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Ishioka M, Nihashi Y, Sunagawa Y, Umezawa K, Shimosato T, Kagami H, Morimoto T, Takaya T. Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Induces Myocardial Differentiation of Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14380. [PMID: 37762684 PMCID: PMC10532123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An 18-base myogenetic oligodeoxynucleotide (myoDN), iSN04, acts as an anti-nucleolin aptamer and induces myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts. This study investigated the effect of iSN04 on murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In the undifferentiated state, iSN04 inhibited the proliferation of ESCs and iPSCs but did not affect the expression of pluripotent markers. In the differentiating condition, iSN04 treatment of ESCs/iPSCs from day 5 onward dramatically induced differentiation into Nkx2-5+ beating cardiomyocytes with upregulation of Gata4, Isl1, and Nkx2-5, whereas iSN04 treatment from earlier stages completely inhibited cardiomyogenesis. RNA sequencing revealed that iSN04 treatment from day 5 onward contributes to the generation of cardiac progenitors by modulating the Wnt signaling pathway. Immunostaining showed that iSN04 suppressed the cytoplasmic translocation of nucleolin and restricted it to the nucleoli. These results demonstrate that nucleolin inhibition by iSN04 facilitates the terminal differentiation of cardiac mesoderm into cardiomyocytes but interferes with the differentiation of early mesoderm into the cardiac lineage. This is the first report on the generation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells using a DNA aptamer. Since iSN04 did not induce hypertrophic responses in primary-cultured cardiomyocytes, iSN04 would be useful and safe for the regenerative therapy of heart failure using stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ishioka
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.)
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Rowton M, Guzzetta A, Rydeen AB, Moskowitz IP. Control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing by intercellular signaling pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:94-106. [PMID: 34144893 PMCID: PMC8968240 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), malformations of the heart present at birth, is the most common class of life-threatening birth defect (Hoffman (1995) [1], Gelb (2004) [2], Gelb (2014) [3]). A major research challenge is to elucidate the genetic determinants of CHD and mechanistically link CHD ontogeny to a molecular understanding of heart development. Although the embryonic origins of CHD are unclear in most cases, dysregulation of cardiovascular lineage specification, patterning, proliferation, migration or differentiation have been described (Olson (2004) [4], Olson (2006) [5], Srivastava (2006) [6], Dunwoodie (2007) [7], Bruneau (2008) [8]). Cardiac differentiation is the process whereby cells become progressively more dedicated in a trajectory through the cardiac lineage towards mature cardiomyocytes. Defects in cardiac differentiation have been linked to CHD, although how the complex control of cardiac differentiation prevents CHD is just beginning to be understood. The stages of cardiac differentiation are highly stereotyped and have been well-characterized (Kattman et al. (2011) [9], Wamstad et al. (2012) [10], Luna-Zurita et al. (2016) [11], Loh et al. (2016) [12], DeLaughter et al. (2016) [13]); however, the developmental and molecular mechanisms that promote or delay the transition of a cell through these stages have not been as deeply investigated. Tight temporal control of progenitor differentiation is critically important for normal organ size, spatial organization, and cellular physiology and homeostasis of all organ systems (Raff et al. (1985) [14], Amthor et al. (1998) [15], Kopan et al. (2014) [16]). This review will focus on the action of signaling pathways in the control of cardiomyocyte differentiation timing. Numerous signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Hedgehog, Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Insulin-like Growth Factor, Thyroid Hormone and Hippo pathways, have all been implicated in promoting or inhibiting transitions along the cardiac differentiation trajectory. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms controlling cardiac differentiation timing promises to yield insights into the etiology of CHD and to inform approaches to restore function to damaged hearts.
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Hunter A, Dai Y, Brown KJ, Muise-Helmericks RC, Foley AC. TAK1/Map3k7 enhances differentiation of cardiogenic endoderm from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 137:132-142. [PMID: 31668971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specification of the primary heart field in mouse embryos requires signaling from the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). The nature of these signals is not known. We hypothesized that the TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK1/Map3k7) may act as a cardiogenic factor, based on its expression in heart-inducing endoderm and its requirement for cardiac differentiation of p19 cells. To test this, mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing Map3k7 were isolated and differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs). Map3k7-overexpressing EBs showed increased expression of AVE markers but interestingly, showed little effect on mesoderm formation and had no impact on overall cardiomyocyte formation. To test whether the pronounced expansion of endoderm masks an expansion of cardiac lineages, chimeric EBs were made consisting of Map3k7-overexpressing ES and wild type ES cells harboring a cardiac reporter transgene, MHCα::GFP, allowing cardiac differentiation to be assessed specifically in wild type ES cells. Wild type ES cells co-cultured with Map3k7-overexpressing cells had a 4-fold increase in expression of the cardiac reporter, supporting the hypothesis that Map3k7 increases the formation of cardiogenic endoderm. To further examine the role of Map3k7 in early lineage specification, other endodermal markers were examined. Interestingly, markers that are expressed in both the VE and later in gut development were expanded, whereas transcripts that specifically mark the early definitive (streak-derived) endoderm (DE) were not. To determine if Map3k7 is necessary for endoderm differentiation, EBs were grown in the presence of the Map3k7 specific inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol. Endoderm differentiation was dramatically decreased in these cells. Western blot analysis showed that known downstream targets of Map3k7 (Jnk, Nemo-like kinase (NLK) and p38 MAPK) were all inhibited. By contrast, transcripts for another TGFβ target, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) were markedly upregulated, as were transcripts for Gli2 (but not Gli1 and Gli3). Together these data support the hypothesis that Map3k7 governs the formation, or proliferation of cardiogenic endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hunter
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Yunkai Dai
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Kemar J Brown
- Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Corrigan Minehan Division of Cardiology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Robin C Muise-Helmericks
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Ann C Foley
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, United States of America.
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Shen Q, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Zhu Z, Pan Q, Lv S, Niu H, Li N, Peng S, Liao M, Wang H, Lei A, Miao Y, Liu Z, Hua J. Characterization of porcine extraembryonic endoderm cells. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12591. [PMID: 30896067 PMCID: PMC6536407 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date, many efforts have been made to establish porcine embryonic stem (pES) cells without success. Extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells can self-renew and differentiate into the visceral endoderm and parietal endoderm. XEN cells are derived from the primitive endoderm of the inner cell mass of blastocysts and may be an intermediate state in cell reprogramming. MATERIALS AND METHODS Porcine XEN cells (pXENCs) were generated from porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) and were characterized by RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence analyses. The developmental potential of pXENCs was investigated in chimeric mouse embryos. RESULTS Porcine XEN cells derived from porcine pPSCs were successfully expanded in N2B27 medium supplemented with bFGF for least 30 passages. RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence analyses showed that pXENCs expressed the murine and canine XEN markers Gata6, Gata4, Sox17 and Pdgfra but not the pluripotent markers Oct4, Sox2 and TE marker Cdx2. Moreover, these cells contributed to the XEN when injected into four-cell stage mouse embryos. Supplementation with Chir99021 and SB431542 promoted the pluripotency of the pXENCs. CONCLUSIONS We successfully derived pXENCs and showed that supplementation with Chir99021 and SB431542 confer them with pluripotency. Our results provide a new resource for investigating the reprogramming mechanism of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao‐Yan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhe Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhen‐Shuo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shan Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hui‐Min Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ming‐zhi Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hua‐Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - An‐Min Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yi‐Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhong‐Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life ScienceNorth‐East Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jin‐Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Lin J, Khan M, Zapiec B, Mombaerts P. Efficient derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem cell lines from mouse postimplantation embryos. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39457. [PMID: 27991575 PMCID: PMC5171707 DOI: 10.1038/srep39457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of stem cell lines have been derived from preimplantation or postimplantation mouse embryos: embryonic stem cell lines, epiblast stem cell lines, and trophoblast stem cell lines. It is not known if extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cell lines can be derived from postimplantation mouse embryos. Here, we report the derivation of 77 XEN cell lines from 85 postimplantation embryos at embryonic day E5.5 or E6.5, in parallel to the derivation of 41 XEN lines from 69 preimplantation embryos at the blastocyst stage. We attain a success rate of 100% of XEN cell line derivation with our E5.5 whole-embryo and E6.5 disaggregated-embryo methods. Immunofluorescence and NanoString gene expression analyses indicate that the XEN cell lines that we derived from postimplantation embryos (post-XEN) are very similar to the XEN cell lines that we derived from preimplantation embryos (pre-XEN) using a conventional method. After injection into blastocysts, post-XEN cells contribute to extraembryonic endoderm in chimeras at E6.5 and E7.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Lin
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mona Khan
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bolek Zapiec
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Lu W, Fang L, Ouyang B, Zhang X, Zhan S, Feng X, Bai Y, Han X, Kim H, He Q, Wan M, Shi FT, Feng XH, Liu D, Huang J, Songyang Z. Actl6a protects embryonic stem cells from differentiating into primitive endoderm. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1782-93. [PMID: 25802002 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Actl6a (actin-like protein 6A, also known as Baf53a or Arp4) is a subunit shared by multiple complexes including esBAF, INO80, and Tip60-p400, whose main components (Brg1, Ino80, and p400, respectively) are crucial for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, whether and how Actl6a functions in ESCs has not been investigated. ESCs originate from the epiblast (EPI) that is derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) in blastocysts, which also give rise to primitive endoderm (PrE). The molecular mechanisms for EPI/PrE specification remain unclear. In this study, we provide the first evidence that Actl6a can protect mouse ESCs (mESCs) from differentiating into PrE. While RNAi knockdown of Actl6a, which appeared highly expressed in mESCs and downregulated during differentiation, induced mESCs to differentiate towards the PrE lineage, ectopic expression of Actl6a was able to repress PrE differentiation. Our work also revealed that Actl6a could interact with Nanog and Sox2 and promote Nanog binding to pluripotency genes such as Oct4 and Sox2. Interestingly, cells depleted of p400, but not of Brg1 or Ino80, displayed similar PrE differentiation patterns. Mutant Actl6a with impaired ability to bind Tip60 and p400 failed to block PrE differentiation induced by Actl6a dysfunction. Finally, we showed that Actl6a could target to the promoters of key PrE regulators (e.g., Sall4 and Fgf4), repressing their expression and inhibiting PrE differentiation. Our findings uncover a novel function of Actl6a in mESCs, where it acts as a gatekeeper to prevent mESCs from entering into the PrE lineage through a Yin/Yang regulating pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lekun Fang
- Guangdong Gastroenterology Institute, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaofu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Han
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hyeung Kim
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Quanyuan He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ma Wan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng-Tao Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junjiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:1028-41. [PMID: 23640167 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
At the time of implantation in the maternal uterus, the mouse blastocyst possesses an inner cell mass comprising two lineages: epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrE). Representative stem cells derived from these two cell lineages can be expanded and maintained indefinitely in vitro as either embryonic stem (ES) or XEN cells, respectively. Here we describe protocols that can be used to establish XEN cell lines. These include the establishment of XEN cells from blastocyst-stage embryos in either standard embryonic or trophoblast stem (TS) cell culture conditions. We also describe protocols for establishing XEN cells directly from ES cells by either retinoic acid and activin-based conversion or by overexpression of the GATA transcription factor Gata6. XEN cells are a useful model of PrE cells, with which they share gene expression, differentiation potential and lineage restriction. The robust protocols for deriving XEN cells described here can be completed within 2-3 weeks.
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Nowotschin S, Xenopoulos P, Schrode N, Hadjantonakis AK. A bright single-cell resolution live imaging reporter of Notch signaling in the mouse. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:15. [PMID: 23617465 PMCID: PMC3663770 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live imaging provides an essential methodology for understanding complex and dynamic cell behaviors and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Genetically-encoded reporter expressing mouse strains are an important tool for use in live imaging experiments. Such reporter strains can be engineered by placing cis-regulatory elements of interest to direct the expression of desired reporter genes. If these cis-regulatory elements are downstream targets, and thus activated as a consequence of signaling pathway activation, such reporters can provide read-outs of the signaling status of a cell. The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved pathway operating in multiple developmental processes as well as being the basis for several congenital diseases. The transcription factor CBF1 is a central evolutionarily conserved component of the Notch signaling pathway. It binds the active form of the Notch receptor (NICD) and subsequently binds to cis-regulatory regions (CBF1 binding sites) in the promoters of Notch responsive genes. In this way, CBF1 binding sites represent a good target for the design of a Notch signaling reporter. RESULTS To generate a single-cell resolution Notch signaling reporter, we used a CBF responsive element to direct the expression of a nuclear-localized fluorescent protein. To do this, we linked 4 copies of a consensus CBF1 binding site to the basal simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, placed this cassette in front of a fluorescent protein fusion comprising human histone H2B linked to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) Venus, one of the brightest available YFPs. We used the CBF:H2B-Venus construct to generate both transgenic embryonic mouse stem (ES) cell lines and a strain of transgenic mice that would report Notch signaling activity. CONCLUSION By using multiple CBF1 binding sites together with a subcellular-localized, genetically-encoded fluorescent protein, H2B-Venus, we have generated a transgenic strain of mice that faithfully recapitulates Notch signaling at single-cell resolution. This is the first mouse reporter strain in which individual cells transducing a Notch signal can be visualized. The improved resolution of this reporter makes it ideal for live imaging developmental processes regulated by the Notch signaling pathway as well as a short-term lineage tracer of Notch expressing cells due to the perdurance of the fluorescent reporter. Taken together, the CBF:H2B-Venus mouse strain is a unique tool to study and understand the morphogenetic events regulated by the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nadine Schrode
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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