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David S, Ryan F, Jhelum P, Kroner A. Ferroptosis in Neurological Disease. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:591-615. [PMID: 35678019 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the CNS occurs in many neurological disorders. It can contribute to neuropathology as iron is a redox-active metal that can generate free radicals. The reasons for the iron buildup in these conditions are varied and depend on which aspects of iron influx, efflux, or sequestration that help maintain iron homeostasis are dysregulated. Iron was shown recently to induce cell death and damage via lipid peroxidation under conditions in which there is deficient glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense. This form of cell death is called ferroptosis. Iron chelation has had limited success in the treatment of neurological disease. There is therefore much interest in ferroptosis as it potentially offers new drugs that could be more effective in reducing iron-mediated lipid peroxidation within the lipid-rich environment of the CNS. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that induce ferroptosis. We also address how iron enters and leaves the CNS, as well as the evidence for ferroptosis in several neurological disorders. Finally, we highlight biomarkers of ferroptosis and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Liu L, Cui Y, Chang YZ, Yu P. Ferroptosis-related factors in the substantia nigra are associated with Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15365. [PMID: 37717088 PMCID: PMC10505210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven cell death pathway, while Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit iron deposition and lipid peroxidation in the brain. Thus, the features of ferroptosis highly overlap with the pathophysiological features of PD. Despite this superficial connection, the possible role(s) of ferroptosis-related (Fr) proteins in dopaminergic neurons and/or glial cells in the substantia nigra (SN) in PD have not been examined in depth. To explore the correlations between the different SN cell types and ferroptosis at the single-cell level in PD patients, and to explore genes that may affect the sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to ferroptosis, we performed in silico analysis of a single cell RNA sequence (RNA-seq) set (GSE178265) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the different cell types in the human SN, and proceeded to perform enrichment analysis, constructing a protein-protein interaction network from the DEGs of dopaminergic neurons with the Metascape database. We examined the intersection of Fr genes present in the FerrDb database with DEGs from the GSE178265 set to identify Fr-DEGs in the different brain cells. Further, we identified Fr-DEGs encoding secreted proteins to implicate cell-cell interactions in the potential stimulation of ferroptosis in PD. The Fr-DEGs we identified were verified using the bulk RNA-seq sets (GSE49036 and GSE20164). The number of dopaminergic neurons decreased in the SN of PD patients. Interestingly, non-dopaminergic neurons possessed the fewest DEGs. Enrichment analysis of dopaminergic neurons' DEGs revealed changes in transmission across chemical synapses and ATP metabolic process in PD. The secreted Fr-DEGs identified were ceruloplasmin (CP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and transferrin (TF). The bulk RNA-seq set from the GEO database demonstrates that CP expression is increased in the PD brain. In conclusion, our results identify CP as a potential therapeutic target to protect dopaminergic neurons by reducing neurons' sensitivity to ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yange Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China.
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Alvarez Jerez P, Alcantud JL, de Los Reyes-Ramírez L, Moore A, Ruz C, Vives Montero F, Rodriguez-Losada N, Saini P, Gan-Or Z, Alvarado CX, Makarious MB, Billingsley KJ, Blauwendraat C, Noyce AJ, Singleton AB, Duran R, Bandres-Ciga S. Exploring the genetic and genomic connection underlying neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and the risk for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:54. [PMID: 37024536 PMCID: PMC10079978 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation in the brain. In Parkinson's Disease (PD), iron accumulation is a cardinal feature of degenerating regions in the brain and seems to be a key player in mechanisms that precipitate cell death. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic and genomic connection between NBIA and PD. We screened for known and rare pathogenic mutations in autosomal dominant and recessive genes linked to NBIA in a total of 4481 PD cases and 10,253 controls from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Parkinsons' Disease Program and the UKBiobank. We examined whether a genetic burden of NBIA variants contributes to PD risk through single-gene, gene-set, and single-variant association analyses. In addition, we assessed publicly available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data through Summary-based Mendelian Randomization and conducted transcriptomic analyses in blood of 1886 PD cases and 1285 controls. Out of 29 previously reported NBIA screened coding variants, four were associated with PD risk at a nominal p value < 0.05. No enrichment of heterozygous variants in NBIA-related genes risk was identified in PD cases versus controls. Burden analyses did not reveal a cumulative effect of rare NBIA genetic variation on PD risk. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that DCAF17 is differentially expressed in blood from PD cases and controls. Due to low mutation occurrence in the datasets and lack of replication, our analyses suggest that NBIA and PD may be separate molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alvarez Jerez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Luis Alcantud
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia de Los Reyes-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology. Dept. Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anni Moore
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clara Ruz
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Vives Montero
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noela Rodriguez-Losada
- Department Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicine Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA C07), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Prabhjyot Saini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chelsea X Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kimberley J Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Duran
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Gonzalez-Alcocer A, Duarte-Jurado AP, Soto-Dominguez A, Loera-Arias MDJ, Villarreal-Silva EE, Saucedo-Cardenas O, de Oca-Luna RM, Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H. Unscrambling the Role of Redox-Active Biometals in Dopaminergic Neuronal Death and Promising Metal Chelation-Based Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021256. [PMID: 36674772 PMCID: PMC9867532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biometals are all metal ions that are essential for all living organisms. About 40% of all enzymes with known structures require biometals to function correctly. The main target of damage by biometals is the central nervous system (CNS). Biometal dysregulation (metal deficiency or overload) is related to pathological processes. Chronic occupational and environmental exposure to biometals, including iron and copper, is related to an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, biometals have been shown to induce a dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is still unknown, oxidative stress dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are related to dopaminergic neuronal death. Herein, we addressed the involvement of redox-active biometals, iron, and copper, as oxidative stress and neuronal death inducers, as well as the current metal chelation-based therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Gonzalez-Alcocer
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ana Patricia Duarte-Jurado
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Soto-Dominguez
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesus Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Eliud Enrique Villarreal-Silva
- Servicio de Neurocirugía y Terapia Endovascular Neurológica, Hospital Universitario, Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (H.R.-R.); Tel.: +52-81-83-29-4000 (ext. 2713) (A.G.-G. & H.R.-R.); Fax: +52-(81)-8123-4313 (A.G.-G. & H.R.-R.)
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (H.R.-R.); Tel.: +52-81-83-29-4000 (ext. 2713) (A.G.-G. & H.R.-R.); Fax: +52-(81)-8123-4313 (A.G.-G. & H.R.-R.)
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Soni D, Kumar P. GSK-3β-mediated regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of movement disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:557-569. [PMID: 35882765 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders are neurological conditions characterized by involuntary motor movements, such as dystonia, ataxia, chorea myoclonus, tremors, Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is classified into two categories: hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movements. Globally, movement disorders are a major cause of death. The pathophysiological process is initiated by excessive ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitters imbalance that lead to motor dysfunction in PD and HD patients. Several endogenous targets including Nrf2 maintain oxidative balance in the body. Activation of Nrf2 signaling is regulated by the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β). In the cytoplasm, inhibition of GSK-3β regulates cellular proliferation, homeostasis, and apoptotic process by stimulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) pathway which is involved in the elevation of the cellular antioxidant enzymes which controls the ROS generation. The activation of Nrf2 increases the expression of antioxidant response elements (ARE), such as (Hemeoxygenase-1) HO-1, which decreases excessive cellular stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuronal degeneration, which is the major cause of motor dysfunction. The present review explores the GSK-3β-mediated neuroprotection in various movement disorders through the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. This review provides a link between GSK-3β and the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the treatment of PD and HD. In addition to that it highlights various GSK-3β inhibitors and the Nrf2/HO-1 activators, which exert robust neuroprotection against motor disorders. Therefore, the present review will help in the discovery of new therapy for PD and HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India.
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David S, Jhelum P, Ryan F, Jeong SY, Kroner A. Dysregulation of Iron Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System and the Role of Ferroptosis in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:150-170. [PMID: 34569265 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Iron accumulation occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) in a variety of neurological conditions as diverse as spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others. Iron is a redox-active metal that gives rise to damaging free radicals if its intracellular levels are not controlled or if it is not properly sequestered within cells. The accumulation of iron occurs due to dysregulation of mechanisms that control cellular iron homeostasis. Recent Advances: The molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular iron homeostasis have been revealed in much detail in the past three decades, and new advances continue to be made. Understanding which aspects of iron homeostasis are dysregulated in different conditions will provide insights into the causes of iron accumulation and iron-mediated tissue damage. Recent advances in iron-dependent lipid peroxidation leading to cell death, called ferroptosis, has provided useful insights that are highly relevant for the lipid-rich environment of the CNS. Critical Issues: This review examines the mechanisms that control normal cellular iron homeostasis, the dysregulation of these mechanisms in neurological disorders, and more recent work on how iron can induce tissue damage via ferroptosis. Future Directions: Quick and reliable tests are needed to determine if and when ferroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In addition, there is need to develop better druggable agents to scavenge lipid radicals and reduce CNS damage for neurological conditions for which there are currently few effective treatments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 150-170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Iron Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073612. [PMID: 35408967 PMCID: PMC8998315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a trace metal element necessary to maintain life and is also involved in a variety of biological processes. Aging refers to the natural life process in which the physiological functions of the various systems, organs, and tissues decline, affected by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, the accumulation of nonheme iron destroys the stability of the intracellular environment. The destruction of iron homeostasis can induce cell damage by producing hydroxyl free radicals, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, brain aging, and even organismal aging. In this review, we have briefly summarized the role of the metabolic process of iron in the body, then discussed recent developments of iron metabolism in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and finally, explored some iron chelators as treatment strategies for those disorders. Understanding the roles of iron metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases will fill the knowledge gap in the field. This review could provide new insights into the research on iron metabolism and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ravasi G, Pelucchi S, Canonico F, Mariani R, Piperno A. Atypical phenotype in a patient with ceruloplasmin mutations in the compound heterozygous state. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vitalakumar D, Sharma A, Flora SJS. Ferroptosis: A potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22830. [PMID: 34047408 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified regulated form of cell death, which is thought to play a major role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation and execution of ferroptotic cell death and also its role in the brain. Ferroptosis is regulated mainly via iron homeostasis, glutathione metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptotic cell death and pro-ferroptotic factors are correlated with the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ferroptosis and etiological factors act synergistically in PD and AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, several preclinical and clinical studies targeting ferroptosis in PD and AD have also shown positive results. Evidence of ferroptosis in the brain thus gives new insights into understanding neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis studies in the brain are still in their infancy, but the existing pieces of evidence suggest a strong correlation between ferroptotic cell death and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, ferroptosis might be a promising target for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vitalakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Swaran J S Flora
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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Guan W, Xia M, Ji M, Chen B, Li S, Zhang M, Liang S, Chen B, Gong W, Dong C, Wen G, Zhan X, Zhang D, Li X, Zhou Y, Guan D, Verkhratsky A, Li B. Iron induces two distinct Ca 2+ signalling cascades in astrocytes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:525. [PMID: 33953326 PMCID: PMC8100120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is the fundamental element for numerous physiological functions. Plasmalemmal divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) is responsible for cellular uptake of ferrous (Fe2+), whereas transferrin receptors (TFR) carry transferrin (TF)-bound ferric (Fe3+). In this study we performed detailed analysis of the action of Fe ions on cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes. Administration of Fe2+ or Fe3+ in μM concentrations evoked [Ca2+]i in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Iron ions trigger increase in [Ca2+]i through two distinct molecular cascades. Uptake of Fe2+ by DMT1 inhibits astroglial Na+-K+-ATPase, which leads to elevation in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration, thus reversing Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and thereby generating Ca2+ influx. Uptake of Fe3+ by TF-TFR stimulates phospholipase C to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), thus triggering InsP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, these findings reveal the mechanisms of iron-induced astrocytic signalling operational in conditions of iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Guan
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- The First Department of Reproduction, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ming Ji
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beina Chen
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Binjie Chen
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenliang Gong
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengyi Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Gehua Wen
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhan
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dianjun Zhang
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuefei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Baoman Li
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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11
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Pelucchi S, Ravasi G, Arosio C, Mauri M, Piazza R, Mariani R, Piperno A. HIF1A: A Putative Modifier of Hemochromatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031245. [PMID: 33513852 PMCID: PMC7865586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is characterized by marked phenotypic heterogeneity. Homozygosity for p.C282Y is a low penetrance genotype suggesting that the HFE-HH is a multifactorial disease resulting from a complex interaction involving a major gene defect, genetic background and environmental factors. We performed a targeted NGS-based gene panel to identify new candidate modifiers by using an extreme phenotype sampling study based on serum ferritin and iron removed/age ratio. We found an increased prevalence of the HIF1A p.Phe582Ser and p.Ala588Thr variants in patients with a severe iron and clinical phenotype. Accordingly, Huh-7 cells transfected with both variants showed significantly lower HAMP promoter activity by luciferase assay. The qRT-PCR assays showed a downregulation of hepcidin and an upregulation of the HIF1A target genes (VEGF, HMOX, FUR, TMPRSS6) in cells transfected with the HIF1A-P582S vector. We identified mutations in other genes (e.g., Serpina1) that might have some relevance in single cases in aggravating or mitigating disease manifestation. In conclusion, the present study identified HIF1A as a possible modifier of the HFE-HH phenotype cooperating with the genetic defect in downregulating hepcidin synthesis. In addition, this study highlights that an NGS-based approach could broaden our knowledge and help in characterizing the genetic complexity of HFE-HH patients with a severe phenotype expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pelucchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Giulia Ravasi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Cristina Arosio
- Liceo Artistico Statale Amedeo Modigliani, 20833 Giussano, Italy;
| | - Mario Mauri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
- Hematology and Clinical Research Unit, ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariani
- Centre of European Reference Network (EuroBloodNet) and Centre for Rare Diseases-Disorders of Iron Metabolism-ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Alberto Piperno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
- Centre of European Reference Network (EuroBloodNet) and Centre for Rare Diseases-Disorders of Iron Metabolism-ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Medical Genetics-ASST-Monza, S. Gerardo Hospital Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-039-233-3461
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12
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Trapecar M, Wogram E, Svoboda D, Communal C, Omer A, Lungjangwa T, Sphabmixay P, Velazquez J, Schneider K, Wright CW, Mildrum S, Hendricks A, Levine S, Muffat J, Lee MJ, Lauffenburger DA, Trumper D, Jaenisch R, Griffith LG. Human physiomimetic model integrating microphysiological systems of the gut, liver, and brain for studies of neurodegenerative diseases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabd1707. [PMID: 33514545 PMCID: PMC7846169 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Slow progress in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) motivates an urgent need for highly controlled in vitro systems to investigate organ-organ- and organ-immune-specific interactions relevant for disease pathophysiology. Of particular interest is the gut/microbiome-liver-brain axis for parsing out how genetic and environmental factors contribute to NDs. We have developed a mesofluidic platform technology to study gut-liver-cerebral interactions in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD). It connects microphysiological systems (MPSs) of the primary human gut and liver with a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral MPS in a systemically circulated common culture medium containing CD4+ regulatory T and T helper 17 cells. We demonstrate this approach using a patient-derived cerebral MPS carrying the PD-causing A53T mutation, gaining two important findings: (i) that systemic interaction enhances features of in vivo-like behavior of cerebral MPSs, and (ii) that microbiome-associated short-chain fatty acids increase expression of pathology-associated pathways in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emile Wogram
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devon Svoboda
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Communal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Attya Omer
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Pierre Sphabmixay
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles W Wright
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Mildrum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Austin Hendricks
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart Levine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julien Muffat
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meelim Jasmine Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Trumper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Li K, Ge YL, Gu CC, Zhang JR, Jin H, Li J, Cheng XY, Yang YP, Wang F, Zhang YC, Chen J, Mao CJ, Liu CF. Substantia nigra echogenicity is associated with serum ferritin, gender and iron-related genes in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8660. [PMID: 32457446 PMCID: PMC7250839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity is present in most Parkinson’s disease (PD) cases but is occasionally absent in some. To date, age, gender, disease severity, and other factors have been reported to be associated with SN hyperechogenicity in PD. Previous studies have discovered that excess iron deposition in the SN underlies its hyperechogenicity in PD, which may also indicate the involvement of genes associated with iron metabolism in hyperechogenicity. The objective of our study is to explore the potential associations between variants in iron metabolism-associated genes and SN echogenicity in Han Chinese PD. Demographic profiles, clinical data, SN echogenicity and genotypes were obtained from 221 Han Chinese PD individuals with a sufficient bone window. Serum ferritin levels were quantified in 92 of these individuals by immunochemical assay. We then compared factors between PD individuals with SN hyperechogenicity and those with SN hypoechogenicity to identify factors that predispose to SN hyperechogenicity. Of our 221 participants, 122 (55.2%) displayed SN hyperechogenicity, and 99 (44.8%) displayed SN hypoechogenicity. Gender and serum ferritin levels were found to be associated with SN hyperechogenicity. In total, 14 genes were included in the sequencing part. After data processing, 34 common single nucleotide polymorphisms were included in our further analyses. In our data, we also found a significantly higher frequency of PANK2 rs3737084 (genotype: OR = 2.07, P = 0.013; allele: OR = 2.51, P = 0.002) in the SN hyperechogenic group and a higher frequency of PLA2G6 rs731821 (genotype: OR = 0.45, P = 0.016; allele: OR = 0.44, P = 0.011) in the SN hypoechogenic group. However, neither of the two variants was found to be correlated with serum ferritin. This study demonstrated that genetic factors, serum ferritin level, and gender may explain the interindividual variability in SN echogenicity in PD. This is an explorative study, and further replication is warranted in larger samples and different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Ilyechova EY, Miliukhina IV, Karpenko MN, Orlov IA, Puchkova LV, Samsonov SA. Case of Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease in a Heterozygous Mutation Carrier of the ATP7B Gene. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9030041. [PMID: 31426520 PMCID: PMC6789574 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a clinically proven case of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with early onset in a patient who is a heterozygous mutation carrier of ATP7B (the Wilson’s disease gene). The patient was observed from 2011 to 2018 in the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine (St. Petersburg, Russia). During this period, the patient displayed aggravation of PD clinical symptoms that were accompanied by a decrease in the ceruloplasmin concentration (from 0.33 to 0.27 g/L) and an increase in serum nonceruloplasmin copper, which are typical of the late stages of Wilson’s disease. It was found that one of the alleles of exon 14 in the ATP7B gene, which partially codes of the nucleotide-binding domain (N-domain), carries a mutation not previously reported corresponding to Cys1079Gly substitution. Alignment of the ATP7B N-domain amino acid sequences of representative vertebrate species has shown that the Cys at 1079 position is conserved throughout the evolution. Molecular dynamic analysis of a polypeptide with Cys1079Gly substitution showed that the mutation causes profound conformational changes in the N-domain, which could potentially lead to impairment of its functions. The role of ATP7B gene mutations in PD development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Y Ilyechova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov str., 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Biophysics Department, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehknicheskay str., 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Irina V Miliukhina
- Centre for Neurodegenerative diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Maluy av., Petrogradskiy district, 13, St. Petersburg 197198, Russia
| | - Marina N Karpenko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov str., 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Iurii A Orlov
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Puchkova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov str., 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
- Biophysics Department, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehknicheskay str., 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza str., 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Patel D, Xu C, Nagarajan S, Liu Z, Hemphill WO, Shi R, Uversky VN, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA, Witt SN. Alpha-synuclein inhibits Snx3-retromer-mediated retrograde recycling of iron transporters in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1514-1532. [PMID: 29452354 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We probed the role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in modulating sorting nexin 3 (Snx3)-retromer-mediated recycling of iron transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. In yeast, the membrane-bound heterodimer Fet3/Ftr1 is the high affinity iron importer. Fet3 is a membrane-bound multicopper ferroxidase, whose ferroxidase domain is orthologous to human ceruloplasmin (Cp), that oxidizes external Fe+2 to Fe+3; the Fe+3 ions then channel through the Ftr1 permease into the cell. When the concentration of external iron is low (<1 µM), Fet3/Ftr1 is maintained on the plasma membrane by retrograde endocytic-recycling; whereas, when the concentration of external iron is high (>10 µM), Fet3/Ftr1 is endocytosed and shunted to the vacuole for degradation. We discovered that α-syn expression phenocopies the high iron condition: under the low iron condition (<1 µM), α-syn inhibits Snx3-retromer-mediated recycling of Fet3/Ftr1 and instead shunts Fet3/Ftr1 into the multivesicular body pathway to the vacuole. α-Syn inhibits recycling by blocking the association of Snx3-mCherry molecules with endocytic vesicles, possibly by interfering with the binding of Snx3 to phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate. In C. elegans, transgenic worms expressing α-syn exhibit an age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that is partially rescued by the iron chelator desferoxamine. This implies that α-syn-expressing dopaminergic neurons are susceptible to changes in iron neurotoxicity with age, whereby excess iron enhances α-syn-induced neurodegeneration. In vivo genetic analysis indicates that α-syn dysregulates iron homeostasis in worm dopaminergic neurons, possibly by inhibiting SNX-3-mediated recycling of a membrane-bound ortholog of Cp (F21D5.3), the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN1.1), or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sureshbabu Nagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Zhengchang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Wayne O Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Runhua Shi
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Stephan N Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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16
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Quantitation of Glycopeptides by ESI/MS - size of the peptide part strongly affects the relative proportions and allows discovery of new glycan compositions of Ceruloplasmin. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:13-26. [PMID: 30612270 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Significant changes of glycan structures are observed in humans if diseases like cancer, arthritis or inflammation are present. Thus, interest in biomarkers based on glycan structures has rapidly emerged in recent years and monitoring disease specific changes of glycosylation and their quantification is of great interest. Mass spectrometry is most commonly used to characterize and quantify glycopeptides and glycans liberated from the glycoprotein of interest. However, ionization properties of glycopeptides can strongly depend on their composition and can therefore lead to intensities that do not reflect the actual proportions present in the intact glycoprotein. Here we show that an increase in the length of the peptide can lead to a more accurate determination and quantification of the glycans. The four glycosylation sites of human serum ceruloplasmin from 17 different individuals were analyzed using glycopeptides of varying peptide lengths, obtained by action of different proteases and by limited digestion. In most cases, highly sialylated compositions showed an increased relative abundance with increasing peptide length. We observed a relative increase of triantennary glycans of up to a factor of three and, even more, MS peaks corresponding to tetraantennary compositions on ceruloplasmin at glycosite 137N in all 17 samples, which we did not detect using a bottom up approach. The data presented here leads to the conclusion that a middle down - or when possible a top down - approach is favorable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the glycosylation of glycoproteins.
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17
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Smith LM, Parr-Brownlie LC. A neuroscience perspective of the gut theory of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:817-823. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Smith
- Department of Anatomy; Brain Health Research Centre, and Brain Research New Zealand; University of Otago; PO Box 913 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Louise C. Parr-Brownlie
- Department of Anatomy; Brain Health Research Centre, and Brain Research New Zealand; University of Otago; PO Box 913 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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18
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Liddell JR, White AR. Nexus between mitochondrial function, iron, copper and glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:126-138. [PMID: 28577988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is neuropathologically characterised by loss of catecholamine neurons in vulnerable brain regions including substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus. This review discusses how the susceptibility of these regions is defined by their shared biochemical characteristics that differentiate them from other neurons. Parkinson's disease is biochemically characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of iron, diminished copper content and depleted glutathione levels in these regions. This review also discusses this neuropathology, and provides evidence for how these pathological features are mechanistically linked to each other. This leads to the conclusion that disruption of mitochondrial function, or iron, copper or glutathione metabolism in isolation provokes the pathological impairment of them all. This creates a vicious cycle that drives pathology leading to mitochondrial failure and neuronal cell death in vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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20
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Costa-Mallen P, Gatenby C, Friend S, Maravilla KR, Hu SC, Cain KC, Agarwal P, Anzai Y. Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 378:38-44. [PMID: 28566175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron has been previously found elevated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not in other brain regions, of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, iron in circulation has been recently observed to be lower than normal in PD patients. The regional selectivity of iron deposition in brain as well as the relationship between SNpc brain iron and serum iron within PD patients has not been completely elucidated. In this pilot study we measured brain iron in six regions of interest (ROIs) as well as serum iron and serum ferritin, in 24 PD patients and 27 age- gender-matched controls. Brain iron was measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T2 prime (T2') method. Difference in brain iron deposition between PD cases and controls for the six ROIs were calculated. SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios and SNpc/serum iron ratios were calculated for each study participant, and differences between PD patients and controls were tested. PD patients overall had higher brain iron than controls in the SNpc. PD patients had significantly higher SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios than controls, and significantly higher brain SNpc iron/serum iron ratios than controls. These results indicate that PD patients' iron metabolism is disrupted toward a higher partitioning of iron to the brain SNpc at the expenses of iron in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Gatenby
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sally Friend
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth R Maravilla
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kevin C Cain
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA 98034, United States
| | - Yoshimi Anzai
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Clinical Radiology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
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Walter U, Rosales R, Rocco A, Westenberger A, Domingo A, Go CL, Brüggemann N, Klein C, Lee LV, Dressler D. Sonographic alteration of substantia nigra is related to parkinsonism-predominant course of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 37:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Ferroptosis and cell death mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 104:34-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Pilotto A, Yilmaz R, Berg D. Developments in the role of transcranial sonography for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 15:43. [PMID: 26008814 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades transcranial sonography (TCS) has developed as a valuable, supplementary tool in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of movement disorders. In this review, we highlight recent evidence supporting TCS as a reliable method in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism, combining substantia nigra (SN), basal ganglia and ventricular system findings. Moreover, several studies support SN hyperechogenicity as one of most important risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). The advantages of TCS include short investigation time, low cost and lack of radiation. Principal limitations are still the dependency on the bone window and operator experience. New automated algorithms may reduce the role of investigator skill in the assessment and interpretation, increasing TCS diagnostic reliability. Based on the convincing evidence available, the EFNS accredited the method of TCS a level A recommendation for supporting the diagnosis of PD and its differential diagnosis from secondary and atypical parkinsonism. An increasing number of training programmes is extending the use of this technique in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mariani S, Ventriglia M, Simonelli I, Bucossi S, Siotto M, Donno S, Vernieri F, Squitti R. Association between sex, systemic iron variation and probability of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:354-60. [PMID: 26000822 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron homeostasis appears altered in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent genetic studies and meta-analyses have produced heterogeneous and inconclusive results. In order to verify the possible role of iron status in PD, we have screened some of the main metal gene variants, evaluated their effects on iron systemic status, and checked for possible interactions with PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 92 PD patients and 112 healthy controls, we screened the D544E and R793H variants of the ceruloplasmin gene (CP), the P589S variant of the transferrin gene (TF), and the H63D and C282Y variants of the HFE gene, encoding for homologous proteins, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed serum concentrations of iron, copper and their related proteins. RESULTS The genetic investigation revealed no significant differences in allelic and genotype distributions between patients and controls. Two different multivariable forward stepwise logistic models showed that, when the effect of sex is considered, an increase of the probability of having PD is associated with low iron concentration and Tf-saturation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence of the involvement of iron metabolism in PD pathogenesis and reveals a biological effect of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mariani
- a Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - M Ventriglia
- a Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - I Simonelli
- b Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS "San Raffaele Pisana" , Rome , Italy
| | - S Bucossi
- c Laboratorio di Neurodegenerazione, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Italy.,d Laboratory of Electrophysiology for Translational neuroScience (LET'S), ISTC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, "S. Giovanni Calibita"
| | - M Siotto
- e Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS , Milan , Italy
| | - S Donno
- f Ministero della Salute, Direzione Generale della Programmazione Sanitaria, Ufficio VI-Federalismo , Rome , Italy
| | - F Vernieri
- g Neurology, University "Campus Biomedico" , Rome , Italy
| | - R Squitti
- a Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital , Rome , Italy.,c Laboratorio di Neurodegenerazione, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Italy
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Grolez G, Moreau C, Sablonnière B, Garçon G, Devedjian JC, Meguig S, Gelé P, Delmaire C, Bordet R, Defebvre L, Cabantchik IZ, Devos D. Ceruloplasmin activity and iron chelation treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:74. [PMID: 25943368 PMCID: PMC4429376 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing body of evidence suggests that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with oxidative damage via iron accumulation in the substantia nigra (SN). Low ceruloplasmin (CP)-ferroxidase activity has been identified in the SN and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with PD. The iron chelator, deferiprone, reduces the abnormally high levels of iron in the SN. In order to determine CP’s involvement in iron accumulation in SN and PD progression, we aim to compare the ability of iron chelation treatment to reducing both SN iron levels and motor handicap in PD patients according to the level of ceruloplasmin activity. Methods We used a moderate chelation protocol with deferiprone (DFP) based on a, 6-month delayed-start paradigm, randomized placebo controlled clinical trial in 40 PD patients. CP-ferroxidase activity was determined in blood and CSF together with the D544E gene polymorphism (rs701753). Iron levels were determined by R2* MRI sequence and the motor handicap by the UPDRS motor score. Results After 6 to 12 months of DFP treatment, greater reductions in SN iron levels and UPDRS motor scores were obtained in patients with higher serum and CSF levels of CP-ferroxidase activity. After 6 months of DFP treatment, the AT genotype group displayed greater reduction of iron level in the SN with greater CSF and serum levels of CP activity than the AA genotype group. Conclusion Although most of the DFP-treated patients displayed clinical and radiological improvements, those with the lower CP activity appeared to respond better to iron chelation. Larger RCTs are now needed to establish whether pharmacological modulation of CP activity could be an innovative neuroprotective strategy in PD. Trial registration FAIR-PARK study (ClinicalTrials.gov reference: NCT00943748; French national reference number: 2008−006842−25). This study was approved by the French Drug Agency (ANSM) and the local institutional review board (“Comité de Protection des Personnes of Lille”). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0331-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Grolez
- Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pathology Centre, Unit 837, Team 1, INSERM Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Department of Toxicology, Public Health and Environment, EA 4483, Faculty of Pharmaceutic and Biological Sciences, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Devedjian
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Sayah Meguig
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Gelé
- Biological Resources Centre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | - Christine Delmaire
- INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,Department of Neuroradiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | - Regis Bordet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
| | - Ioav Z Cabantchik
- Della Pergola Chair, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,Department of Movement Disorders and Neurology, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1171, Lille Faculty of Medicine, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France. .,Department of Toxicology, Public Health and Environment, EA 4483, Faculty of Pharmaceutic and Biological Sciences, Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
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26
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Zhao N, Xiao J, Zheng Z, Fei G, Zhang F, Jin L, Zhong C. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of non-coding area in the CP gene are correlated with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:245-56. [PMID: 25758665 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that ceruloplasmin (CP) dysmetabolism is correlated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the causes of decreased serum CP levels in PD patients remain to be clarified. This study aimed to explore the potential association between genetic variants of the CP gene and PD. Clinical features, serum CP levels, and the CP gene (both promoter and coding regions) were analyzed in 60 PD patients and 50 controls. A luciferase reporter system was used to investigate the function of promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). High-density comparative genomic hybridization microarrays were also used to detect large-scale copy-number variations in CP and an additional 47 genes involved in PD and/or copper/iron metabolism. The frequencies of eight SNPs (one intronic SNP and seven promoter SNPs of the CP gene) and their haplotypes were significantly different between PD patients, especially those with lowered serum CP levels, and controls. However, the luciferase reporter system revealed no significant effect of the risk haplotype on promoter activity of the CP gene. Neither these SNPs nor their haplotypes were correlated with the Hoehn and Yahr staging of PD. The results of this study suggest that common genetic variants of CP are associated with PD and further investigation is needed to explore their functions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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Nayak A, Salt G, Verma SK, Kishore U. Proteomics Approach to Identify Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 121:59-86. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1045-60. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1077] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Ayuso P, Martínez C, Pastor P, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Luengo A, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, Agúndez JAG, García-Martín E. An association study between Heme oxygenase-1 genetic variants and Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:298. [PMID: 25309329 PMCID: PMC4173932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) supplies brain tissues with nutrients, filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream, and plays a key role in iron homeostasis in the human brain. Disruptions of the BBB are associated with several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress, iron deposition and mitochondrial impaired function are considered as risk factors for degeneration of the central nervous system. Heme oxygenase (HMOX) degrades heme ring to biliverdin, free ferrous iron and carbon monoxide being the rate-limiting activity in heme catabolism. The isoform HMOX1 is highly inducible in response to reactive oxygen species, which induce an increase in BBB permeability and impair its pathophysiology. Consequently, an over- expression of this enzyme may contribute to the marked iron deposition found in PD. We analyzed the HMOX1 SNPs rs2071746, rs2071747, and rs9282702, a microsatellite (GT)n polymorphism and copy number variations in 691 patients suffering from PD and 766 healthy control individuals. Copy number variations in the HMOX1 gene exist, but these do not seem to be associated with PD risk. In contrast two polymorphisms that modify the transcriptional activity of the gene, namely a VNTR (GT)n and the SNP rs2071746, are strongly associated with PD risk, particularly with the classic PD phenotype and with early onset of the disease. This study indicates that HMOX1 gene variants are associated to the risk of developing some forms of PD, thus adding new information that supports association of HMOX gene variations with PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetic, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain ; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RIRAAF/RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RIRAAF/RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain ; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain ; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Luengo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | - José A G Agúndez
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RIRAAF/RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetic, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain ; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RIRAAF/RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
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Ayton S, Lei P, Adlard PA, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI. Iron accumulation confers neurotoxicity to a vulnerable population of nigral neurons: implications for Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25011704 PMCID: PMC4114139 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The substantia nigra (SN) midbrain nucleus is constitutively iron rich. Iron levels elevate further with age, and pathologically in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Iron accumulation in PD SN involves dysfunction of ceruloplasmin (CP), which normally promotes iron export. We previously showed that ceruloplasmin knockout (CP KO) mice exhibit Parkinsonian neurodegeneration (~30% nigral loss) by 6 months, which is prevented by iron chelation. Here, we explored whether known iron-stressors of the SN (1) aging and (2) MPTP, would exaggerate the lesion severity of CP KO mice. Findings We show that while 5 month old CP KO mice exhibited nigral iron elevation and loss of SN neurons, surprisingly, aging CP KO mice to 14 months did not exacerbate iron elevation or SN neuronal loss. Unlike young mice, iron chelation therapy in CP KO mice between 9–14 months did not rescue neuronal loss. MPTP exaggerated iron elevation in young CP KO mice but did not increase cell death when compared to WTs. Conclusions We conclude that there may exist a proportion of substantia nigra neurons that depend on CP for protection against iron neurotoxicity and could be protected by iron-based therapeutics. Death of the remaining neurons in Parkinson’s disease is likely caused by parallel disease mechanisms, which may call for additional therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David I Finkelstein
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Pal A, Kumar A, Prasad R. Predictive association of copper metabolism proteins with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: a preliminary perspective. Biometals 2014; 27:25-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Nigral iron elevation is an invariable feature of Parkinson's disease and is a sufficient cause of neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:581256. [PMID: 24527451 PMCID: PMC3914334 DOI: 10.1155/2014/581256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits accompanying degeneration of substantia nigra pars compactor (SNc) neurons. Although familial forms of the disease exist, the cause of sporadic PD is unknown. Symptomatic treatments are available for PD, but there are no disease modifying therapies. While the neurodegenerative processes in PD may be multifactorial, this paper will review the evidence that prooxidant iron elevation in the SNc is an invariable feature of sporadic and familial PD forms, participates in the disease mechanism, and presents as a tractable target for a disease modifying therapy.
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Mot AI, Wedd AG, Sinclair L, Brown DR, Collins SJ, Brazier MW. Metal attenuating therapies in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:1717-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Walter U. Transcranial brain sonography findings in Parkinson’s disease: implications for pathogenesis, early diagnosis and therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:835-46. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Copper and copper proteins in Parkinson's disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:147251. [PMID: 24672633 PMCID: PMC3941957 DOI: 10.1155/2014/147251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a transition metal that has been linked to pathological and beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, free copper is related to increased oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein oligomerization, and Lewy body formation. Decreased copper along with increased iron has been found in substantia nigra and caudate nucleus of Parkinson's disease patients. Copper influences iron content in the brain through ferroxidase ceruloplasmin activity; therefore decreased protein-bound copper in brain may enhance iron accumulation and the associated oxidative stress. The function of other copper-binding proteins such as Cu/Zn-SOD and metallothioneins is also beneficial to prevent neurodegeneration. Copper may regulate neurotransmission since it is released after neuronal stimulus and the metal is able to modulate the function of NMDA and GABA A receptors. Some of the proteins involved in copper transport are the transporters CTR1, ATP7A, and ATP7B and the chaperone ATOX1. There is limited information about the role of those biomolecules in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease; for instance, it is known that CTR1 is decreased in substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease and that a mutation in ATP7B could be associated with Parkinson's disease. Regarding copper-related therapies, copper supplementation can represent a plausible alternative, while copper chelation may even aggravate the pathology.
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Klepac N, Habek M, Adamec I, Barušić AK, Bach I, Margetić E, Lušić I. An update on the management of young-onset Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2013; 2:53-62. [PMID: 30890879 PMCID: PMC6065598 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s34251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the text that follows, we review the main clinical features, genetic characteristics, and treatment options for Parkinson's disease (PD), considering the age at onset. The clinical variability between patients with PD points at the existence of subtypes of the disease. Identification of subtypes is important, since a focus on homogenous group may lead to tailored treatment strategies. One of the factors that determine variability of clinical features of PD is age of onset. Young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD) is defined as parkinsonism starting between the ages of 21 and 40. YOPD has a slower disease progression and a greater incidence and earlier appearance of levodopa-induced motor complications; namely, motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Moreover, YOPD patients face a lifetime of a progressive disease with gradual worsening of quality of life and their expectations are different from those of their older counterparts. Knowing this, treatment plans and management of symptoms must be paid careful attention to in order to maintain an acceptable quality of life in YOPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Mario Habek
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivan Adamec
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Anabella Karla Barušić
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivo Bach
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Eduard Margetić
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Lušić
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Mariani S, Ventriglia M, Simonelli I, Spalletta G, Bucossi S, Siotto M, Assogna F, Melgari JM, Vernieri F, Squitti R. Effects of hemochromatosis and transferrin gene mutations on peripheral iron dyshomeostasis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:37. [PMID: 23935582 PMCID: PMC3733023 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of iron metabolism has been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We have carried out a molecular analysis investigating the interaction between iron specific gene variants [transferrin (TF, P589S), hemochromatosis (HFE) C282Y and (H63D)], iron biochemical variables [iron, Tf, ceruloplasmin (Cp), Cp:Tf ratio and % of Tf saturation (% Tf-sat)] and apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variants in 139 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 27 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 78 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 139 healthy controls to investigate mechanisms of iron regulation or toxicity. No difference in genetic variant distributions between patients and controls was found in our Italian sample, but the stratification for the APOEε4 allele revealed that among the APOEε4 carriers was higher the frequency of those carriers of at least a mutated TF P589S allele. Decreased Tf in both AD and MCI and increased Cp:Tf ratio in AD vs. controls were detected. A multinomial logistic regression model revealed that increased iron and Cp:Tf ratio and being man instead of woman increased the risk of having PD, that increased values of Cp:Tf ratio corresponded to a 4-fold increase of the relative risk of having MCI, while higher Cp levels were protective for PD and MCI. Our study has some limitations: the small size of the samples, one ethnic group considered, the rarity of some alleles which prevent the statistical power of some genetic analysis. Even though they need confirmation in larger cohorts, our data suggest the hypothesis that deregulation of iron metabolism, in addition to other factors, has some effect on the PD disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mariani
- Neurology, University "Campus Biomedico" Rome, Italy
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39
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Hare D, Ayton S, Bush A, Lei P. A delicate balance: Iron metabolism and diseases of the brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:34. [PMID: 23874300 PMCID: PMC3715022 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant transition metal within the brain, and is vital for a number of cellular processes including neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination of neurons, and mitochondrial function. Redox cycling between ferrous and ferric iron is utilized in biology for various electron transfer reactions essential to life, yet this same chemistry mediates deleterious reactions with oxygen that induce oxidative stress. Consequently, there is a precise and tightly controlled mechanism to regulate iron in the brain. When iron is dysregulated, both conditions of iron overload and iron deficiencies are harmful to the brain. This review focuses on how iron metabolism is maintained in the brain, and how an alteration to iron and iron metabolism adversely affects neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Ashley Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
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40
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Neocortex and allocortex respond differentially to cellular stress in vitro and aging in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58596. [PMID: 23536801 PMCID: PMC3594169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, the allocortex accumulates aggregated proteins such as synuclein and tau well before neocortex. We present a new high-throughput model of this topographic difference by microdissecting neocortex and allocortex from the postnatal rat and treating them in parallel fashion with toxins. Allocortical cultures were more vulnerable to low concentrations of the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and PSI but not the oxidative poison H2O2. The proteasome appeared to be more impaired in allocortex because MG132 raised ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and lowered proteasome activity in allocortex more than neocortex. Allocortex cultures were more vulnerable to MG132 despite greater MG132-induced rises in heat shock protein 70, heme oxygenase 1, and catalase. Proteasome subunits PA700 and PA28 were also higher in allocortex cultures, suggesting compensatory adaptations to greater proteasome impairment. Glutathione and ceruloplasmin were not robustly MG132-responsive and were basally higher in neocortical cultures. Notably, neocortex cultures became as vulnerable to MG132 as allocortex when glutathione synthesis or autophagic defenses were inhibited. Conversely, the glutathione precursor N-acetyl cysteine rendered allocortex resilient to MG132. Glutathione and ceruloplasmin levels were then examined in vivo as a function of age because aging is a natural model of proteasome inhibition and oxidative stress. Allocortical glutathione levels rose linearly with age but were similar to neocortex in whole tissue lysates. In contrast, ceruloplasmin levels were strikingly higher in neocortex at all ages and rose linearly until middle age. PA28 levels rose with age and were higher in allocortex in vivo, also paralleling in vitro data. These neo- and allocortical differences have implications for the many studies that treat the telencephalic mantle as a single unit. Our observations suggest that the topographic progression of protein aggregations through the cerebrum may reflect differential responses to low level protein-misfolding stress but also reveal impressive compensatory adaptations in allocortex.
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Ayton S, Lei P, Duce JA, Wong BXW, Sedjahtera A, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI. Ceruloplasmin dysfunction and therapeutic potential for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:554-9. [PMID: 23424051 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin is an iron-export ferroxidase that is abundant in plasma and also expressed in glia. We found a ∼80% loss of ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity in the substantia nigra of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) cases, which could contribute to the pro-oxidant iron accumulation that characterizes the pathology. Consistent with a role for ceruloplasmin in PD etiopathogenesis, ceruloplasmin knockout mice developed parkinsonism that was rescued by iron chelation. Additionally, peripheral infusion of ceruloplasmin attenuated neurodegeneration and nigral iron elevation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model for PD. These findings show, in principle, that intravenous ceruloplasmin may have therapeutic potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Illicit stimulant use is associated with abnormal substantia nigra morphology in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56438. [PMID: 23418568 PMCID: PMC3572078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of illicit stimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and ecstasy is an increasing health problem. Chronic use can cause neurotoxicity in animals and humans but the long-term consequences are not well understood. The aim of the current study was to investigate the long-term effect of stimulant use on the morphology of the human substantia nigra. We hypothesised that history of illicit stimulant use is associated with an abnormally bright and enlarged substantia nigra (termed 'hyperechogenicity') when viewed with transcranial sonography. Substantia nigra morphology was assessed in abstinent stimulant users (n = 36; 31±9 yrs) and in two groups of control subjects: non-drug users (n = 29; 24±5 yrs) and cannabis users (n = 12; 25±7 yrs). Substantia nigra morphology was viewed with transcranial sonography and the area of echogenicity at the anatomical site of the substantia nigra was measured at its greatest extent. The area of substantia nigra echogenicity was significantly larger in the stimulant group (0.273±0.078 cm(2)) than in the control (0.201±0.054 cm(2); P<0.001) and cannabis (0.202±0.045 cm(2); P<0.007) groups. 53% of stimulant users exhibited echogenicity that exceeded the 90(th) percentile for the control group. The results of the current study suggest that individuals with a history of illicit stimulant use exhibit abnormal substantia nigra morphology. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is a strong risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease later in life and further research is required to determine if the observed abnormality in stimulant users is associated with a functional deficit of the nigro-striatal system.
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44
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Walter U. Transcranial sonography of the cerebral parenchyma: Update on clinically relevant applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.permed.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Iron dysregulation in movement disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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46
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Svetel M, Mijajlović M, Tomić A, Kresojević N, Pekmezović T, Kostić VS. Transcranial sonography in Wilson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:234-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Jin L, Wang J, Jin H, Fei G, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhao L, Zhao N, Sun X, Zeng M, Zhong C. Nigral iron deposition occurs across motor phenotypes of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:969-76. [PMID: 22288465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate whether brain iron deposition correlates with motor phenotypic expressions of Parkinson's disease. METHODS We subtyped patients with Parkinson's disease according to their main motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity/bradykinesia) into three subgroups: tremor-dominant subgroup, akinetic/rigid-dominant subgroup, or mixed subgroup. The iron levels in bilateral substantia nigra, globus pallidus, putamen, the head of caudate, and red nucleus of 87 patients and 50 control subjects were assayed by measuring phase values using susceptibility-weighted phase imaging in a 3-tesla magnetic resonance system. The serum ceruloplasmin levels of all subjects were determined. RESULTS The bilateral average phase values of the substantia nigra and all other brain regions examined did not correlate with the main motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in the total patient group or when patients were grouped according to serum ceruloplasmin levels. Significant correlations between serum ceruloplasmin levels and nigral bilateral average phase values were observed in the tremor and akinetic/rigid-dominant subgroups. Analysis of patients without prior dopaminergic medication exhibited similar results. Increased nigral iron content correlated with disease severity as assayed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores in the PD(AR) subgroup. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that nigral iron deposition, correlating with decreased serum ceruloplasmin levels, is a risk factor in Parkinson's disease across multiple motor phenotypic expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai.
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48
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Kristinsson J, Snaedal J, Tórsdóttir G, Jóhannesson T. Ceruloplasmin and iron in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: a synopsis of recent studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2012; 8:515-21. [PMID: 23144563 PMCID: PMC3493298 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s34729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentration and oxidative activity in serum are lowered in Parkinson's disease (PD). In most PD patients, iron increases in the substantia nigra in the midbrain. In PD, the low Cp concentration and activity in serum and the high iron amounts in the substantia nigra appears to be correlated. An hereditary background is common in PD and variations in the Cp gene that have been found in PD are associated with high iron levels in the substantia nigra. Variations in Cp synthesis and in the incorporation of copper into the Cp molecule are essential features of PD. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the Cp activity in serum is lowered but not the concentration, except in the advanced stages of the disease. Generally, iron is not increased in the AD brain. In the AD brain, iron accumulates in neuritic plaques and in neurofibrillary tangles. There is also increased risk of iron-mediated tissue damage, which may possibly be counteracted by Cp. At the same time, the AD brain is short in copper, which presumably results in the deficient activity of many copper enzymes in the brain, in addition to Cp. Lowered Cp activity in serum most likely stems from lessened incorporation of copper in the Cp molecule and similar incorporation defects might also apply to other copper enzymes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kristinsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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49
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Zhang X, Yin X, Yu H, Liu X, Yang F, Yao J, Jin H, Yang P. Quantitative proteomic analysis of serum proteins in patients with Parkinson's disease using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification labeling, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 137:490-5. [PMID: 22108571 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disease which occurs in aged people with chronic, progressive degenerative character of the central nervous system. Until now there is no effective treatment method in PD patients before they show obvious symptoms for prevention and early diagnosis. In order to find out early disease specific biomarkers, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling was employed to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed proteins among the different disease progress types of PD. 26 proteins were differentially expressed in a total of 258 identified proteins by proteomic techniques. The expression level of eight proteins which included sero-transferrin and clusterin increased. The expression level of eighteen proteins which include complement component 4B, apolipoprotein A-I, α-2-antiplasmin and coagulation factor V decreased. Those proteins may be associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein aggregation and inflammation. In this study, the expression level of apolipoprotein A-I decreased, particularly in the early stage of PD patients. This protein regulated not only the lipid metabolism in the central nervous system, but also influenced the deposition process of proteins which are involved in neural degenerative diseases, such as the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaping Zhang
- Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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50
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Tecchio F, Assenza G, Zappasodi F, Mariani S, Salustri C, Squitti R. Glutamate-mediated primary somatosensory cortex excitability correlated with circulating copper and ceruloplasmin. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:292593. [PMID: 22145081 PMCID: PMC3227495 DOI: 10.4061/2011/292593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To verify whether markers of metal homeostasis are related to a magnetoencephalographic index representative of glutamate-mediated excitability of the primary somatosensory cortex. The index is identified as the source strength of the earliest component (M20) of the somatosensory magnetic fields (SEFs) evoked by right median nerve stimulation at wrist. Method. Thirty healthy right-handed subjects (51 ± 22 years) were enrolled in the study. A source reconstruction algorithm was applied to assess the amount of synchronously activated neurons subtending the M20 and the following SEF component (M30), which is generated by two independent contributions of gabaergic and glutamatergic transmission. Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation, and zinc levels were measured. Results. Total copper and ceruloplasmin negatively correlated with the M20 source strength. Conclusion. This pilot study suggests that higher level of body copper reserve, as marked by ceruloplasmin variations, parallels lower cortical glutamatergic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tecchio
- Laboratory for Electrophysiology for Translational neuroScience (LET'S), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione (ISTC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fatebenefratelli Hospital Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
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