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Blanco-Arias P, Medina Martínez I, Arrabal Fernández L, Rivas Infante E, Salmerón Fernández MJ, González Hervás C, Azcón González de Aguilar P, Armengol L, Pedrinaci S, Perin F. Severe congenital X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy secondary to an apparently synonymous but pathogenic novel variant. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:557-561. [PMID: 37329680 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy is a rare inherited disease characterized by aberrant accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in skeletal muscle. Affected males usually show a slow progression and the heart is characteristically spared. We present four male patients from the same family with an extremely aggressive form of this disease, requiring permanent mechanical ventilation from birth. Ambulation was never achieved. Three died, one in the first hour of life, one at 7 years and one at 17 years, the last death being a consequence of heart failure. Muscle biopsy showed pathognomonic features of the disease in the 4 affected males. Genetic study found a novel synonymous variant in VMA21, c.294C>T (Gly98=). Genotyping was consistent with co-segregation with the phenotype in an X-linked recessive manner. An alteration of the normal splice pattern was confirmed by transcriptome analysis, proving that the apparently synonymous variant was the cause of this extremely severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eloy Rivas Infante
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lluis Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories SL, "qGenomics", Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Pedrinaci
- Genetic Department, Virgen de las Nieves and San Cecilio University Hospitals, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Perin
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada 18014, Spain.
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Rajeshwari M, Dhiman N, Chakrabarty B, Gulati S, Shamim U, Faruq M, Suri V, Sharma MC. X-linked Myopathy with Excessive Autophagy - A Rare Cause of Vacuolar Myopathy in Children. Neurol India 2022; 70:1643-1648. [PMID: 36076674 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.355110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) is a rare, recently characterized type of autophagic vacuolar myopathy caused by mutations in the VMA21 gene. It is characterized by slowly progressive weakness restricted to proximal limb muscles and generally has a favorable outcome. The characteristic histological and ultrastructural features distinguish this entity from other mimics, notably Danon disease. XMEA is an under recognized disease and should be considered in the differentials of slowly progressive myopathy in children. Awareness of this rare entity is also important for the pathologists in order to distinguish it from other causes of vacuolar myopathy in view of its favourable prognosis. We report the first genetically confirmed case of XMEA from India in an 8-year-old boy which was diagnosed based on the characteristic light microscopic and ultrastructural findings on muscle biopsy and subsequently confirmed by mutation analysis. The differential diagnostic considerations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Rajeshwari
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Dhiman
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswaroop Chakrabarty
- Department of Pediatrics (Child Neurology Division), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics (Child Neurology Division), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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3
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Cenacchi G, Papa V, Pegoraro V, Marozzo R, Fanin M, Angelini C. Review: Danon disease: Review of natural history and recent advances. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 46:303-322. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences “Alma Mater” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - V. Papa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences “Alma Mater” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - V. Pegoraro
- Neurobiology Laboratory IRCCS San Camillo Hospital VeniceItaly
| | - R. Marozzo
- Neurobiology Laboratory IRCCS San Camillo Hospital VeniceItaly
| | - M. Fanin
- Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - C. Angelini
- Neuromuscular Department IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Venice Italy
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D'souza RS, Levandowski C, Slavov D, Graw SL, Allen LA, Adler E, Mestroni L, Taylor MRG. Danon disease: clinical features, evaluation, and management. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:843-9. [PMID: 25228319 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D'souza
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Cecilia Levandowski
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Dobromir Slavov
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Sharon L Graw
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Larry A Allen
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Eric Adler
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.)
| | - Matthew R G Taylor
- From the Adult Medical Genetics Program and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver (R.S.D., C.L., D.S., S.L.G., L.A.A., L.M., M.R.G.T.); and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego (E.A.).
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5
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Crockett CD, Ruggieri A, Gujrati M, Zallek CM, Ramachandran N, Minassian BA, Moore SA. Late adult-onset of X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:138-44. [PMID: 24488655 PMCID: PMC4589296 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) is characterized by autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features. Mutations in VMA21 result in insufficient lysosome acidification, causing progressive proximal weakness with onset before age 20 years and loss of ambulation by middle age. METHODS We describe a patient with onset of slowly progressive proximal weakness of the lower limbs after age 50, who maintains ambulation with the assistance of a cane at age 71. RESULTS Muscle biopsy at age 66 showed complex muscle fiber splitting, internalized capillaries, and vacuolar changes characteristic of autophagic vacuolar myopathy. Vacuoles stained positive for sarcolemmal proteins, LAMP2, and complement C5b-9. Ultrastructural evaluation further revealed basal lamina reduplication and extensive autophagosome extrusion. Sanger sequencing identified a known pathologic splice site mutation in VMA21 (c.164-7T>G). CONCLUSIONS This case expands the clinical phenotype of XMEA and suggests VMA21 sequencing be considered in evaluating men with LAMP2-positive autophagic vacuolar myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Ruggieri
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meena Gujrati
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Nivetha Ramachandran
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven A. Moore
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Stenzel W, Nishino I, von Moers A, Kadry MA, Glaeser D, Heppner FL, Goebel HH. Juvenile autophagic vacuolar myopathy - a new entity or variant? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:449-53. [PMID: 23324055 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Abstract
Autophagy is a self-digesting mechanism responsible for removal of damaged organelles, malformed proteins during biosynthesis, and nonfunctional long-lived proteins by lysosome. Autophagy has been divided into three general types depending on the mechanism by which intracellular materials are delivered into lysosome for degradation that is, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. In microautophagy cytoplasm material is sequestered through direct invagination to the lysosomal membrane. Whereas in CMA proteins flagged with pentapeptide motif (KFERQ) were selectively degraded through direct translocation into lysosome. Macroautophagy involves the formation of subcellular double-membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes that contain degradable contents of cytoplasm materials and deliver them into lysosomes for breakdown by lysosomal enzymes. The molecular mechanism of autophagy involves several conserved Atg (autophagy-related) proteins. Systems produce modified complexes Atg8-PE and Atg5-Atg12-Atg16 as autophagy regulators. Autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions. For example, food deprivation, hyperthermia, and hypoxia are mediated by factors like insulin/IGF-1, m-TOR signaling, FOXO transcription factors, and chaperones. The perturbance in autophagy may lead to several types of cancers, myopathies, and neuromuscular disorders. Several autophagy inducers and inhibitors like 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1, LY294002 (LY), and Velcade have been used to treat disease is an intense field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Badadani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine, 2501 Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Abstract
Lysosomal myopathies are hereditary myopathies characterized morphologically by the presence of autophagic vacuoles. In mammals, autophagy plays an important role for the turnover of cellular components, particularly in response to starvation or glucagons. In normal muscle, autolysosomes or autophagosomes are typically inconspicuous. In distinct neuromuscular disorders, however, lysosomes become structurally abnormal and functionally impaired, leading to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in myofibers. In some instances, the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles can be a prominent feature, implicating autophagy as a contributor to disease pathomechanism and/or progression. At present, there are two disorders in the muscle that are associated with a primary defect in lysosomal proteins, namely Pompe disease and Danon disease. This review will give a brief discussion on these disorders, highlighting the role of autophagy in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu B, Chen J, Dela Rosa T, Yu Q, Wang A, Xu J, Zheng MH. Cellular response and extracellular matrix breakdown in rotator cuff tendon rupture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011; 131:405-11. [PMID: 20690026 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-010-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the disruption of ECM and cellular events including autophagic cell death, apoptosis and cell differentiation into myofibroblasts in the degenerative rotator cuff tendon. METHODS Tendon samples were collected from 30 patients undergoing surgery for rotator cuff tears. Apoptosis, autophagic cell death and myofibroblasts of the tendon cells in the ruptured rotator cuff tendon were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The distribution of autophagic cell death, apoptosis, myofibroblasts and cell density were assessed and correlated with the disruption of ECM which was graded 0-3 points using a customized scoring system. RESULTS The highest percentage of autophagic cell death (51.9 ± 1.5%) was observed in grade 2 matrix, significantly different from that in matrix graded 0, 1 and 3 (P2Vs0 < 0.001; P2Vs1 < 0.001; P2Vs3 = 0.008, respectively). The highest apoptosis (34.8 ± 1.6%) was found in grade 3 matrix (P3Vs0 < 0.001; P3Vs1 < 0.001; P3Vs2 = 0.044, respectively). The percentage of myofibroblasts significantly increased as the ECM degenerated, with the highest percentage in grade 3 matrix (19.8 ± 1.3%) (P3Vs0 < 0.001; P3Vs11 < 0.001; P3Vs2 = 0.044, respectively). The total cell density varied with the grade of ECM, with maximum cell density in the matrix that was graded 1 (674 ± 27) and minimum cell density in matrix 3 area (395 ± 17) (P1Vs3 < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study indicates that autophagic cell death, apoptosis and myofibroblast cell differentiation occur in ruptured rotator cuff tissue. These cellular events are closely related to the extent of damage to the ECM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, M Block, QE2 Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Nishino I. [Eludication of pathomechanism of and development of therapy for autophagic vacuolar myopathies]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:1-6. [PMID: 20120346 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) is an entity defined by the presence of autophagic vacuoles on muscle pathology. There are two emerging categories in AVM in addition to the best characterized Pompe disease. One is Danon disease and its related disorders, which are characterized by autophagic vacuoles with unique sarcolemmal features (AVSF). AVSF express virtually all sarcolemmal proteins, in addition to acetylcholinesterase, on their vacuolar membranes. Danon disease is caused by primary deficiency of a lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP-2. Interestingly, in this disease, the number of AVSF increases as the patients age. Other AVSF myopathies include X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy which is now known to be caused by VMA21 mutations. The other AVM is typified by the presence of rimmed vacuoles, which are actually clusters of autophagic vacuoles on electron microscopy. One of the well known diseases in this group is distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM). DMRV is caused by mutations in GNE gene that encode a rate-limiting enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, in DMRV model mice, sialic acid supplementation almost completely precluded the disease phenotype, indicating that decreased sialic acid is the cause of myopathic phenotype and sialic acid supplementation can prevent the disease process. Interestingly, both genetically diagnosable AVSF myopathies are primarily due to lysosomal dysfunctions. In contrast, rimmed vacuoles are secondarily caused by extra-lysosomal defects, such as hyposialylation in DMRV/HIBM, and are formed at later stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)
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Othman EQG, Kaur G, Mutee AF, Muhammad TST, Tan ML. Immunohistochemical expression of MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B protein in breast carcinoma tissues. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23:249-58. [PMID: 19623642 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protein degradation process within the cell and its deregulation has been linked to various diseases and the formation of cancer. One of the important proteins involved in the autophagy process is microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3). The aims of this study were to determine the MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B protein expression in both normal and cancer breast tissues and to determine the relationship between the expression of these proteins and type of tissues. Immunohistochemistry assessments were carried out on tissue microarrays consisting of breast tissues. MAP1LC3A expression was detected in 52/56 of normal breast tissue cores and 65/67 of breast cancer tissue cores. MAP1LC3B expression was detected in 55/56 of normal breast tissue cores and 67/67 of breast cancer tissue cores. MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B protein are expressed in the majority of normal and cancer breast tissues. A large number of MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B positive breast cancer tissues cores have high proportion of stained cells (81-100%) as compared with normal breast tissues. However, a significantly higher number of breast cancer tissues were found to express the MAP1LC3A protein with strong immunoreactivity as compared with the normal tissues, suggesting that MAP1LC3A may play a role in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhlas Qaid Gazem Othman
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Kepron C, Blumenthal A, Chitayat D, Cutz E, Superti-Furga A, Keating S. An autophagic vacuolar myopathy-like disorder presenting as nonimmune hydrops in a female fetus. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2009; 12:53-8. [PMID: 19243213 DOI: 10.2350/07-11-03670.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 37-year-old woman presented for routine obstetrical care at 15 weeks' gestational age and the fetus was found to have hydrops fetalis. Following elective termination of the pregnancy at 18 weeks' gestational age, pathologic examination of the female conceptus revealed findings suggestive of a lysosomal storage disease within the liver and cardiac muscle. Enzyme assays for beta-galactosidase, neuraminidase, alpha-l-iduronidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, Morquio disease type A enzyme, beta-fucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and beta-mannosidase were all normal, ruling out many of the common storage diseases. Electron microscopy identified vacuoles within hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and cardiac myocytes resembling the autophagic vacuoles characteristic of a group of diseases known as the autophagic vacuolar myopathies (AVMs). Because these diseases are exceptionally rare in females, and because such autophagic vacuoles have never before been described in liver, we propose a novel entity of "AVM-like lysosomal storage disease" presenting as nonimmune hydrops in a female fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Kepron
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Malicdan MC, Noguchi S, Nonaka I, Saftig P, Nishino I. Lysosomal myopathies: an excessive build-up in autophagosomes is too much to handle. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:521-9. [PMID: 18502640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound acidic organelles that contain hydrolases used for intracellular digestion of various macromolecules in a process generally referred to as autophagy. In normal skeletal and cardiac muscles, lysosomes usually appear morphologically unremarkable and thus are not readily visible on light microscopy. In distinct neuromuscular disorders, however, lysosomes have been shown to be structurally abnormal and functionally impaired, leading to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in myofibers. More specifically, there are myopathies in which buildup of these autophagic vacuoles seem to predominate the pathological picture. In such conditions, autophagy is considered not merely a secondary event, but a phenomenon that actually contributes to disease pathomechanism and/or progression. At present, there are two disorders in the muscle which are associated with primary defect in lysosomal proteins, namely Danon disease and Pompe disease. Other myopathies which have prominent autophagy in the skeletal muscle include X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA). In this review, these disorders are briefly characterized, and the role of autophagy in the context of the pathomechanism of these disorders is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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15
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Wan G, Zhaorigetu S, Liu Z, Kaini R, Jiang Z, Hu CAA. Apolipoprotein L1, a novel Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only lipid-binding protein, induces autophagic cell death. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21540-9. [PMID: 18505729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family proteins are important regulators of type I programmed cell death apoptosis; however, their role in autophagic cell death (AuCD) or type II programmed cell death is still largely unknown. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a novel Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only protein, apolipoprotein L1 (apoL1), that, when overexpressed and accumulated intracellularly, induces AuCD in cells as characterized by the increasing formation of autophagic vacuoles and activating the translocation of LC3-II from the cytosol to the autophagic vacuoles. Wortmannin and 3-methyladenine, inhibitors of class III phosphatidylinostol 3-kinase and, subsequently, autophagy, blocked apoL1-induced AuCD. In addition, apoL1 failed to induce AuCD in autophagy-deficient ATG5(-/-) and ATG7(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, suggesting that apoL1-induced cell death is indeed autophagy-dependent. Furthermore, a BH3 domain deletion construct of apoL1 failed to induce AuCD, demonstrating that apoL1 is a bona fide BH3-only pro-death protein. Moreover, we showed that apoL1 is inducible by p53 in p53-induced cell death and is a lipid-binding protein with high affinity for phosphatidic acid (PA) and cardiolipin (CL). Previously, it has been shown that PA directly interacted with mammalian target of rapamycin and positively regulated the ability of mammalian target of rapamycin to activate downstream effectors. In addition, CL has been shown to activate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Sequestering of PA and CL with apoL1 may alter the homeostasis between survival and death leading to AuCD. To our knowledge, this is the first BH3-only protein with lipid binding activity that, when overproduced intracellularly, induces AuCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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16
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Bui YK, Renella P, Martinez-Agosto JA, Verity A, Madikians A, Alejos JC. Danon disease with typical early-onset cardiomyopathy in a male: focus on a novel LAMP-2 mutation. Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12:246-50. [PMID: 18282207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 16-yr-old male with Danon disease caused by a novel mutation in the LAMP-2 gene. Mutations in the LAMP-2 gene result in the absence of LAMP-2 on immunohistochemical staining of muscle tissue, thus defining Danon disease, a rare X-linked myopathy. It is characterized clinically by HCM or left ventricular hypertrophy, a WPW pattern on ECG, variable degrees of muscular weakness (skeletal myopathy), mental retardation, and retinal changes. The patient presented with severe skeletal muscular weakness and respiratory failure. He also had a history of two OHTs, the first one for severe HCM and the second for allograft rejection. The patient's myopathy was initially presumed to be exclusively related to steroid-induced "critical care myopathy." However, further evaluation with a thigh muscle biopsy revealed autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemnal features suggestive of a lysosomal storage disorder. DNA analysis ultimately identified a previously unreported hemizygous IVS6+3_+6delGAGT splice site deletion mutation in the LAMP-2 gene located within the 5' splice site of intron 6, consistent with Danon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen K Bui
- Department of Pediatrics, Moffitt Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Danon disease, an extremely rare X-linked dominant disorder, is characterized clinically by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), skeletal myopathy, and variable degree of mental retardation with autophagic vacuoles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Reportedly, Danon disease is caused by a primary deficiency of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, LAMP2 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2). Here we review the clinical features, molecular genetics, related animal model, and differential diagnosis of Danon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sugimoto S, Shiomi K, Yamamoto A, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Ohi T. LAMP-2 positive vacuolar myopathy with dilated cardiomyopathy. Intern Med 2007; 46:757-60. [PMID: 17541230 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 46-year-old male patient with late-onset vacuolar myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy. Acid maltase activity of the muscle was normal, but the biopsied muscle specimen stained for lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), which has recently been reported to be deficient in muscles of patients with Danon disease. The clinical features of the patient are distinct from X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, infantile autophagic vacuolar myopathy and autophagic vacuolar myopathy with late-onset and multiorgan involvement (Kaneda).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Miyazaki Higashi Hospital.
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Toth C, Dunham C, Suchowersky O, Parboosingh J, Brownell K. Unusual clinical, laboratory, and muscle histopathological findings in a family with myotonic dystrophy type 2. Muscle Nerve 2006; 35:259-64. [PMID: 17068784 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a multisystem degenerative disorder with distinctive clinical and electrophysiological features. Recently, genetic confirmation has become available with the identification of the molecular defect, an expansion of a CCTG repeat located in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) gene. We present two first-degree relatives with an athletic clinical phenotype, pathological evidence of subsarcolemmal vacuolation, and molecular genetic confirmation of DM2. When found in the proper clinical context, athleticism and pathological subsarcolemmal vacuoles should not dissuade the clinician from the possible diagnosis of DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Toth
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Abstract
Autophagic vacuoles are a frequent feature in numerous neuromuscular disorders. However, they are also pathognomonic morphologic hallmarks in a slowly emerging new group of conditions called autophagic vacuolar myopathies (AVMs), of which Danon disease, originally called "lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase," is the best known entity. Other such conditions, often although not always described from Japan, are X-linked myopathy with excessive authophagy, infantile autophagic vacuolar myopathy, adult-onset autophagic vacuolar myopathy with multiorgan involvement, and X-linked congenital autophagic vacuolar myopathy. Although only 1 protein, the transmembranous lysosomal protein LAMP-2, has been found mutated in Danon disease, the remaining AVMs are genetically still incompletely identified. Several of these conditions not only share autophagic vacuoles, but such autophagic vacuoles also have morphologic properties of the sarcolemma, thus rendering them autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features, an almost pathognomonic phenomenon of this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.
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Holton JL, Beesley C, Jackson M, Venner K, Bhardwaj N, Winchester B, Al-Memar A. Autophagic vacuolar myopathy in twin girls. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:253-9. [PMID: 16640643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) may occur in several diseases including the rimmed vacuolar myopathies, acid maltase deficiency, Danon disease, infantile autophagic vacuolar myopathy and X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA). In the latter three conditions the vacuoles are lined by membranes with sarcolemmal features. We present two unusual cases of autophagic vacuolar myopathy in twin girls born at term with no family history of neurological disease. After initial normal developmental milestones they developed progressive leg weakness and wasting with contractures from the age of 12 years. Investigations showed raised CK, normal female karyotype, normal acid maltase activity, normal nerve conduction and myopathic EMG features. Frozen sections of skeletal muscle were stained using routine tinctorial and histochemical methods. Immunohistochemical staining for spectrin, merosin, dystrophin, complement membrane attack complex and sarcoglycans was performed and ultrastructural examination undertaken. Direct sequence analysis of the lamp-2 gene using genomic DNA extracted from lymphocytes was performed. Histological analysis of the muscle biopsies demonstrated myofibres with vacuoles lacking glycogen and lipid many of which were delineated using immunohistochemistry for merosin, dystrophin and sarcoglycans. Ultrastructural examination showed duplication of the myofibre basal lamina with associated autophagic material. Vacuoles within myofibres were either membrane bound containing autophagic material or lined by plasma membrane and basal lamina. Intermyofibrillar glycogen was increased. Sequence analysis of the coding region and intron/exon boundaries of the lamp-2 gene was normal. This is the first report of female cases of AVM with sarcolemmal features. We suggest that these patients may represent manifesting carriers of XMEA, or alternatively, a new form of disease with a similar phenotype having autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Holton
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the important terminal paths for the cells of metazoans, and is involved in a variety of biological events that include morphogenesis, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and elimination of harmful cells. Dysfunction of PCD leads to various diseases in humans, including cancer and several degenerative diseases. Apoptosis is not the only form of PCD. Recent studies have provided evidence that there is another mechanism of PCD, which is associated with the appearance of autophagosomes and depends on autophagy proteins. This form of cell death most likely corresponds to a process that has been morphologically defined as autophagic PCD. The present review summarizes recent experimental evidence about autophagic PCD and discusses some aspects of this form of cell death, including the mechanisms that may distinguish autophagic death from the process of autophagy involved in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D. Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:2098-114. [PMID: 16125113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal proteases are abundantly expressed in fetal muscles, but poorly represented in the adult skeletal muscles. The lysosomal proteolytic system is nonetheless stimulated in adult muscles in a variety of pathological conditions. Furthermore, recent investigations describe autophagosomes in muscle fibers in vitro and in vivo, and report myopathies with excessive autophagy. This review presents our current knowledge about the lysosomal proteolytic system and summarizes the evidences pertaining to the role of lysosomes and autophagosomes in muscle physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bechet
- Human Nutrition Research Center of Clermont-Ferrand, Nutrition and Protein Metabolism Unit, INRA UR551, 63122 Ceyrat, France.
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Exil VJ, Summar M, Boles MA, Atkinson J, Johns JA, Matern D, Strauss AW, Canter CE. Metabolic basis of pediatric heart disease. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sugie K, Noguchi S, Kozuka Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Tanaka M, Yan C, Saftig P, von Figura K, Hirano M, Ueno S, Nonaka I, Nishino I. Autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features delineate Danon disease and related myopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:513-22. [PMID: 15977643 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.6.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the autophagic vacuolar myopathies (AVMs), a subgroup is characterized pathologically by unusual autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features (AVSF) and includes Danon disease and X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy. The diagnostic importance and detailed morphologic features of AVSF in different AVMs have not been well established, and the mechanism of AVSF formation is not known. To address these issues, we have performed detailed histologic studies of myopathies with AVSF and other AVMs. In Danon disease and related AVMs, at the light microscopic level, autophagic vacuoles appeared to be accumulations of lysosomes, which, by electron microscopy consisted of clusters of autophagic vacuoles, indicative of autolysosomes. Some autolysosomes were surrounded by membranes with sarcolemmal proteins, acetylcholinesterase activity, and basal lamina. In Danon disease, the number of fibers with AVSF increased linearly with age while the number with autolysosomal accumulations decreased slightly, suggesting that AVSF are produced secondarily in response to autolysosomes. Most of the AVSF form enclosed spaces, indicating that the vacuolar membranes may be formed in situ rather than through sarcolemmal indentation. This unique intracytoplasmic membrane structure was not found in other AVMs. In conclusion, AVSF with acetylcholinesterase activity are autolysosomes surrounded by secondarily generated intracytoplasmic sarcolemma-like structure and delineates a subgroup of AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Hospital for Mental Nervous and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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