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Imaging findings of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing tumors: a case series and review of the literature. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:857-867. [PMID: 34021462 PMCID: PMC8413199 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-producing tumors have an aggressive clinical course. Here, we report five cases of G-CSF-producing tumors and review the literature, focusing on imaging findings related to tumor-produced G-CSF. In addition to our cases, we identified 30 previous reports of G-CSF-producing tumors on which 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT, bone scintigraphy, or evaluation of bone marrow MR findings was performed. White blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein, and serum interleukin-6 were elevated in all cases for which these parameters were measured. G-CSF-producing tumors presented large necrotic masses (mean diameter 83.2 mm, range 17–195 mm) with marked FDG uptake (mean maximum standardized uptake value: 20.09). Diffuse FDG uptake into the bone marrow was shown in 28 of the 31 cases in which FDG-PET/CT was performed. The signal intensity of bone marrow suggested marrow reconversion in all seven MRI-assessable cases. Bone scintigraphy demonstrated no significant uptake, except in two cases with bone metastases. Splenic FDG uptake was increased in 8 of 10 cases in which it was evaluated. These imaging findings may reflect the effects of tumor-produced G-CSF. The presence of G-CSF-producing tumors should be considered in patients with cancer who show these imaging findings and marked inflammatory features of unknown origin.
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Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The April 2005 omega-3-acid ethyl esters capsules, iloprost inhalation solution, clofarabine, pegaptanib, and meningococcal conjugate vaccine. The DUE is on omega-3-acid ethyl esters capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Cada
- The Formulary, Drug Information Center, Washington State University Spokane
| | - Terri Levien
- Drug Information Pharmacist, Drug Information Center, Washington State University Spokane
| | - Danial E. Baker
- Drug Information Center, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495
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67Cu-Radiolabeling of a multimeric RGD peptide for αVβ3 integrin-targeted radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:347-355. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jin ZH, Furukawa T, Degardin M, Sugyo A, Tsuji AB, Yamasaki T, Kawamura K, Fujibayashi Y, Zhang MR, Boturyn D, Dumy P, Saga T. αVβ3 Integrin-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2076-85. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Revoltella RP, Menicagli M, Campani D. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an autocrine survival-growth factor in human gliomas. Cytokine 2011; 57:347-59. [PMID: 22200506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptors (GM-CSF.R) in 20 human brain gliomas with different tumor gradings and demonstrated constitutive high levels of both mRNA gene expression and protein production exclusively in the highest-grade tumors (WHO, III-IV grade). Five astrocytic cell lines were isolated in vitro from glioma cells, which had selectively adhered to plates pre-coated with rhGM-CSF. These cells were tumorigenic when xenografted to athymic mice, and produced GM-CSF constitutively in culture. Two lines, particularly lines AS1 and PG1, each from a patient with glioblastoma multiforme, constitutively over-expressed both GM-CSF and GM-CSF.R genes and secreted into their culture media biologically active GM-CSF. Different clones of the AS1 line, isolated after subsequent passages in vitro and then transplanted to athymic mice, demonstrated higher tumorigenic capacity with increasing passages in vivo. Cell proliferation was stimulated by rhGM-CSF in late-stage malignant clones, whereas apoptosis occurred at high frequency in the presence of blocking anti-GM-CSF antibodies. In contrast, rhGM-CSF did not induce any apparent effect in early-stage clones expressing neither GM-CSF nor GM-CSF.R. The addition of rhGM-CSF or rhIL-1β, to cultures induced the overproduction of both GM-CSF and its receptors and increased gene activation for several functional proteins (e.g. NGF, VEGF, VEGF.R1, G-CSF, MHC-II), indicating that these cells may undergo dynamic changes in response to environmental stimuli. These findings thus revealed: (1) that the co-expression of both autocrine GM-CSF and GM-CSF.R correlates with the advanced tumor stage; (2) that an important contribution of GM-CSF in malignant glioma cells is the prevention of apoptosis. These results imply that GM-CSF has an effective role in the evolution and pathogenesis of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Revoltella
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
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Raychaudhuri B, Rayman P, Ireland J, Ko J, Rini B, Borden EC, Garcia J, Vogelbaum MA, Finke J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and function in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:591-9. [PMID: 21636707 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma and to define their heterogeneity and their immunosuppressive function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy control subjects and from patients with newly diagnosed glioma were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and T cells assessed for intracellular expression of interferon (IFN)-γ. Antibody staining of PBMCs from glioma patients and healthy donors (CD33, HLADR, CD15, and CD14) followed by 4-color flow cytometry analysis-defined MDSC levels in the peripheral blood. To assess the role of MDSCs in suppressing T cell IFNγ production, PBMCs were depleted of MDSCs using anti-CD33 and anti-CD15 antibody-coated beads prior to T cell stimulation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess plasma arginase activity and the level of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Patients with glioblastoma have increased MDSC counts (CD33+HLADR-) in their blood that are composed of neutrophilic (CD15(+); >60%), lineage-negative (CD15(-)CD14(-); 31%), and monocytic (CD14(+); 6%) subsets. After stimulation, T cells from patients with glioblastoma had suppressed IFN-γ production when compared with healthy, age-matched donor T cells. Removal of MDSCs from the PBMCs with anti-CD33/CD15-coated beads significantly restored T cell function. Significant increases in arginase activity and G-CSF levels were observed in plasma specimens obtained from patients with glioblastoma. The accumulation of MDSCs in peripheral blood in patients with glioma likely promotes T cell immune suppression that is observed in this patient population. Increased plasma levels of arginase and G-CSF may relate to MDSC suppressor function and MDSC expansion, respectively, in patients with glioma.
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Davis JL, Ripley RT, Frankel TL, Maric I, Lozier JN, Rosenberg SA. Paraneoplastic granulocytosis in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:326-9. [PMID: 20440226 PMCID: PMC3469252 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328339da1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes are an uncommon, yet well-described, phenomenon in cancer patients. The syndrome of granulocytosis caused by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production by tumors is rare and is difficult to diagnose in patients receiving treatment for metastatic disease. From January 2005 to May 2009, 626 patients were evaluated for treatment of metastatic melanoma. At initial evaluation or during the course of treatment, six patients had an elevated white blood cell count and no evidence of infection. All six had significantly elevated serum G-CSF. The level of serum G-CSF was directly correlated with the absolute neutrophil count. In-vitro assay of melanoma tumor from two patients showed elevated G-CSF in cell culture supernatant. The paraneoplastic syndrome of granulocytosis resulting from ectopic G-CSF production in patients with metastatic melanoma is rare. This diagnosis should be considered when common causes of granulocytosis have been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Davis
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - R. Taylor Ripley
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy L. Frankel
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay N. Lozier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Rapp M, Ozcan Z, Steiger HJ, Wernet P, Sabel MC, Sorg RV. Cellular immunity of patients with malignant glioma: prerequisites for dendritic cell vaccination immunotherapy. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:41-50. [PMID: 16874889 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Vaccination therapy that uses dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach. However, it relies on intact cellular immunity and efficient generation of mature DCs, both of which can be impaired in patients with glioma. Therefore, the immune status and ex vivo generation of DC in such patients were studied.
Methods
The frequencies of white blood cell subsets and monocyte-derived, mature DCs in patients with high-grade gliomas and healthy control volunteers were analyzed using flow cytometry.
In the patients, frequencies of lymphocytes, T cells, and B cells were reduced in comparison with the volunteers in the control group, whereas frequencies of neutrophils and monocytes were increased. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of white blood cell counts or the frequency of NK cells and the major T-cell subsets. The responsiveness of T cells to lectin stimulation was normal. For monocytes, lower frequencies of CD80+ and CD86+ cells but not of CD40+ and HLA-DR+ cells were observed in patients. Ex vivo DC generation in a two-step culture protocol in autologous plasma–supplemented medium or in serum-free medium showed only minor differences in CD80 and HLA-DR expression between the patient and control groups. Frequencies of CD83+, CD1a+, CD14−, CD40+, and CD86+ cells were comparable. Overall, the serum-free medium was superior to the plasma-supplemented medium and allowed efficient ex vivo generation of CD83+, CD1a+, and CD14− mature DCs.
Conclusions
Only minor defects in the immune status of patients with glioma were observed, which probably would not hamper immunotherapy. Mature DCs can be generated successfully in normal numbers and with typical immunophenotypes from monocytes of patients with glioma, particularly under serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center, Düsseldorf Germany
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Wang YC, Yang S, Tzen CY, Lin CC, Lin J. Renal Cell Carcinoma Producing Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor. J Formos Med Assoc 2006; 105:414-7. [PMID: 16638652 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe neutrophilia caused by renal cell carcinoma secreting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a rare manifestation of renal cancer. A 70-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of severe anemia, severe neutrophilia and elevated serum G-CSF, which completely resolved after radical nephrectomy. Histologic study revealed a histologically high-grade, stage pT1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. Serum G-CSF level was elevated preoperatively and returned to normal postoperatively. Immunohistochemical study of the tumor tissue using anti-G-CSF monoclonal antibody revealed positive staining in the cancer cells. Careful follow-up of white blood cell count and physical examination for neck lymph node enlargement led to the timely identification of tumor recurrence 17 months after surgery, which resulted in prompt and successful salvage immunotherapy. In this case, G-CSF appeared to contribute to the leukocytosis, as both serum G-CSF level and white blood cell count closely correlated with the clinical tumor growth. White blood cell count should be closely monitored as an indicator of disease activity in patients with G-CSF-producing renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chieh Wang
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yokoyama T, Hyodo M, Hosoya Y, Koinuma K, Kurashina K, Saitoh S, Hirashima Y, Arai W, Zuiki T, Yasuda Y, Nagai H, Kanai N, Saitoh K. Aggressive G-CSF-producing gastric cancer complicated by lung and brain abscesses, mimicking metastases. Gastric Cancer 2005; 8:198-201. [PMID: 16086124 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-005-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 57-year-old Japanese man had type II c gastric cancer with marked lymph node metastases associated with leukocytosis and elevated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Total gastrectomy and distal pancreatectomy with lymph node dissection were performed. Although the primary lesion was negative for G-CSF by histopathological immunostaining, a highly increased G-CSF m-RNA level, measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in frozen sections, led to a diagnosis of G-CSF-producing gastric cancer. The leukocytes and G-CSF decreased immediately after surgery. He then had an intraabdominal recurrence, and was diagnosed with multiple tumors in his lung and brain, with abnormally elevated leukocytes and greatly increased G-CSF; he died 4 months after the surgery. Autopsy showed intraabdominal recurrence of cancer, with no metastases to the lung or brain, but with multiple brain and lung abscesses. We speculate that the excessively increased neutrophils induced by G-CSF infiltrated the lung and brain and formed abscesses, mimicking metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Minami-Kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Henze C, Lescot T, Traver S, Salthun-Lassalle B, Hirsch EC, Michel PP, Hartmann A. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is not protective against selective dopaminergic cell death in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2005; 383:44-8. [PMID: 15936509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the potential neuroprotective effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor in two different culture models in which dopaminergic (DA) neurons die selectively: first, in a culture model in which death of DA neurons occurs spontaneously and second, in a toxin-based paradigm, the in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium model of PD. In neither of the two models, a treatment with G-CSF, could prevent or halt the progressive neurodegeneration. However, we cannot rule out that G-CSF might exert neuroprotective or even deleterious effects in in vivo models of PD, based on the significant increase in the number of microglial cells observed after G-CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Henze
- INSERM U 679 (former U 289), Experimental Neurology and Therapeutics, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Zavala F, Abad S, Ezine S, Taupin V, Masson A, Bach JF. G-CSF therapy of ongoing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis via chemokine- and cytokine-based immune deviation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2011-9. [PMID: 11823538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence that G-CSF, the hemopoietic growth factor of the myeloid lineage, also exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-Th2 effects, prompted us to evaluate its direct therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases. Here we report a novel activity of G-CSF in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a murine model for multiple sclerosis, driven by Th1-oriented autoaggressive cells. A short 7-day treatment with G-CSF, initiated at the onset of clinical signs, provided durable protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. G-CSF-treated mice displayed limited demyelination, reduced recruitment of T cells to the CNS, and very discrete autoimmune inflammation, as well as barely detectable CNS mRNA levels of cytokines and chemokines. In the periphery, G-CSF treatment triggered an imbalance in the production by macrophages as well as autoreactive splenocytes of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, the prototypical pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 CC chemokines, respectively. This chemokine imbalance was associated with an immune deviation of the autoreactive response, with reduced IFN-gamma and increased IL-4 and TGF-beta1 levels. Moreover, G-CSF limited the production of TNF-alpha, a cytokine also associated with early CNS infiltration and neurological deficit. These findings support the potential application of G-CSF in the treatment of human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, taking advantage of the wide clinical favorable experience with this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Zavala
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 25 and Unité 345, Necker Hospital, Paris, France. Sanofi-Synthelabo, Bagneux, France.
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