therapy for the delivery of small molecular compounds and next generation therapeutics from the group of biological (i.e. peptide and nucleotide based) drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Collnot
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Dept. of Drug Delivery Saarland University, Campus A 4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Varshosaz J, Ahmadi F, Emami J, Tavakoli N, Minaiyan M, Mahzouni P, Dorkoosh F. Microencapsulation of budesonide with dextran by spray drying technique for colon-targeted delivery: an in vitro/in vivo evaluation in induced colitis in rat. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:62-73. [PMID: 21171817 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.529947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was developing colon targeted-delivery of budesonide for ulcerative colitis. Microcapsules were prepared using spray drying technique by different drug-to-dextran ratios and three molecular weights (MWs) of polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), drug release and loading efficiency of microcapsules were studied. In vivo efficacy of the selected formulation prepared by 1 : 10 drug-to-polymer ratio and dextran with MW 500 000 (D10M500) against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats was evaluated and compared to the control and reference groups (mesalasine and budesonide suspensions). The results showed that D10M500 microcapsules could target the drug to colon and its efficacy in reducing macroscopic damage score was higher than mesalasine suspension. Treatment with D10M500 decreased the scores of crypt damage and total colitis significantly compared to the control group which just received the vehicle and the groups treated with mesalasine and budesonide suspension which could not reduce the colitis parameters significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Ahmadi F, Varshosaz J, Emami J, Tavakoli N, Minaiyan M, Mahzouni P, Dorkoosh F. Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of dextran matrix tablets of budesonide in experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. Drug Deliv 2010; 18:122-30. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.520352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Effectiveness of budesonide-succinate-dextran conjugate as a novel prodrug of budesonide against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25:1159-65. [PMID: 20669022 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-010-1026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-inflammatory drugs with high potency and low systemic adverse effects, such as budesonide, are drugs of choice for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Budesonide controlled-release formulations are now being used to induce and maintain clinical remission of Crohn's disease. Budesonide-dextran conjugates were synthesized as novel prodrugs of budesonide for oral controlled delivery of the major part of the drug to the colon without needing to coat the pellets of the drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of this conjugate against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental UC was induced by rectal instillation of 4% solution of acetic acid to rats. After induction of colitis, rats were treated with vehicle (dextran solution), mesalasine (120 mg/kg), budesonide suspension (300 microg/kg) and BSD-70 (equivalent to 300 microg/kg of budesonide), prednisolon (4 mg/kg), hydrocortisone acetate enema (20 mg/kg), and 5-ASA enema (Asacol) (400 mg/kg) for 5 days and then colon macroscopic and microscopic sections were examined for inflammatory response. RESULTS Vehicle-treated rats presented bloody diarrhoea and gross lesions. The effective formulations for attenuating the damage were BSD-70, oral prednisolon and hydrocortisone acetate enema. Rats treated with BSD-70 showed huge improvement in macroscopic and histological scores of colitis compared to the negative control group and mesalasine and budesonide suspension. CONCLUSION Data indicated that budesonide-dextran conjugate is effective in improving signs of inflammation in experimental model of colitis through selective delivery of the drug to the inflamed area.
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Sanchis J, Canal F, Lucas R, Vicent MJ. Polymer–drug conjugates for novel molecular targets. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:915-35. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics can be already considered as a promising field in the human healthcare context. The discovery of the enhanced permeability and retention effect by Maeda, together with the modular model for the polymer–drug conjugate proposed by Ringsdorf, directed the early steps of polymer therapeutics towards cancer therapy. Orthodox anticancer drugs were preferentially chosen in the development of the first conjugates. The fast evolution of polymer chemistry and bioconjugation techniques, and a deeper understanding of cell biology has opened up exciting new challenges and opportunities. Four main directions have to be considered to develop this ‘platform technology’ further: the control of the synthetic process, the exhaustive characterization of the conjugate architectures, the conquest of combination therapy and the disclosure of new therapeutic targets. We illustrate in this article the exciting approaches offered by polymer–drug conjugates beyond classical cancer therapy, focusing on new, more effective and selective targets in cancer and in their use as treatments for other major human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rut Lucas
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Av. Autopista del Saler, 16. E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Av. Autopista del Saler, 16. E-46012 Valencia, Spain
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Varshosaz J, Emami J, Ahmadi F, Tavakoli N, Minaiyan M, Fassihi A, Mahzouni P, Dorkoosh F. Preparation of budesonide–dextran conjugates using glutarate spacer as a colon-targeted drug delivery system:in vitro/in vivoevaluation in induced ulcerative colitis. J Drug Target 2010; 19:140-53. [DOI: 10.3109/10611861003801826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Crcarevska MS, Dodov MG, Petrusevska G, Gjorgoski I, Goracinova K. Bioefficacy of budesonide loaded crosslinked polyeletrolyte microparticles in rat model of induced colitis. J Drug Target 2009; 17:788-802. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903161310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Makhlof A, Tozuka Y, Takeuchi H. pH-Sensitive nanospheres for colon-specific drug delivery in experimentally induced colitis rat model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yehia SA, Elshafeey AH, Sayed I, Shehata AH. Optimization of budesonide compression-coated tablets for colonic delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:147-57. [PMID: 19199041 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to formulate budesonide (BUD) compression-coated tablets for colonic specific delivery. Pectin and guar gum were used as enzyme-dependent polymers. For comparison purposes, both pH- and time-dependent polymers were also tried. In vitro release studies were carried out at different pH (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4). Therapeutic efficacy of the prepared tablets compared to commercially available capsules and enema were evaluated in trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced rabbit colitis model. In pH-dependent polymers, Eudragit (EUD) S100/EUD L100 (1:1) released 45.58% in the target area (colon). For time-dependent polymers, decreasing cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) ratio increased the release in both pH 6.8 and 7.4 till it reached 40.58% and 93.65%, respectively, for 25% CAB. In enzyme-dependent polymers, increasing pectin ratio to 75% retarded the release (4.59% in pH 6.8 and 54.45% in pH 7.4) which was significantly enhanced to 99.31% using pectinolytic enzyme. Formula F14 coated with 75% pectin significantly reduced the inflammatory cells in the connective tissue core of the colon of the treated group and significantly decreased myeloperoxidase activity (3.90 U/g tissue weight). This study proved that BUD compression-coated with 75% pectin may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Abstract
Colon targeted drug delivery has the potential to deliver bioactive agents for the treatment of a variety of colonic diseases and to deliver proteins and peptides to the colon for their systemic absorption. Various strategies, currently available to target the release of drugs to colon, include formation of prodrug, coating of pH-sensitive polymers, use of colon-specific biodegradable polymers, timed released systems, osmotic systems, and pressure controlled drug delivery systems. Among the different approaches to achieve targeted drug release to the colon, the use of polymers especially biodegradable by colonic bacteria holds great promise. Polysaccharidases are bacterial enzymes that are available in sufficient quantity to be exploited in colon targeting of drugs. Based on this approach, various polysaccharides have been investigated for colon-specific drug release. These polysaccharides include pectin, guar gum, amylose, inulin, dextran, chitosan, and chondroitin sulphate. This family of natural polymers has an appeal to drug delivery as it is comprised of polymers with a large number of derivatizable groups, a wide range of molecular weights, varying chemical compositions, and, for the most part, low toxicity and biodegradability yet high stability. The most favorable property of these materials is their approval as pharmaceutical excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India
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Chourasia MK, Jain SK. Potential of Guar Gum Microspheres for Target Specific Drug Release to Colon. J Drug Target 2008; 12:435-42. [PMID: 15621668 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400006604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Various approaches for colon targeted drug delivery have been studied over the last decade including, pro-drugs, timed-released systems, coating of pH-dependant polymer and the use of polysaccharides. In the present work, a novel formulation consisting of cross-linked microspheres of guar gum has been investigated for colon-targeted delivery of metronidazole. An emulsification method involving the dispersion of aqueous solution of guar gum in castor oil was used to prepare spherical microspheres. Process parameters were analyzed in order to optimize the formulation. Shape and surface morphology of the microspheres were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Placebo microspheres exhibited a smooth surface while the incorporation of drug imparted a slight roughness to the surface texture. Particle size of the microspheres was determined using laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The in vitro drug release studies were performed in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h and intestinal fluid for 3 h, which revealed that the drug was retained comfortably inside the microspheres and that only 15.27+/-0.56% of the drug was released in 5 h. In vitro release rate studies were also carried out in simulated colonic fluid (SCF) in the presence of rat cecal contents, which showed improved drug release. Moreover, to induce the enzymes that specifically act on guar gum, the rats were treated with 1 ml of 1% w/v dispersion of guar gum for 2, 4 and 6 days and release rate studies were repeated in SCF in the presence of 2 and 4% w/v of cecal matter. A marked improvement in the drug release was observed in presence of cecal matter obtained after induction when compared to those without induction. In vitro release studies exhibited 31.23+/-1.49% drug release in 24 h in dissolution medium without rat cecal matter. However, the incorporation of 4% w/v cecal matter obtained after 6 days of enzymes induction increased the drug release to 96.24+/-4.77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
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Mladenovska K, Raicki RS, Janevik EI, Ristoski T, Pavlova MJ, Kavrakovski Z, Dodov MG, Goracinova K. Colon-specific delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid from chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles. Int J Pharm 2007; 342:124-36. [PMID: 17590293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles for colon-specific delivery and controlled release of 5-aminosalicylic acid after peroral administration were prepared using spray drying method followed by ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation. Physicochemical characterization pointed to the negatively charged particles with spherical morphology having a mean diameter less than 9 microm. Chitosan was localized dominantly in the particle wall, while for alginate, a homogeneous distribution throughout the particles was observed. (1)H NMR, FTIR, X-ray and DSC studies indicated molecularly dispersed drug within the particles with preserved stability during microencapsulation and in simulated in vivo drug release conditions. In vitro drug release studies carried out in simulated in vivo conditions in respect to pH, enzymatic and salt content confirmed the potential of the particles to release the drug in a controlled manner. The diffusional exponents according to the general exponential release equation indicated anomalous (non-Fickian) transport in 5-ASA release controlled by a polymer relaxation, erosion and degradation. Biodistribution studies of [(131)I]-5-ASA loaded chitosan-Ca-alginate microparticles, carried out within 2 days after peroral administration to Wistar male rats in which TNBS colitis was induced, confirmed the dominant localization of 5-ASA in the colon with low systemic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mladenovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.
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Sipahigil O, Gürsoy A, Cakalağaoğlu F, Okar I. Release behaviour and biocompatibility of drug-loaded pH sensitive particles. Int J Pharm 2006; 311:130-8. [PMID: 16427223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the physical properties of drug-loaded poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) {P(MAA-g-EG)} particles, their biocompatibility with the gastrointestinal tract of rats and also the effects of these particles on the tight junctions of the rat intestinal epithelium. Model drugs such as diltiazem HCl, diclofenac Na, ciprofloxacin HCl and isoniazid were used in this study. P(MAA-g-EG) particles were prepared by free radical solution polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The loading efficiency of the model drugs in the particles and in vitro release profiles were investigated in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and in gradually pH changing buffers (pH 1.2, 5.8, 6.8 and 7.4). The stability of free particles and drug-loaded particles was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In conclusion, P(MAA-g-EG) particles controlled the release rate of small molecular weight model drugs according to the pH of the medium. Stability of those particles loaded with drugs did not change in accelerated stability conditions. Histopathological results indicated that loading drugs to the particles prevented cell and tissue damage after 20 h. Free particles showed no change of tight junctions after 2 and 10 h. The results of TEM showed that increasing the amount of P(MAA-g-EG) particles from 100 to 385 mg clearly opened the tight junction, but with serious epithelial cell disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Sipahigil
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
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Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Lazzaretti M, Cantoni A, Grandi D, Giovannini E, Coruzzi G. Effect of the Macrolide Antibacterial Drug, Tylosin, on TNBS-Induced Colitis in the Rat. Pharmacology 2005; 74:135-42. [PMID: 15756055 DOI: 10.1159/000084324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial antigens, such as intestinal microflora, are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial agent, has proven to be effective in cat and dog chronic colitis, but the reasons underlying this efficacy are still unclear. In the present study we evaluated the effects of tylosin on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in the rat, in comparison with the antibacterial drug metronidazole and the corticosteroid budesonide. Colitis was induced by a single intrarectal administration of 10 mg TNBS under light ether anesthesia. Tylosin (20 mg/kg twice a day), metronidazole (160 mg/kg twice a day) and budesonide (500 microg/kg once a day) were given orally for up to 6 days to separate groups of rats. The animals were sacrificed after 6 days and colonic lesions evaluated (colon weight, macroscopic and histologic damage, myeloperoxidase activity). Tylosin and metronidazole significantly lowered macroscopic lesion score, reduced colon weight, the severity of histologic lesions and myeloperoxidase activity; budesonide did not significantly change the parameters of colonic inflammation. These data indicate a protective effect of tylosin against intestinal inflammation, suggesting a major role for bacteria, anaerobes in particular, in the development of TNBS-induced mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Kesisoglou F, Zimmermann EM. Novel drug delivery strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:451-63. [PMID: 16296767 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.3.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two idiopathic inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Existing therapy for IBD consists mainly of orally or rectally administered small drug molecules, such as 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids, or potent systemic immune suppressants. IBD presents a challenging target for drug delivery, particularly by the oral route, as, contrary to most therapeutic regimens, minimal systemic absorption and maximal intestinal wall drug levels are desired. Several delivery strategies are employed to achieve this goal, including the chemical modification of the drug molecules, the use of controlled- and delayed-release formulations and the use of bioadhesive particles. The goal of this review is to summarise existing IBD therapy and examine novel approaches in intestinal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Kesisoglou
- University of Michigan Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Abstract
Therapies for patients with ulcerative colitis have, until recently, been limited in scope and efficacy. New formulations of mesalamine and corticosteroids have challenged the older therapies with respect to both efficacy and safety. The application of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine for steroid-refractory disease and maintenance of remission has resulted in studies of other candidate immunomodulatory agents. Biologic therapies targeting tumor necrosis factor, adhesion molecules, or other cytokines are under intense scrutiny as potential disease-altering agents that may even replace currently available products. Other approaches, including such wide-ranging products as heparin, nicotine, and probiotics, suggest that control of ulcerative colitis may require an individualized approach for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Medical Center, MC 4076, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Pang YN, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR. Synthesis of an enzyme-dependent prodrug and evaluation of its potential for colon targeting. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:913-7. [PMID: 12378641 PMCID: PMC4656586 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To synthesize dexamethasone-succinate-dextran (DSD) conjugate and to evaluate the potentiality of DSD for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
METHODS: Dexamethasone was attached to dextran (average molecular weight = 70400 Dalton) using succinate anhydride in an anhydrous environment catalyzed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine and 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole. The chemical structure of DSD was identified by UV, IR and NMR, and the in vivo drug release behavior of this prodrug was investigated after oral administration of DSD suspension.
RESULTS: The DSD conjugate was obtained in two steps and the content of dexamethasone in DSD was 11.28%. The dextran prodrug was stable in rat stomach and small intestine and negligibly absorbed from these tracts. Four to nine hours after the oral administration, most of the prodrug (> 95%) had moved to the cecum and colon, and was easily hydrolyzed by an endodextranase. Recover of dexamethasone from colon and cecum after administration of DSD conjugate was 6-12 folds higher than the recovery after administration of unmodified dexamethasone (t = 2.74, P < 0.05). The preferential release of free dexamethasone in cecum and colon over that in the small intestine was statistically significant (t = 2.27, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that dextran conjugates may be useful in selectively delivering glucocorticoids to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nuo Pang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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