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Ambeskovic M, Hopkins G, Hoover T, Joseph JT, Montina T, Metz GAS. Metabolomic Signatures of Alzheimer's Disease Indicate Brain Region-Specific Neurodegenerative Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14769. [PMID: 37834217 PMCID: PMC10573054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological mechanisms contributing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still elusive. Here, we identified the metabolic signatures of AD in human post-mortem brains. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy and an untargeted metabolomics approach, we identified (1) metabolomic profiles of AD and age-matched healthy subjects in post-mortem brain tissue, and (2) region-common and region-unique metabolome alterations and biochemical pathways across eight brain regions revealed that BA9 was the most affected. Phenylalanine and phosphorylcholine were mainly downregulated, suggesting altered neurotransmitter synthesis. N-acetylaspartate and GABA were upregulated in most regions, suggesting higher inhibitory activity in neural circuits. Other region-common metabolic pathways indicated impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, while region-unique pathways indicated oxidative stress and altered immune responses. Importantly, AD caused metabolic changes in brain regions with less well-documented pathological alterations that suggest degenerative progression. The findings provide a new understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of AD and guide biomarker discovery for personalized risk prediction and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Ambeskovic
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.A.); (G.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Giselle Hopkins
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.A.); (G.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Tanzi Hoover
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.A.); (G.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Jeffrey T. Joseph
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.A.); (G.H.); (T.H.)
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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2
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Dang C, Wang Y, Li Q, Lu Y. Neuroimaging modalities in the detection of Alzheimer's disease-associated biomarkers. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad009. [PMID: 38666112 PMCID: PMC11003434 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Neuropathological changes in AD patients occur up to 10-20 years before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Specific diagnosis and appropriate intervention strategies are crucial during the phase of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The detection of biomarkers has emerged as a promising tool for tracking the efficacy of potential therapies, making an early disease diagnosis, and prejudging treatment prognosis. Specifically, multiple neuroimaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, optical imaging, and single photon emission-computed tomography, have provided a few potential biomarkers for clinical application. The MRI modalities described in this review include structural MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and arterial spin labelling. These techniques allow the detection of presymptomatic diagnostic biomarkers in the brains of cognitively normal elderly people and might also be used to monitor AD disease progression after the onset of clinical symptoms. This review highlights potential biomarkers, merits, and demerits of different neuroimaging modalities and their clinical value in MCI and AD patients. Further studies are necessary to explore more biomarkers and overcome the limitations of multiple neuroimaging modalities for inclusion in diagnostic criteria for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Dang
- Department of Periodical Press, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chifeng University of Affiliated Hospital, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yaoheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
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3
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Bodaghi A, Fattahi N, Ramazani A. Biomarkers: Promising and valuable tools towards diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of Covid-19 and other diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13323. [PMID: 36744065 PMCID: PMC9884646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers as early warning systems in the evaluation of disease risk has increased markedly in the last decade. Biomarkers are indicators of typical biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological reactions to therapy. The application and identification of biomarkers in the medical and clinical fields have an enormous impact on society. In this review, we discuss the history, various definitions, classifications, characteristics, and discovery of biomarkers. Furthermore, the potential application of biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases over the last decade are reviewed. The present review aims to inspire readers to explore new avenues in biomarker research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bodaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Tuyserkan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tuyserkan, Iran
| | - Nadia Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran,Trita Nanomedicine Research and Technology Development Center (TNRTC), Zanjan Health Technology Park, 45156-13191, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran,Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran,Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran.;
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4
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Bellanti F, Bukke VN, Moola A, Villani R, Scuderi C, Steardo L, Palombelli G, Canese R, Beggiato S, Altamura M, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G, Cassano T. Effects of Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Cerebral Metabolism, and Glutamatergic Transmission: An Integrated Approach in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890855. [PMID: 35686025 PMCID: PMC9170916 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) was investigated in young (6-month-old) and adult (12-month-old) 3 × Tg-AD mice, which received um-PEA for 3 months via a subcutaneous delivery system. Mitochondrial bioenergetics, ATP homeostasis, and magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy were evaluated in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HIPP) at the end of um-PEA treatment. Glutamate release was investigated by in vivo microdialysis in the ventral HIPP (vHIPP). We demonstrated that chronic um-PEA treatment ameliorates the decrease in the complex-I respiration rate and the FoF1-ATPase (complex V) activity, as well as ATP content depletion in the cortical mitochondria. Otherwise, the impairment in mitochondrial bioenergetics and the release of glutamate after depolarization was not ameliorated by um-PEA treatment in the HIPP of both young and adult 3 × Tg-AD mice. Moreover, progressive age- and pathology-related changes were observed in the cortical and hippocampal metabolism that closely mimic the alterations observed in the human AD brain; these metabolic alterations were not affected by chronic um-PEA treatment. These findings confirm that the HIPP is the most affected area by AD-like pathology and demonstrate that um-PEA counteracts mitochondrial dysfunctions and helps rescue brain energy metabolism in the FC, but not in the HIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Archana Moola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Canese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Altamura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Cassano
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5
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Kara F, Joers JM, Deelchand DK, Park YW, Przybelski SA, Lesnick TG, Senjem ML, Zeydan B, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Vemuri P, Mielke MM, Machulda MM, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Öz G, Kantarci K. 1H MR spectroscopy biomarkers of neuronal and synaptic function are associated with tau deposition in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 112:16-26. [PMID: 35038671 PMCID: PMC8976711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) may provide information on pathophysiological changes associated with tau deposition in cognitively unimpaired older adults. In this study, the associations of posterior cingulate gyrus tau and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition on PET with 1H MRS metabolite ratios acquired from bilateral posterior cingulate gyri were investigated in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Participants (n = 40) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging underwent single-voxel sLASER 1H MRS from the posterior cingulate gyrus at 3 Tesla, 18F-flortaucipir, and 11C- Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET. An increase in posterior cingulate gyrus tau deposition, but not elevated Aβ, was associated with lower N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (tCr) and glutamate (Glu)/tCr ratios, and sex by tau interaction was observed in association with Glu/tCr. Higher tau levels in cognitively unimpaired older adults are associated with biomarkers of neural and synaptic injury even in the absence of cognitive impairment and these relationships appear to be stronger in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firat Kara
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James M Joers
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Young Woo Park
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew L Senjem
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Burcu Zeydan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Gülin Öz
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Iqbal J, Liu X, Zhang H, Xiao S, Jin N, Yao F, Shen L. Targeted metabolomics study of early pathological features in hippocampus of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:927-946. [PMID: 33197957 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease in people of age 65 or above. The detailed etiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been elucidated yet. In this study, the hippocampi of 2- and 6-month-old triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice and age-sex-matched wild-type (WT) mice were analyzed by using targeted metabolomics approach. Compared with WT mice, 24 and 60 metabolites were found with significant differences in 2- and 6-month-old AD mice. Among these, 14 metabolites were found common while 10 metabolites showed consistent variable trends in both groups. These differential metabolites are found associated with amino acid, lipid, vitamin, nucleotide-related base, neurotransmitter and energy metabolisms, and oxidative stress. The results suggest that these differential metabolites might play a critical role in AD pathophysiology, and may serve as potential biomarkers for AD. Moreover, the results highlight the involvement of abnormal purine, pyrimidine, arginine, and proline metabolism, along with glycerophospholipid metabolism in early pathology of AD. For the first time, several differential metabolites are found to be associated with AD in this study. Targeted metabolomics can be used for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of specific target metabolites associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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7
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Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100663. [PMID: 32977661 PMCID: PMC7598212 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming a serious problem for developing countries as the lifespan of populations increases. Exercise is known to be clinically beneficial for MCI patients. Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for this population. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of aerobic exercise on SEPs in patients with MCI, to test whether SEPs are sensitive enough to detect improvements in early somatosensory processing. The study had a randomized parallel-group design and included 28 MCI subjects (14 in the experimental group and 14 in the control group). The experimental intervention was 20 min of aerobic exercise using a stationary bicycle. The control intervention involved 20 min of movements and stretches. Subjects were assessed before and after a single intervention session. SEPs were recorded by stimulating the median nerve of the dominant hand. Analysis of normalized SEP peak amplitudes showed that a single session of aerobic activity significantly reduced the N30 peak at the F3 channel (p = 0.03). There were no significant effects of aerobic exercise on SEP peak latencies. The results indicate that 20 min of aerobic exercise has a significant effect on the N30 SEP peak amplitude in MCI patients. The results suggest that aerobic exercise is likely to provide sensory-enriching inputs that enhance sensorimotor integration. Future studies should assess the effects of aerobic exercise on somatosensory processing in progressive stages of Alzheimer’s disease, longer exercise durations, and multiple exercise sessions.
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8
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Ketogenic therapy in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders: From mice to men. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109913. [PMID: 32151695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is a low carbohydrate and high fat diet that has been used for over 100 years in the management of childhood refractory epilepsy. More recently, ketogenic diet has been investigated for a number of metabolic, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this comprehensive review, we critically examine the potential therapeutic benefits of ketogenic diet and ketogenic agents on neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders in humans and translationally valid animal models. The preclinical literature provides strong support for the efficacy of ketogenic diet in a variety of diverse animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the evidence from clinical studies, while encouraging, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, psychotic and autism spectrum disorders, is limited to case studies and small pilot trials. Firm conclusion on the efficacy of ketogenic diet in psychiatric disorders cannot be drawn due to the lack of randomised, controlled clinical trials. The potential mechanisms of action of ketogenic therapy in these disorders with diverse pathophysiology may include energy metabolism, oxidative stress and immune/inflammatory processes. In conclusion, while ketogenic diet and ketogenic substances hold promise pre-clinically in a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, further studies, particularly randomised controlled clinical trials, are warranted to better understand their clinical efficacy and potential side effects.
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9
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Villa C, Lavitrano M, Salvatore E, Combi R. Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Recent Insights. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030061. [PMID: 32664352 PMCID: PMC7565667 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly, affecting millions of people worldwide and clinically characterized by a progressive and irreversible cognitive decline. The rapid increase in the incidence of AD highlights the need for an easy, efficient and accurate diagnosis of the disease in its initial stages in order to halt or delay the progression. The currently used diagnostic methods rely on measures of amyloid-β (Aβ), phosphorylated (p-tau) and total tau (t-tau) protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aided by advanced neuroimaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the invasiveness of these procedures and the high cost restrict their utilization. Hence, biomarkers from biological fluids obtained using non-invasive methods and novel neuroimaging approaches provide an attractive alternative for the early diagnosis of AD. Such biomarkers may also be helpful for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, allowing differential diagnosis or at least prolonging the pre-symptomatic stage in patients suffering from AD. Herein, we discuss the advantages and limits of the conventional biomarkers as well as recent promising candidates from alternative body fluids and new imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elena Salvatore
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Romina Combi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (R.C.)
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10
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Hofer DC, Zirkovits G, Pelzmann HJ, Huber K, Pessentheiner AR, Xia W, Uno K, Miyazaki T, Kon K, Tsuneki H, Pendl T, Al Zoughbi W, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Trausinger G, Abdellatif M, Schoiswohl G, Schreiber R, Eisenberg T, Magnes C, Sedej S, Eckhardt M, Sasahara M, Sasaoka T, Nitta A, Hoefler G, Graier WF, Kratky D, Auwerx J, Bogner-Strauss JG. N-acetylaspartate availability is essential for juvenile survival on fat-free diet and determines metabolic health. FASEB J 2019; 33:13808-13824. [PMID: 31638418 PMCID: PMC6894082 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801323r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is synthesized by aspartate N-acetyltransferase (gene: Nat8l) from acetyl-coenzyme A and aspartate. In the brain, NAA is considered an important energy metabolite for lipid synthesis. However, the role of NAA in peripheral tissues remained elusive. Therefore, we characterized the metabolic phenotype of knockout (ko) and adipose tissue-specific (ako) Nat8l-ko mice as well as NAA-supplemented mice on various diets. We identified an important role of NAA availability in the brain during adolescence, as 75% of Nat8l-ko mice died on fat-free diet (FFD) after weaning but could be rescued by NAA supplementation. In adult life, NAA deficiency promotes a beneficial metabolic phenotype, as Nat8l-ko and Nat8l-ako mice showed reduced body weight, increased energy expenditure, and improved glucose tolerance on chow, high-fat, and FFDs. Furthermore, Nat8l-deficient adipocytes exhibited increased mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and an induction of browning. Conversely, NAA-treated wild-type mice showed reduced adipocyte respiration and lipolysis and increased de novo lipogenesis, culminating in reduced energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, our data point to a possible role of NAA as modulator of pancreatic insulin secretion and suggest NAA as a critical energy metabolite for adipocyte and whole-body energy homeostasis.-Hofer, D. C., Zirkovits, G., Pelzmann, H. J., Huber, K., Pessentheiner, A. R., Xia, W., Uno, K., Miyazaki, T., Kon, K., Tsuneki, H., Pendl, T., Al Zoughbi, W., Madreiter-Sokolowski, C. T., Trausinger, G., Abdellatif, M., Schoiswohl, G., Schreiber, R., Eisenberg, T., Magnes, C., Sedej, S., Eckhardt, M., Sasahara, M., Sasaoka, T., Nitta, A., Hoefler, G., Graier, W. F., Kratky, D., Auwerx, J., Bogner-Strauss, J. G. N-acetylaspartate availability is essential for juvenile survival on fat-free diet and determines metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina C. Hofer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Zirkovits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut J. Pelzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ariane R. Pessentheiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenmin Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Kyosuke Uno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toh Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wael Al Zoughbi
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gert Trausinger
- Joanneum Research, HEALTH–Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Joanneum Research, HEALTH–Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Sedej
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane G. Bogner-Strauss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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11
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Kots ED, Khrenova MG, Nemukhin AV, Varfolomeev SD. Aspartoacylase: a central nervous system enzyme. Structure, catalytic activity and regulation mechanisms. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Newfound effect of N-acetylaspartate in preventing and reversing aggregation of amyloid-beta in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:161-169. [PMID: 29859874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although N-acetylaspartate (NAA) has long been recognized as the most abundant amino acid in neurons by far, its primary role has remained a mystery. Based on its unique tertiary structure, we explored the potential of NAA to modulate aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide 1-42 via multiple corroborating aggregation assays along with electron microscopy. Thioflavin-T fluorescence assay demonstrated that at physiological concentrations, NAA substantially inhibited the initiation of Aβ fibril formation. In addition, NAA added after 25 min of Aβ aggregation was shown to break up preformed fibrils. Electron microscopy analysis confirmed the absence of mature fibrils following NAA treatment. Furthermore, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements confirmed significant reductions in Aβ fibril hydrodynamic radius following treatment with NAA. These results suggest that physiological levels of NAA could play an important role in controlling Aβ aggregation in vivo where they are both found in the same neuronal compartments.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Apathy is a condition characterized by a lack of motivation that manifests in emotional, behavioral, and cognitive domains. Although previous studies have indicated that apathy is associated with frontal lesions, few studies have focused on the different subdomains of apathy, and no in vivo human biochemical data have been obtained to examine the neurochemical changes related to apathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, we investigated the frontal neurochemical alterations related to apathy among patients with AD using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). METHODS Apathy was assessed through the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). 1H MRS was performed to measure neurochemical metabolite levels in the anterior cingulate region and right orbitofrontal region. Associations between neurochemical metabolites and the total score and subscores of each domain of the AES were analyzed. RESULTS Altogether, 36 patients completed the study. Patients with lower N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios (NAA/Cr) in the anterior cingulate region demonstrated higher total apathy scores (β = -0.56, p = 0.003) with adjustments for age, gender, educational level, dementia severity, and depression severity. In a further analysis, a lower NAA/Cr in the anterior cingulate region was associated with all subdomains of apathy, including cognition (β = -0.43, p = 0.028), behavior (β = -0.55, p = 0.002), and emotion (β = -0.50, p = 0.005). No statistically significant associations were discovered in the right orbitofrontal region. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that apathy, in each of its cognitive, behavioral, or emotional subdomains is associated with brain neurochemical alterations in the anterior cingulate region. Abnormal neuronal integrity over the anterior cingulate cortex may exhibit a central role in causing all aspects of apathy in patients with AD.
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Sheelakumari R, Sarma SP, Kesavadas C, Thomas B, Sasi D, Sarath LV, Justus S, Mathew M, Menon RN. Multimodality Neuroimaging in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-sectional Comparison Study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018; 21:133-139. [PMID: 30122839 PMCID: PMC6073958 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_379_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a focus of considerable research. The present study aimed to test the utility of a logistic regression-derived classifier, combining specific quantitative multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for the early objective phenotyping of MCI in the clinic, over structural MRI data. Methods Thirty-three participants with cognitively stable amnestic MCI; 15 MCI converters to early Alzheimer's disease (AD; diseased controls) and 20 healthy controls underwent high-resolution T1-weighted volumetric MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MR spectroscopy). The regional volumes were obtained from T1-weighted MRI. The fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity maps were derived from DTI over multiple white matter regions. The 1H MRS voxels were placed over posterior cingulate gyri, and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr), choline (Cho)/Cr, myoinositol (mI/Cr), and NAA/mI ratios were obtained. A multimodal classifier comprising MR volumetry, DTI, and MRS was prepared. A cutoff point was arrived based on receiver operator characteristics analysis. Results were considered significant, if P < 0.05. Results The most sensitive individual marker to discriminate MCI from controls was DTI (90.9%), with a specificity of 50%. For classifying MCI from AD, the best individual modality was DTI (72.7%), with a high specificity of 87.9%. The multimodal classifier approach for MCI control classification achieved an area under curve (AUC) (AUC = 0.89; P < 0.001), with 93.9% sensitivity and 70% specificity. The combined classifier for MCI-AD achieved a highest AUC (AUC = 0.93; P < 0.001), with 93% sensitivity and 85.6% specificity. Conclusions The combined method of gray matter atrophy, white matter tract changes, and metabolite variation achieved a better performance at classifying MCI compared to the application of individual MRI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sheelakumari
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.,Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sankara P Sarma
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekharan Kesavadas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Bejoy Thomas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Sasi
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Lekha V Sarath
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sunitha Justus
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Mridula Mathew
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Ramshekhar N Menon
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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15
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Chaney A, Bauer M, Bochicchio D, Smigova A, Kassiou M, Davies KE, Williams SR, Boutin H. Longitudinal investigation of neuroinflammation and metabolite profiles in the APP swe ×PS1 Δe9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 144:318-335. [PMID: 29124761 PMCID: PMC5846890 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence linking neuroinflammation to many neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, its exact contribution to disease manifestation and/or progression is poorly understood. Therefore, there is a need to investigate neuroinflammation in both health and disease. Here, we investigate cognitive decline, neuroinflammatory and other pathophysiological changes in the APPswe×PS1Δe9 transgenic mouse model of AD. Transgenic (TG) mice were compared to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Neuroinflammation was investigated by [18F]DPA‐714 positron emission tomography and myo‐inositol levels using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo. Neuronal and cellular dysfunction was investigated by looking at N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), choline‐containing compounds, taurine and glutamate also using MRS. Cognitive decline was first observed at 12 m of age in the TG mice as assessed by working memory tests . A significant increase in [18F]DPA‐714 uptake was seen in the hippocampus and cortex of 18 m‐old TG mice when compared to age‐matched WT mice and 6 m‐old TG mice. No overall effect of gene was seen on metabolite levels; however, a significant reduction in NAA was observed in 18 m‐old TG mice when compared to WT. In addition, age resulted in a decrease in glutamate and an increase in choline levels. Therefore, we can conclude that increased neuroinflammation and cognitive decline are observed in TG animals, whereas NAA alterations occurring with age are exacerbated in the TG mice. These results support the role of neuroinflammation and metabolite alteration in AD and in ageing. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Bochicchio
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Smigova
- Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Karen E Davies
- Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve R Williams
- Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Forgacsova A, Galba J, Garruto RM, Majerova P, Katina S, Kovac A. A novel liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for determination of neurotransmitters in brain tissue: Application to human tauopathies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1073:154-162. [PMID: 29275172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, small molecules widely distributed in the central nervous system are essential in transmitting electrical signals across neurons via chemical communication. Dysregulation of these chemical signaling molecules is linked to numerous neurological diseases including tauopathies. In this study, a precise and reliable liquid chromatography method was established with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the simultaneous determination of aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid, pyroglutamic acid, acetylcholine and choline in human brain tissue. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of human brain tissues from three different tauopathies; corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam. Neurotransmitters were analyzed on ultra-high performance chromatography (UHPLC) using an ethylene bridged hybrid amide column coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Identification and quantification of neurotransmitters was carried out by ESI+ mass spectrometry detection. We optimized sample preparation to achieve simple and fast extraction of all nine analytes. Our method exhibited an excellent linearity for all analytes (all coefficients of determination >0.99), with inter-day and intra-day precision yielding relative standard deviations 3.2%-11.2% and an accuracy was in range of 92.6%-104.3%. The present study, using the above method, is the first to demonstrate significant alterations of brain neurotransmitters caused by pathological processes in the brain tissues of patient with three different tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Forgacsova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Galba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ralph M Garruto
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Anthropology, Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA; Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Katina
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic; AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvorakovo nabrezie 10, 811 02, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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González-Domínguez R, Sayago A, Fernández-Recamales Á. Metabolomics in Alzheimer’s disease: The need of complementary analytical platforms for the identification of biomarkers to unravel the underlying pathology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1071:75-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Kaebisch E, Fuss TL, Vandergrift L, Toews K, Habbel P, Cheng LL. Applications of high-resolution magic angle spinning MRS in biomedical studies I-cell line and animal models. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3700. [PMID: 28301071 PMCID: PMC5501085 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) MRS allows for direct measurements of non-liquid tissue and cell specimens to present valuable insights into the cellular metabolisms of physiological and pathological processes. HRMAS produces high-resolution spectra comparable to those obtained from solutions of specimen extracts but without complex metabolite extraction processes, and preserves the tissue cellular structure in a form suitable for pathological examinations following spectroscopic analysis. The technique has been applied in a wide variety of biomedical and biochemical studies and become one of the major platforms of metabolomic studies. By quantifying single metabolites, metabolite ratios, or metabolic profiles in their entirety, HRMAS presents promising possibilities for diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcomes for various diseases, as well as deciphering of metabolic changes resulting from drug therapies or xenobiotic interactions. In this review, we evaluate HRMAS MRS results on animal models and cell lines reported in the literature, and present the diverse applications of the method for the understanding of pathological processes and the effectiveness of therapies, development of disease animal models, and new progress in HRMAS methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaebisch
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Taylor L. Fuss
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Lindsey Vandergrift
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Karin Toews
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piet Habbel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Corresponding Author: Leo L. Cheng, PhD, 149 13 Street, CNY-6, Charlestown, MA 02129, Ph.617-724-6593, Fax.617-726-5684,
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Jahng GH, Oh J, Lee DW, Kim HG, Rhee HY, Shin W, Paik JW, Lee KM, Park S, Choe BY, Ryu CW. Glutamine and Glutamate Complex, as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Alters During Face-Name Association Task in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:145-59. [PMID: 27060946 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolite response during a memory task in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the metabolite changes in subjects with AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and cognitively normal (CN) elderly during a memory task using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS). METHODS This study involved 23 young normal controls (YC), 24 CN elderly, 24 aMCI, and 24 mild and probable AD individuals. fMRS data were acquired at the precuneus and posterior cingulate brain regions during a face-name association task. Statistical analyses of quantified metabolites were performed to evaluate differences of the metabolite values between the stimulation conditions and among the four subject groups. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to evaluate whether the metabolic changes after functional activations can differentiate the subject groups. RESULT Glutamine and glutamate complex (Glx) was statistically significantly different between the fixation and repeat conditions in aMCI (p = 0.0492) as well as between the fixation and the novel conditions in the AD (p = 0.0412) group. The total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) was statistically significantly different among the four subject groups in the fixation condition (DF = 3, F = 7.673, p < 0.001), the novel condition (DF = 3, F = 6.945, p < 0.001), and the repeat condition (DF = 3, F = 7.127, p < 0.001). tNAA, tCr, and mIns could be used to differentiate CN from aMCI. Furthermore, tNAA, tCr, Glx, and Glu could also differentiate CN from AD, and aMCI from AD. CONCLUSION Glx was altered during a stimulation that may be used to evaluate neuronal dysfunction in a demented patient. tNAA and tCr were reduced in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyug-Gi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Young Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Shin
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Paik
- Department of Mental Health, Kyung Hee University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Lee
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonchan Park
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Ryu
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schreiner SJ, Kirchner T, Wyss M, Van Bergen JM, Quevenco FC, Steininger SC, Griffith EY, Meier I, Michels L, Gietl AF, Leh SE, Brickman AM, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Pruessmann KP, Henning A, Unschuld PG. Low episodic memory performance in cognitively normal elderly subjects is associated with increased posterior cingulate gray matter N-acetylaspartate: a 1H MRSI study at 7 Tesla. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Wang H, Tan L, Wang HF, Liu Y, Yin RH, Wang WY, Chang XL, Jiang T, Yu JT. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:1049-70. [PMID: 26402632 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) could potentially identify changes in cerebral metabolites in the patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether these metabolites can serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Using meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the patterns of cerebral metabolite changes in several cerebral regions that are strongly associated with cognitive decline in AD patients. METHODS Using Hedges' g effect size, a systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ovid, Embase, and EBSCO, and 38 studies were integrated into the final meta-analysis. RESULTS According to the observational studies, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in AD patients was significantly reduced in the posterior cingulate (PC) (effect size (ES) =-0.924, p < 0.005) and bilateral hippocampus (left hippocampus: ES =-1.329, p < 0.005; right hippocampus: ES =-1.287, p < 0.005). NAA/Cr (creatine) ratio decreased markedly in the PC (ES =-1.052, p < 0.005). Simultaneously, significant elevated myo-inositol (mI)/Cr ratio was found not only in the PC but also in the parietal gray matter. For lack of sufficient data, we failed to elucidate the efficacy of pharmacological interventions with the metabolites changes. CONCLUSION The available data indicates that NAA, mI, and the NAA/Cr ratio might be potential biomarkers of brain dysfunction in AD subjects. Choline (Cho)/Cr and mI/NAA changes might also contribute toward the diagnostic process. Thus, large, well-designed studies correlated with cerebral metabolism are needed to better estimate the cerebral extent of alterations in brain metabolite levels in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Rui-Hua Yin
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Memory and Aging Center, Deparment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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22
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Sanacora G, Rothman D, Krystal JH. Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Psychiatry. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inaccessibility of the human brain to biochemical studies has historically challenged the ability of in vestigators to elucidate the pathophysiology of psychiatric syndromes. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) now provides a noninvasive means of assessing neurochemistry in vivo. Since the first application of the technique to the study of the human brain, many new advances have been made. This new technology broadens the applications of the MRS. The major principles of the technique and compounds currently available for study are discussed in this article. A brief review of current and future applications of the technology to the field of psychiatry are discussed. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:192-196, 1999
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sanacora
- Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine Yale
University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Douglas Rothman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine Yale
University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John H. Krystal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine Yale
University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
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Alberdi A, Aztiria A, Basarab A. On the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease from multimodal signals: A survey. Artif Intell Med 2016; 71:1-29. [PMID: 27506128 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients is increasing with increased life expectancy and 115.4 million people are expected to be affected in 2050. Unfortunately, AD is commonly diagnosed too late, when irreversible damages have been caused in the patient. OBJECTIVE An automatic, continuous and unobtrusive early AD detection method would be required to improve patients' life quality and avoid big healthcare costs. Thus, the objective of this survey is to review the multimodal signals that could be used in the development of such a system, emphasizing on the accuracy that they have shown up to date for AD detection. Some useful tools and specific issues towards this goal will also have to be reviewed. METHODS An extensive literature review was performed following a specific search strategy, inclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment in the Inspec, Compendex and PubMed databases. RESULTS This work reviews the extensive list of psychological, physiological, behavioural and cognitive measurements that could be used for AD detection. The most promising measurements seem to be magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for AD vs control (CTL) discrimination with an 98.95% accuracy, while electroencephalogram (EEG) shows the best results for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) vs CTL (97.88%) and MCI vs AD distinction (94.05%). Available physiological and behavioural AD datasets are listed, as well as medical imaging analysis steps and neuroimaging processing toolboxes. Some issues such as "label noise" and multi-site data are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The development of an unobtrusive and transparent AD detection system should be based on a multimodal system in order to take full advantage of all kinds of symptoms, detect even the smallest changes and combine them, so as to detect AD as early as possible. Such a multimodal system might probably be based on physiological monitoring of MRI or EEG, as well as behavioural measurements like the ones proposed along the article. The mentioned AD datasets and image processing toolboxes are available for their use towards this goal. Issues like "label noise" and multi-site neuroimaging incompatibilities may also have to be overcome, but methods for this purpose are already available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Alberdi
- Mondragon University, Electronics and Computing Department, Goiru Kalea, 2, Arrasate 20500, Spain.
| | - Asier Aztiria
- Mondragon University, Electronics and Computing Department, Goiru Kalea, 2, Arrasate 20500, Spain.
| | - Adrian Basarab
- Université de Toulouse, Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5505, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Doert A, Pilatus U, Zanella F, Müller WE, Eckert GP. ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of Thy-1-APPSL mice brain extracts indicates metabolic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:541-50. [PMID: 25742870 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical alterations underlying the symptoms and pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not fully understood. However, alterations of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction certainly play an important role. (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy exhibits promising results in providing information about those alterations in vivo in patients and animals, especially regarding the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Accordingly, transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP(SL))-serving as a model of neuropathological changes in AD-were examined with in vitro 1D (1)H- and 2D (1)H-(13)C-HSQC-NMR spectroscopy after oral administration of 1-(13)C-glucose and acquisition of brain material after 30 min. Perchloric acid extracts were measured using a 500 MHz spectrometer, providing more detailed information compared to in vivo spectra achievable nowadays. Area under curve (AUC) data of metabolite peaks were obtained and normalized in relation to the creatine signal, serving as internal reference. Besides confirming well-known metabolic alterations in AD like decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Creatine (Cr) ratio, new findings such as a decrease in phosphorylcholine (PC) are presented. Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) concentrations were decreased while γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was elevated in Thy1-APP(SL) mice. (13)C-NMR spectroscopy revealed a shift in the Glx-2/Glx-4-ratio-where Glx represents a combined Glu/Gln-signal-towards Glx-2 in AD. These findings correlated well with the NAA/Cr-ratio. The Gln-4/Glu-4-ratio is altered in favor of Glu. Our findings suggest that glutamine synthetase (GS), which is predominantly present in glial cells may be impaired in the brain of Thy1-APP(SL) transgenic mice. Since GS is an ATP-dependent enzyme, mitochondrial dysfunction might contribute to reduced activity, which might also account for the increased metabolism of glutamate via the GABA shunt, a metabolic pathway to bypass intra-mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase, resulting in elevated GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doert
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unawareness of deficits is common and is associated with poor outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, little is known about correlated neurobiochemical changes. METHODS Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine neurobiochemical correlates of unawareness of deficits as assessed by the Dementia Deficit Scale in 36 patients with AD. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra were acquired from the anterior cingulate area and right orbitofrontal area. Concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), total creatine, and other neurometabolites were calculated. RESULTS Nineteen (52.8%) participants had relative unawareness of deficits. This condition was negatively correlated with NAA/creatine in the anterior cingulate area (β = -0.36, p = 0.025) and positively correlated with NAA/creatine in the right orbitofrontal area (β = 0.41, p = 0.009) after controlling for dementia severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest unawareness of deficits in AD was associated with the altered neurochemical metabolites in the anterior cingulate area and right orbitofrontal area. However, the two areas might have opposite neuronal functions in unawareness of deficits.
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Kantarci K. Magnetic resonance markers for early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 5:663-70. [PMID: 16162090 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.5.5.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease has become critical in sustaining a healthy society. Noninvasive markers of disease progression starting from the earliest stages of pathologic involvement are required for determining the effectiveness of putative disease-modifying therapies that are under development. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate that magnetic resonance-based volume measurements of atrophy are potential markers of the progression of Alzheimer's disease, starting from the preclinical stages. Other magnetic resonance techniques that are sensitive to the different aspects of Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as biochemical ((proton) magnetic resonance spectroscopy), microstructural (diffusion magnetic resonance imaging), functional (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and blood flow (perfusion magnetic resonance imaging) changes, have not been as extensively studied longitudinally. Recent efforts of imaging amyloid plaques with magnetic resonance imaging generate the prospect for in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate of Alzheimer's disease in the future. In order for magnetic resonance modalities to qualify as surrogate markers for early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer's disease, multicenter longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Kantarci K. Proton MRS in mild cognitive impairment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 37:770-7. [PMID: 23526756 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome operationalized for early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many individuals with MCI are at the prodromal stage of AD or other dementia. Various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that measure the anatomic, biochemical, microstructural, functional, and blood-flow changes are being evaluated as possible surrogate measures for early diagnosis and disease progression in MCI. The pathology underlying MCI is heterogeneous, dominated by AD, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, or a mixture of these pathologies in autopsy cohorts. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) metabolite markers may help identify and track etiologies that typically underlie MCI in the elderly. The role of proton MRS will be critical for pathophysiological processes for which a reliable biomarker does not exist such as neuronal dysfunction, glial and microglial activation in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Fayed N, Modrego PJ, Medrano J. Comparative test–retest reliability of metabolite values assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain. The LCModel versus the manufacturer software. Neurol Res 2013; 31:472-7. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x395481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Chang L, Munsaka SM, Kraft-Terry S, Ernst T. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:576-93. [PMID: 23666436 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) has been applied to numerous clinical studies, especially for neurological disorders. This technique can non-invasively evaluate brain metabolites and neurochemicals in selected brain regions and is particularly useful for assessing neuroinflammatory disorders. Neurometabolites assessed with MRS include the neuronal markers N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate (Glu), as well as the glial marker myo-inositol (MI). Therefore, the concentrations of these metabolites typically correspond to disease severity and often correlate well with clinical variables in the various brain disorders. Neuroinflammation with activated astrocytes and microglia in brain disorders are often associated with elevated MI, and to a lesser extent elevated total creatine (tCr) and choline containing compounds (Cho), which are found in higher concentrations in glia than neurons, while neuronal injury is indicated by lower than normal levels of NAA and Glu. This review summarizes the neurometabolite abnormalities found in MRS studies performed in patients with neuroinflammatory disorders or neuropathic pain, which also may be associated with neuroinflammation. These brain disorders include multiple sclerosis, neuroviral infections (including Human Immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C), degenerative brain disorders (including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), stimulant abuse (including methamphetamine and cocaine) as well as several chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Neuroscience and Magnetic Resonance Research Program, The Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, UH Tower 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are characterized by elevated myoinositol and decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels. The increase in myoinositol seems to precede decreasing NAA levels in Alzheimer's diseases. NAA/myo-inositol ratio in the posterior cingulate gyri decreases with increasing burden of Alzheimer's disease pathologic conditions. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) is sensitive to the pathophysiologic processes associated with the risk of dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Although significant progress has been made in improving the acquisition and analysis techniques in (1)H MRS, translation of these technical developments to clinical practice have not been effective because of the lack of standardization for multisite applications and normative data and an insufficient understanding of the pathologic basis of (1)H MRS metabolite changes.
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Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor for dementia. With increasing life expectancy and aging populations worldwide, dementia is becoming one of the significant public health problems of the century. The most common pathology underlying dementia in older adults is Alzheimer's disease. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may provide a window into the biochemical changes associated with the loss of neuronal integrity and other neurodegenerative pathology that involve the brain before the manifestations of cognitive impairment in patients who are at risk for Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on proton MRS studies in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia, and how proton MRS metabolite levels may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of dementia-related pathologic changes in the brain.
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Botosoa E, Zhu M, Marbeuf-Gueye C, Triba M, Dutheil F, Duyckäerts C, Beaune P, Loriot M, Le Moyec L. NMR metabolomic of frontal cortex extracts: First study comparing two neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ing Rech Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Modrego PJ, Fayed N. Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy as marker of cognitive deterioration in mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011; 26:631-6. [PMID: 22323830 PMCID: PMC10845573 DOI: 10.1177/1533317511433809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is highly predictive of Alzheimer's disease but the pace of deterioration varies across patients. We hypothesize that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) could be a useful surrogate marker to monitor progression of cognitive impairment in patients with amnestic MCI. METHODS A cohort of patients with amnestic MCI underwent single-voxel (1)H-MRS at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. We included 16 patients who converted to dementia of Alzheimer type and other 16 who did not. Changes in cognitive function were compared with the changes in the metabolite levels assessed in vivo. RESULTS At baseline the converters had lower mean N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios in the posteromedial parietal cortex (1.41) than nonconverters (1.47). Most patients tended to lose points in the Mini-Mental test after 2-year follow-up in parallel with decreases in NAA levels (r = .53; P = .002) in the posteromedial parietal cortex as well. The converters showed significant decreases in NAA levels and Cr ratios, whereas the nonconverters did not (P = .001 and .02, respectively) in this area. CONCLUSION We conclude that MRS is a technique sensitive enough to monitor cognitive changes and progression to dementia in patients with amnestic MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Modrego
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
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[Mild cognitive impairment: diagnostic value of different MR techniques]. Radiologe 2011; 51:285-92. [PMID: 21448679 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-010-2094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of an increasingly aging population the prevalence of dementia is also expected to increase rapidly. As well as clinical, neuropsychological and laboratory procedures magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the early diagnosis of dementia which is important in the precursor stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). On the one hand this stage is associated with an increased risk of dementia and on the other hand an early treatment in this stage could attenuate development of the disease. In addition to morphological changes different functional MRI techniques can help in the early diagnosis of dementia and the precursor stages. Moreover, it is important to detect those MCI patients who are at particularly risk for developing dementia. In the differentiation of converters to non-converters initial studies suggest that particularly voxel-based morphometry, MR spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging can provide important additional information.
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Modrego PJ, Fayed N, Sarasa M. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the prediction of early conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to dementia: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2011; 1:e000007. [PMID: 22021723 PMCID: PMC3191389 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2010-000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of an amnestic type is a common condition in older people and highly predictive of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, there is no clear consensus regarding the best antecedent biomarker to predict early conversion to AD. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to demonstrate that (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain in MCI patients may predict early conversion to dementia within the 2-year period after baseline assessment. METHODS A cohort of patients fulfilling the criteria of amnestic MCI were enrolled consecutively. At baseline the patients underwent neuropsychological examination, standard blood tests and APOE genotype. (1)H-MRS (1.5 T) of the brain was carried out by exploring two areas: the posteromedial bilateral parietal lobe and left medial occipital lobe. The patients were followed up to detect conversion to probable AD according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association group criteria. RESULTS After a 2-year follow-up, 27 (38%) patients converted to AD. The mean N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio in the posteromedial bilateral parietal cortex was 1.38 in converters versus 1.49 in non-converters (p<0.0001). An NAA/Cr ratio equal to or lower than 1.43 in this area predicted conversion to probable AD at 74.1% sensitivity and 83.7% specificity (area under the curve: 0.84; 95% CI 0.73 to 0.92). The cross-validated accuracy of classification was 82%, which reaches 85% when the APOE4 genotype and memory test are included in the analysis. In the left medial occipital lobe, the predictive value was somewhat lower with 85.2% sensitivity and 61.4% specificity (area under the curve: 0.8; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.89). Neither the APOE4 genotype nor leuco-araiosis was predictive of conversion to dementia. CONCLUSION MRS is a valuable biomarker to predict early conversion to dementia in patients with amnestic MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Modrego
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Zano S, Malik R, Szucs S, Matalon R, Viola RE. Modification of aspartoacylase for potential use in enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Canavan disease. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 102:176-80. [PMID: 21095151 PMCID: PMC3022971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canavan disease is a fatal neurological disease without any effective treatments to slow the relentless progress of this disorder. Enzyme replacement therapy has been used effectively to treat a number of metabolic disorders, but the presence of the blood-brain-barrier presents an additional challenge in the treatment of neurological disorders. Studies have begun with the aim of establishing a treatment protocol that can effectively replace the defective enzyme in Canavan disease patients. The human enzyme, aspartoacylase, has been cloned, expressed and purified, and the surface lysyl groups modified through PEGylation. Fully active modified enzymes were administered to mice that are defective in this enzyme and that show many of the symptoms of Canavan disease. Statistically significant increases in brain enzyme activity levels have been achieved in this animal model, as well as decreases in the elevated substrate levels that mimic those found in Canavan disease patients. These results demonstrate that the modified enzyme is gaining access to the brain and functions to correct this metabolic defect. The stage is now set for a long term study to optimize this enzyme replacement approach for the development of a treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Zano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Radhika Malik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sylvia Szucs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Reuben Matalon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ronald E. Viola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA, Phone: 419-530-1582, Fax:419 -530-1583,
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Modrego PJ, Fayed N, Olmos S. Clinical and Radiological Differences in Alzheimer's Disease with and without a History of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuroradiol J 2010; 23:659-64. [PMID: 24148718 DOI: 10.1177/197140091002300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the influence of a history of amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at presentation from a clinical and radiological point of view. A consecutive sample of patients fulfilling the criteria of probable Alzheimer's disease according to the NINCDS-ADRDA work group not previously diagnosed nor treated underwent neuropsychological assessment including mini-mental test, Blessed dementia rating scale (BDRS), ADAS-Cog, neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), and a daily living activities scale (DAD). Radiological evaluation consisted of magnetic resonance imaging, left hippocampal volumetry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain. We divided the patients into two groups according to positive/negative history of MCI for a period longer than one year. The AD patients with a history of MCI were more likely to have a history of depression (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 1.12-26) and have more depressive symptoms at presentation in the NPI than those without a history of MCI. They also had a history of hypertension more frequently than the remainder. The presence/absence of ApoE4 alleles did not have influence in the clinical course. With regard to radiological findings the patients with previous MCI showed lower values of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) in parietal (p=0.0001) temporal (p=0.08) and occipital (p=0.00001) lobes than the other group, as well as a smaller left hippocampus although the difference was not statistically significant. A history of MCI in AD patients represents a form of the disease with slower progression from clinical and radiological viewpoints. These patients present with more depressive symptoms and a history of depression than the remainder. The lower NAA levels on MRS are compatible with a longer disease duration when AD is preceded by amnesic MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Modrego
- Department of Neurology, Miguel Servet University Hospital; Zaragoza, Spain -
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Robert O, Sabatier J, Desoubzdanne D, Lalande J, Balayssac S, Gilard V, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. pH optimization for a reliable quantification of brain tumor cell and tissue extracts with (1)H NMR: focus on choline-containing compounds and taurine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:987-99. [PMID: 21069302 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the optimal pH for (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of perchloric acid or methanol-chloroform-water extracts from brain tumor cells and tissues. The systematic study of the proton chemical shift variations as a function of pH of 13 brain metabolites in model solutions demonstrated that recording (1)H NMR spectra at pH 10 allowed resolving resonances that are overlapped at pH 7, especially in the 3.2-3.3 ppm choline-containing-compounds region. (1)H NMR analysis of extracts at pH 7 or 10 showed that quantitative measurements of lactate, alanine, glutamate, glutamine (Gln), creatine + phosphocreatine and myo-inositol (m-Ino) can be readily performed at both pHs. The concentrations of glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine and choline that are crucial metabolites for tumor brain malignancy grading were accurately measured at pH 10 only. Indeed, the resonances of their trimethylammonium moieties are cleared of any overlapping signal, especially those of taurine (Tau) and phosphoethanolamine. The four non-ionizable Tau protons resonating as a singlet in a non-congested spectral region permits an easier and more accurate quantitation of this apoptosis marker at pH 10 than at pH 7 where the triplet at 3.43 ppm can be overlapped with the signals of glucose or have an intensity too low to be measured. Glycine concentration was determined indirectly at both pHs after subtracting the contribution of the overlapped signals of m-Ino at pH 7 or Gln at pH 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Robert
- UPS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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Mandel SA, Morelli M, Halperin I, Korczyn AD. Biomarkers for prediction and targeted prevention of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: evaluation of drug clinical efficacy. EPMA J 2010. [PMID: 23199065 PMCID: PMC3405324 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are considered disorders of multifactorial origin, inevitably progressive and having a long preclinical period. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers (BMs) for early disease diagnosis will impact the management of AD and PD in several dimensions; it will 1) help to capture high-risk individuals before symptoms develop, a stage where prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact; 2) provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated objectively, while clinical measures are much less accurate; 3) help to discriminate between true AD or PD and other causes of a similar clinical syndrome; 4) delineate pathophysiological processes responsible for the disease; 5) determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies. In the long run the availability of reliable BMs will significantly advance the research and therapeutics of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A. Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilan Halperin
- The Israeli Psycological Association, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- Tel-Aviv University Medical School Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Modrego PJ, Fayed N, Errea JM, Rios C, Pina MA, Sarasa M. Memantine versus donepezil in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized trial with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:405-12. [PMID: 19874395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To compare memantine with the most prescribed cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil) from a clinical viewpoint when administered in early phases of Alzheimer disease (AD), and to find out whether memantine may produce changes in brain metabolite concentrations in comparison with donepezil. METHODS In this comparative rater-blinded parallel group randomized trial we recruited a consecutive sample of patients with probable mild to moderate AD. At baseline we carried out neuropsychological assessment with mini-mental, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive part (ADAS-cog), neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), and disability assessment for dementia (DAD), as well as (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in several areas of the brain. Patients were randomized to receive either donepezil or memantine for 6 months. After this elapse of time we repeated the same procedures and observed the changes in clinical scales (ADAS-cog, NPI, DAD), as well as the changes in metabolite levels in every area of exploration (temporal, pre-frontal, posterior cingulated (PCG), and occipital), especially those of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) which is regarded as a surrogate marker of neuronal density. RESULTS A total of sixty-three patients completed the trial. We did not see significant differences in clinical scales and metabolite levels between those on donepezil (n = 32) and those on memantine (n = 31). In general, more patients worsened than improved on either of the drugs. The changes in the NAA/creatine ratio in the PCG correlated significantly with the changes in the ADAS-cog (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Donepezil and memantine have similar modest clinical and spectroscopic effect on mild to moderate AD. MRS could be useful to monitor progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Modrego
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Mellon EA, Pilkinton DT, Clark CM, Elliott MA, Witschey WR, Borthakur A, Reddy R. Sodium MR imaging detection of mild Alzheimer disease: preliminary study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:978-84. [PMID: 19213826 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is significant interest in the development of novel noninvasive techniques for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and tracking its progression. Because MR imaging has detected alterations in sodium levels that correlate with cell death in stroke, we hypothesized that there would be alterations of sodium levels in the brains of patients with AD, related to AD cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10 volunteers (5 with mild AD and 5 healthy control subjects) were scanned with a 20-minute sodium (23Na) MR imaging protocol on a 3T clinical scanner. RESULTS After normalizing the signal intensity from the medial temporal lobes corresponding to the hippocampus with the ventricular signal intensity, we were able to detect a 7.5% signal intensity increase in the brains of patients with AD (AD group, 68.25% +/- 3.4% vs control group, 60.75% +/- 2.9%; P < .01). This signal intensity enhancement inversely correlated with hippocampal volume (AD group, 3.22 +/- 0.50 cm3 vs control group, 3.91 +/- 0.45 cm3; r2 = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that sodium imaging may be a clinically useful tool to detect the neuropathologic changes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mellon
- Department of Radiology, MMRRCC, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Metabonomic characterization of the 3-nitropropionic acid rat model of Huntington's disease. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1261-71. [PMID: 19148750 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced neurotoxicity can be used as a model for the genetic neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease (HD). A metabolic profiling strategy was adopted to explore the biochemical consequences of 3-NP administered to rats in specific brain regions. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the metabolite composition of several brain regions following 3-NP-intoxication. Dose-dependent increases in succinate levels were observed in all neuroanatomical regions, resulting from the 3-NP-induced inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase. Global decreases in taurine and GABA were observed in the majority of brain regions, whereas altered lipid profiles were observed only in the globus pallidus and dorsal striatum. Depleted phosphatidylcholine and elevated glycerol levels, which are indicative of apoptosis, were also observed in the frontal cortex of the 3-NP model. Many of the metabolic anomalies are consistent with those reported in HD. The 3-NP-induced model of HD provides a means of monitoring potential mechanisms of pathology and therapeutic response for drug interventions, which can be efficiently assessed using metabolic profiling strategies.
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Halperin I, Morelli M, Korczyn AD, Youdim MBH, Mandel SA. Biomarkers for evaluation of clinical efficacy of multipotential neuroprotective drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:128-40. [PMID: 19110204 PMCID: PMC5084261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last century, the world population has shown a staggering increase in its proportion of elderly members and thus neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively, are becoming an increasing burden on society. Among the diverse, significant challenges facing clinicians, is the improvement of diagnostic measures to detect early and subtle symptoms, a phase in which prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact and provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated during the course of drug treatment. At present, clinical diagnosis of AD and PD is based on a constellation of symptoms and manifestations, although the disease originated several years earlier. Given the multiple etiological nature of AD and PD, it is reasonable to assume that the initial causative pathobiological processes may differ between the affected individuals. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers will help not only early disease diagnosis, but also delineate the pathological mechanisms more definitively and reliably than the traditional cognitive and neurological phenotypes. In the current article, we review the literature on biochemical, genetic, and neuroimaging biomarkers and discuss their predictive value as indicative for disease vulnerability to detect individuals at risk for PD and AD, and to determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Halperin
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 64239 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Micaela Morelli
- grid.7763.50000000417553242Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- grid.12136.370000000419370546Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Tel-Aviv University Medical School, 31096 Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Efron St., P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Silvia A. Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Efron St., P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, Whitwell JL, Weigand SD, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Jack CR. Alzheimer disease: postmortem neuropathologic correlates of antemortem 1H MR spectroscopy metabolite measurements. Radiology 2008; 248:210-20. [PMID: 18566174 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2481071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the neuropathologic correlates of antemortem hydrogen 1 ((1)H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy metabolite measurements in subjects with Alzheimer disease (AD)-type pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional review board and was compliant with HIPAA regulations. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. The authors identified 54 subjects who underwent antemortem (1)H MR spectroscopy and were clinically healthy or had AD-type pathology with low to high likelihood of AD according to National Institute on Aging-Reagan neuropathologic criteria at autopsy. They investigated the associations between (1)H MR spectroscopy metabolite measurements and Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (Braak stage), neuritic plaque score, and AD likelihood, with adjustments for subject age, subject sex, and time between (1)H MR spectroscopy and death. RESULTS Decreases in N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio, an index of neuronal integrity, and increases in myo-inositol-to-creatine ratio were associated with higher Braak stage, higher neuritic plaque score, and greater likelihood of AD. The N-acetylaspartate-to-myo-inositol ratio proved to be the strongest predictor of the pathologic likelihood of AD. The strongest association observed was that between N-acetylaspartate-to-myo-inositol ratio and Braak stage (R(N)(2) = 0.47, P < .001). CONCLUSION Antemortem (1)H MR spectroscopy metabolite changes correlated with AD-type pathology seen at autopsy. The study findings validated (1)H MR spectroscopy metabolite measurements against the neuropathologic criteria for AD, and when combined with prior longitudinal (1)H MR spectroscopy findings, indicate that these measurements could be used as biomarkers for disease progression in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejal Kantarci
- Departments of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Bartha R, Smith M, Rupsingh R, Rylett J, Wells JL, Borrie MJ. High field (1)H MRS of the hippocampus after donepezil treatment in Alzheimer disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:786-93. [PMID: 18252268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure metabolite level changes in patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer Disease (AD) following four months of donepezil treatment. A small number of cognitively normal elderly subjects were also scanned longitudinally (twice within one year) to assess the reproducibility. Short echo-time (1)H magnetic resonance spectra were acquired at 4.0 T in the right hippocampus. Subjects were scanned at the time of first diagnosis (prior to receiving donepezil) and then following four months of donepezil treatment (5 mg/day for the first month, 10 mg/day thereafter). Changes in absolute metabolite levels and metabolite ratios were quantified and compared. There was no change in measured cognitive function following four months of donepezil treatment in the AD patients. Decreased levels of N-acetylaspartate, choline, N-acetylaspartate/creatine, choline/creatine, and myo-inositol/creatine were observed in AD patients after four months of treatment. Cognitively normal elderly subjects showed an increase in myo-inositol/choline ratio following one year. The reduced levels of N-acetylaspartate in AD patients indicates continued decline in neuronal function and/or integrity. However decreased levels of choline and myo-inositol/creatine ratio may indicate a positive treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bartha
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, Suite 2, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B8.
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A metabolomic study of brain tissues from aged mice with low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) gene. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:292-300. [PMID: 18041582 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) sequesters monoamines into synaptic vesicles in preparation for neurotransmission. Samples of cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum from VMAT2-deficient mice were compared to age-matched control mice. Multivariate statistical analyses of (1)H NMR spectral profiles separated VMAT2-deficient mice from controls for all five brain regions. Although the data show that metabolic alterations are region- and age-specific, in general, analyses indicated decreases in the concentrations of taurine and creatine/phosphocreatine and increases in glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate in VMAT2-deficient mouse brain tissues. This study demonstrates the efficacy of metabolomics as a functional genomics phenotyping tool for mouse models of neurological disorders, and indicates that mild reductions in the expression of VMAT2 affect normal brain metabolism.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a horribly debilitating disease that will increase in prevalence as the populations of the USA and Europe continue to age. It is expected that the USA alone will see some 16 million cases by 2050. At present, there is no cure for the disease and early diagnosis is all but impossible. The onset of disease is not manifested clinically and little is known regarding the cause of nonfamiliar AD. There is a need for biomarkers associated with AD to aid the diagnosis of this disease and to detect progression. Especially needed are biomarkers to monitor the effect of new drugs and therapeutic strategies as they are developed. A biomarker may be a genetic trait, a biochemical change, such as a protein, peptide or metabolite, or a change in a structural or functional feature detected using imaging technology. This review aims to cover the important field of biomarker research in association with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Ward
- Proteome Sciences plc, South Wing Laboratory (PO 045), Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Duarte JMN, Cunha RA, Carvalho RA. Different metabolism of glutamatergic and GABAergic compartments in superfused hippocampal slices characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroscience 2007; 144:1305-13. [PMID: 17197104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated intermediary metabolism using (13)C-glucose and (13)C-acetate tracers followed by (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotopomer analysis in rat hippocampal slice preparations, the most widely used preparation for electrophysiological studies. Slices displayed a stable metabolic activity over a wide range of superfusion periods in the absence or presence of 50 muM 4-aminopyridine (4AP), which triggers an intermittent burst-like neuronal firing. This caused an increase of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-related amino acids (glutamate, aspartate and GABA) and shortened the time required to reach metabolic and isotopic steady state (3 h in the presence of 4AP and 7 h in its absence). (13)C-NMR isotopomer analysis revealed an increase in TCA flux in astrocytes and in GABA compartments greater than in putative glutamatergic neurons and the fitting of these data further indicated that the metabolic network in GABAergic and glutamatergic compartments has a different design and reacts differently to the stimulation by the presence of 4AP. These results show that (13)C-isotopomer analysis allows estimating metabolic parameters/fluxes under both steady- and non-steady-state metabolic conditions in hippocampal slices, opening the possibility of combining electrophysiological and metabolic studies in the same preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M N Duarte
- Centre for Neurosciences of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Villemagne VL, Ng S, Cappai R, Barnham KJ, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Rowe CC, Masters CL. La lunga attesa: towards a molecular approach to neuroimaging and therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroradiol J 2006; 19:453-74. [PMID: 24351248 DOI: 10.1177/197140090601900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the gradual onset of dementia. The pathological hallmarks of the disease are Aβ amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), synaptic loss and reactive gliosis. Current diagnosis of AD is made by clinical, neuropsychologic, and neuroimaging assessments. Routine structural neuroimaging evaluation with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is based on non-specific features such as atrophy, a late feature in the progression of the disease, hence the crucial importance of developing new approaches for early and specific recognition at the prodromal stages of AD. Functional neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), possibly in conjuction with other related Aβ biomarkers in plasma and CSF, could prove to be valuable in the differential diagnosis of AD, as well as in assessing prognosis. With the advent of new therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the Aβ amyloid burden in the brain, there is increasing interest in the development of MRI contrast agents and PET and SPECT radioligands that will permit the assessment of Aβ amyloid burden in vivo. - ma dov'è / la lenta processione di stagioni / che fu un'alba infinita e senza strade, / dov'è la lunga attesa e qual è il nome / del vuoto che ci invade. - Eugenio Montale.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre for PET, Austin Health; Heidelberg, VIC, Australia - Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne; VIC, Australia. - The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville; VIC, Australia -
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50
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Le Coq J, An HJ, Lebrilla C, Viola RE. Characterization of human aspartoacylase: the brain enzyme responsible for Canavan disease. Biochemistry 2006; 45:5878-84. [PMID: 16669630 PMCID: PMC2566822 DOI: 10.1021/bi052608w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspartoacylase catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate and L-aspartate and is the only brain enzyme that has been shown to effectively metabolize NAA. Although the exact role of this enzymatic reaction has not yet been completely elucidated, the metabolism of NAA appears to be necessary in the formation of myelin lipids, and defects in this enzyme lead to Canavan disease, a fatal neurological disorder. The low catalytic activity and inherent instability observed with the Escherichia coli-expressed form of aspartoacylase suggested the need for a suitable eukaryotic expression system that would be capable of producing a fully functional, mature enzyme. Human aspartoacylase has now been successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. While the expression yields are lower than in E. coli, the purified enzyme is significantly more stable. This enzyme form has the same substrate specificity but is 150-fold more active than the E. coli-expressed enzyme. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme, measured by mass spectrometry, is higher than predicted, suggesting the presence of some post-translational modifications. Deglycosylation of aspartoacylase or mutation at the glycosylation site causes decreased enzyme stability and diminished catalytic activity. A carbohydrate component has been removed and characterized by mass spectrometry. In addition to this carbohydrate moiety, the enzyme has also been shown to contain one zinc atom per subunit. Chelation studies to remove the zinc result in a reversible loss of catalytic activity, thus establishing aspartoacylase as a zinc metalloenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald E. Viola
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ., Phone: 419-530-1582., Fax: 419-530-1583
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