1
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Albers J, Mylroie J, Kimble A, Steward C, Chapman K, Wilbanks M, Perkins E, Garcia-Reyero N. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Impacts on Morphology, Behavior and Lipid Levels in Zebrafish Embryos. TOXICS 2024; 12:192. [PMID: 38535925 PMCID: PMC10975676 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic environments is often persistent and widespread. Understanding the potential adverse effects from this group of chemicals on aquatic communities allows for better hazard characterization. This study examines impacts on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo physiology, behavior, and lipid levels from exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Embryos were exposed to lethal and sublethal levels of each chemical and monitored for alterations in physiological malformations, mortality, lipid levels, and behavior (only PFOA and PFHxS). The predicted 50% lethal concentrations for 120 hpf embryos were 528.6 ppm PFOA, 14.28 ppm PFHxS, and 2.14 ppm PFOS. Spine curvature and the inability of the 120 hpf embryos to maintain a dorsal-up orientation was significantly increased at 10.2 ppm PFHxS and 1.9 ppm PFOS exposure. All measured 120 hpf embryo behaviors were significantly altered starting at the lowest levels tested, 188 ppm PFOA and 6.4 ppm PFHxS. Lipid levels decreased at the highest PFAS levels tested (375 PFOA ppm, 14.4 PFHxS ppm, 2.42 ppm PFOS). In general, the PFAS chemicals, at the levels examined in this study, increased morphological deformities, embryo activity, and startle response time, as well as decreased lipid levels in 120 hpf zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Albers
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - John Mylroie
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA (N.G.-R.)
| | - Ashley Kimble
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA (N.G.-R.)
| | | | - Kacy Chapman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Mitchell Wilbanks
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA (N.G.-R.)
| | - Edward Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA (N.G.-R.)
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA (N.G.-R.)
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2
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Juanez K, Ghose P. Repurposing the Killing Machine: Non-canonical Roles of the Cell Death Apparatus in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825124. [PMID: 35237604 PMCID: PMC8882910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we highlight the increasingly divergent functions of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell elimination genes in the nervous system, beyond their well-documented roles in cell dismantling and removal. We describe relevant background on the C. elegans nervous system together with the apoptotic cell death and engulfment pathways, highlighting pioneering work in C. elegans. We discuss in detail the unexpected, atypical roles of cell elimination genes in various aspects of neuronal development, response and function. This includes the regulation of cell division, pruning, axon regeneration, and behavioral outputs. We share our outlook on expanding our thinking as to what cell elimination genes can do and noting their versatility. We speculate on the existence of novel genes downstream and upstream of the canonical cell death pathways relevant to neuronal biology. We also propose future directions emphasizing the exploration of the roles of cell death genes in pruning and guidance during embryonic development.
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3
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Hung JC, Wu JL, Li HC, Chiu HW, Hong JR. The Proapoptotic Gene Bad Regulates Brain Development via p53-Mediated Stress Signals in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112820. [PMID: 34831043 PMCID: PMC8616466 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the BH3-only domain Bad regulates brain development via the control of programmed cell death (PCD), but very few studies have addressed its effect on the molecular signaling of brain development in the system. In this work, we examined the novel role of zebrafish Bad in initial programmed cell death for brain morphogenesis through the priming of p53-mediated stress signaling. In a biological function study on the knockdown of Bad by morpholino oligonucleotides, at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) Bad defects induced abnormal hindbrain development, as determined in a tissue section by means of HE staining which traced the damaged hindbrain. Then, genome-wide approaches for monitoring either the upregulation of apoptotic-related genes (11.8%) or the downregulation of brain development-related genes (29%) at the 24 hpf stage were implemented. The p53/caspase-8-mediated apoptotic death pathway was strongly involved, with the pathway being strongly reversed in a p53 mutant (p53M214K) line during Bad knockdown. Furthermore, we propose the involvement of a p53-mediated stress signal which is correlated with regulating Bad loss-mediated brain defects. We found that some major genes in brain development, such as crybb1, pva1b5, irx4a, pax7a, and fabp7a, were dramatically restored in the p53M214K line, and brain development recovered to return movement behavior to normal. Our findings suggest that Bad is required for (PCD) control, exerting a p53 stress signal on caspase-8/tBid-mediated death signaling and brain development-related gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chi Hung
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Huei-Ching Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Hsuan-Wen Chiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2003082; Fax: +886-6-2766505
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4
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Proapoptotic Bad Involved in Brain Development, When Severely Defected, Induces Dramatic Malformation in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094832. [PMID: 34063300 PMCID: PMC8124244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only molecule Bad regulates cell death via its differential protein phosphorylation, but very few studies address its effect on early embryonic development in vertebrate systems. In this work, we examined the novel role of zebrafish Bad in the initial programmed cell death (PCD) for brain morphogenesis through reducing environmental stress and cell death signaling. Bad was considered to be a material factor that because of the knockdown of Bad by morpholino oligonucleotides, PCD was increased and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was enhanced, which correlated to trigger a p53/caspase-8 involving cell death signaling. This Bad knockdown-mediated environmental stress and enhanced cell dying can delay normal cell migration in the formation of the three germ layers, especially the ectoderm, for further brain development. Furthermore, Bad defects involved in three-germ-layers development at 8 hpf were identified by in situ hybridization approach on cyp26, rtla, and Sox17 pattern expression markers. Finally, the Bad knockdown-induced severely defected brain was examined by tissue section from 24 to 48 h postfertilization (hpf), which correlated to induce dramatic malformation in the hindbrain. Our data suggest that the BH3-only molecule Bad regulates brain development via controlling programmed cell death on overcoming environmental stress for reducing secondary cell death signaling, which suggests that correlates to brain developmental and neurological disorders in this model system.
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5
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Raiders S, Black EC, Bae A, MacFarlane S, Klein M, Shaham S, Singhvi A. Glia actively sculpt sensory neurons by controlled phagocytosis to tune animal behavior. eLife 2021; 10:63532. [PMID: 33759761 PMCID: PMC8079151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia in the central nervous system engulf neuron fragments to remodel synapses and recycle photoreceptor outer segments. Whether glia passively clear shed neuronal debris or actively prune neuron fragments is unknown. How pruning of single-neuron endings impacts animal behavior is also unclear. Here, we report our discovery of glia-directed neuron pruning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Adult C. elegans AMsh glia engulf sensory endings of the AFD thermosensory neuron by repurposing components of the conserved apoptotic corpse phagocytosis machinery. The phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase TAT-1/ATP8A functions with glial PS-receptor PSR-1/PSR and PAT-2/α-integrin to initiate engulfment. This activates glial CED-10/Rac1 GTPase through the ternary GEF complex of CED-2/CrkII, CED-5/DOCK180, CED-12/ELMO. Execution of phagocytosis uses the actin-remodeler WSP-1/nWASp. This process dynamically tracks AFD activity and is regulated by temperature, the AFD sensory input. Importantly, glial CED-10 levels regulate engulfment rates downstream of neuron activity, and engulfment-defective mutants exhibit altered AFD-ending shape and thermosensory behavior. Our findings reveal a molecular pathway underlying glia-dependent engulfment in a peripheral sense-organ and demonstrate that glia actively engulf neuron fragments, with profound consequences on neuron shape and animal sensory behavior. Neurons are tree-shaped cells that receive information through endings connected to neighbouring cells or the environment. Controlling the size, number and location of these endings is necessary to ensure that circuits of neurons get precisely the right amount of input from their surroundings. Glial cells form a large portion of the nervous system, and they are tasked with supporting, cleaning and protecting neurons. In humans, part of their duties is to ‘eat’ (or prune) unnecessary neuron endings. In fact, this role is so important that defects in glial pruning are associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Yet it is still unknown how pruning takes place, and in particular whether it is the neuron or the glial cell that initiates the process. To investigate this question, Raiders et al. enlisted the common laboratory animal Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm with a simple nervous system where each neuron has been meticulously mapped out. First, the experiments showed that glial cells in C. elegans actually prune the endings of sensory neurons. Focusing on a single glia-neuron pair then revealed that the glial cell could trim the endings of a living neuron by redeploying the same molecular machinery it uses to clear dead cell debris. Compared to this debris-clearing activity, however, the glial cell takes a more nuanced approach to pruning: specifically, it can adjust the amount of trimming based on the activity load of the neuron. When Raiders et al. disrupted the glial pruning for a single temperature-sensing neuron, the worm lost its normal temperature preferences; this demonstrated how the pruning activity of a single glial cell can be linked to behavior. Taken together the experiments showcase how C. elegans can be used to study glial pruning. Further work using this model could help to understand how disease emerges when glial cells cannot perform their role, and to spot the genetic factors that put certain individuals at increased risk for neurological and sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Erik Calvin Black
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Andrea Bae
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Stephen MacFarlane
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, United States
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6
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Yang J, Chen S, Yang Y, Ma X, Shao B, Yang S, Wei Y, Wei X. Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 protein and its role in cancer. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12747. [PMID: 31961032 PMCID: PMC7046477 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The jumonji domain‐containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a Fe(II)‐ and 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG)‐dependent oxygenase that catalyses lysine hydroxylation and arginine demethylation of histone and non‐histone peptides. Recently, the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of JMJD6 has also been reported. The JMJD6 has been implicated in embryonic development, cellular proliferation and migration, self‐tolerance induction in the thymus, and adipocyte differentiation. Not surprisingly, abnormal expression of JMJD6 may contribute to the development of many diseases, such as neuropathic pain, foot‐and‐mouth disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C and various types of cancer. In the present review, we summarized the structure and functions of JMJD6, with particular emphasis on the role of JMJD6 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanfei Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Reyes-Gutierrez P, Carrasquillo-Rodríguez JW, Imbalzano AN. Promotion of adipogenesis by JMJD6 requires the AT hook-like domain and is independent of its catalytic function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216015. [PMID: 31430278 PMCID: PMC6701753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
JMJD6 is a member of the Jumonji C domain containing enzymes that demethylate and/or hydroxylate substrate proteins. It is a multi-functional protein that has been implicated in disparate aspects of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression, including but not limited to enhancer and promoter binding, release of paused RNA polymerase II, control of splicing, and interaction with the translation machinery. JMJD6 contributes to multiple aspects of animal development, including adipogenesis modeled in culture. We mutated proposed or characterized domains in the JMJD6 protein to better understand the requirement for JMJD6 in adipogenic differentiation. Mutation of JMJD6 amino acids that mediate binding of iron and 2-oxogluterate, which are required cofactors for enzymatic activity, had no impact on JMJD6 function, showing that catalytic activity is not required for JMJD6 contributions to adipogenic differentiation. In addition, we documented the formation of JMJD6 oligomers and showed that catalytic activity is not required for oligomerization, as has been reported previously. We also observed no effect of mutations in the sumoylation site and in the poly-serine stretch. In contrast, mutation of the AT hook-like structure, which mediates interaction with DNA and/or RNA, compromised JMJD6 function by blocking its ability to interact with chromatin at genes that express regulators of adipogenesis. The ability of JMJD6 to interact with nucleic acids may be a critical requirement for its function in adipogenic differentiation. The requirement for the AT hook-like domain and the lack of requirement for catalytic activity giving rise to the idea that co-activation of transcription by JMJD6 may be functioning as a scaffold protein that supports the interactions of other critical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jake W. Carrasquillo-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Shin JY, Son J, Kim WS, Gwak J, Ju BG. Jmjd6a regulates GSK3β RNA splicing in Xenopus laevis eye development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219800. [PMID: 31361752 PMCID: PMC6667200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that Jmjd6 plays an important role in gene regulation through its demethylation or hydroxylation activity on histone and transcription factors. In addition, Jmjd6 has been shown to regulate RNA splicing by interaction with splicing factors. In this study, we demonstrated that Jmjd6a is expressed in developing Xenopus laevis eye during optic vesicle formation and retinal layer differentiation stages. Knockdown of Jmjd6a by an antisense morpholino resulted in eye malformation including a deformed retinal layer and no lens formation. We further found down-regulation of gene expression related to eye development such as Rx1, Otx2, and Pax6 in Jmjd6a morpholino injected embryos. Jmjd6 interacts with splicing factor U2AF25 and GSK3β RNA in the anterior region of Xenopus embryos. Knockdown of Jmjd6a led to deletion of GSK3β RNA exon 1 and 2, which resulted in generation of N’-terminal truncated GSK3β protein. This event further caused decreased phosphorylation of β-catenin and subsequently increased β-catenin stability. Therefore, our result may suggest that Jmjd6a plays an important role in Xenopus eye development through regulation of GSK3β RNA splicing and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yoon Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongin Son
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungsug Gwak
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Anelli V, Ordas A, Kneitz S, Sagredo LM, Gourain V, Schartl M, Meijer AH, Mione M. Ras-Induced miR-146a and 193a Target Jmjd6 to Regulate Melanoma Progression. Front Genet 2018; 9:675. [PMID: 30619488 PMCID: PMC6305343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras genes are among the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer; yet our understanding of their oncogenic activity at the molecular mechanistic level is incomplete. To identify downstream events that mediate ras-induced cellular transformation in vivo, we analyzed global microRNA expression in three different models of Ras-induction and tumor formation in zebrafish. Six microRNAs were found increased in Ras-induced melanoma, glioma and in an inducible model of ubiquitous Ras expression. The upregulation of the microRNAs depended on the activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and to a lesser extent, on mTOR signaling. Two Ras-induced microRNAs (miR-146a and 193a) target Jmjd6, inducing downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels at the onset of Ras expression during melanoma development. However, at later stages of melanoma progression, jmjd6 levels were found elevated. The dynamic of Jmjd6 levels during progression of melanoma in the zebrafish model suggests that upregulation of the microRNAs targeting Jmjd6 may be part of an anti-cancer response. Indeed, triple transgenic fish engineered to express a microRNA-resistant Jmjd6 from the onset of melanoma have increased tumor burden, higher infiltration of leukocytes and shorter melanoma-free survival. Increased JMJD6 expression is found in several human cancers, including melanoma, suggesting that the up-regulation of Jmjd6 is a critical event in tumor progression. The following link has been created to allow review of record GSE37015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=jjcrbiuicyyqgpc&acc=GSE37015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Ordas
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonel Munoz Sagredo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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10
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Lee DH, Jo YJ, Eom HJ, Yum S, Rhee JS. Nonylphenol induces mortality and reduces hatching rate through increase of oxidative stress and dysfunction of antioxidant defense system in marine medaka embryo. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-018-0048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Vangimalla SS, Ganesan M, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Bifunctional Enzyme JMJD6 Contributes to Multiple Disease Pathogenesis: New Twist on the Old Story. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020041. [PMID: 28587176 PMCID: PMC5485730 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a non-heme Fe(II) 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase with arginine demethylase and lysyl hydroxylase activities. Its initial discovery as a dispensable phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) in the cell membrane of macrophages for phagocytosis was squashed by newer studies which revealed its nuclear localization and bifunctional enzymatic activity. Though its interaction with several nuclear and cytoplasmic target proteins has been demonstrated, the exact mechanisms and clinical significance of these various biologic interplays are not yet well established. Recent investigations have shed the light on the multiple pathways by which JMJD6 can regulate cell proliferation and cause tumorigenesis. Clinically, JMJD6 has been associated with more aggressive and metastatic disease, poorer prognosis, and lower overall survival rates-particularly in lung colon and oral cancers. JMJD6 is a novel biomarker for predicting future disease outcomes and is a target for new therapeutic treatments in future studies. Aberrant expression and dysregulation of JMJD6 are implicated in various other processes such as impaired T-cell proliferation and maturation, inoculation, and virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and impaired methylation of innate immunity factor. This article reviews the association of JMJD6 with various pathological processes-particularly, its role in tumorigenesis and virological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shankar Vangimalla
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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12
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Programmed Cell Death During Caenorhabditis elegans Development. Genetics 2017; 203:1533-62. [PMID: 27516615 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.186247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an integral component of Caenorhabditis elegans development. Genetic and reverse genetic studies in C. elegans have led to the identification of many genes and conserved cell death pathways that are important for the specification of which cells should live or die, the activation of the suicide program, and the dismantling and removal of dying cells. Molecular, cell biological, and biochemical studies have revealed the underlying mechanisms that control these three phases of programmed cell death. In particular, the interplay of transcriptional regulatory cascades and networks involving multiple transcriptional regulators is crucial in activating the expression of the key death-inducing gene egl-1 and, in some cases, the ced-3 gene in cells destined to die. A protein interaction cascade involving EGL-1, CED-9, CED-4, and CED-3 results in the activation of the key cell death protease CED-3, which is tightly controlled by multiple positive and negative regulators. The activation of the CED-3 caspase then initiates the cell disassembly process by cleaving and activating or inactivating crucial CED-3 substrates; leading to activation of multiple cell death execution events, including nuclear DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial elimination, phosphatidylserine externalization, inactivation of survival signals, and clearance of apoptotic cells. Further studies of programmed cell death in C. elegans will continue to advance our understanding of how programmed cell death is regulated, activated, and executed in general.
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Lawrence P, Rieder E. Insights into Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6): a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cells. Virus Genes 2017; 53:340-351. [PMID: 28364140 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) has had a convoluted history, and recent reports indicating a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection have further complicated the functionality of this protein. It was first identified as the phosphatidylserine receptor on the cell surface responsible for recognizing phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells resulting in their engulfment by phagocytic cells. Subsequent study revealed a nuclear subcellular localization, where JMJD6 participated in lysine hydroxylation and arginine demethylation of histone proteins and other non-histone proteins. Interestingly, to date, JMDJ6 remains the only known arginine demethylase with a growing list of known substrate molecules. These conflicting associations rendered the subcellular localization of JMJD6 to be quite nebulous. Further muddying this area, two different groups illustrated that JMJD6 could be induced to redistribute from the cell surface to the nucleus of a cell. More recently, JMJD6 was demonstrated to be a host factor contributing to the FMDV life cycle, where it was not only exploited for its arginine demethylase activity, but also served as an alternative virus receptor. This review attempts to coalesce these divergent roles for a single protein into one cohesive account. Given the diverse functionalities already characterized for JMJD6, it is likely to continue to be a confounding protein resulting in much contention going into the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
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14
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Kwok J, O'Shea M, Hume DA, Lengeling A. Jmjd6, a JmjC Dioxygenase with Many Interaction Partners and Pleiotropic Functions. Front Genet 2017; 8:32. [PMID: 28360925 PMCID: PMC5352680 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylation and arginyl demethylation are post-translational events that are important for many cellular processes. The jumonji domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) has been reported to catalyze both lysyl hydroxylation and arginyl demethylation on diverse protein substrates. It also interacts directly with RNA. This review summarizes knowledge of JMJD6 functions that have emerged in the last 15 years and considers how a single Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing enzyme can target so many different substrates. New links and synergies between the three main proposed functions of Jmjd6 in histone demethylation, promoter proximal pause release of polymerase II and RNA splicing are discussed. The physiological context of the described molecular functions is considered and recently described novel roles for JMJD6 in cancer and immune biology are reviewed. The increased knowledge of JMJD6 functions has wider implications for our general understanding of the JmjC protein family of which JMJD6 is a member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Kwok
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie O'Shea
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreas Lengeling
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Shiu WL, Huang KR, Hung JC, Wu JL, Hong JR. Knockdown of zebrafish YY1a can downregulate the phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor expression, leading to induce the abnormal brain and heart development. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:31. [PMID: 26924789 PMCID: PMC4770675 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitously expressed GLI-Kruppel zinc finger-containing transcriptional regulator. YY1 plays a fundamental role in normal biologic processes such as embryogenesis, differentiation, and cellular proliferation. YY1 effects on the genes involved in these processes are mediated via initiation, activation, or repression of transcription depending upon the context in which it binds. The role of the multifunctional transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in tissue development is poorly understood. In the present, we investigated YY1a role in developing zebrafish on PSR-mediated apoptotic cell engulfment during organic morphogenesis. Results YY1a is first expressed 0.5 h post-fertilization (hpf), in the whole embryo 12 hpf, and in brain, eyes, and heart 72 hpf by in situ hybridization assay. The nucleotide sequence of zebrafish YY1a transcription factor (clone zfYY1a; HQ 166834) was found to be similar to that of zebrafish YY1a (99 % sequence identity; NM 212617). With the loss-of-function assay, YY1a knockdown by a morpholino oligonucleotide led to downregulation of the phosphatidylserine engulfing receptor zfPSR during embryonic segmentation and to the accumulation of a large number of dead apoptotic cells throughout the entire early embryo, especially in the posterior area. Up to 24 hpf, these cells interfered with embryonic cell migration and cell-cell interactions that normally occur in the brain, heart, eye, and notochord. Finally, with gain-of-function assay, defective morphants could be rescued by injecting both YY1a mRNA and PSR mRNA and trigger resumption of normal development. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that YY1a regulates PS receptor expression that linked to function of PSR-phagocyte mediated apoptotic cell engulfment during development, especially the development of organs such as the brain and heart. YY1a/PSR-mediated engulfing system may involve in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Shiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jo-Chi Hung
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Lawrence P, Pacheco J, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, Rai DK, Rieder E. Pathogenesis and micro-anatomic characterization of a cell-adapted mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: Impact of the Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) and route of inoculation. Virology 2016; 492:108-17. [PMID: 26914509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A companion study reported Jumonji-C domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is involved in an integrin- and HS-independent pathway of FMDV infection in CHO cells. JMJD6 localization was investigated in animal tissues from cattle infected with either wild type A24-FMDV (A24-WT) or mutant FMDV (JMJD6-FMDV) carrying E95K/S96L and RGD to KGE mutations in VP1. Additionally, pathogenesis of mutant JMJD6-FMDV was investigated in cattle through aerosol and intraepithelial lingual (IEL) inoculation. Interestingly, JMJD6-FMDV pathogenesis was equivalent to A24-WT administered by IEL route. In contrast, JMJD6-FMDV aerosol-infected cattle did not manifest signs of FMD and animals showed no detectable viremia. Immunofluorescent microscopy of post-mortem tissue revealed JMJD6-FMDV exclusively co-localized with JMJD6(+) cells while A24-WT was occasionally found in JMJD6(+) cells. In vitro, chemical uptake inhibitors demonstrated JMJD6-FMDV entered cells via clathrin-coated pit endocytosis. In vivo, JMJD6-FMDV exhibited preference for JMJD6(+) cells, but availability of this alternative receptor likely depends on route of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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17
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Yoon KW, Byun S, Kwon E, Hwang SY, Chu K, Hiraki M, Jo SH, Weins A, Hakroush S, Cebulla A, Sykes DB, Greka A, Mundel P, Fisher DE, Mandinova A, Lee SW. Control of signaling-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells by the tumor suppressor p53. Science 2015; 349:1261669. [PMID: 26228159 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inefficient clearance of dying cells can lead to abnormal immune responses, such as unresolved inflammation and autoimmune conditions. We show that tumor suppressor p53 controls signaling-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells through its target, Death Domain1α (DD1α), which suggests that p53 promotes both the proapoptotic pathway and postapoptotic events. DD1α appears to function as an engulfment ligand or receptor that engages in homophilic intermolecular interaction at intercellular junctions of apoptotic cells and macrophages, unlike other typical scavenger receptors that recognize phosphatidylserine on the surface of dead cells. DD1α-deficient mice showed in vivo defects in clearing dying cells, which led to multiple organ damage indicative of immune dysfunction. p53-induced expression of DD1α thus prevents persistence of cell corpses and ensures efficient generation of precise immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Wan Yoon
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eunjeong Kwon
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - So-Young Hwang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kiki Chu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Masatsugu Hiraki
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Jo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Astrid Weins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelika Cebulla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- Department of Medicine, Glom-NExT Center for Glomerular Kidney Disease and Novel Experimental Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Mundel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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18
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Lu L, Zhang Z, Gan S, Xu L, Lei A, Cao Y. JmjC Domain-containing Protein 6 (Jmjd6) Derepresses the Transcriptional Repressor Transcription Factor 7-like 1 (Tcf7l1) and Is Required for Body Axis Patterning during Xenopus Embryogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20273-83. [PMID: 26157142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tcf7l1 (also known as Tcf3) is a bimodal transcription factor that plays essential roles in embryogenesis and embryonic and adult stem cells. On one hand, Tcf7l1 works as transcriptional repressor via the recruitment of Groucho-related transcriptional corepressors to repress the transcription of Wnt target genes, and, on the other hand, it activates Wnt target genes when Wnt-activated β-catenin interacts with it. However, how its activity is modulated is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that a JmjC-domain containing protein, Jmjd6, interacts with Tcf7l and derepresses Tcf7l. We show that Jmjd6 binds to a region of Tcf7l1 that is also responsible for Groucho interaction, therefore making it possible that Jmjd6 binding displaces the Groucho transcriptional corepressor from Tcf7l1. Moreover, we show that Jmjd6 antagonizes the repression effect of Tcf7l1 on target gene transcription and is able to enhance β-catenin-induced gene activation and that, vice versa, inhibition of Jmjd6 activity compromises gene activation in both cells and Xenopus early embryos. We also show that jmjd6 is both maternally and zygotically transcribed during Xenopus embryogenesis. Loss of Jmjd6 function causes defects in anterioposterior body axis formation and down-regulation of genes that are involved in anterioposterior axis patterning. The results elucidate a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of Tcf7l1 activity and the regulation of embryonic body axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Zhang
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yan Gao
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Lei Lu
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Shengchun Gan
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Liyang Xu
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Anhua Lei
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ying Cao
- From the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
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19
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Böttger A, Islam MS, Chowdhury R, Schofield CJ, Wolf A. The oxygenase Jmjd6--a case study in conflicting assignments. Biochem J 2015; 468:191-202. [PMID: 25997831 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) is a member of the superfamily of non-haem iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases; it plays an important developmental role in higher animals. Jmjd6 was initially assigned a role as the phosphatidylserine receptor responsible for engulfment of apoptotic cells but this now seems unlikely. Jmjd6 has been shown to be a nuclear localized protein with a JmjC domain comprising a distorted double-stranded β-helical structure characteristic of the 2OG-dependent oxygenases. Jmjd6 was subsequently assigned a role in catalysing N-methyl-arginine residue demethylation on the N-terminus of the human histones H3 and H4; however, this function is also subject to conflicting reports. Jmjd6 does catalyse 2OG-dependent C-5 hydroxylation of lysine residues in mRNA splicing-regulatory proteins and histones; there is also accumulating evidence that Jmjd6 plays a role in splicing (potentially in an iron- and oxygen-dependent manner) as well as in other processes regulating gene expression, including transcriptional pause release. Moreover, a link with tumour progression has been suggested. In the present review we look at biochemical, structural and cellular work on Jmjd6, highlighting areas of controversy and consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Böttger
- *Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- †Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- †Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- †Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Wolf
- ‡Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Su YC, Chiu HW, Hung JC, Hong JR. Beta-nodavirus B2 protein induces hydrogen peroxide production, leading to Drp1-recruited mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death via mitochondrial targeting. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1457-70. [PMID: 25008790 PMCID: PMC4167032 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because the role of the viral B2 protein in the pathogenesis of nervous necrosis virus infection remains unknown, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of B2 protein on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated cell death via mitochondrial targeting. Using a B2 deletion mutant, the B2 mitochondrial targeting signal sequence (41RTFVISAHAA50) correlated with mitochondrial free radical production and cell death in fish cells, embryonic zebrafish, and human cancer cells. After treatment of grouper fin cells (GF-1) overexpressing B2 protein with the anti-oxidant drug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes, zfCu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and zfCatalase, decreased H2O2 production and cell death were observed. To investigate the correlation between B2 cytotoxicity and H2O2 production in vivo, B2 was injected into zebrafish embryos. Cell damage, as assessed by the acridine orange assay, gradually increased over 24 h post-fertilization, and was accompanied by marked increases in H2O2 production and embryonic death. Increased oxidative stress, as evidenced by the up-regulation of Mn SOD, catalase, and Nrf2, was also observed during this period. Finally, B2-induced dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death could be reversed by NAC and inhibitors of Drp1 and Mdivi in GF-1 cells. Taken together, betanodavirus B2 induces H2O2 production via targeting the mitochondria, where it inhibits complex II function. H2O2 activates Drp1, resulting in its association with the mitochondria, mitochondrial fission and cell death in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu C Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Yang H, Chen YZ, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Godfroy JI, Liang Q, Zhang M, Zhang T, Yuan Q, Ann Royal M, Driscoll M, Xia NS, Yin H, Xue D. A lysine-rich motif in the phosphatidylserine receptor PSR-1 mediates recognition and removal of apoptotic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5717. [PMID: 25564762 PMCID: PMC4306451 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) was first identified as a receptor for phosphatidylserine, an 'eat-me' signal exposed by apoptotic cells. However, several studies suggest that PSR may also act as an arginine demethylase, a lysyl hydroxylase, or an RNA-binding protein through its N-terminal JmjC domain. How PSR might execute drastically different biochemical activities, and whether they are physiologically significant, remain unclear. Here we report that a lysine-rich motif in the extracellular domain of PSR-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans PSR, mediates specific phosphatidylserine binding in vitro and clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. This motif also mediates phosphatidylserine-induced oligomerization of PSR-1, suggesting a mechanism by which PSR-1 activates phagocytosis. Mutations in the phosphatidylserine-binding motif, but not in its Fe(II) binding site critical for the JmjC activity, abolish PSR-1 phagocytic function. Moreover, PSR-1 enriches and clusters around apoptotic cells during apoptosis. These results establish that PSR-1 is a conserved, phosphatidylserine-recognizing phagocyte receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwen Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yu-Zen Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - James I Godfroy
- Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Qian Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mary Ann Royal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hang Yin
- 1] Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA [2] Center of Basic Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Ding Xue
- 1] Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA [2] School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Kung HC, Evensen Ø, Hong JR, Kuo CY, Tso CH, Ngou FH, Lu MW, Wu JL. Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is involved in the induction of phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) in response to dsRNA virus infection and contributes to apoptotic cell clearance in CHSE-214 cell. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19281-306. [PMID: 25342322 PMCID: PMC4227274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) recognizes a surface marker on apoptotic cells and initiates engulfment. This receptor is important for effective apoptotic cell clearance and maintains normal tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune response. However, the regulation of PSR expression remains poorly understood. In this study, we determined that interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) was dramatically upregulated upon viral infection in the fish cell. We observed apoptosis in virus-infected cells and found that both PSR and IRF-1 increased simultaneously. Based on a bioinformatics promoter assay, IRF-1 binding sites were identified in the PSR promoter. Compared to normal viral infection, we found that PSR expression was delayed, viral replication was increased and virus-induced apoptosis was inhibited following IRF-1 suppression with morpholino oligonucleotides. A luciferase assay to analyze promoter activity revealed a decreasing trend after the deletion of the IRF-1 binding site on PSR promoter. The results of this study indicated that infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection induced both the apoptotic and interferon (IFN) pathways, and IRF-1 was involved in regulating PSR expression to induce anti-viral effects. Therefore, this work suggests that PSR expression in salmonid cells during IPNV infection is activated when IRF-1 binds the PSR promoter. This is the first report to show the potential role of IRF-1 in triggering the induction of apoptotic cell clearance-related genes during viral infection and demonstrates the extensive crosstalk between the apoptotic and innate immune response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chia Kung
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan.
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 0454, Norway.
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yu Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hsi Tso
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Huar Ngou
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Lu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan.
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23
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Shmakova A, Batie M, Druker J, Rocha S. Chromatin and oxygen sensing in the context of JmjC histone demethylases. Biochem J 2014; 462:385-95. [PMID: 25145438 PMCID: PMC4147966 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Responding appropriately to changes in oxygen availability is essential for multicellular organism survival. Molecularly, cells have evolved intricate gene expression programmes to handle this stressful condition. Although it is appreciated that gene expression is co-ordinated by changes in transcription and translation in hypoxia, much less is known about how chromatin changes allow for transcription to take place. The missing link between co-ordinating chromatin structure and the hypoxia-induced transcriptional programme could be in the form of a class of dioxygenases called JmjC (Jumonji C) enzymes, the majority of which are histone demethylases. In the present review, we will focus on the function of JmjC histone demethylases, and how these could act as oxygen sensors for chromatin in hypoxia. The current knowledge concerning the role of JmjC histone demethylases in the process of organism development and human disease will also be reviewed.
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Key Words
- chromatin
- chromatin remodeller
- histone methylation
- hypoxia
- hypoxia-inducible factor (hif)
- jumonji c (jmjc)
- transcription
- cd, chromodomain
- chd, chromodomain helicase dna binding
- crc, chromatin-remodelling complex
- fih, factor inhibiting hif
- hif, hypoxia-inducible factor
- iswi, imitation-swi protein
- jmjc, jumonji c
- kdm, lysine-specific demethylase
- lsd, lysine-specific demethylase
- nurd, nucleosome-remodelling deacetylase
- phd, plant homeodomain
- phf, phd finger protein
- rest, repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor
- vhl, von hippel–lindau protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shmakova
- *Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Michael Batie
- *Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jimena Druker
- *Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Sonia Rocha
- *Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
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Heim A, Grimm C, Müller U, Häußler S, Mackeen MM, Merl J, Hauck SM, Kessler BM, Schofield CJ, Wolf A, Böttger A. Jumonji domain containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) modulates splicing and specifically interacts with arginine-serine-rich (RS) domains of SR- and SR-like proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7833-50. [PMID: 24914048 PMCID: PMC4081092 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase Jmjd6 has been shown to hydroxylate lysine residues in the essential splice factor U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and to act as a modulator of alternative splicing. We describe further evidence for the role of Jmjd6 in the regulation of pre-mRNA processing including interactions of Jmjd6 with multiple arginine–serine-rich (RS)-domains of SR- and SR-related proteins including U2AF65, Luc7-like protein 3 (Luc7L3), SRSF11 and Acinus S′, but not with the bona fide RS-domain of SRSF1. The identified Jmjd6 target proteins are involved in different mRNA processing steps and play roles in exon dependent alternative splicing and exon definition. Moreover, we show that Jmjd6 modifies splicing of a constitutive splice reporter, binds RNA derived from the reporter plasmid and punctually co-localises with nascent RNA. We propose that Jmjd6 exerts its splice modulatory function by interacting with specific SR-related proteins during splicing in a RNA dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Heim
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christina Grimm
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Udo Müller
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Simon Häußler
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mukram M Mackeen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- School of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, and Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alexander Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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25
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Wang F, He L, Huangyang P, Liang J, Si W, Yan R, Han X, Liu S, Gui B, Li W, Miao D, Jing C, Liu Z, Pei F, Sun L, Shang Y. JMJD6 promotes colon carcinogenesis through negative regulation of p53 by hydroxylation. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001819. [PMID: 24667498 PMCID: PMC3965384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 hydroxylation by JMJD6 represents a novel post-translational modification for p53. JMJD6-mediated hydroxylation regulates p53's transcriptional activity and the p53-dependent control of colon cancer. Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6) is a member of the Jumonji C domain-containing family of proteins. Compared to other members of the family, the cellular activity of JMJD6 is still not clearly defined and its biological function is still largely unexplored. Here we report that JMJD6 is physically associated with the tumor suppressor p53. We demonstrated that JMJD6 acts as an α-ketoglutarate– and Fe(II)-dependent lysyl hydroxylase to catalyze p53 hydroxylation. We found that p53 indeed exists as a hydroxylated protein in vivo and that the hydroxylation occurs mainly on lysine 382 of p53. We showed that JMJD6 antagonizes p53 acetylation, promotes the association of p53 with its negative regulator MDMX, and represses transcriptional activity of p53. Depletion of JMJD6 enhances p53 transcriptional activity, arrests cells in the G1 phase, promotes cell apoptosis, and sensitizes cells to DNA damaging agent-induced cell death. Importantly, knockdown of JMJD6 represses p53-dependent colon cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo, and significantly, the expression of JMJD6 is markedly up-regulated in various types of human cancer especially in colon cancer, and high nuclear JMJD6 protein is strongly correlated with aggressive clinical behaviors of colon adenocarcinomas. Our results reveal a novel posttranslational modification for p53 and support the pursuit of JMJD6 as a potential biomarker for colon cancer aggressiveness and a potential target for colon cancer intervention. JMJD6 belongs to the Jumonji C domain-containing family of proteins. The majority of this family are histone demethylases implicated in chromatin-associated events, but there have also been some reports of lysyl hydroxylase activity for JMJD6. Here we report a new posttranslational modification for the tumor suppressor protein p53 that is mediated by JMJD6. Via a physical associations with p53, JMJD6 catalyzes the hydroxylation of p53, thereby repressing its transcriptional activity. Depletion of JMJD6 promotes cell apoptosis, arrests cells in the G1 phase, sensitizes cells to DNA damaging agent-induced cell death, and represses p53-dependent colon cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Significantly, the expression of JMJD6 is markedly up-regulated in various types of human cancer especially in colon cancer, and high nuclear JMJD6 protein is strongly correlated with aggressive clinical behaviors of colon adenocarcinomas. Our results support the pursuit of JMJD6 as a potential biomarker for colon cancer aggressiveness and a potential target for colon cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwei Huangyang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhe Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruorong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shumeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Di Miao
- Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Pei
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (L.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yongfeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (L.S.); (Y.S.)
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26
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Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. Shedding new light on neurodegenerative diseases through the mammalian target of rapamycin. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:128-48. [PMID: 22980037 PMCID: PMC3479314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect a significant portion of the world's population leading to either disability or death for almost 30 million individuals worldwide. One novel therapeutic target that may offer promise for multiple disease entities that involve Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, trauma, stroke, and tumors of the nervous system is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR signaling is dependent upon the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes that are composed of mTOR and several regulatory proteins including the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1, hamartin/TSC2, tuberin). Through a number of integrated cell signaling pathways that involve those of mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as more novel signaling tied to cytokines, Wnt, and forkhead, mTOR can foster stem cellular proliferation, tissue repair and longevity, and synaptic growth by modulating mechanisms that foster both apoptosis and autophagy. Yet, mTOR through its proliferative capacity may sometimes be detrimental to central nervous system recovery and even promote tumorigenesis. Further knowledge of mTOR and the critical pathways governed by this serine/threonine protein kinase can bring new light for neurodegeneration and other related diseases that currently require new and robust treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
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27
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Erythropoietin: new directions for the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11102-11129. [PMID: 23109841 PMCID: PMC3472733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment strategies with erythropoietin (EPO) offer exciting opportunities to prevent the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders that currently lack effective therapy and can progress to devastating disability in patients. EPO and its receptor are present in multiple systems of the body and can impact disease progression in the nervous, vascular, and immune systems that ultimately affect disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, retinal injury, stroke, and demyelinating disease. EPO relies upon wingless signaling with Wnt1 and an intimate relationship with the pathways of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Modulation of these pathways by EPO can govern the apoptotic cascade to control β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Yet, EPO and each of these downstream pathways require precise biological modulation to avert complications associated with the vascular system, tumorigenesis, and progression of nervous system disorders. Further understanding of the intimate and complex relationship of EPO and the signaling pathways of Wnt, PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR are critical for the effective clinical translation of these cell pathways into robust treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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28
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Abstract
Methylation of DNA and histones in chromatin has been implicated in numerous biological processes. For many years, methylation has been recognized as static and stable modification, as compared with other covalent modifications of chromatin. Recently, however, several mechanisms have been demonstrated to be involved in demethylation of chromatin, suggesting that chromatin methylation is more dynamically regulated. One chemical reaction that mediates demethylation of both DNA and histones is hydroxylation, catalysed by Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate (KG)-dependent hydroxylase/dioxygenase. Given that methylation of chromatin is an important epigenetic mark involved in fundamental biological processes such as cell fate determination, understanding how chromatin methylation is dynamically regulated has implications for human diseases and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ichi Tsukada
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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29
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Leveelahti L, Leskinen P, Leder EH, Waser W, Nikinmaa M. Responses of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L) transcriptome to hypoxia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:370-81. [PMID: 21885357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a naturally occurring phenomenon in aquatic systems. Its occurrence is potentiated by eutrophication caused by human actions and it may be made even more severe as a result of increasing temperatures due to climate change. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has previously been used by ecologists and evolutionary biologists, but has great potential also for physiological studies. We subjected threespine sticklebacks to hypoxia (air saturation 24-28%) or normoxia for 3 and 48 h. To study changes in the transcriptome, microarray determinations were carried out for the 48 h treatments and complementary real-time quantitative PCR was run on selected transcripts at both time points. The microarray results suggest downregulation of genes encoding proteins with functions typically inhibited by hypoxia, i.e., cell proliferation, DNA replication and repair, and protein degradation, and upregulation of transcripts with products having oxygenase and oxidase activities including two 2-oxoglutarate-deoxygenases. These transcripts encode for JmjC domain containing proteins JMJD6 and JMJD2C. JMJD6 transcription has not earlier been characterized to change in hypoxia. Cyp1A2 mRNA was also increased in the microarray and the upregulation could be confirmed on protein level by measuring ethoxyresorufin-O-deethlyase (EROD)-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leveelahti
- Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Genetics and Physiology at the University of Turku, University of Turku, Department of Biology, Division of Physiology and Genetics, LT 1, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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30
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Leiper J, Nandi M. The therapeutic potential of targeting endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:277-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Hahn P, Wegener I, Burrells A, Böse J, Wolf A, Erck C, Butler D, Schofield CJ, Böttger A, Lengeling A. Analysis of Jmjd6 cellular localization and testing for its involvement in histone demethylation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13769. [PMID: 21060799 PMCID: PMC2966431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of residues in histone tails is part of a network that regulates gene expression. JmjC domain containing proteins catalyze the oxidative removal of methyl groups on histone lysine residues. Here, we report studies to test the involvement of Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) in histone lysine demethylation. Jmjd6 has recently been shown to hydroxylate RNA splicing factors and is known to be essential for the differentiation of multiple tissues and cells during embryogenesis. However, there have been conflicting reports as to whether Jmjd6 is a histone-modifying enzyme. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Immunolocalization studies reveal that Jmjd6 is distributed throughout the nucleoplasm outside of regions containing heterochromatic DNA, with occasional localization in nucleoli. During mitosis, Jmjd6 is excluded from the nucleus and reappears in the telophase of the cell cycle. Western blot analyses confirmed that Jmjd6 forms homo-multimers of different molecular weights in the nucleus and cytoplasm. A comparison of mono-, di-, and tri-methylation states of H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36, and H4K20 histone residues in wildtype and Jmjd6-knockout cells indicate that Jmjd6 is not involved in the demethylation of these histone lysine residues. This is further supported by overexpression of enzymatically active and inactive forms of Jmjd6 and subsequent analysis of histone methylation patterns by immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis. Finally, treatment of cells with RNase A and DNase I indicate that Jmjd6 may preferentially associate with RNA/RNA complexes and less likely with chromatin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results provide further evidence that Jmjd6 is unlikely to be involved in histone lysine demethylation. We confirmed that Jmjd6 forms multimers and showed that nuclear localization of the protein involves association with a nucleic acid matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Hahn
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Wegener
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alison Burrells
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Böse
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolf
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planeeg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Danica Butler
- Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planeeg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Lengeling
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Su YC, Hong JR. Betanodavirus B2 causes ATP depletion-induced cell death via mitochondrial targeting and complex II inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39801-10. [PMID: 20870718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.164988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The betanodavirus non-structural protein B2 is a newly discovered necrotic death factor with a still unknown role in regulation of mitochondrial function. In the present study, we examined protein B2-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial complex II activity, which results in ATP depletion and thereby in a bioenergetic crisis in vitro and in vivo. Expression of protein B2 was detected early at 24 h postinfection with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus in the cytoplasm. Later B2 was found in mitochondria using enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and immuno-EM analysis. Furthermore, the B2 mitochondrial targeting signal peptide was analyzed by serial deletion and specific point mutation. The sequence of the B2 targeting signal peptide ((41)RTFVISAHAA(50)) was identified and its presence correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in fish cells. Protein B2 also was found to dramatically inhibit complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) activity, which impairs ATP synthesis in fish GF-1 cells as well as human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Furthermore, when B2 was injected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage to determine its cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit ATP synthesis, we found that B2 caused massive embryonic cell death and depleted ATP resulting in further embryonic death at 10 and 24 h post-fertilization. Taken together, our results indicate that betanodavirus protein B2-induced cell death is due to direct targeting of the mitochondrial matrix by a specific signal peptide that targets mitochondria and inhibits mitochondrial complex II activity thereby reducing ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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33
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Pedersen MT, Helin K. Histone demethylases in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:662-71. [PMID: 20863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications serve as regulatory marks that are instrumental for the control of transcription and chromatin architecture. Strict regulation of gene expression patterns is crucial during development and differentiation, where diverse cell types evolve from common predecessors. Since the first histone lysine demethylase was discovered in 2004, a number of demethylases have been identified and implicated in the control of gene expression programmes and cell fate decisions. Histone demethylases are now emerging as important players in developmental processes and have been linked to human diseases such as neurological disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Terndrup Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Abstract
JMJD6 is a Jumonji C domain-containing hydroxylase. JMJD6 binds alpha-ketoglutarate and iron and has been characterized as either a histone arginine demethylase or U2AF65 lysyl hydroxylase. Here, we describe the structures of JMJD6 with and without alpha-ketoglutarate, which revealed a novel substrate binding groove and two positively charged surfaces. The structures also contain a stack of aromatic residues located near the active center. The side chain of one residue within this stack assumed different conformations in the two structures. Interestingly, JMJD6 bound efficiently to single-stranded RNA, but not to single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or double-stranded DNA. These structural features and truncation analysis of JMJD6 suggest that JMJD6 may bind and modify single-stand RNA rather than the previously reported peptide substrates.
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35
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Zhao X, Zhao L, Tian T, Zhang Y, Tong J, Zheng X, Meng A. Interruption of cenph causes mitotic failure and embryonic death, and its haploinsufficiency suppresses cancer in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27924-34. [PMID: 20573960 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore proteins associate with centromeric DNA and spindle microtubules and play essential roles in chromosome segregation during mitosis. In this study, we uncovered a zebrafish mutant, stagnant and curly (stac), that carries the Tol2 transposon element inserted at the kinetochore protein H (cenph) locus. Mutant embryos exhibit discernible cell death as early as 20 hours postfertilization, extensive apoptosis, and upward curly tail during the pharyngula period and deform around 5 days postfertilization. The stac mutant phenotype can be rescued by cenph mRNA overexpression and mimicked by cenph knockdown with antisense morpholinos, suggesting the responsibility of cenph deficiency for stac mutants. We demonstrate that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is hyperactivated in stac mutants and that p53 knockdown partially blocks excess apoptosis in stac mutants. Mitotic cells in stac mutants show chromosome missegregation and are usually arrested in G(2)/M phase. Furthermore, compared with wild type siblings, heterozygous stac fish develop invasive tumors at a dramatically reduced rate, suggesting a reduced cancer risk. Taken together, our findings uncover an essential role of cenph in mitosis and embryonic development and its association with tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Hsu TY, Wu YC. Engulfment of apoptotic cells in C. elegans is mediated by integrin alpha/SRC signaling. Curr Biol 2010; 20:477-86. [PMID: 20226672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engulfment of apoptotic cells is important for cellular homeostasis and the development of multicellular organisms. Previous studies have shown that more than one engulfment receptors act upstream of the conserved signaling module CED-2/CrkII-CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO for cell corpse removal in C. elegans, but little is known about their identities, except for PSR-1. RESULTS We show that in C. elegans, integrin functions as an engulfment receptor in the recognition and subsequent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Mutations in the integrin alpha gene ina-1 result in inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells. The INA-1 extracellular domain binds to the surface of apoptotic cells in vivo. This binding requires the phospholipid scramblase SCRM-1, which promotes the exposure of phosphatidylserine, a key "eat me" signal in apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we identify an essential role of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC-1 in INA-1-mediated cell corpse removal. INA-1 and SRC-1 both act in the engulfing cells during the engulfment process and are colocalized in the phagocytic cups extending around apoptotic cells. Finally, our genetic and biochemical data suggest that SRC-1 relays the scrm-1-dependent engulfment signal from INA-1 to the conserved motility-promoting signaling complex CED-2/CrkII-CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO for CED-10/Rac activation, probably by interactions with CED-2 and the INA-1 cytoplasmic domain, leading to the internalization of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that integrin functions as an engulfment receptor at the whole-organism level and reveal a nonconventional signaling pathway in which SRC provides a FAK-independent linkage between integrin alpha and the common motility-promoting signaling module CED-2/CrkII-CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO to promote the internalization of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yuan Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Fadeel B, Xue D. The ins and outs of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane: roles in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:264-77. [PMID: 19780638 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903193307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of all eukaryotic membranes is the non-random distribution of different lipid species in the lipid bilayer (lipid asymmetry). Lipid asymmetry provides the two sides of the plasma membrane with different biophysical properties and influences numerous cellular functions. Alteration of lipid asymmetry plays a prominent role during cell fusion, activation of the coagulation cascade, and recognition and removal of apoptotic cell corpses by macrophages (programmed cell clearance). Here we discuss the origin and maintenance of phospholipid asymmetry, based on recent studies in mammalian systems as well as in Caenhorhabditis elegans and other model organisms, along with emerging evidence for a conserved role of mitochondria in the loss of lipid asymmetry during apoptosis. The functional significance of lipid asymmetry and its disruption during health and disease is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zakharova L, Dadsetan S, Fomina AF. Endogenous Jmjd6 gene product is expressed at the cell surface and regulates phagocytosis in immature monocyte-like activated THP-1 cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:84-91. [PMID: 19492415 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A jumonji domain containing gene 6 (Jmjd6), previously referred to as phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) gene, plays an important role in cell differentiation and development of multiple organs, although mechanisms of its action are not known. The Jmjd6 gene product was initially identified as a membrane protein that participates in phagocytosis. However, the later findings that recombinant Jmjd6 in expression systems was targeted to the nucleus challenged the role of Jmjd6 as a membrane receptor. Using immunocytochemistry approach we studied the subcellular distribution of endogenous Jmjd6 protein in THP-1 cells activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA). We found that treatment with PMA stimulated Jmjd6 expression in the cytosol of activated cells. Furthermore, Jmjd6 initially appeared at the cell surface of immature phagocytes (1-2 days after activation) but then translocated into the nucleus of differentiated macrophage-like cells (5-9 days after activation). Anti-Jmjd6 antibodies suppressed the engulfment of dead cell corpses by THP-1 cells expressing the Jmjd6 at the cell surface. These data indicate that Jmjd6 serves as a membrane-associated receptor that regulates phagocytosis in immature macrophages but is dispensable for phagocytosis and has other functions when it is expressed in the cytosol and nucleus of mature macrophage-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Zakharova
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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40
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Histone arginine methylations: their roles in chromatin dynamics and transcriptional regulation. Biosci Rep 2009; 29:131-41. [PMID: 19220199 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMTs (protein arginine N-methyltransferases) specifically modify the arginine residues of key cellular and nuclear proteins as well as histone substrates. Like lysine methylation, transcriptional repression or activation is dependent upon the site and type of arginine methylation on histone tails. Recent discoveries imply that histone arginine methylation is an important modulator of dynamic chromatin regulation and transcriptional controls. However, under the shadow of lysine methylation, the roles of histone arginine methylation have been under-explored. The present review focuses on the roles of histone arginine methylation in the regulation of gene expression, and the interplays between histone arginine methylation, histone acetylation, lysine methylation and chromatin remodelling factors. In addition, we discuss the dynamic regulation of arginine methylation by arginine demethylases, and how dysregulation of PRMTs and their activities are linked to human diseases such as cancer.
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Hahn P, Böse J, Edler S, Lengeling A. Genomic structure and expression of Jmjd6 and evolutionary analysis in the context of related JmjC domain containing proteins. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:293. [PMID: 18564434 PMCID: PMC2453528 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The jumonji C (JmjC) domain containing gene 6 (Jmjd6, previously known as phosphatidylserine receptor) has misleadingly been annotated to encode a transmembrane receptor for the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Given the importance of JmjC domain containing proteins in controlling a wide range of diverse biological functions, we undertook a comparative genomic analysis to gain further insights in Jmjd6 gene organisation, evolution, and protein function. Results We describe here a semiautomated computational pipeline to identify and annotate JmjC domain containing proteins. Using a sequence segment N-terminal of the Jmjd6 JmjC domain as query for a reciprocal BLAST search, we identified homologous sequences in 62 species across all major phyla. Retrieved Jmjd6 sequences were used to phylogenetically analyse corresponding loci and their genomic neighbourhood. This analysis let to the identification and characterisation of a bi-directional transcriptional unit compromising the Jmjd6 and 1110005A03Rik genes and to the recognition of a new, before overseen Jmjd6 exon in mammals. Using expression studies, two novel Jmjd6 splice variants were identified and validated in vivo. Analysis of the Jmjd6 neighbouring gene 1110005A03Rik revealed an incident deletion of this gene in two out of three earlier reported Jmjd6 knockout mice, which might affect previously described conflicting phenotypes. To determine potentially important residues for Jmjd6 function a structural model of the Jmjd6 protein was calculated based on sequence conservation. This approach identified a conserved double-stranded β-helix (DSBH) fold and a HxDxnH facial triad as structural motifs. Moreover, our systematic annotation in nine species identified 313 DSBH fold-containing proteins that split into 25 highly conserved subgroups. Conclusion We give further evidence that Jmjd6 most likely has a function as a nonheme-Fe(II)-2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase as previously suggested. Further, we provide novel insights into the evolution of Jmjd6 and other related members of the superfamily of JmjC domain containing proteins. Finally, we discuss possibilities of the involvement of Jmjd6 and 1110005A03Rik in an antagonistic biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Hahn
- Research Group Infection Genetics, Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-31824 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Thiersch M, Raffelsberger W, Frigg R, Samardzija M, Wenzel A, Poch O, Grimm C. Analysis of the retinal gene expression profile after hypoxic preconditioning identifies candidate genes for neuroprotection. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:73. [PMID: 18261226 PMCID: PMC2270833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal degeneration is a main cause of blindness in humans. Neuroprotective therapies may be used to rescue retinal cells and preserve vision. Hypoxic preconditioning stabilizes the transcription factor HIF-1α in the retina and strongly protects photoreceptors in an animal model of light-induced retinal degeneration. To address the molecular mechanisms of the protection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the hypoxic retina using microarrays and real-time PCR. Results Hypoxic exposure induced a marked alteration in the retinal transcriptome with significantly different expression levels of 431 genes immediately after hypoxic exposure. The normal expression profile was restored within 16 hours of reoxygenation. Among the differentially regulated genes, several candidates for neuroprotection were identified like metallothionein-1 and -2, the HIF-1 target gene adrenomedullin and the gene encoding the antioxidative and cytoprotective enzyme paraoxonase 1 which was previously not known to be a hypoxia responsive gene in the retina. The strongly upregulated cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was excluded from being essential for neuroprotection. Conclusion Our data suggest that neuroprotection after hypoxic preconditioning is the result of the differential expression of a multitude of genes which may act in concert to protect visual cells against a toxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thiersch
- Lab of Retinal Cell Biology, Dept Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC. "Sly as a FOXO": new paths with Forkhead signaling in the brain. Curr Neurovasc Res 2008; 4:295-302. [PMID: 18045156 DOI: 10.2174/156720207782446306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a has emerged as a versatile target for diseases that impact upon neuronal survival, vascular integrity, immune function, and cellular metabolism. Enthusiasm is high to fill a critical treatment void through FOXO3a signaling for several neurodegenerative disorders that include aging, neuromuscular disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, stroke, and diabetic complications. Here we discuss the influence of FOXO3a upon cell survival and longevity, the intricate signal transduction pathways of FOXO3a, insights into present disease models, and the potential clinical translation of FOXO3a signaling into novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Wolf A, Schmitz C, Böttger A. Changing story of the receptor for phosphatidylserine-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:465-9. [PMID: 17471263 PMCID: PMC1866200 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) was originally described as the putative receptor for phosphatidylserine, which is displayed on the outer membrane leaflet of apoptotic cells as a so-called 'eat me' signal. Since then, contradictory findings about this protein have been published. A common characteristic of all PSR loss-of-function experiments in vertebrates has been neonatal lethality accompanied by severe developmental defects. However, impairment of phagocytosis has only been detected in some of these experiments. Furthermore, several groups have shown that PSR localizes to the nucleus. Structural in silico analysis of PSR indicates that it has a JumonjiC domain, and the molecular features characteristic of Fe(II)-dependent and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. This review summarizes the current status of research on the PSR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolf
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Corinna Schmitz
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Tel: +49 89 2180 74 279; Fax: +49 89 2180 74 219;
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Abstract
Arginine methylation occurs on a number of proteins involved in a variety of cellular functions. Histone tails are known to be mono- and dimethylated on multiple arginine residues where they influence chromatin remodeling and gene expression. To date, no enzyme has been shown to reverse these regulatory modifications. We demonstrate that the Jumonji domain-containing 6 protein (JMJD6) is a JmjC-containing iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that demethylates histone H3 at arginine 2 (H3R2) and histone H4 at arginine 3 (H4R3) in both biochemical and cell-based assays. These findings may help explain the many developmental defects observed in the JMJD6(-/-) knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsheng Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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Malikova MA, Van Stry M, Symes K. Apoptosis regulates notochord development in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2007; 311:434-48. [PMID: 17920580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is the defining characteristic of the chordate embryo and plays critical roles as a signaling center and as the primitive skeleton. In this study we show that early notochord development in Xenopus embryos is regulated by apoptosis. We find apoptotic cells in the notochord beginning at the neural groove stage and increasing in number as the embryo develops. These dying cells are distributed in an anterior to posterior pattern that is correlated with notochord extension through vacuolization. In axial mesoderm explants, inhibition of this apoptosis causes the length of the notochord to approximately double compared to controls. In embryos, however, inhibition of apoptosis decreases the length of the notochord and it is severely kinked. This kinking also spreads from the anterior with developmental stage such that, by the tadpole stage, the notochord lacks any recognizable structure, although notochord markers are expressed in a normal temporal pattern. Extension of the somites and neural plate mirrors that of the notochord in these embryos, and the somites are severely disorganized. These data indicate that apoptosis is required for normal notochord development during the formation of the anterior-posterior axis, and its role in this process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Malikova
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Chong ZZ, Maiese K. The Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2: diversified control of cell growth, inflammation, and injury. Histol Histopathol 2007; 22:1251-67. [PMID: 17647198 PMCID: PMC2515712 DOI: 10.14670/hh-22.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the diverse biology of protein tyrosine phosphatases that are encoded by more than 100 genes in the human genome continues to grow at an accelerated pace. In particular, two cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatases composed of two Src homology 2 (SH2) NH2-terminal domains and a C-terminal protein-tyrosine phosphatase domain referred to as SHP-1 and SHP-2 are known to govern a host of cellular functions. SHP-1 and SHP-2 modulate progenitor cell development, cellular growth, tissue inflammation, and cellular chemotaxis, but more recently the role of SHP-1 and SHP-2 to directly control cell survival involving oxidative stress pathways has come to light. SHP-1 and SHP-2 are fundamental for the function of several growth factor and metabolic pathways yielding far reaching implications for disease pathways and disorders such as diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Although SHP-1 and SHP-2 can employ similar or parallel cellular pathways, these proteins also clearly exert opposing effects upon downstream cellular cascades that affect early and late apoptotic programs. SHP-1 and SHP-2 modulate cellular signals that involve phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, Janus kinase 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, mitogen-activating protein kinases, extracellular signal-related kinases, c-Jun-amino terminal kinases, and nuclear factor-kappaB. Our progressive understanding of the impact of SHP-1 and SHP-2 upon multiple cellular environments and organ systems should continue to facilitate the targeted development of treatments for a variety of disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Chong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Li W, Baker NE. Engulfment Is Required for Cell Competition. Cell 2007; 129:1215-25. [PMID: 17574031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mosaics that place cells in competition within tissues may model features of tissue repair and tumor development and may reveal mechanisms of growth regulation. In one example, normal cells eliminate "Minute" cells that have reduced ribosomal protein gene dose and grow at their expense, replacing the Minute cells within developing compartments. We describe genes that are required by wild-type cells to kill Minute neighbors in Drosophila. The engulfment genes draper, wasp, the phosphatidylserine receptor, mbc/dock180, and rac1 are needed in wild-type cells for the death of Minute neighbors, whose corpses are engulfed by wild-type cells. Wild-type cells can themselves be killed by cells with elevated engulfing activity. Thus engulfment genes act downstream of growth differences between cells to eliminate cells with reduced ribosomal gene dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Tibrewal N, Liu T, Li H, Birge RB. Characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the phosphatidylserine receptor (PS-R) gene product. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:119-25. [PMID: 17534701 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The PS-R gene product was originally described as a cell surface receptor that interacts with externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells, but more recent studies have shown that it plays a critical role in organ development and terminal differentiation of many cell types during embryogenesis. Despite these important developmental functions, the biochemical and molecular properties of PS-R are poorly understood. Here we have used several approaches to show that PS-R undergoes processive post-translational protein cross-linking to form covalent multimers within the nuclear compartment. Although PS-R has a potential Glu-Glu (QQ) duet that is often targeted by transglutaminase TG-2, the oligomerization of PS-R was not effected by QQ-->AA mutation, or when PS-R gene product was expressed in TG-2 (-/-) fibroblasts. Pulse-chase experiments with (35) S-methionine indicates that the PS-R undergoes an initial proteolytic cleavage, followed by progressive multimerization of the monomeric subunits over time. In summary, we report here that PS-R is modified by an unusual post-translational modification, and we speculate that homomultimer of PS-R might be playing an important function as a scaffolding protein in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Tibrewal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Krieser RJ, Moore FE, Dresnek D, Pellock BJ, Patel R, Huang A, Brachmann C, White K. The Drosophila homolog of the putative phosphatidylserine receptor functions to inhibit apoptosis. Development 2007; 134:2407-14. [PMID: 17522160 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of phosphatidylserine is a conserved feature of apoptotic cells and is thought to act as a signal for engulfment of the cell corpse. A putative receptor for phosphatidylserine (PSR) was previously identified in mammalian systems. This receptor is proposed to function in engulfment of apoptotic cells, although gene ablation of PSR has resulted in a variety of phenotypes. We examined the role of the predicted Drosophila homolog of PSR (dPSR) in apoptotic cell engulfment and found no obvious role for dPSR in apoptotic cell engulfment by phagocytes in the embryo. In addition, dPSR is localized to the nucleus, inconsistent with a role in apoptotic cell recognition. However, we were surprised to find that overexpression of dPSR protects from apoptosis, while loss of dPSR enhances apoptosis in the developing eye. The increased apoptosis is mediated by the head involution defective (Wrinkled) gene product. In addition, our data suggest that dPSR acts through the c-Jun-NH(2) terminal kinase pathway to alter the sensitivity to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Krieser
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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