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Malik P, Chen YA, Mathew BB, Munoz DG, Selvi BT, Vanjare HA, Jasper A, Mannam P, Bharatha A, Mathur S. Topographical distribution and prevalence of basal duct-like recess sign in a cohort of Papillary Craniopharyngioma-novel findings and implications. Neuroradiology 2024; 66:947-953. [PMID: 38625616 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-024-03355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basal duct-like recess (DR) sign serves as a specific marker of papillary craniopharyngiomas (PCPs) of the strictly third-ventricular (3 V) topography. Origins of this sign are poorly understood with limited validation in external cohorts. METHODS In this retrospective study, MRIs of pathologically proven PCPs were reviewed and evaluated for tumor topography, DR sign prevalence, and morphological subtypes. RESULTS Twenty-three cases with 24 MRIs satisfied our inclusion criteria. Median age was 44.5 years with a predominant male distribution (M/F ratio 4.7:1). Overall, strictly 3 V was the commonest tumor topography (8/24, 33.3%), and tumors were most commonly solid-cystic (10/24, 41.7%). The prevalence of DR sign was 21.7% (5/23 cases), all with strictly 3 V topography and with a predominantly solid consistency. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value of the DR sign for strict 3 V topography was 62.5%, 100%, 100% and 84.2% respectively. New pertinent findings associated with the DR sign were observed in our cohort. This included development of the cleft-like variant of DR sign after a 9-year follow-up initially absent at baseline imaging. Additionally, cystic dilatation of the basal tumor cleft at the pituitary stalk-tumor junction and presence of a vascular structure overlapping the DR sign were noted. Relevant mechanisms, hypotheses, and implications were explored. CONCLUSION We confirm the DR sign as a highly specific marker of the strictly 3 V topography in PCPs. While embryological and molecular factors remain pertinent in understanding origins of the DR sign, non-embryological mechanisms may play a role in development of the cleft-like variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Malik
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Yingming Amy Chen
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | - David G Munoz
- Department of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Anitha Jasper
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavithra Mannam
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aditya Bharatha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Shobhit Mathur
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Pérez Millán MI, Cheung LYM, Mercogliano F, Camilletti MA, Chirino Felker GT, Moro LN, Miriuka S, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Pituitary stem cells: past, present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:77-92. [PMID: 38102391 PMCID: PMC10964491 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary cells that express the transcription factor SOX2 are stem cells because they can self-renew and differentiate into multiple pituitary hormone-producing cell types as organoids. Wounding and physiological challenges can activate pituitary stem cells, but cell numbers are not fully restored, and the ability to mobilize stem cells decreases with increasing age. The basis of these limitations is still unknown. The regulation of stem cell quiescence and activation involves many different signalling pathways, including those mediated by WNT, Hippo and several cytokines; more research is needed to understand the interactions between these pathways. Pituitary organoids can be formed from human or mouse embryonic stem cells, or from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human pituitary organoid transplantation is sufficient to induce corticosterone release in hypophysectomized mice, raising the possibility of therapeutic applications. Today, pituitary organoids have the potential to assess the role of individual genes and genetic variants on hormone production ex vivo, providing an important tool for the advancement of exciting frontiers in pituitary stem cell biology and pituitary organogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of notable discoveries in pituitary stem cell function and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Pérez Millán
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Florencia Mercogliano
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo T Chirino Felker
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia N Moro
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Dias SF, Richards O, Elliot M, Chumas P. Pediatric-Like Brain Tumors in Adults. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2024; 50:147-183. [PMID: 38592530 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53578-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are different to those found in adults in pathological type, anatomical site, molecular signature, and probable tumor drivers. Although these tumors usually occur in childhood, they also rarely present in adult patients, either as a de novo diagnosis or as a delayed recurrence of a pediatric tumor in the setting of a patient that has transitioned into adult services.Due to the rarity of pediatric-like tumors in adults, the literature on these tumor types in adults is often limited to small case series, and treatment decisions are often based on the management plans taken from pediatric studies. However, the biology of these tumors is often different from the same tumors found in children. Likewise, adult patients are often unable to tolerate the side effects of the aggressive treatments used in children-for which there is little or no evidence of efficacy in adults. In this chapter, we review the literature and summarize the clinical, pathological, molecular profile, and response to treatment for the following pediatric tumor types-medulloblastoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, germ cell tumors, choroid plexus tumors, midline glioma, and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma-with emphasis on the differences to the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernandes Dias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital of Zurich - Eleonor Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Richards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin Elliot
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Chumas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
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Ge S, Lian W, Bai Y, Wang L, Zhao F, Li H, Wang D, Pang Q. TMT-based quantitative proteomics reveals the targets of andrographolide on LPS-induced liver injury. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:199. [PMID: 37817228 PMCID: PMC10563216 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andrographolide (Andro) is a diterpenoid derived from Andrographis paniculate, which has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and hepatoprotective activities. Gram-negative bacterial infections can cause varying degrees of liver injury in chickens, although Andro has been shown to have a protective effect on the liver, its underlying mechanism of action and effects on liver proteins are not known. METHODS The toxicity of Andro on the viability of leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells at different concentrations and times was analyzed by CCK-8 assays. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in the culture supernatants were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer to evaluate the protective effect of androscopolide on LPS-induced injury of LMH cells. Subsequently, TMT proteomics analysis were performed on the negative control group (NC group), LPS, and LPS-Andro groups, and bioinformatics analysis was performed on the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). RESULTS It was found that Andro reduced ALT and AST levels in the cell supernatant and alleviated LPS-induced injury in LMH cells. Proteomic analysis identified 50 and 166 differentially expressed proteins in the LPS vs. NC group and LPS-Andro vs. LPS group, respectively. Andro may be involved in steroid metabolic processes, negative regulation of MAPK cascade, oxidative stress, and other processes to protect against LPS-induced liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Andro protects against LPS-induced liver injury, HMGCS1, HMGCR, FDPS, PBK, CAV1, PRDX1, PRDX4, and PRDX6, which were identified by differential proteomics, may be the targets of Andro. Our study may provide new theoretical support for Andro protection against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, 274000, Shangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongjiang Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Linzheng Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250035, Shangdong, China
| | - Fuwei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, 274000, Shangdong, China
| | - Houmei Li
- Shuozhou grass and animal husbandry development center, ShuoZhou, 036000, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- ShuoZhou Vocational Technology College, ShuoZhou, 036000, Shanxi, China
| | - Quanhai Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Trinder SM, McKay C, Power P, Topp M, Chan B, Valvi S, McCowage G, Govender D, Kirby M, Ziegler DS, Manoharan N, Hassall T, Kellie S, Heath J, Alvaro F, Wood P, Laughton S, Tsui K, Dodgshun A, Eisenstat DD, Endersby R, Luen SJ, Koh ES, Sim HW, Kong B, Gottardo NG, Whittle JR, Khuong-Quang DA, Hansford JR. BRAF-mediated brain tumors in adults and children: A review and the Australian and New Zealand experience. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1154246. [PMID: 37124503 PMCID: PMC10140567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1154246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling pathway is one of the most commonly mutated pathways in human cancers. In particular, BRAF alterations result in constitutive activation of the rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-MAPK significant pathway, leading to cellular proliferation, survival, and dedifferentiation. The role of BRAF mutations in oncogenesis and tumorigenesis has spurred the development of targeted agents, which have been successful in treating many adult cancers. Despite advances in other cancer types, the morbidity and survival outcomes of patients with glioma have remained relatively stagnant. Recently, there has been recognition that MAPK dysregulation is almost universally present in paediatric and adult gliomas. These findings, accompanying broad molecular characterization of gliomas, has aided prognostication and offered opportunities for clinical trials testing targeted agents. The use of targeted therapies in this disease represents a paradigm shift, although the biochemical complexities has resulted in unexpected challenges in the development of effective BRAF inhibitors. Despite these challenges, there are promising data to support the use of BRAF inhibitors alone and in combination with MEK inhibitors for patients with both low-grade and high-grade glioma across age groups. Safety and efficacy data demonstrate that many of the toxicities of these targeted agents are tolerable while offering objective responses. Newer clinical trials will examine the use of these therapies in the upfront setting. Appropriate duration of therapy and durability of response remains unclear in the glioma patient cohort. Longitudinal efficacy and toxicity data are needed. Furthermore, access to these medications remains challenging outside of clinical trials in Australia and New Zealand. Compassionate access is limited, and advocacy for mechanism of action-based drug approval is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Trinder
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Campbell McKay
- Children’s Cancer Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phoebe Power
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Monique Topp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bosco Chan
- Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Santosh Valvi
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australasian Children’s Cancer Trials, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinisha Govender
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kirby
- Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neevika Manoharan
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Hassall
- Queensland Children’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stewart Kellie
- Westmead Children’s Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - John Heath
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Frank Alvaro
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Wood
- Monash Medical Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Laughton
- Starship Blood and Cancer Centre, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Tsui
- Starship Blood and Cancer Centre, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Dodgshun
- Children’s Haematology/Oncology Centre, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Children’s Cancer Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Luen
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eng-Siew Koh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool and Macarther Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Hao-Wen Sim
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kong
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Gottardo
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - James R. Whittle
- Personalised Oncology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jordan R. Hansford
- Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australia ImmunoGENomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jordan R. Hansford,
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Piloni M, Gagliardi F, Bailo M, Losa M, Boari N, Spina A, Mortini P. Craniopharyngioma in Pediatrics and Adults. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1405:299-329. [PMID: 37452943 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas are rare malignancies of dysembryogenic origin, involving the sellar and parasellar areas. These low-grade, epithelial tumors account for two main histological patterns (adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma), which differ in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and histomorphological appearance. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas typically show a bimodal age distribution (5-15 years and 45-60 years), while papillary craniopharyngiomas are limited to adult patients, especially in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Recently, craniopharyngioma histological subtypes have been demonstrated to harbor distinct biomolecular signatures. Somatic mutations in CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin have been exclusively detected in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, which predominantly manifest as cystic lesions, while papillary craniopharyngiomas are driven by BRAF V600E mutations in up to 95% of cases and are typically solid masses. Despite the benign histological nature (grade I according to the World Health Organization classification), craniopharyngiomas may heavily affect long-term survival and quality of life, due to their growth pattern in a critical region for the presence of eloquent neurovascular structures and possible neurological sequelae following their treatment. Clinical manifestations are mostly related to the involvement of hypothalamic-pituitary axis, optic pathways, ventricular system, and major blood vessels of the circle of Willis. Symptoms and signs referable to intracranial hypertension, visual disturbance, and endocrine deficiencies should promptly raise the clinical suspicion for sellar and suprasellar pathologies, advocating further neuroimaging investigations, especially brain MRI. The optimal therapeutic management of craniopharyngiomas is still a matter of debate. Over the last decades, the surgical strategy for craniopharyngiomas, especially in younger patients, has shifted from the aggressive attempt of radical resection to a more conservative and individualized approach via a planned subtotal resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, aimed at preserving functional outcomes and minimizing surgery-related morbidity. Whenever gross total removal is not safely feasible, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) have gained an increasingly important role to manage tumor residual or recurrence. The role of intracavitary therapies, including antineoplastic drugs or sealed radioactive sources, is predominantly limited to monocystic craniopharyngiomas as secondary therapeutic option. Novel findings in genetic profiling of craniopharyngiomas have unfold new scenarios in the development of targeted therapies based on brand-new biomolecular markers, advancing the hypothesis of introducing neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens in order to reduce tumor burden prior to resection. Indeed, the rarity of these neoplasms requires a multispecialty approach involving an expert team of endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-ophthalmologists, neuroradiologists, radiotherapists, and neuro-oncologists, in order to pursue a significant impact on postoperative outcomes and long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Piloni
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Gagliardi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bailo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Boari
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfio Spina
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Willis TL, Lodge EJ, Andoniadou CL, Yianni V. Cellular interactions in the pituitary stem cell niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:612. [PMID: 36451046 PMCID: PMC9712314 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in the anterior pituitary gland can give rise to all resident endocrine cells and are integral components for the appropriate development and subsequent maintenance of the organ. Located in discreet niches within the gland, stem cells are involved in bi-directional signalling with their surrounding neighbours, interactions which underpin pituitary gland homeostasis and response to organ challenge or physiological demand. In this review we highlight core signalling pathways that steer pituitary progenitors towards specific endocrine fate decisions throughout development. We further elaborate on those which are conserved in the stem cell niche postnatally, including WNT, YAP/TAZ and Notch signalling. Furthermore, we have collated a directory of single cell RNA sequencing studies carried out on pituitaries across multiple organisms, which have the potential to provide a vast database to study stem cell niche components in an unbiased manner. Reviewing published data, we highlight that stem cells are one of the main signalling hubs within the anterior pituitary. In future, coupling single cell sequencing approaches with genetic manipulation tools in vivo, will enable elucidation of how previously understudied signalling pathways function within the anterior pituitary stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea L Willis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Val Yianni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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8
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Júnior JF, de França GM, da Silva Barros CC, Felix FA, da Silva WR, de Lucena HF, Oliveira CN, Galvão HC. Biomarkers involved in the proliferation of the odontogenic keratocyst, glandular odontogenic cyst and botryoid odontogenic cyst. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 26:655-662. [PMID: 35059898 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-021-01026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Odontogenic cysts are a heterogeneous group of lesions with varied clinical behavior. OBJECTIVE To analyze the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Cyclin D1, and transcription factor SOX2 in the odontogenic epithelium evaluating the cell cycle control and cystic expansion. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study including 40 cases, 20 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), 10 botryoid odontogenic cysts (BOC), and 10 glandular odontogenic cysts (GOC). RESULTS All cases of OKC, BOC, and GOC were positive for EGFR in all layers of the cyst lining. The highest expression of nuclear Cyclin D1 was observed in the suprabasal layer of OKCs and in the basal and suprabasal layers of GOC and BOC (p < 0.001). In addition, SOX2 was only expressed in the suprabasal layer of OKCs. CONCLUSION The high expression of EGFR in the cyst membrane suggests that EGF stimulates epithelial proliferation in BOCs, and the high expression of SOX2 in OKCs may be related to the presence of stem cells in the lesion. Cyclin D1 is related to cell cycle disruption in G1-S contributing to stimulates epithelial proliferation of OKCs and GOCs and BOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Felipe Júnior
- Dental Science Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Glória Maria de França
- Dental Science Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova Natal-RN, CEP, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernanda Aragão Felix
- Dental Science Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | | | - Hévio Freitas de Lucena
- Dental Science Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Hébel Cavalcanti Galvão
- Dental Science Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
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9
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Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials for Bone Repair. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040187. [PMID: 36278657 PMCID: PMC9589993 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic, tumoral, and infectious bone defects are common in clinics, and create a big burden on patient's families and society. Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based biomaterials have superior properties and have been widely used for bone defect repair, due to their similarities to the inorganic components of human bones. The biological performance of CaPs, as a determining factor for their applications, are dependent on their physicochemical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) as the most thermally stable crystalline phase of CaP is mostly used in the form of ceramics or composites scaffolds with polymers. Nanostructured CaPs with large surface areas are suitable for drug/gene delivery systems. Additionally, CaP scaffolds with hierarchical nano-/microstructures have demonstrated excellent ability in promoting bone regeneration. This review focuses on the relationships and interactions between the physicochemical/biological properties of CaP biomaterials and their species, sizes, and morphologies in bone regeneration, including synthesis strategies, structure control, biological behavior, and the mechanisms of CaP in promoting osteogenesis. This review will be helpful for scientists and engineers to further understand CaP-based biomaterials (CaPs), and be useful in developing new high-performance biomaterials for bone repair.
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10
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Li S, Wu B, Xiao Y, Wu J, Yang L, Yang C, Huang Z, Pan C, Li M, Yang Y, Tang B, Xie S, Wu X, Zheng S, Wang C, Hong T. Exploring the pathological relationships between adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and contiguous structures with tumor origin. J Neurooncol 2022; 159:485-497. [PMID: 35939144 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying relationships between craniopharyngiomas (CPs) and contiguous structures, and tumor origin are crucial for treatments. This study attempted to explore the relationships and tumor origin. METHODS CPs that underwent endoscopic surgeries were enrolled. The interfacial specimens of CPs attaching the hypothalamus, pituitary stalk (PS), pituitary grand (PG), optic chiasma (OC) and brain tissue (BT) were pathologically examined. Boundaries between CPs and these structures were observed during operations. Expression of β-catenin and stem cell markers were analyzed to explore the tumor origin. Outcomes of patients were assessed. RESULTS A total of 34 CPs were categorized into two groups based on the locations of finger-like protrusions (FP). Group A comprised 18 CPs with FP only present in the specimens attaching to hypothalamus. The surface of these CPs was fused with hypothalamus under endoscopic videos. However, the specimens attaching to the PS, PG, OC, and BT showed no FP. Clear boundaries was observed between these CPs and these structures. Group B comprised 16 CPs with FP only present in the specimens attaching to PS. The tumor surface was fused with PS. Specimens attaching to the hypothalamus, PG, OC and BT showed no FP. Clear boundary was observed among these CPs with these structures. These results implied CPs only invaded a certain part of hypothalamic-pituitary axis. β-catenin and stem cells markers mainly distributed in the FP tissues of both groups. Patients in group B achieved better outcomes than group A. CONCLUSIONS CPs only invade the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with FP and the FP would be the tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yingqun Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Ninth Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, 330002, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chenxing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhongjian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chengbin Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Minde Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Youqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shenhao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Suyue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chunliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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The Challenging Management of Craniopharyngiomas in Adults: Time for a Reappraisal? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153831. [PMID: 35954494 PMCID: PMC9367482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) currently represent one of the most challenging diseases to deal with in the group of skull base tumors. Due to their location near, within, or surrounding the pituitary gland and stalk, CPs can be revealed by pituitary tumor syndrome and/or symptoms of hormonal deficiencies. Furthermore, surgery, which represents the first-line therapy, almost always results in hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus and, in the case of hypothalamic involvement by the tumor, the occurrence of hypothalamic syndrome. The latter is characterized by intractable weight gain associated with severe morbid obesity, memory impairment, attention deficit, reduced impulse control and, eventually, increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Recent progress made in the understanding of the molecular pathways involved in CPs tumorigenesis paves the way for promising alternative therapeutic approaches and diagnostic procedures. Taken together, they lay the groundwork for new paradigms in the management of CPs in adults. Abstract Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare tumors of the skull base, developing near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and responsible for severe hormonal deficiencies and an overall increase in mortality rate. While surgery and radiotherapy represent the recommended first-line therapies for CPs, a new paradigm for treatment is currently emerging, as a consequence of accumulated knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor growth, paving the way for anticipated use of targeted therapies. Significant clinical and basic research conducted in the field of CPs will undoubtedly constitute a real step forward for a better understanding of the behavior of these tumors and prevent associated complications. In this review, our aim is to summarize the multiple steps in the management of CPs in adults and emphasize the most recent studies that will contribute to advancing the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms.
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Alexandraki KI, Xekouki P. Medical Therapy for Craniopharyngiomas. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 17:121-132. [PMID: 35118458 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2021.17.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas are rare benign neoplasms presenting in two different types, adamantinomatous (ACP) or papillary (PCP), which are molecularly and clinically distinct. Traditional treatment includes surgical resection and radiotherapy, which are accompanied by a number of debilitating complications because of the tumours' proximity to important brain structures. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas have opened horizons to medical therapeutic options. ACPs are mainly characterized by mutations of β-catenin, which activate Wingless/Int (Wnt), and alter the mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, as well as inflammatory, cellular senescence, programmed cell death and sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathways. PCPs are mainly characterized by Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway activation secondary to BRAF-V600E mutations. MEK inhibitors, such as binimetinib, or anti-inflammatory mediators, such as tocilizumab or interferon, have been administered to patients with ACP and the efficacy is mostly favourable. On the other hand, BRAF inhibitors, such as dabrafenib or vemurafenib, either alone or in combination with the MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib, have been administered to patients with PCP resulting in favourable responses. A number of ongoing trials will shed light on schemes, doses, combined treatments and safety issues of the new molecular-targeted treatments, changing the management of patients with craniopharyngiomas by launching the era of personalized medicine in these rare neoplasms. We conducted a systematic review to identify case series or case reports with patients currently treated with systemic medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia I Alexandraki
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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13
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Bando H, Urai S, Kanie K, Sasaki Y, Yamamoto M, Fukuoka H, Iguchi G, Camper SA. Novel genes and variants associated with congenital pituitary hormone deficiency in the era of next-generation sequencing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1008306. [PMID: 36237189 PMCID: PMC9551393 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1008306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is not a rare disorder, with a frequency of approximately 1 case per 4,000 live births. However, in most cases, a genetic diagnosis is not available. Furthermore, the diagnosis is challenging because no clear correlation exists between the pituitary hormones affected and the gene(s) responsible for the disorder. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has recently been widely used to identify novel genes that cause (or putatively cause) CPHD. This review outlines causative genes for CPHD that have been newly reported in recent years. Moreover, novel variants of known CPHD-related genes (POU1F1 and GH1 genes) that contribute to CPHD through unique mechanisms are also discussed in this review. From a clinical perspective, variants in some of the recently identified causative genes result in extra-pituitary phenotypes. Clinical research on the related symptoms and basic research on pituitary formation may help in inferring the causative gene(s) of CPHD. Future NGS analysis of a large number of CPHD cases may reveal new genes related to pituitary development. Clarifying the causative genes of CPHD may help to understand the process of pituitary development. We hope that future innovations will lead to the identification of genes responsible for CPHD and pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironori Bando,
| | - Shin Urai
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sasaki
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Biosignal Pathophysiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sally A. Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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14
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Henderson F, Schwartz TH. Update on management of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurooncol 2021; 156:97-108. [PMID: 34807341 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION Craniopharyngiomas are locally-aggressive tumors arising along the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Treatment is nuanced as a result of their proximity and adherence to vital neurovascular structures and responsiveness to surgery, radiation and, in some cases, chemotherapy. METHODS We reviewed the literature discussing the current state of knowledge regarding craniopharyngioma biology and therapy. RESULTS Recent advances in endoscopic endonasal surgery (EEA) have made surgery a safer and more effective option. While cure may be achieved with gross total resection (GTR), when felt to be too risky, a subtotal resection followed by radiation is often a more prudent strategy, particularly in children with hypothalamic invasion. Data on long-term outcome are mostly derived from older studies in which a craniotomy, rather than EEA, was performed. Long-term EEA outcome studies are lacking. Enhanced knowledge of the biological basis of papillary CPs has led to novel medical treatments for BRAFv600E variants that appear to be effective. CONCLUSION Endoscopic technology has improved surgical results for craniopharyngiomas and expanded the indications for the transsphenoidal approach. The goal of CP surgery goal is maximal safe resection to achieve cure, but subtotal resection and radiation may be equally effective. Early diagnosis of specific variants will facilitate enrollment in promising medical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Henderson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St, Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St, Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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15
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Li T, Yang A, Liu G, Zou S, Chen Y, Ni B, Liu Y, Fan J. Status Quo and Research Trends of Craniopharyngioma Research: A 10-Year Bibliometric Analyses (From 2011 to 2020). Front Oncol 2021; 11:744308. [PMID: 34660308 PMCID: PMC8516404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a challenging intracranial tumor due to its special hypothalamus-pituitary location. Each patient with CP should be evaluated and treated separately. Exploring novel methods of automatized analysis of data for gaining knowledge on any medical field is an encouraging task, particularly in such an extremely challenging tumor as CP. We aim to summary the situations, investigate the research trends and evaluate research hotspots using bibliometric analysis for the CP research. Methods We extracted all the CP-related literatures from 2011 to 2020 from the Web of Science database. An Online analysis platform of literature metrology (Bibliometric), BICOMB, gCLUTO and CiteSpace softwares were used to do bibliometric analysis. As a supplement, we also analyzed the top 100 cited case reports with particular and certainly infrequent information to improve the analysis. Results According to our retrieval strategy, we found a total of 1262 CP-related literatures. The United States has maintained a leading position in global CP research, followed by China and Germany. Among institutions, Capital Med Univ, St Jude Childrens Res Hosp and Southern Med Univ rank in the top 3 in terms of the number of articles published. “WORLD NEUROSURGERY” is the most popular journal for CP-related research. Moreover, MULLER HL, MERCHANT TE, QI ST and others have made great achievements in the study of CP. Finally, we did biclustering analysis on keywords and identified 4 CP research hotspot clusters. Conclusions Our research provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific progress of CP in the past 10 years, and insight into the development of CP research field, highlight research trends over time, and help identify valuable future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li Y, Guo Z, Cui H, Wang T, Xu Y, Zhao J. Urantide prevents CCl4‑induced acute liver injury in rats by regulating the MAPK signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:688. [PMID: 34328202 PMCID: PMC8365596 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of drugs and other triggers can cause acute liver injury (ALI) in clinical practice. Therefore, identifying a safe drug for the prevention of liver injury is important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential preventive effect and regulatory mechanism of urantide on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‑induced ALI by investigating the expression of components of the MAPK signalling pathway and the urotensin II (UII)/urotensin receptor (UT) system. Liver oedema and severe fatty degeneration of the cytoplasm were observed in ALI model rats, and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were found to be significantly increased. Compared with those in the ALI model group, ALT and AST levels and the liver index did not significantly increase in each group given the preventive administration of urantide, and the liver tissue morphology was correspondingly protected. Moreover, the gene and protein expression levels of UII, G protein‑coupled receptor (GPR14) and the oxidative stress‑sensitive cytokines, α‑smooth muscle actin and osteopontin were decreased, indicating that the protein translation process was effectively maintained. However, the expression levels of MAPK signalling pathway‑related proteins and genes were decreased. It was found that urantide could effectively block the MAPK signalling pathway by antagonizing the UII/UT system, thus protecting the livers of ALI model rats. Therefore, it was suggested that ALI may be associated with the MAPK signalling pathway, and effective inhibition of the MAPK signalling pathway may be critical in protecting the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Zheming Guo
- Second Department of Trauma, Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Cui
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Tu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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SOX2 is required independently in both stem and differentiated cells for pituitary tumorigenesis in p27-null mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017115118. [PMID: 33574062 PMCID: PMC7896314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development can depend on cell intrinsic dysfunction, but, in some cases, extrinsic factors are important drivers. Here, we established a genetically tractable model, demonstrating that the same gene is relevant both cell autonomously and noncell autonomously for tumorigenesis. Deletion of p27, down-regulated in many tumors, predominantly leads to development of murine pituitary tumors. SOX2, transcriptionally derepressed in absence of P27, is important for tumorigenesis in this and other models, but little is known about its interaction. Using loss-of-function and lineage tracing approaches, we establish its regulatory interaction in vivo and show that SOX2 is required independently, both in endocrine and stem cells, to orchestrate tumorigenesis in absence of P27, establishing a powerful model to investigate mechanisms of tumor development. P27, a cell cycle inhibitor, is also able to drive repression of Sox2. This interaction plays a crucial role during development of p27−/− pituitary tumors because loss of one copy of Sox2 impairs tumorigenesis [H. Li et al., Cell Stem Cell 11, 845–852 (2012)]. However, SOX2 is expressed in both endocrine and stem cells (SCs), and its contribution to tumorigenesis in either cell type is unknown. We have thus explored the cellular origin and mechanisms underlying endocrine tumorigenesis in p27−/− pituitaries. We found that pituitary hyperplasia is associated with reduced cellular differentiation, in parallel with increased levels of SOX2 in stem and endocrine cells. Using conditional loss-of-function and lineage tracing approaches, we show that SOX2 is required cell autonomously in p27−/− endocrine cells for these to give rise to tumors, and in SCs for promotion of tumorigenesis. This is supported by studies deleting the Sox2 regulatory region 2 (Srr2), the target of P27 repressive action. Single cell transcriptomic analysis further reveals that activation of a SOX2-dependent MAPK pathway in SCs is important for tumorigenesis. Altogether, our data highlight different aspects of the role of SOX2 following loss of p27, according to cellular context, and uncover an unexpected SOX2-dependent tumor-promoting role for SCs. Our results imply that targeting SCs, in addition to tumor cells, may represent an efficient antitumoral strategy in certain contexts.
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Ma S, Cheng J, Wang H, Ding N, Zhou F, Ji R, Zhu L, Zhu C, Pan Y. A novel regulatory loop miR-101/ANXA2/EGR1 mediates malignant characteristics of liver cancer stem cells. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:93-104. [PMID: 32531042 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are the cellular determinants that promote tumor recurrence and metastases. Aberrantly expressed miRNAs were identified in LCSCs and found to play a significant role in modulating biological characteristics of LCSCs. In this study, we implemented miRNA microarrays in CD133+ LCSCs and found miR-101 expression was downregulated. Increasing miR-101 expression repressed the metastasis and tumorigenic potential in LCSCs. Further investigations showed that ANXA2 was a novel target of miR-101. And we revealed that ANXA2 plays a critical role in acceleration of cell cycle and enhancing the migration and invasion abilities of LCSCs. Elevated ANXA2 increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) which regulated SOX2 and cell cycle-related kinases. Moreover, ERK phosphorylation inhibited the expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) which in turn restrained the transcription of miR-101. In vivo experiments, overexpression of miR-101 produced potent inhibitory effects on the growth of LCSCs xenograft tumors as well as ANXA2 knockdown. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel regulatory loop miR-101/ANXA2/EGR1 in LCSCs and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junping Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ningling Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runing Ji
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuanwu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunzhi Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Liu Y, Wang CH, Fan J, Peng JX, Pan J, Zhang X, Qi ST. Establishing a papillary craniopharyngioma cell line by SV40LT-mediated immortalization. Pituitary 2021; 24:159-169. [PMID: 33044631 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniopharyngioma represents a troublesome tumor of the intracranial sellar region. There are currently no available well-characterized craniopharyngioma cell lines. This lack of reliable, immortal cell lines is a major reason for the slow progress in fundamental research related to craniopharyngioma. METHODS We describe the development of an immortal papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP) cell line by transfecting primary PCP cells with the pLenti-simian virus 40 large T antigen(SV40LT). RESULTS Three clones have been cultured for more than 14 months so far, while non-transfected cells ceased proliferation within three months of isolation. The established immortal PCP cell lines were identified to have BRAFV600E mutations, while no mutations in tumor suppressor genes were found in primary cells or immortal cells. Immortal cells had higher proliferation rates and formed tumors when implanted in the bran of nude mice. BRAF inhibition in immortal PCP cells altered cell morphology, inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. CONCLUSION We successfully developed PCP cell lines by SV40LT-mediated immortalization. These cell lines represent a powerful tool for fundamental and therapeutical studies on craniopharyngioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chao-Hu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xi'an Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Song-Tao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Gualtieri A, Kyprianou N, Gregory LC, Vignola ML, Nicholson JG, Tan R, Inoue SI, Scagliotti V, Casado P, Blackburn J, Abollo-Jimenez F, Marinelli E, Besser REJ, Högler W, Karen Temple I, Davies JH, Gagunashvili A, Robinson ICAF, Camper SA, Davis SW, Cutillas PR, Gevers EF, Aoki Y, Dattani MT, Gaston-Massuet C. Activating mutations in BRAF disrupt the hypothalamo-pituitary axis leading to hypopituitarism in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2028. [PMID: 33795686 PMCID: PMC8016902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRAF and other components of the MAPK pathway are associated with the congenital syndromes collectively known as RASopathies. Here, we report the association of Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD) including hypopituitarism and Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC) syndrome in patients harbouring mutations in BRAF. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate that these genetic variants are gain-of-function mutations leading to activation of the MAPK pathway. Activation of the MAPK pathway by conditional expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele, or the knock-in BrafQ241R/+ allele (corresponding to the most frequent human CFC-causing mutation, BRAF p.Q257R), leads to abnormal cell lineage determination and terminal differentiation of hormone-producing cells, causing hypopituitarism. Expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele in embryonic pituitary progenitors leads to an increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors, cell growth arrest and apoptosis, but not tumour formation. Our findings show a critical role of BRAF in hypothalamo-pituitary-axis development both in mouse and human and implicate mutations found in RASopathies as a cause of endocrine deficiencies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nikolina Kyprianou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria Lillina Vignola
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James G Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Tan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Abollo-Jimenez
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugenia Marinelli
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael E J Besser
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Karen Temple
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Child Health Directorate, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrey Gagunashvili
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Children NHS Foundation Trust and UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Evelien F Gevers
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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21
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Kilmister EJ, Hansen L, Davis PF, Hall SRR, Tan ST. Cell Populations Expressing Stemness-Associated Markers in Vascular Anomalies. Front Surg 2021; 7:610758. [PMID: 33634164 PMCID: PMC7900499 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.610758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of vascular anomalies (VAs) is mostly empirical and, in many instances unsatisfactory, as the pathogeneses of these heterogeneous conditions remain largely unknown. There is emerging evidence of the presence of cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within many types of vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The presence of these populations in VAs is supported, in part, by the observed clinical effect of the mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus, that regulates differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The discovery of the central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating stem cells in infantile hemangioma (IH) provides a plausible explanation for its spontaneous and accelerated involution induced by β-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Recent work on targeting IH stem cells by inhibiting the transcription factor SOX18 using the stereoisomer R(+) propranolol, independent of β-adrenergic blockade, opens up exciting opportunities for novel treatment of IH without the β-adrenergic blockade-related side effects. Gene mutations have been identified in several VAs, involving mainly the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Existing cancer therapies that target these pathways engenders the exciting possibility of repurposing these agents for challenging VAs, with early results demonstrating clinical efficacy. However, there are several shortcomings with this approach, including the treatment cost, side effects, emergence of treatment resistance and unknown long-term effects in young patients. The presence of populations expressing stemness-associated markers, including transcription factors involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in different types of VAs, suggests the possible role of stem cell pathways in their pathogenesis. Components of the RAS are expressed by cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers in different types of VAs. The gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways interact with different components of the RAS, which may influence cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within VAs. The potential of targeting these populations by manipulating the RAS using repurposed, low-cost and commonly available oral medications, warrants further investigation. This review presents the accumulating evidence demonstrating the presence of stemness-associated markers in VAs, their expression of the RAS, and their interaction with gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways, in the pathogenesis of VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Hansen
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Guo ZH, Jia YYS, Zeng YM, Li ZF, Lin JS. Transcriptome analysis identifies the differentially expressed genes related to the stemness of limbal stem cells in mice. Gene 2021; 775:145447. [PMID: 33482278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Limbal stem cells (LSCs) reside in the basal layer of limbal epithelial cells (LECs). They are crucial for maintenance of corneal epithelium homeostasis and corneal wound healing. Their stemness is determined by their gene expression pattern. Despite of several positive identifiers have been reported, the unique biomarker for LSCs still remain elusive. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stem cells and differentiated cells affect the fate of stem cells via specific signaling pathway. In order to understand the DEGs in the LSCs, RNA-seq was firstly conducted using a mouse model. A total of 1907 up-regulated DEGs and 395 down-regulated DEGs were identified in the limbus (L) compared to central cornea (CC) and conjunctiva (Cj). Reliability of the expression of genes from RNA-seq analysis was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The expression pattern of putative biomarkers was considered to be age-related. In up-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 570 gene ontology (GO) terms were significantly enriched. Five groups of genes related with biological processes from these significantly enriched GO terms comprised ionic transport, regulation of tissue development, muscle contraction, visual perception, and cell adhesion, which were clustered as a weighted similar network. Whereas, in down-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 61 GO terms were significantly enriched and only one group of ATP biosynthesis and metabolic process were clustered. Furthermore, we identified 55 signaling pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database based on up-regulated genes and 14 KEGG pathways based on down-regulated genes. In this study, we provide a landscape of the expression of putative LSCs biomarkers and stemness-related signaling pathways in a mouse model. Our findings could aid in the identification of LSC niche factors that may be related to the stemness of the LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hou Guo
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China; Stem Cell Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | | | - Yi Ming Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhao Fa Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China
| | - Jun Sheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China.
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23
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Park JH, Kim YH, Shim S, Kim A, Jang H, Lee SJ, Park S, Seo S, Jang WI, Lee SB, Kim MJ. Radiation-Activated PI3K/AKT Pathway Promotes the Induction of Cancer Stem-Like Cells via the Upregulation of SOX2 in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010135. [PMID: 33445526 PMCID: PMC7827893 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current treatment strategy for patients with aggressive colorectal cancer has been hampered by resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy due to the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Recent studies have shown that SOX2 expression plays an important role in the maintenance of CSC properties in colorectal cancer. In this study, we investigated the induction and regulatory role of SOX2 following the irradiation of radioresistant and radiosensitive colorectal cancer cells. We used FACS and western blotting to analyze SOX2 expression in cells. Among the markers of colorectal CSCs, the expression of CD44 increased upon irradiation in radioresistant cells. Further analysis revealed the retention of CSC properties with an upregulation of SOX2 as shown by enhanced resistance to radiation and metastatic potential in vitro. Interestingly, both the knockdown and overexpression of SOX2 led to increase in CD44+ population and induction of CSC properties in colorectal cancer following irradiation. Furthermore, selective genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway, but not the MAPK pathway, attenuated SOX2-dependent CD44 expression and metastatic potential upon irradiation in vitro. Our findings suggested that SOX2 regulated by radiation-induced activation of PI3K/AKT pathway contributes to the induction of colorectal CSCs, thereby highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Young-Heon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Areumnuri Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Songwon Seo
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidermiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Won Il Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.L.); (M.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5874 (S.B.L.); +82-2-3399-5875 (M.-J.K.)
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.); (W.I.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.L.); (M.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5874 (S.B.L.); +82-2-3399-5875 (M.-J.K.)
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24
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Russell JP, Lim X, Santambrogio A, Yianni V, Kemkem Y, Wang B, Fish M, Haston S, Grabek A, Hallang S, Lodge EJ, Patist AL, Schedl A, Mollard P, Nusse R, Andoniadou CL. Pituitary stem cells produce paracrine WNT signals to control the expansion of their descendant progenitor cells. eLife 2021; 10:59142. [PMID: 33399538 PMCID: PMC7803373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to physiological demand, the pituitary gland generates new hormone-secreting cells from committed progenitor cells throughout life. It remains unclear to what extent pituitary stem cells (PSCs), which uniquely express SOX2, contribute to pituitary growth and renewal. Moreover, neither the signals that drive proliferation nor their sources have been elucidated. We have used genetic approaches in the mouse, showing that the WNT pathway is essential for proliferation of all lineages in the gland. We reveal that SOX2+ stem cells are a key source of WNT ligands. By blocking secretion of WNTs from SOX2+ PSCs in vivo, we demonstrate that proliferation of neighbouring committed progenitor cells declines, demonstrating that progenitor multiplication depends on the paracrine WNT secretion from SOX2+ PSCs. Our results indicate that stem cells can hold additional roles in tissue expansion and homeostasis, acting as paracrine signalling centres to coordinate the proliferation of neighbouring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Russell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Val Yianni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Kemkem
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruce Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Matthew Fish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shirleen Hallang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L Patist
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Functional characterization of SOX2 as an anticancer target. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:135. [PMID: 32728033 PMCID: PMC7391717 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a well-characterized pluripotent factor that is essential for stem cell self-renewal, reprogramming, and homeostasis. The cellular levels of SOX2 are precisely regulated by a complicated network at the levels of transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation. In many types of human cancer, SOX2 is dysregulated due to gene amplification and protein overexpression. SOX2 overexpression is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Mechanistically, SOX2 promotes proliferation, survival, invasion/metastasis, cancer stemness, and drug resistance. SOX2 is, therefore, an attractive anticancer target. However, little progress has been made in the efforts to discover SOX2 inhibitors, largely due to undruggable nature of SOX2 as a transcription factor. In this review, we first briefly introduced SOX2 as a transcription factor, its domain structure, normal physiological functions, and its involvement in human cancers. We next discussed its role in embryonic development and stem cell-renewal. We then mainly focused on three aspects of SOX2: (a) the regulatory mechanisms of SOX2, including how SOX2 level is regulated, and how SOX2 cross-talks with multiple signaling pathways to control growth and survival; (b) the role of SOX2 in tumorigenesis and drug resistance; and (c) current drug discovery efforts on targeting SOX2, and the future perspectives to discover specific SOX2 inhibitors for effective cancer therapy.
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26
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Recent Progress in Stem Cell Research of the Pituitary Gland and Pituitary Adenoma. ENDOCRINES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine and anti-tumoral therapy have been developed through understanding tissue stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The concept of tissue stem cells has been applied to the pituitary gland (PG). Recently, PG stem cells (PGSCs) were successfully differentiated from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, showing an in vivo therapeutic effect in a hypopituitary model. Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are common intracranial neoplasms that are generally benign, but treatment resistance remains a major concern. The concept of CSCs applies to PA stem cells (PASCs). Genetic alterations in human PGSCs result in PASC development, leading to treatment-resistant PAs. To determine an efficient treatment against refractory PAs, it is of paramount importance to understand the relationship between PGSCs, PASCs and PAs. The goal of this review is to discuss several new findings about PGSCs and the roles of PASCs in PA tumorigenesis.
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27
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Cho HJ, Yang EJ, Park JT, Kim JR, Kim EC, Jung KJ, Park SC, Lee YS. Identification of SYK inhibitor, R406 as a novel senolytic agent. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8221-8240. [PMID: 32379705 PMCID: PMC7244031 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective removal of senescent cells by senolytics is suggested as a potential approach to reverse aging and extend lifespan. Using high-throughput screening with replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), we identified a novel senolytic drug R406 that showed selective toxicity in senescent cells. Using flow cytometry and caspase expression analysis, we confirmed that R406 caused apoptotic cell death along with morphological changes in senescent cells. Interestingly, R406 altered the cell survival-related molecular processes including the inhibition of phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in senescent cells. This pattern was not observed in other known senolytic agent ABT263. Correspondingly, apoptotic cell death in senescent cells was induced by simultaneously blocking the FAK and p38 pathways. Taken together, we suggest that R406 acts as a senolytic drug by inducing apoptosis and reducing cell attachment capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Cho
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Eun Jae Yang
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Eok-Cheon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Kyong-Jin Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.,The Future Life and Society Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 58128, Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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28
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Kalaimani L, Devarajan B, Subramanian U, Ayyasamy V, Namperumalsamy VP, Veerappan M, Chidambaranathan GP. MicroRNA Profiling of Highly Enriched Human Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells by Small RNA Sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7418. [PMID: 32366885 PMCID: PMC7198595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to elucidate the microRNA (miRNA) profile of an enriched human corneal epithelial stem cell (CESC) population in comparison to differentiated central corneal epithelial cells (CCECs) by small RNA sequencing. The CESCs were enriched by differential enzymatic treatment to isolate the basal limbal epithelial cells followed by laser capture microdissection of cells with nucleus to cytoplasm ratio ≥0.7, from donor tissues. Small RNA sequencing was carried out using Illumina NextSeq. 500 platform and the validation of differentially expressed miRNAs by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and locked nucleic acid miRNA in-situ hybridization (LNA-ISH). The sequencing identified 62 miRNAs in CESCs and 611 in CCECs. Six miRNAs: hsa-miR-21-5p, 3168, 143-3p, 10a-5p, 150-5p and 1910-5p were found to be significantly upregulated in enriched CESCs, which was further confirmed by qPCR and LNA-ISH. The expression of hsa-miR-143-3p was exclusive to clusters of limbal basal epithelial cells. The targets of the upregulated miRNAs were predicted to be associated with signaling pathways -Wnt, PI3K-AKT, MAPK and pathways that regulate pluripotency of stem cells, cell migration, growth and proliferation. Further studies are essential to elucidate their functional role in maintenance of stemness. The findings of the study also hypothesize the inherent potential of hsa-miR-143-3p to serve as a biomarker for identifying CESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Kalaimani
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation -Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharanidharan Devarajan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Department of Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanniarajan Ayyasamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Muthukkaruppan Veerappan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowri Priya Chidambaranathan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation -Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Xiao D, Zhang J, Zhang C, Barbieri D, Yuan H, Moroni L, Feng G. The role of calcium phosphate surface structure in osteogenesis and the mechanisms involved. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:22-33. [PMID: 31926336 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have been widely used for bone regeneration because of their ability to induce osteogenesis. Surface properties, including chemical composition and surface structure, are known to play a crucial role in osteoconduction and osteoinduction. This review systematically analyzes the effects of surface properties, in particular the surface structure, of CaP scaffolds on cell behavior and new bone formation. We also summarize the possible signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells when cultured on surfaces with various structures in vitro. The significant immune response initiated by surface structure involved in osteogenic differentiation of cells is also discussed in this review. Taken together, the new biological principle for advanced biomaterials is not only to directly stimulate osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells but also to modulate the immune response in vivo. Although the reaction mechanism responsible for bone formation induced by CaP surface structure is not clear yet, the insights on surface structure-mediated osteogenic differentiation and osteoimmunomodulation could aid the optimization of CaP-based biomaterials for bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: CaP ceramics have similar inorganic composition with natural bone, which have been widely used for bone tissue scaffolds. CaP themselves are not osteoinductive; however, osteoinductive properties could be introduced to CaP materials by surface engineering. This paper systematically summarizes the effects of surface properties, especially surface structure, of CaP scaffolds on bone formation. Additionally, increasing evidence has proved that the bone healing process is not only affected by the osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells, but also relevant to the the cooperation of immune system. Thus, we further review the possible signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic differentiation and immune response of cells cultured on scaffold surface. These insights into surface structure-mediated osteogenic differentiation and osteoimmunomodulated-based strategy could aid the optimization of CaP-based biomaterials.
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Martinez-Barbera JP, Andoniadou CL. Biological Behaviour of Craniopharyngiomas. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:797-804. [PMID: 32126562 DOI: 10.1159/000506904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Jakob Erdheim (1874-1937) first described craniopharyn-giomas (CPs) as "hypophyseal duct tumours" and postulated the existence of two tumour types based on their histological features: (1) an aggressive type showing similarities to adamantinomas (tumours of the jaw) and (2) a more benign form characterised by the presence of papillary structures. More than a century later, these initial observations have been confirmed; based on their distinct genetic, epigenetic, and histological features, the WHO classifies CPs into two types: adamantinomatous CPs (ACPs) and papillary CPs (PCPs). Considerable knowledge has been generated on the biology of CPs in the last 20 years. Mutations in CTNNB1 (encoding β-catenin) are prevalent in ACP, whilst PCPs frequently harbour mutations in BRAF (p.BRAF-V600E). The consequence of these mutations is the activation of either the WNT/β-catenin (ACP) or the MAPK/ERK (PCP) pathway. Murine models support a critical role for these mutations in tumour formation and have provided important insights into tumour pathogenesis, mostly in ACP. A critical role for cellular senescence has been uncovered in murine models of ACP with relevance to human tumours. Several gene profiling studies of human and murine ACP tumours have identified potential targetable pathways, and novel therapeutic agents are being used in clinical and pre-clinical research, in some cases with excellent results. In this review, we will present the accumulated knowledge on the biological features of these tumours and summarise how these advances are being translated into potential novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defect Research Centre, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Cynthia Lilian Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Silva BS, Silva LR, Lima KL, Dos Santos AC, Oliveira AC, Dezzen-Gomide AC, Batista AC, Yamamoto-Silva FP. SOX2 and BCL-2 Expressions in Odontogenic Keratocyst and Ameloblastoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e283-e290. [PMID: 31967981 PMCID: PMC7103439 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of SOX2 and BCL-2 in Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) and Ameloblastoma (AB) specimens, and to identify a possible correlation in their expression.
Material and Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate SOX2 and BCL-2 expression in OKC (n = 20) and AB (n = 20). The immunoexpression was analyzed by a quantitative and qualitative scoring system. The comparison between the immunoexpression of SOX 2 and BCL-2 was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman’s correlation coefficient evaluated the correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions.
Results SOX2 and BCL-2 expression was observed in all specimens of OKC in the full thickness of the epithelium lining. SOX2 immunostaining was higher in OKC, in comparison with AB samples (P<0.05). BCL-2 immunostaining between OKC and AB was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 in OKC and AB specimens.
Conclusions SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions in OKC may suggest their relationship with the biological behavior of this lesion, and the higher expression of SOX2 might be an upstream influence on the Hh signaling pathway. Key words:Odontogenic keratocyst; Ameloblastoma; Odontogenic tumor; SOX2; BCL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-S Silva
- University of Anápolis, Department of Oral Diagnosis Av. Universitária, km 3,5. Cidade Universitária CEP 75083-515, Anápolis, Brasil
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Ullah Y, Li C, Li X, Ni W, Yao R, Xu Y, Quan R, Li H, Zhang M, Liu L, Hu R, Guo T, Li Y, Wang X, Hu S. Identification and Profiling of Pituitary microRNAs of Sheep during Anestrus and Estrus Stages. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030402. [PMID: 32121341 PMCID: PMC7142988 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs, molecules of 21 to 25 nucleotides in length, that regulate gene expression by binding to their target mRNA and play a significant role in animal development. The expression and role of miRNAs in regulating sheep estrus, however, remain elusive. Transcriptome analysis is helpful to understand the biological roles of miRNAs in the pituitary gland of sheep. A sheep's pituitary gland has a significant difference between estrus and anestrus states. Here, we investigate the expression profiles of sheep anterior pituitary microRNAs (miRNAs) in two states, estrus and anestrus, using Illumina HiSeq-technology. This study identified a total of 199 miRNAs and 25 differentially expressed miRNAs in the estrus and anestrus pituitary gland in sheep. Reverse transcription quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis shows six differentially (p < 0.05) expressed miRNAs, that are miR-143, miR-199a, miR-181a, miR-200a, miR-218, and miR-221 in both estrus and anestrus states. miRNAs containing estrus-related terms and pathways regulation are enriched using enrichment analysis from gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, we also envisioned a miRNA-mRNA interaction network to understand the function of miRNAs involved in the pituitary gland regulatory network. In conclusion, miRNA expression profiles in sheep pituitary gland in the anestrus and estrus deliver a theoretical basis for the study of pituitary gland biology in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Ullah
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Cunyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Wei Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.N.); (S.H.); Tel.: +86-18040835399 (W.N.); +86-18199688693 (S.H.)
| | - Rui Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yueren Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Renzhe Quan
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Huixiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mengdan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Li Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yaxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaokui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.U.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (R.Q.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (R.H.); (T.G.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.N.); (S.H.); Tel.: +86-18040835399 (W.N.); +86-18199688693 (S.H.)
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Triana-Martínez F, Loza MI, Domínguez E. Beyond Tumor Suppression: Senescence in Cancer Stemness and Tumor Dormancy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020346. [PMID: 32028565 PMCID: PMC7072600 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide an overview of the importance of cellular fate in cancer as a group of diseases of abnormal cell growth. Tumor development and progression is a highly dynamic process, with several phases of evolution. The existing evidence about the origin and consequences of cancer cell fate specification (e.g., proliferation, senescence, stemness, dormancy, quiescence, and cell cycle re-entry) in the context of tumor formation and metastasis is discussed. The interplay between these dynamic tumor cell phenotypes, the microenvironment, and the immune system is also reviewed in relation to cancer. We focus on the role of senescence during cancer progression, with a special emphasis on its relationship with stemness and dormancy. Selective interventions on senescence and dormancy cell fates, including the specific targeting of cancer cell populations to prevent detrimental effects in aging and disease, are also reviewed. A new conceptual framework about the impact of synthetic lethal strategies by using senogenics and then senolytics is given, with the promise of future directions on innovative anticancer therapies.
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Müller HL. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniopharyngioma. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:753-766. [PMID: 31678973 DOI: 10.1159/000504512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a rare embryonic malformation of the sellar/parasellar region with a low histological grade. Clinical manifestations are related to hypothalamic/pituitary deficiencies, visual impairment, and increased intracranial pressure. Recent insight into the molecular pathogenesis of CP opens new perspectives on targeted therapy in papillary CP harboring BRAF-V600E mutations. Further research to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and hopefully prevent hypothalamic involvement of CP is warranted. If the tumor is favorably localized, the therapy of choice is complete resection, with care taken to preserve the optical and hypothalamic functions. In patients with unfavorable tumor localization (i.e., hypothalamic involvement), the recommended therapy is a limited hypothalamus-sparing surgical strategy followed by local irradiation. Surgical treatment strategies should be based on a multidisciplinary approach involving experienced teams. Centralizing the treatment of CP in experienced "centers of excellence" and multicenter-based networks for reference assessments should be considered to assure a high standard of treatment quality. CP recurrence and progression are frequent. Irradiation has proven effective in reducing recurrences and progression. Proton beam therapy, available in a wider range in the near future, will help to avoid radio-oncological side effects. Anatomical involvement and/or surgical lesions of posterior hypothalamic areas can result in serious sequelae that compromise quality of life (QoL), such as hypothalamic obesity and psychopathological symptoms. Novel insights into neuropsychological sequelae after CP occurrence should be the basis for the development of therapeutic neuropsychological interventions. CP should be managed as a frequently chronic disease, providing ongoing care of pediatric and adult patients' clinical and QoL consequences by experienced multidisciplinary teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann L Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany,
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Erfurth EM. Diagnosis, Background, and Treatment of Hypothalamic Damage in Craniopharyngioma. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:767-779. [PMID: 32580186 PMCID: PMC7490511 DOI: 10.1159/000509616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas (CP) are rare brain tumors managed primarily with surgery and radiotherapy. There are 2 phenotypes of CP, i.e., one with a rather good outcome without hypothalamic damage and another with hypothalamic damage. With hypothalamic damage, progressive disease with recurrent operations and additional cranial radiotherapy often result in hypothalamic obesity, an affected psychosocial life, and cognitive dysfunction. The morbidity and mortality are increased for particularly cerebrovascular diseases. Preoperative hypothalamic involvement to predict hypothalamic damage is important for decision making for hypothalamus-sparing surgery. Also a postoperative hypothalamic damage evaluation with the use of hypothalamus volume measurement can predict hypothalamic obesity, which is important for early treatment options. The morbidity of CP includes cognitive dysfunction with attention deficits and impaired episodic memory and processing speed. Again patients with hypothalamic damage are more affected. Treatment options of hypothalamic obesity in the chronic phase are scarce and not convincingly successful. The most optimal situation is to try to hinder or stop the evolution of hypothalamic obesity. Prevention of hypothalamic damage is recommended, with special regard to hypothalamus-sparing therapeutic approaches that respect the integrity of essential nuclei located in both the medial and the posterior hypothalamic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Marie Erfurth
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,
- Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
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Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB. The Medical Therapy of Craniopharyngiomas: The Way Ahead. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5751-5764. [PMID: 31369091 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Craniopharyngiomas, which are categorized as adamantinomatous (ACPs) or papillary (PCPs), have traditionally been treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy, although when the tumors progress or recur, therapeutic possibilities are very limited. Following recent advances in their molecular pathogenesis, new medical therapeutic options have emerged. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The search strategy that we selected to identify the appropriate evidence involved the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: ("Craniopharyngioma" [MeSH] AND "Craniopharyngioma/drug therapy" [MeSH]) NOT ("review" [Publication Type] OR "review literature as topic" [MeSH Terms] OR "review" [All Fields]) AND ("2009/05/01" [PDat]: "2019/04/28" [PDat]). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Mutations of β-catenin causing Wnt activation with alterations of the MEK/ERK pathway are encountered in the great majority of patients with ACPs; specific alterations also stratify patients to a more aggressive behavior. In most PCPs there is primary activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway secondary to BRAF-V600E mutations. BRAF inhibitors, such as dabrafenib or vemurafenib, either alone or in combination with the MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib, have been administered to patients with PCPs producing clinically useful and, in some cases, sustained responses. In contrast to PCPs, drugs targeting β-catenin and its downstream MAPK pathway in ACPs have so far only been used in in vitro studies, but there appear to be promising new targets clinically. CONCLUSIONS The identification of specific genetic alterations in patients with craniopharyngiomas has expanded the therapeutic options, providing evidence for a customized approach using newer molecular agents. More studies including a larger number of carefully selected patients are required to evaluate the response to currently available and evolving agents alone and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia I Alexandraki
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory A Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas are rare malformational tumours of low histological malignancy arising along the craniopharyngeal duct. The two histological subtypes, adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) and papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), differ in genesis and age distribution. ACPs are diagnosed with a bimodal peak of incidence (5-15 years and 45-60 years), whereas PCPs are restricted to adults mainly in the fifth and sixth decades of life. ACPs are driven by somatic mutations in CTNNB1 (encoding β-catenin) that affect β-catenin stability and are predominantly cystic in appearance. PCPs frequently harbour somatic BRAFV600E mutations and are typically solid tumours. Clinical manifestations due to increased intracranial pressure, visual impairment and endocrine deficiencies should prompt imaging investigations, preferentially MRI. Treatment comprises neurosurgery and radiotherapy; intracystic chemotherapy is used in monocystic ACP. Although long-term survival is high, quality of life and neuropsychological function are frequently impaired due to the close anatomical proximity to the optic chiasm, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Indeed, hypothalamic involvement and treatment-related hypothalamic lesions frequently result in hypothalamic obesity, physical fatigue and psychosocial deficits. Given the rarity of these tumours, efforts to optimize infrastructure and international collaboration should be research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann L Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas E Merchant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Juan-Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Puget
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Gupta S, Bi WL, Giantini Larsen A, Al-Abdulmohsen S, Abedalthagafi M, Dunn IF. Craniopharyngioma: a roadmap for scientific translation. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 44:E12. [PMID: 29852761 DOI: 10.3171/2018.3.focus1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniopharyngiomas are among the most challenging of intracranial tumors to manage because of their pattern of growth, associated morbidities, and high recurrence rate. Complete resection on initial encounter can be curative, but it may be impeded by the risks posed by the involved neurovascular structures. Recurrent craniopharyngiomas, in turn, are frequently refractory to additional surgery and adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy. METHODS The authors conducted a review of primary literature. RESULTS Recent advances in the understanding of craniopharyngioma biology have illuminated potential oncogenic targets for pharmacotherapy. Specifically, distinct molecular profiles define two histological subtypes of craniopharyngioma: adamantinomatous and papillary. The discovery of overactive B-Raf signaling in the adult papillary subtype has led to reports of targeted inhibitors, with a growing acceptance for refractory cases. An expanding knowledge of the biological underpinnings of craniopharyngioma will continue to drive development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies that are personalized to the molecular signature of each individual tumor. CONCLUSIONS The rapid translation of genomic findings to medical therapies for recurrent craniopharyngiomas serves as a roadmap for other challenging neurooncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saksham Gupta
- 1Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- 1Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Alexandra Giantini Larsen
- 1Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sally Al-Abdulmohsen
- 1Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- 2Saudi Human Genome Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian F Dunn
- 1Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Yao J, Wu X, Zhang D, Wang L, Zhang L, Reynolds EX, Hernandez C, Boström KI, Yao Y. Elevated endothelial Sox2 causes lumen disruption and cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3121-3133. [PMID: 31232700 DOI: 10.1172/jci125965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen integrity in vascularization requires fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we report that endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs) emerged in ECs of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) and caused disruption of the lumen or lumen disorder. We show that excessive Sry-box 2 (Sox2) signaling was responsible for the EndMTs in cerebral AVMs. EC-specific suppression of Sox2 normalized endothelial differentiation and lumen formation and improved the cerebral AVMs. Epigenetic studies showed that induction of Sox2 altered the cerebral-endothelial transcriptional landscape and identified jumonji domain-containing protein 5 (JMJD5) as a direct target of Sox2. Sox2 interacted with JMJD5 to induce EndMTs in cerebral ECs. Furthermore, we utilized a high-throughput system to identify the β-adrenergic antagonist pronethalol as an inhibitor of Sox2 expression. Treatment with pronethalol stabilized endothelial differentiation and lumen formation, which limited the cerebral AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lumin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric X Reynolds
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos Hernandez
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Oncogenic BRAF Alterations and Their Role in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060794. [PMID: 31181803 PMCID: PMC6627484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) have been extensively studied in several tumor entities and are known to drive cell growth in several tumor entities. Effective targeted therapies with mutation-specific small molecule inhibitors have been developed and established for metastasized malignant melanoma. The BRAF V600E mutation and KIAA1549-BRAF fusion are alterations found in several brain tumors and show a distinct prognostic impact in some entities. Besides the diagnostic significance for the classification of central nervous system tumors, these alterations present possible therapy targets that may be exploitable for oncological treatments, as it has been established for malignant melanomas. In this review the different central nervous system tumors harboring BRAF alterations are presented and the diagnostic significance, prognostic role, and therapeutic potential are discussed.
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Carreno G, Boult JKR, Apps J, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Haston S, Guiho R, Stache C, Danielson LS, Koers A, Smith LM, Virasami A, Panousopoulos L, Buchfelder M, Jacques TS, Chesler L, Robinson SP, Martinez-Barbera JP. SHH pathway inhibition is protumourigenic in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:355-366. [PMID: 30645190 PMCID: PMC6378366 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway can be beneficial against certain cancers but detrimental in others. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a relevant pituitary tumour, affecting children and adults, that is associated with high morbidity and increased mortality in long-term follow-up. We have previously demonstrated overactivation of the SHH pathway in both human and mouse ACP. Here, we show that this activation is ligand dependent and induced by the expression of SHH protein in a small proportion of tumour cells. We investigate the functional relevance of SHH signalling in ACP through MRI-guided preclinical studies using an ACP mouse model. Treatment with vismodegib, a clinically approved SHH pathway inhibitor, results in a significant reduction in median survival due to premature development of highly proliferative and vascularised undifferentiated tumours. Reinforcing the mouse data, SHH pathway inhibition in human ACP leads to a significant increase in tumour cell proliferation both ex vivo, in explant cultures, and in vivo, in a patient-derived xenograft model. Together, our results demonstrate a protumourigenic effect of vismodegib-mediated SHH pathway inhibition in ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J K R Boult
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J Apps
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J M Gonzalez-Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Basic Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Guiho
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Stache
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - L S Danielson
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics Division, Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Koers
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics Division, Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - L M Smith
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics Division, Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Virasami
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L Panousopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T S Jacques
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics Division, Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J P Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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42
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Xekouki P, Lodge EJ, Matschke J, Santambrogio A, Apps JR, Sharif A, Jacques TS, Aylwin S, Prevot V, Li R, Flitsch J, Bornstein SR, Theodoropoulou M, Andoniadou CL. Non-secreting pituitary tumours characterised by enhanced expression of YAP/TAZ. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:215-225. [PMID: 30139767 PMCID: PMC6215911 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of the anterior pituitary can manifest from all endocrine cell types but the mechanisms for determining their specification are not known. The Hippo kinase cascade is a crucial signalling pathway regulating growth and cell fate in numerous organs. There is mounting evidence implicating this in tumour formation, where it is emerging as an anti-cancer target. We previously demonstrated activity of the Hippo kinase cascade in the mouse pituitary and nuclear association of its effectors YAP/TAZ with SOX2-expressing pituitary stem cells. Here, we sought to investigate whether these components are expressed in the human pituitary and if they are deregulated in human pituitary tumours. Analysis of pathway components by immunofluorescence reveals pathway activity during normal human pituitary development and in the adult gland. Poorly differentiated pituitary tumours (null-cell adenomas, adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACPs) and papillary craniopharyngiomas (PCPs)), displayed enhanced expression of pathway effectors YAP/TAZ. In contrast, differentiated adenomas displayed lower or absent levels. Knockdown of the kinase-encoding Lats1 in GH3 rat mammosomatotropinoma cells suppressed Prl and Gh promoter activity following an increase in YAP/TAZ levels. In conclusion, we have demonstrated activity of the Hippo kinase cascade in the human pituitary and association of high YAP/TAZ with repression of the differentiated state both in vitro and in vivo. Characterisation of this pathway in pituitary tumours is of potential prognostic value, opening up putative avenues for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Xekouki
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of EndocrinologyKing’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesKing’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John R Apps
- Birth Defects Research CentreDevelopmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Histopathology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainInserm U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Birth Defects Research CentreDevelopmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Histopathology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of EndocrinologyKing’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainInserm U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
| | - Ran Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of NeurosurgeryHamburg University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to C L Andoniadou or M Theodoropoulou: or
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to C L Andoniadou or M Theodoropoulou: or
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La Corte E, Younus I, Pivari F, Selimi A, Ottenhausen M, Forbes JA, Pisapia DJ, Dobri GA, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. BRAF V600E mutant papillary craniopharyngiomas: a single-institutional case series. Pituitary 2018; 21:571-583. [PMID: 30187175 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-0909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical, radiographic and surgical outcomes in a cohort of patients with BRAF V600E mutant papillary craniopharyngiomas. METHODS A retrospective review was performed to identify all patients with a histological diagnosis of CP operated upon at a single institution between 2005 and 2017. All cases with adequate material were sequenced to confirm the presence of BRAF V600E mutation. RESULTS Sixteen patients were included in the present study. Approach was endoscopic endonasal (EEA) in 14 and transcranial (TCA) in 2. All patients were adult with an average age of 50 years (24-88). Radiographic review demonstrated that the majority (93.7%) were suprasellar and twelve (75%) had third ventricular involvement. No tumor showed evidence of calcifications and 68.7% were mixed solid-cystic. All patients had some evidence of hypopituitarism and 62.5% had hypothalamic disturbances. GTR was achieved in 11/14 (78.6%) EEA and 0/2 (0%) TCA (p < 0.05). The mean length of stay was 17.5 days in the TCA group and 7.6 days in the EEA group (p < 0.05). There were no CSF leaks. Post-operatively, eleven (68.7%) developed new DI or new hypopituitarism. Nine increased their BMI with a mean increase of 12.3%, whereas six patients lost weight with a mean decrease of 5.3%. CONCLUSIONS BRAF V600E mutant papillary tumors represent a clearly distinct clinical-pathological entity of craniopharyngiomas. These are generally non-calcified suprasellar tumors that occur in adults. These distinct characteristics may someday lead to upfront chemotherapy. When surgery is necessary, EEA may be preferred over TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele La Corte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Iyan Younus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francesca Pivari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adelina Selimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Malte Ottenhausen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Forbes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David J Pisapia
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgiana A Dobri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vijay K Anand
- Department of Otolaryngology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th St., Box #99, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Lee KKL, Peskett E, Quinn CM, Aiello R, Adeeva L, Moulding DA, Stanier P, Pauws E. Overexpression of Fgfr2c causes craniofacial bone hypoplasia and ameliorates craniosynostosis in the Crouzon mouse. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035311. [PMID: 30266836 PMCID: PMC6262810 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR2c regulates many aspects of craniofacial and skeletal development. Mutations in the FGFR2 gene are causative of multiple forms of syndromic craniosynostosis, including Crouzon syndrome. Paradoxically, mouse studies have shown that the activation (Fgfr2cC342Y; a mouse model for human Crouzon syndrome), as well as the removal (Fgfr2cnull), of the FGFR2c isoform can drive suture abolishment. This study aims to address the downstream effects of pathogenic FGFR2c signalling by studying the effects of Fgfr2c overexpression. Conditional overexpression of Fgfr2c (R26RFgfr2c;βact) results in craniofacial hypoplasia as well as microtia and cleft palate. Contrary to Fgfr2cnull and Fgfr2cC342Y, Fgfr2c overexpression is insufficient to drive onset of craniosynostosis. Examination of the MAPK/ERK pathway in the embryonic sutures of Fgfr2cC342Y and R26RFgfr2c;βact mice reveals that both mutants have increased pERK expression. The contrasting phenotypes between Fgfr2cC342Y and R26RFgfr2c;βact mice prompted us to assess the impact of the Fgfr2c overexpression allele on the Crouzon mouse (Fgfr2cC342Y), in particular its effects on the coronal suture. Our results demonstrate that Fgfr2c overexpression is sufficient to partially rescue craniosynostosis through increased proliferation and reduced osteogenic activity in E18.5 Fgfr2cC342Y embryos. This study demonstrates the intricate balance of FGF signalling required for correct calvarial bone and suture morphogenesis, and that increasing the expression of the wild-type FGFR2c isoform could be a way to prevent or delay craniosynostosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K L Lee
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Emma Peskett
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Charlotte M Quinn
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rosanna Aiello
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Liliya Adeeva
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dale A Moulding
- ICH GOSH Light Microscopy Core Facility, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Bogusz A, Müller HL. Childhood-onset craniopharyngioma: latest insights into pathology, diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:793-806. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1528874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bogusz
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hermann L. Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Haston S, Manshaei S, Martinez-Barbera JP. Stem/progenitor cells in pituitary organ homeostasis and tumourigenesis. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R1-R13. [PMID: 28855316 PMCID: PMC5744558 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the presence of pituitary gland stem cells has been provided over the last decade using a combination of approaches including in vitro clonogenicity assays, flow cytometric side population analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and genetic approaches. These cells have been demonstrated to be able to self-renew and undergo multipotent differentiation to give rise to all hormonal lineages of the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, evidence exists for their contribution to regeneration of the organ and plastic responses to changing physiological demand. Recently, stem-like cells have been isolated from pituitary neoplasms raising the possibility that a cytological hierarchy exists, in keeping with the cancer stem cell paradigm. In this manuscript, we review the evidence for the existence of pituitary stem cells, their role in maintaining organ homeostasis and the regulation of their differentiation. Furthermore, we explore the emerging concept of stem cells in pituitary tumours and their potential roles in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Saba Manshaei
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Abstract
As a central regulator of major physiological processes, the pituitary gland is a highly dynamic organ, capable of responding to hormonal demand and hypothalamic influence, through adapting secretion as well as remodelling cell numbers among its seven populations of differentiated cells. Stem cells of the pituitary have been shown to actively generate new cells during postnatal development but remain mostly quiescent during adulthood, where they persist as a long-lived population. Despite a significant body of research characterising attributes of anterior pituitary stem cells, the regulation of this population is poorly understood. A better grasp on the signalling mechanisms influencing stem proliferation and cell fate decisions can impact on our future treatments of pituitary gland disorders such as organ failure and pituitary tumours, which can disrupt endocrine homeostasis with life-long consequences. This minireview addresses the current methodologies aiming to understand better the attributes of pituitary stem cells and the normal regulation of this population in the organ, and discusses putative future avenues to manipulate pituitary stem cells during disease states or regenerative medicine approaches.
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48
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Vankelecom H, Roose H. The Stem Cell Connection of Pituitary Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:339. [PMID: 29255445 PMCID: PMC5722833 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors in the pituitary gland are typically benign but cause serious morbidity due to compression of neighboring structures and hormonal disruptions. Overall, therapy efficiency remains suboptimal with negative impact on health and comfort of life, including considerable risk of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. To date, little is known on the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Stem cells may represent important forces in this process. The pituitary tumors may contain a driving tumor stem cell population while the resident tissue stem cells may be directly or indirectly linked to tumor development and growth. Here, we will briefly summarize recent studies that afforded a glance behind the scenes of this stem cell connection. A better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis is essential to identify more efficacious treatment modalities and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hugo Vankelecom,
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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