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Salivary Endocannabinoid Profiles in Chronic Orofacial Pain and Headache Disorders: An Observational Study Using a Novel Tool for Diagnosis and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113017. [PMID: 36361803 PMCID: PMC9659113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in physiological and pathological processes, including pain generation, modulation, and sensation. Its role in certain types of chronic orofacial pain (OFP) has not been thoroughly examined. By exploring the profiles of specific salivary endocannabinoids (eCBs) in individuals with different types of OFP, we evaluated their use as biomarkers and the influence of clinical parameters and pain characteristics on eCB levels. The salivary levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and their endogenous breakdown product arachidonic acid (AA), as well as the eCB-like molecules N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA), were assessed in 83 OFP patients and 43 pain-free controls using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Patients were grouped by diagnosis: post-traumatic neuropathy (PTN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), temporomandibular disorder (TMD), migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Correlation analyses between a specific diagnosis, pain characteristics, and eCB levels were conducted. Significantly lower levels of 2-AG were found in the TN and TTH groups, while significantly lower PEA levels were found in the migraine group. BMS was the only group with elevated eCBs (AEA) versus the control. Significant correlations were found between levels of specific eCBs and gender, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), BMI, pain duration, and sleep awakenings. In conclusion, salivary samples exhibited signature eCBs profiles for major OFP disorders, especially migraine, TTH, TN, and BMS. This finding may pave the way for using salivary eCBs biomarkers for more accurate diagnoses and management of chronic OFP patients.
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Andreis K, Billingsley J, Naimi Shirazi K, Wager-Miller J, Johnson C, Bradshaw H, Straiker A. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate salivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14182. [PMID: 35986066 PMCID: PMC9391487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva serves multiple important functions within the body that we typically take for granted, such as helping prepare food for swallowing and defense against oral pathogens. Dry mouth is a primary symptom of Sjӧgren’s syndrome and is a side effect of many drug treatments. Cannabis users frequently report dry mouth, but the basis for this is still unknown. If the effects occur via the endogenous cannabinoid signaling system, then this may represent a novel mechanism for the regulation of salivation. We examined expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in submandibular salivary gland using immunohistochemistry and tested regulation of salivation by THC and cannabinoid-related ligands. We now report that CB1 receptors are expressed in the axons of cholinergic neurons innervating the submandibular gland. No staining is seen in submandibular gland epithelial cells (acinar and ductal), or myoepithelial cells (MECs). Treatment with THC (4 mg/kg, IP) or the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55940 (0.5 mg/kg) reduced salivation in both male and female mice 1 h after treatment. CBD had no effect on its own but reversed the effect of THC in a concentration-dependent manner. Neither the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (4 mg/kg) nor the CB2-selective agonist JWH133 (4 mg/kg) had an effect on salivation. We also found that fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid anandamide and related lipids, regulates salivation. Salivation was reduced in FAAH knockout mice as well as mice treated with the FAAH blocker URB597 (4 mg/kg). URB597 had no effect in CB1 knockout mice. FAAH protein is detected intracellularly in acinar but not ductal epithelial cells. In lipidomics experiments, we found that FAAH knockout mice chiefly had elevated levels of acylethanolamines, including anandamide, and reduced levels of acyglycines. Our results are consistent with a model wherein endocannabinoids activate CB1 receptors on cholinergic axons innervating the submandibular gland. THC likely acts by plugging into this system, activating CB1 receptors to reduce salivation, thus offering a mechanism underlying the dry mouth reported by cannabis users.
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Busquets-García A, Bolaños JP, Marsicano G. Metabolic Messengers: endocannabinoids. Nat Metab 2022; 4:848-855. [PMID: 35817852 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Busquets-García
- Cell-type mechanisms in normal and pathological behavior Research Group. IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Chronic Cannabis Intoxication and Propofol-Induced Salivation: Causes and Considerations. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:223-232. [PMID: 35736646 PMCID: PMC9229402 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legalization/decriminalization of cannabis will increase the numbers of patients who have had recent exposure to recreational or medical cannabis. Currently, little has been reported about potential interactions between cannabis use and Propofol anesthesia e.g., for oropharyngeal procedures. We describe three cases of ‘cannabis-induced hypersalivation after propofol’ (CHAP) and present our institutions’ experience with this unique pharmacological combination. Increased hypersalivation may complicate procedures and represent a procedural risk of suffocation. We evaluate possible pharmacological interactions that might underlie this phenomenon and consider management options going forward.
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Visvanathar R, Papanikolaou M, Nôga DA, Pádua-Reis M, Tort ABL, Blunder M. Hippocampal Cb 2 receptors: an untold story. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:413-426. [PMID: 34717053 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of cannabinoid research has been receiving ever-growing interest. Ongoing debates worldwide about the legislation of medical cannabis further motivates research into cannabinoid function within the central nervous system (CNS). To date, two well-characterized cannabinoid receptors exist. While most research has investigated Cb1 receptors (Cb1Rs), Cb2 receptors (Cb2Rs) in the brain have started to attract considerable interest in recent years. With indisputable evidence showing the wide-distribution of Cb2Rs in the brain of different species, they are no longer considered just peripheral receptors. However, in contrast to Cb1Rs, the functionality of central Cb2Rs remains largely unexplored. Here we review recent studies on hippocampal Cb2Rs. While conflicting results about their function have been reported, we have made significant progress in understanding the involvement of Cb2Rs in modulating cellular properties and network excitability. Moreover, Cb2Rs have been shown to be expressed in different subregions of the hippocampus, challenging our prior understanding of the endocannabinoid system. Although more insight into their functional roles is necessary, we propose that targeting hippocampal Cb2Rs may offer novel therapies for diseases related to memory and adult neurogenesis deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Visvanathar
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Papanikolaou
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Aline Nôga
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Pádua-Reis
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martina Blunder
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W, Nedamat K. The Current and Potential Application of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Dentistry. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:106. [PMID: 34562980 PMCID: PMC8466648 DOI: 10.3390/dj9090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and dental diseases are a major global burden, the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and may even affect an individual's general quality of life and health. The most prevalent dental and oral health conditions are tooth decay (otherwise referred to as dental caries/cavities), oral cancers, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal (gum) disease, Noma, oro-dental trauma, oral manifestations of HIV, sensitive teeth, cracked teeth, broken teeth, and congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate. Herbs have been utilized for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese, African and Indian medicine and even in some Western countries, for the treatment of oral and dental conditions including but not limited to dental caries, gingivitis and toothaches, dental pulpitis, halitosis (bad breath), mucositis, sore throat, oral wound infections, and periodontal abscesses. Herbs have also been used as plaque removers (chew sticks), antimicrobials, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiseptics. Cannabis sativa L. in particular has been utilized in traditional Asian medicine for tooth-pain management, prevention of dental caries and reduction in gum inflammation. The distribution of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the mouth suggest that the endocannabinoid system may be a target for the treatment of oral and dental diseases. Most recently, interest has been geared toward the use of Cannabidiol (CBD), one of several secondary metabolites produced by C. sativa L. CBD is a known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-microbial and anti-cancer agent, and as a result, may have therapeutic potential against conditions such burning mouth syndrome, dental anxiety, gingivitis, and possible oral cancer. Other major secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. such as terpenes and flavonoids also share anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-microbial properties and may also have dental and oral applications. This review will investigate the potential of secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. in the treatment of dental and oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kaveh Nedamat
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Auraleaf Innovations, Toronto, ON M9B 4H6, Canada
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Dietary fatty acids and the time elapsed from their intake are related to their composition in rat submandibular gland and salivary flow rates. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4123-4131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Shen ZJ, Han YC, Wang YN, Xie HZ. LncRNA and mRNA expression profiles and functional networks of hyposalivation of the submandibular gland in hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13972. [PMID: 32811845 PMCID: PMC7434885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation is a complication of hypertension. However, little is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in salivary glands in hypertension. This study aimed to compare the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles between spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats through microarray analysis and apple bioinformatics methods to analyse their potential roles in hyposalivation. The differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and mRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Compared with WKY rats, 225 DE lncRNAs and 473 DE mRNAs were identified in the SMG of SHRs. The pathway analyses of DE mRNAs showed that inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels was involved in hyposalivation in SHRs. Ten DE lncRNAs were chosen for further research. A coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) network and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis revealed that the potential functions of these 10 DE lncRNAs were closely connected with the processes of the immune response. This study showed abundant DE lncRNAs and mRNAs in hypertensive SMGs. Furthermore, our results indicated strong associations between the immune response and hyposalivation and showed the potential of immune-related genes as novel and therapeutic targets for hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Ye-Chen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 1000730, China.
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Ali J, Chiang M, Lee JB, Voronin GO, Bennett J, Cram A, Kagan L, Garnett MC, Roberts CJ, Gershkovich P. Is rat a good model for assessment of particulate-based taste-masked formulations? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 146:1-9. [PMID: 31726218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been an increased interest to develop specialised dosage forms that are better suited to specific patient populations, such as paediatrics and geriatrics. In these patient populations the acceptability of the oral dosage form can be paramount to the products success. However, many Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are known to cause an aversive taste response. One way to increase the acceptability and to enhance the palatability of the formulation is to design coated taste-masked particulate-based dosage forms. The masking of poorly tasting drugs with physical barriers such as polymer coatings can be utilised to prevent the release of drug within the oral cavity, thus preventing a taste response. However, currently, there are few assessment tools and models available to test the efficiency of these particulate-based taste-masked formulations. The rat brief access taste aversion model has been shown to be useful in assessment of taste for liquid dosage forms. However, the applicability of the rat model for particulate-based taste masked formulations is yet to be assessed. It is not understood whether dissolution, solubility and thus exposure of the drug to taste receptors would be the same in rat and human. Therefore, rat saliva must be compared to human saliva to determine the likelihood that drug release would be similar within the oral cavity for both species. In this study rat saliva was characterised for parameters known to be important for drug dissolution, such as pH, buffer capacity, surface tension, and viscosity. Subsequently dissolution of model bitter tasting compounds, sildenafil citrate and efavirenz, in rat saliva was compared to dissolution in human saliva. For all parameters characterised and for the dissolution of both drugs in rat saliva, a substantial difference was observed when compared to human saliva. This discrepancy in saliva parameters and dissolution of model drugs suggests that preclinical taste evaluation of particulate-based taste-masked formulations suggests rat is not a good model for predicting taste of solid dosage forms or undissolved drug where dissolution is required. Alternative preclinical in vivo models in other species, or improved biorelevant in vitro models should be considered instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manting Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gregory O Voronin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joanne Bennett
- Pfizer Ltd., Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Anne Cram
- Pfizer Ltd., Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin C Garnett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Clive J Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Xia KK, Shen JX, Huang ZB, Song HM, Gao M, Chen DJ, Zhang SJ, Wu J. Heterogeneity of cannabinoid ligand-induced modulations in intracellular Ca 2+ signals of mouse pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:410-417. [PMID: 30202013 PMCID: PMC6460482 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a CB2R agonist, GW405833 (GW), reduced both the ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations and the L-arginine-induced Ca2+ signal enhancement in mouse pancreatic acinar cells, suggesting that GW-induced inhibition may prevent the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effects of other cannabinoid ligands on Ca2+ signaling in acinar cells. Patch-clamp whole-cell recordings were applied to measure ACh-induced intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells acutely dissociated from wild-type (WT), CB1R knockout (KO), and CB2R KO mice, and the pharmacological effects of various cannabinoid ligands on the Ca2+ oscillations were examined. We found that all the 8 CB2R agonists tested inhibited ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations. Among them, GW, JWH133, and GP1a caused potent inhibition with IC50 values of 5.0, 6.7, and 1.2 μmol/L, respectively. In CB2R KO mice or in the presence of a CB2R antagonist (AM630), the inhibitory effects of these 3 CB2R agonists were abolished, suggesting that they acted through the CB2Rs. The CB1R agonist ACEA also induced inhibition of Ca2+ oscillations that existed in CB1R KO mice and in the presence of a CB1R antagonist (AM251), suggesting a non-CB1R effect. In WT, CB1R KO, and CB2R KO mice, a nonselective CBR agonist, WIN55,212-2, inhibited Ca2+ oscillations, which was not mediated by CB1Rs or CB2Rs. The endogenous cannabinoid substance, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), did not show an inhibitory effect on Ca2+ oscillations. In conclusion, CB2R agonists play critical roles in modulating Ca2+ signals in mouse pancreatic acinar cells, while other cannabinoid ligands modulate Ca2+ oscillations in a heterogeneous manner through a CB receptor or non-CB-receptor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Kun Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 8501, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Ze-Bing Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 8501, USA
| | - Hui-Min Song
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 8501, USA
| | - De-Jie Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 8501, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, 527300, China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 8501, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515100, China.
- Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, 527300, China.
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Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020055. [PMID: 29849009 PMCID: PMC6027162 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of body weight is fundamental to maintain one's health and to promote longevity. Nevertheless, it appears that the global obesity epidemic is still constantly increasing. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid messengers that are involved in overall body weight control by interfering with manifold central and peripheral regulatory circuits that orchestrate energy homeostasis. Initially, blocking of eCB signaling by first generation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) inverse agonists such as rimonabant revealed body weight-reducing effects in laboratory animals and men. Unfortunately, rimonabant also induced severe psychiatric side effects. At this point, it became clear that future cannabinoid research has to decipher more precisely the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms behind eCB-driven control of feeding behavior and whole body energy metabolism. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in understanding how central eCBs interfere with circuits in the brain that control food intake and energy expenditure. Next, we will focus on how peripheral eCBs affect food digestion, nutrient transformation and energy expenditure by interfering with signaling cascades in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat depots and endocrine glands. To finally outline the safe future potential of cannabinoids as medicines, our overall goal is to address the molecular, cellular and pharmacological logic behind central and peripheral eCB-mediated body weight control, and to figure out how these precise mechanistic insights are currently transferred into the development of next generation cannabinoid medicines displaying clearly improved safety profiles, such as significantly reduced side effects.
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Bhattarai KR, Junjappa R, Handigund M, Kim HR, Chae HJ. The imprint of salivary secretion in autoimmune disorders and related pathological conditions. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:376-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Kwasnik A, von Kriegsheim A, Irving A, Pennington SR. Potential mechanisms of calcium dependent regulation of the mammalian cell cycle revealed by comprehensive unbiased label-free nLC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2018; 170:151-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Pirino C, Cappai MG, Maranesi M, Tomassoni D, Giontella A, Pinna W, Boiti C, Kamphues J, Dall'Aglio C. The presence and distribution of cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors in the mandibular gland: The influence of different physical forms of diets on their expression in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e870-e876. [PMID: 29218862 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We explored the expression and cell type distribution of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) in the mandibular glands of pigs in relation to different physical forms of the diet. Thirty-two crossbred growing pigs (ages 5-6 weeks) were randomly allotted to four experimental groups (eight pigs/group) and fed four different physical types of the same diet for 4 weeks: finely ground pellet (FP), coarsely ground meal (CM), coarsely ground pellet (CP) and coarsely ground extruded (CE) with dMEAN of 0.46, 0.88, 0.84 and 0.66 mm respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the pigs were euthanized and the mandibular gland was collected after dissection. By immunohistochemistry, positive signals for CB1 were found in the cytoplasm of duct epithelial cells of pigs fed CP, FP and CE diets and in the serous cells of mixed acini in pigs fed the coarser CM diet. Positive signals for CB2 were detected in duct epithelial cells and in neurons of ganglia close to major secretory ducts of all pigs. The differential expression and localization of these receptors in response to variable chewing activity due to the type of diet suggest that endocannabinoids may influence the functional activity of the mandibular gland by modifying qualitative and/or quantitative aspects of salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pirino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M G Cappai
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Maranesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - D Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Matelica (MC), Italy
| | - A Giontella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - W Pinna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - C Boiti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - J Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Dall'Aglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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15
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Zhang J, Zhong LJ, Wang Y, Liu LM, Cong X, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis reveals an impaired Ca 2+/AQP5 pathway in the submandibular gland in hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14524. [PMID: 29109472 PMCID: PMC5674029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a systemic disorder that affects numerous physiological processes throughout the body. Improper sodium transport is a common comorbidity of hypertension, and sodium transport is also critical for maintaining the secretion of submandibular glands, whether the function of submandibular glands is affected by hypertension remains unclear. To determine whether hypertension induces changes in the protein expression of submandibular glands, we compared the proteome of submandibular glands from 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 95 proteins displayed different levels of expression between the submandibular glands from the SHRs and WKYs. Among these, 35 proteins were more abundant, and 60 proteins were less abundant in the SHR compared with the WKY rats. Specifically, aquaporin 5 and parvalbumin, which are correlated with water transport and intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction, were verified to exhibit differences in protein abundance. Impaired Ca2+ response to carbachol was confirmed in the acinar cells from SHRs, and hyposecretion by the submandibular glands was further confirmed by in vivo saliva collection. In conclusion, the proteomic analysis of the submandibular glands of SHRs revealed novel changes in protein abundance that provides possible mechanisms connecting hypertension and hyposecretion in submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhong
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Mei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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16
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Thoungseabyoun W, Tachow A, Pakkarato S, Rawangwong A, Krongyut S, Sakaew W, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Immunohistochemical localization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the submandibular gland of mice under normal conditions and when stimulated by isoproterenol or carbachol. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:160-166. [PMID: 28549258 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wished to investigate the subcellular localization of CB1, a receptor for the endocannabinoids in mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) under normal conditions and when stimulated by adrenergic or cholinergic agonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMGs of both male and female adult mice were utilized for immunoblotting and immuno-light and -electron microscopic analyses. Isoproterenol and carbachol were used as adrenergic and cholinergic stimulants, respectively. SMGs were examined at 15, 30, 60 and 120min after intraperitoneal injection of these agents. RESULTS Selective localization of intense immunoreactivity for CB1 in the granular convoluted ductal cells was confirmed by immunoblotting and the antigen absorption test. In SMGs of control male mice, CB1-immunoreactivity was evident on the basolateral plasma membranes, including the basal infoldings, but was absent on the apical membranes in the ductal cells. Localization and intensity of CB1-immunoreactivity were essentially the same in SMGs of female mice. The immunoreactivity was transiently localized in the apical plasmalemma of some acinar and granular ductal cells of male SMGs shortly after stimulation by isoproterenol, but not by carbachol. CONCLUSION The present finding suggests that CB1 functions primarily in the basolateral membranes of the granular convoluted ductal cells of SMGs under normal conditions, and that the CB1 can function additionally in the apical membrane of acinar and granular ductal cells for modulation of the saliva secretory condition via adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Thoungseabyoun
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apussara Tachow
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawetree Pakkarato
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atsara Rawangwong
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suthankamon Krongyut
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Sakaew
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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17
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Huang Z, Wang H, Wang J, Zhao M, Sun N, Sun F, Shen J, Zhang H, Xia K, Chen D, Gao M, Hammer RP, Liu Q, Xi Z, Fan X, Wu J. Cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) agonist, GW405833 reduces agonist-induced Ca(2+) oscillations in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29757. [PMID: 27432473 PMCID: PMC4949433 DOI: 10.1038/srep29757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that the blockade of intracellular Ca(2+) signals may protect pancreatic acinar cells against Ca(2+) overload, intracellular protease activation, and necrosis. The activation of cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) prevents acinar cell pathogenesis in animal models of acute pancreatitis. However, whether CB2Rs modulate intracellular Ca(2+) signals in pancreatic acinar cells is largely unknown. We evaluated the roles of CB2R agonist, GW405833 (GW) in agonist-induced Ca(2+) oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells using multiple experimental approaches with acute dissociated pancreatic acinar cells prepared from wild type, CB1R-knockout (KO), and CB2R-KO mice. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed that CB2R protein was expressed in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Electrophysiological experiments showed that activation of CB2Rs by GW reduced acetylcholine (ACh)-, but not cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced Ca(2+) oscillations in a concentration-dependent manner; this inhibition was prevented by a selective CB2R antagonist, AM630, or was absent in CB2R-KO but not CB1R-KO mice. In addition, GW eliminated L-arginine-induced enhancement of Ca(2+) oscillations, pancreatic amylase, and pulmonary myeloperoxidase. Collectively, we provide novel evidence that activation of CB2Rs eliminates ACh-induced Ca(2+) oscillations and L-arginine-induced enhancement of Ca(2+) signaling in mouse pancreatic acinar cells, which suggests a potential cellular mechanism of CB2R-mediated protection in acute pancreatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Acinar Cells/drug effects
- Acinar Cells/metabolism
- Acinar Cells/physiology
- Animals
- Arginine/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Pancreas/cytology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jingke Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Mengqin Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Nana Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jianxin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kunkun Xia
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Dejie Chen
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ronald P. Hammer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Qingrong Liu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zhengxiong Xi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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18
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Mangot AG. Bad trip due to anticholinergic effect of cannabis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35:682.e5-6. [PMID: 23906840 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis in its various forms has been known since time immemorial, the use of which has been rising steadily in India. 'Bad trips' have been documented after cannabis use, manifestations ranging from vague anxiety and fear to profoundly disturbing states of terror and psychosis. Cannabis is known to affect various neurotransmitters, but 'bad trip' due to its anticholinergic effect has never been described in literature to the best of author's knowledge. Hereby, the author describes a case of a young adult male experiencing profound anticholinergic effects after being exposed for the first time in his life to bhang, a local oral preparation of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajish G Mangot
- Department of Psychiatry, Seth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India - 400012.
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