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Elhussieny A, Nogami K, Sakai-Takemura F, Maruyama Y, Takemura N, Soliman WT, Takeda S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells improve the engraftment of myogenic cells by secreting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:532. [PMID: 34627382 PMCID: PMC8501581 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Transplantation of myogenic stem cells holds great promise for treating muscular dystrophies. However, poor engraftment of myogenic stem cells limits the therapeutic effects of cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to secrete soluble factors necessary for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Methods We induced MSC-like cells (iMSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and examined the effects of iMSCs on the proliferation and differentiation of human myogenic cells and on the engraftment of human myogenic cells in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of NSG-mdx4Cv mice, an immunodeficient dystrophin-deficient DMD model. We also examined the cytokines secreted by iMSCs and tested their effects on the engraftment of human myogenic cells. Results iMSCs promoted the proliferation and differentiation of human myogenic cells to the same extent as bone marrow-derived (BM)-MSCs in coculture experiments. In cell transplantation experiments, iMSCs significantly improved the engraftment of human myogenic cells injected into the TA muscle of NSG-mdx4Cv mice. Cytokine array analysis revealed that iMSCs produced insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at higher levels than did BM-MSCs. We further found that uPAR stimulates the migration of human myogenic cells in vitro and promotes their engraftment into the TA muscles of immunodeficient NOD/Scid mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that iMSCs are a new tool to improve the engraftment of myogenic progenitors in dystrophic muscle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02594-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhussieny
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ken'ichiro Nogami
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fusako Sakai-Takemura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takemura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Wael Talaat Soliman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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2
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Bharathy N, Berlow NE, Wang E, Abraham J, Settelmeyer TP, Hooper JE, Svalina MN, Bajwa Z, Goros MW, Hernandez BS, Wolff JE, Pal R, Davies AM, Ashok A, Bushby D, Mancini M, Noakes C, Goodwin NC, Ordentlich P, Keck J, Hawkins DS, Rudzinski ER, Mansoor A, Perkins TJ, Vakoc CR, Michalek JE, Keller C. Preclinical rationale for entinostat in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:12. [PMID: 31113472 PMCID: PMC6528217 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric cancer population. Survival among metastatic RMS patients has remained dismal yet unimproved for years. We previously identified the class I-specific histone deacetylase inhibitor, entinostat (ENT), as a pharmacological agent that transcriptionally suppresses the PAX3:FOXO1 tumor-initiating fusion gene found in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), and we further investigated the mechanism by which ENT suppresses PAX3:FOXO1 oncogene and demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of ENT in RMS orthotopic allograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. In this study, we investigated whether ENT also has antitumor activity in fusion-negative eRMS orthotopic allografts and PDX models either as a single agent or in combination with vincristine (VCR). Methods We tested the efficacy of ENT and VCR as single agents and in combination in orthotopic allograft and PDX mouse models of eRMS. We then performed CRISPR screening to identify which HDAC among the class I HDACs is responsible for tumor growth inhibition in eRMS. To analyze whether ENT treatment as a single agent or in combination with VCR induces myogenic differentiation, we performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining in tumors. Results ENT in combination with the chemotherapy VCR has synergistic antitumor activity in a subset of fusion-negative eRMS in orthotopic “allografts,” although PDX mouse models were too hypersensitive to the VCR dose used to detect synergy. Mechanistic studies involving CRISPR suggest that HDAC3 inhibition is the primary mechanism of cell-autonomous cytoreduction in eRMS. Following cytoreduction in vivo, residual tumor cells in the allograft models treated with chemotherapy undergo a dramatic, entinostat-induced (70–100%) conversion to non-proliferative rhabdomyoblasts. Conclusion Our results suggest that the targeting class I HDACs may provide a therapeutic benefit for selected patients with eRMS. ENT’s preclinical in vivo efficacy makes ENT a rational drug candidate in a phase II clinical trial for eRMS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-019-0198-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Bharathy
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
| | - Noah E Berlow
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jinu Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Teagan P Settelmeyer
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew N Svalina
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Zia Bajwa
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.,Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin W Goros
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Brian S Hernandez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Johannes E Wolff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Present Address: AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ranadip Pal
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | - Arya Ashok
- Champions Oncology, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, 95838, USA
| | | | | | - Atiya Mansoor
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
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3
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The plasminogen activation system modulates differently adipogenesis and myogenesis of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49065. [PMID: 23145071 PMCID: PMC3493518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important functional role either in physiological or pathological conditions. The plasminogen activation (PA) system, comprising the uPA and tPA proteases and their inhibitor PAI-1, is one of the main suppliers of extracellular proteolytic activity contributing to tissue remodeling. Although its function in development is well documented, its precise role in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation in vitro is unknown. We found that the PA system components are expressed at very low levels in undifferentiated ESCs and that upon differentiation uPA activity is detected mainly transiently, whereas tPA activity and PAI-1 protein are maximum in well differentiated cells. Adipocyte formation by ESCs is inhibited by amiloride treatment, a specific uPA inhibitor. Likewise, ESCs expressing ectopic PAI-1 under the control of an inducible expression system display reduced adipogenic capacities after induction of the gene. Furthermore, the adipogenic differentiation capacities of PAI-1(-/-) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are augmented as compared to wt iPSCs. Our results demonstrate that the control of ESC adipogenesis by the PA system correspond to different successive steps from undifferentiated to well differentiated ESCs. Similarly, skeletal myogenesis is decreased by uPA inhibition or PAI-1 overexpression during the terminal step of differentiation. However, interfering with uPA during days 0 to 3 of the differentiation process augments ESC myotube formation. Neither neurogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, endothelial cell nor smooth muscle formation are affected by amiloride or PAI-1 induction. Our results show that the PA system is capable to specifically modulate adipogenesis and skeletal myogenesis of ESCs by successive different molecular mechanisms.
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4
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Novak ML, Billich W, Smith SM, Sukhija KB, McLoughlin TJ, Hornberger TA, Koh TJ. COX-2 inhibitor reduces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1132-9. [PMID: 19176887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90874.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory strategies are often used to reduce muscle pain and soreness that can result from high-intensity muscular activity. However, studies indicate that components of the acute inflammatory response may be required for muscle repair and growth. The hypothesis of this study was that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity is required for compensatory hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. We used the synergist ablation model of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, along with the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, to investigate the role of COX-2 in overload-induced muscle growth in mice. COX-2 was expressed in plantaris muscles during compensatory hypertrophy and was localized mainly in or near muscle cell nuclei. Treatment with NS-398 blunted the increases in mass and protein content in overloaded muscles compared with vehicle-treated controls. Additionally, the COX-2 inhibitor decreased activity of the urokinase type plasminogen activator, macrophage accumulation, and cell proliferation, all of which are required for hypertrophy after synergist ablation. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 and phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, and p70S6K were increased following synergist ablation, but were not affected by NS-398. Additionally, expression of atrogin-1 was reduced during hypertrophy, but was also not affected by NS-398. These results demonstrate that COX-2 activity is required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, possibly through facilitation of extracellular protease activity, macrophage accumulation, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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5
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Liu J, Gurpur PB, Kaufman SJ. Genetically determined proteolytic cleavage modulates alpha7beta1 integrin function. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35668-78. [PMID: 18940796 PMCID: PMC2602887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804661200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and the alpha7beta1 integrin are trans-sarcolemmal linkage systems that connect and transduce contractile forces between muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix. alpha7beta1 is the major laminin binding integrin in skeletal muscle. Different functional variants of this integrin are generated by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and ADP-ribosylation. Here we report a species-specific difference in alpha7 chains that results from an intra-peptide proteolytic cleavage, by a serine protease, at the 603RRQ605 site. Site-directed mutagenesis of RRQ to GRQ prevents this cleavage. This RRQ sequence in the alpha7 integrin chain is highly conserved among vertebrates but it is absent in mice. Protein structure modeling indicates this cleavage site is located in an open region between the beta-propeller and thigh domains of the alpha7 chain. Compared with the non-cleavable alpha7 chain, the cleaved form enhances cell adhesion and spreading on laminin. Cleavage of the alpha7 chain is elevated upon myogenic differentiation, and this cleavage may be mediated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator. These results suggest proteolytic cleavage is a novel mechanism that regulates alpha7 integrin functions in skeletal muscle, and that the generation of such cleavage sites is another evolutionary mechanism for expanding and modifying protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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6
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Fabre-Guillevin E, Malo M, Cartier-Michaud A, Peinado H, Moreno-Bueno G, Vallée B, Lawrence DA, Palacios J, Cano A, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Charrière-Bertrand C. PAI-1 and functional blockade of SNAI1 in breast cancer cell migration. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R100. [PMID: 19055748 PMCID: PMC2656896 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Snail, a family of transcriptional repressors implicated in cell movement, has been correlated with tumour invasion. The Plasminogen Activation (PA) system, including urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1(PAI-1), also plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, either through proteolytic degradation or by non-proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion and migration. Thus, Snail and the PA system are both over-expressed in cancer and influence this process. In this study we aimed to determine if the activity of SNAI1 (a member of the Snail family) is correlated with expression of the PA system components and how this correlation can influence tumoural cell migration. Methods We compared the invasive breast cancer cell-line MDA-MB-231 expressing SNAI1 (MDA-mock) with its derived clone expressing a dominant-negative form of SNAI1 (SNAI1-DN). Expression of PA system mRNAs was analysed by cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Wound healing assays were used to determine cell migration. PAI-1 distribution was assessed by immunostaining. Results We demonstrated by both cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR that the functional blockade of SNAI1 induces a significant decrease of PAI-1 and uPA transcripts. After performing an in vitro wound-healing assay, we observed that SNAI1-DN cells migrate more slowly than MDA-mock cells and in a more collective manner. The blockade of SNAI1 activity resulted in the redistribution of PAI-1 in SNAI1-DN cells decorating large lamellipodia, which are commonly found structures in these cells. Conclusions In the absence of functional SNAI1, the expression of PAI-1 transcripts is decreased, although the protein is redistributed at the leading edge of migrating cells in a manner comparable with that seen in normal epithelial cells.
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7
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Abstract
The fusion of postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts to form syncytial myofibers is a critical step in the formation of skeletal muscle. Myoblast fusion occurs both during development and throughout adulthood, as skeletal muscle growth and regeneration require the accumulation of additional nuclei within myofibers. Myoblasts must undergo a complex series of molecular and morphological changes prior to fusing with one another. Although many molecules regulating myoblast fusion have been identified, the precise mechanism by which these molecules act in concert to control fusion remains to be elucidated. A comprehensive understanding of how myo-blast fusion is controlled may contribute to the treatment of various disorders associated with loss of muscle mass. In this chapter, we examine progress made toward elucidating the cellular and molecular pathways involved in mammalian myoblast fusion. Special emphasis is placed on the molecules that regulate myofiber formation without discernibly affecting biochemical differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Jansen
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Serrano AL, Baeza-Raja B, Perdiguero E, Jardí M, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell Metab 2008; 7:33-44. [PMID: 18177723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles adapt to increasing workload by augmenting their fiber size, through mechanisms that are poorly understood. This study identifies the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an essential regulator of satellite cell (muscle stem cell)-mediated hypertrophic muscle growth. IL-6 is locally and transiently produced by growing myofibers and associated satellite cells, and genetic loss of IL-6 blunted muscle hypertrophy in vivo. IL-6 deficiency abrogated satellite cell proliferation and myonuclear accretion in the preexisting myofiber by impairing STAT3 activation and expression of its target gene cyclin D1. The growth defect was indeed muscle cell intrinsic, since IL-6 loss also affected satellite cell behavior in vitro, in a STAT3-dependent manner. Myotube-produced IL-6 further stimulated cell proliferation in a paracrine fashion. These findings unveil a role for IL-6 in hypertrophic muscle growth and provide mechanistic evidence for the contribution of satellite cells to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Serrano
- Program on Differentiation and Cancer, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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DiPasquale DM, Cheng M, Billich W, Huang SA, van Rooijen N, Hornberger TA, Koh TJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and macrophages are required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1278-85. [PMID: 17652428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00201.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle possesses remarkable potential for growth in response to mechanical loading; however, many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved remain undefined. The hypothesis of this study was that the extracellular serine protease, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is required for muscle hypertrophy, in part by promoting macrophage accumulation in muscle subjected to increased mechanical loading. Compensatory muscle hypertrophy was induced in mouse plantaris (PLT) muscles by surgical ablation of synergist muscles. Following synergist ablation, PLT muscles in wild-type mice demonstrated edema and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages but an absence of overt muscle fiber damage. Sham procedures resulted in no edema or accumulation of inflammatory cells. In addition, synergist ablation was associated with a large increase in activity of uPA in the PLT muscle. uPA-null mice demonstrated complete abrogation of compensatory hypertrophy associated with reduced macrophage accumulation, indicating that uPA is required for hypertrophy. Macrophages isolated from wild-type PLT muscle during compensatory hypertrophy expressed uPA and IGF-I, both of which may contribute to hypertrophy. To determine whether macrophages are required for muscle hypertrophy, clodronate liposomes were administered to deplete macrophages in wild-type mice; this resulted in reduced muscle hypertrophy. Decreased macrophage accumulation was associated with reduced cell proliferation but did not alter signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. These data indicate that uPA and macrophages are required for muscle hypertrophy following synergist ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M DiPasquale
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Berthon P, Duguez S, Favier FB, Amirouche A, Feasson L, Vico L, Denis C, Freyssenet D. Regulation of ubiquitin–proteasome system, caspase enzyme activities, and extracellular proteinases in rat soleus muscle in response to unloading. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454:625-33. [PMID: 17334780 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the impact of 5 and 10 days of muscle deconditioning induced by hindlimb suspension (HS) on the ubiquitin-proteasome system of protein degradation and caspase enzyme activities in rat soleus muscles. A second goal was to determine whether activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) and urokinase-type/tissue-type plasminogen activator (PAs) were responsive to HS. As expected, HS led to a pronounced atrophy of soleus muscle. Level of ubiquitinated proteins, chymotrypsin-like activity of 20S proteasome, and Bcl-2-associated gene product-1 protein level were all transitory increased in response to 5 days of HS. These changes may thus potentially account for the decrease in muscle mass observed in response to 5 days of HS. Caspase-3 activity was significantly increased throughout the experimental period, whereas activities of caspase-6, another effector caspase, and caspase-9, the mitochondrial-dependent activator of both caspase-3 and -6, were only increased in response to 10 days of HS. This suggests that caspase-3 may be regulated through mitochondrial-independent and mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms in response to HS. Finally, MMP-2/9 activities remained unchanged, whereas PAs activities were increased after 5 days of HS. Overall, these data suggest that time-dependent regulation of intracellular and extracellular proteinases are important in setting the new phenotype of rat soleus muscle in response to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berthon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biomécanique de l'Exercice Musculaire, Université Rennes 2, Rennes F-35000, France
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11
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Maquerlot F, Galiacy S, Malo M, Guignabert C, Lawrence DA, d'Ortho MP, Barlovatz-Meimon G. Dual role for plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 as soluble and as matricellular regulator of epithelial alveolar cell wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1624-32. [PMID: 17071586 PMCID: PMC1780203 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelium repair, crucial for restoration of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity, is orchestrated by various cytokines and growth factors. Among them keratinocyte growth factor plays a pivotal role in both cell proliferation and migration. The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system also influences cell migration through proteolysis during epithelial repair. In addition, the complex formed by uPAR-uPA and matrix-bound plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) exerts nonproteolytic roles in various cell types. Here we present new evidence about the dual role of PAI-1 under keratinocyte growth factor stimulation using an in vitro repair model of rat alveolar epithelial cells. Besides proteolytic involvement of the uPA system, the availability of matrix-bound-PAI-1 is also required for an efficient healing. An unexpected decrease of healing was shown when PAI-1 activity was blocked. However, the proteolytic action of uPA and plasmin were still required. Moreover, immediately after wounding, PAI-1 was dramatically increased in the newly deposited matrix at the leading edge of wounds. We thus propose a dual role for PAI-1 in epithelial cell wound healing, both as a soluble inhibitor of proteolysis and also as a matrix-bound regulator of cell migration. Matrix-bound PAI-1 could thus be considered as a new member of the matricellular protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Maquerlot
- Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes, FRE 2873 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université d'Evry, Génopole, Evry, France
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12
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O'Connor RS, Mills ST, Jones KA, Ho SN, Pavlath GK. A combinatorial role for NFAT5 in both myoblast migration and differentiation during skeletal muscle myogenesis. J Cell Sci 2006; 120:149-59. [PMID: 17164296 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration depends on myoblast migration, differentiation and myofiber formation. Isoforms of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors display nonredundant roles in skeletal muscle. NFAT5, a new isoform of NFAT, displays many differences from NFATc1-c4. Here, we examine the role of NFAT5 in myogenesis. NFAT5+/- mice displayed a defect in muscle regeneration with fewer myofibers formed at early times after injury. NFAT5 has a muscle-intrinsic function because inhibition of NFAT5 transcriptional activity caused both a migratory and differentiation defect in cultured myoblasts. We identified Cyr61 as a target of NFAT5 signaling in skeletal muscle cells. Addition of Cyr61 to cells expressing inhibitory forms of NFAT5 rescued the migratory phenotype. These results demonstrate a role for NFAT5 in skeletal muscle cell migration and differentiation. Furthermore, as cell-cell interactions are crucial for myoblast differentiation, these data suggest that myoblast migration and differentiation are coupled and that NFAT5 is a key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddy S O'Connor
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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Malo M, Charrière-Bertrand C, Chettaoui C, Fabre-Guillevin E, Maquerlot F, Lackmy A, Vallée B, Delaplace F, Barlovatz-Meimon G. [The PAI-1 swing: microenvironment and cancer cell migration]. C R Biol 2006; 329:919-27. [PMID: 17126795 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic process caused by a cellular dysfunction leading to a whole organ or even organism vital perturbation. To better understand this process, we need to study each one of the levels involved, which allows the scale change, and to integrate this knowledge. A matricellular protein, PAI-1, is able to induce in vitro cell behaviour modifications, morphological changes, and to promote cell migration. PAI-1 influences the mesenchymo-amaeboid transition. This matricellular protein should be considered as a potential 'launcher' of the metastatic process acting at the molecular, cellular, tissular levels and, as a consequence, at the organism's level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Malo
- Equipe DYNAMIC, Dynamique du Microenvironnement Cellulaire, Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes), FRE 2873 CNRS, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris 12, Génopole, France
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14
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Lafreniere JF, Mills P, Bouchentouf M, Tremblay JP. Interleukin-4 improves the migration of human myogenic precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1127-41. [PMID: 16466711 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Different molecules are available to recruit new neighboring myogenic cells to the site of regeneration. Formerly called B cell stimulatory factor-1, IL-4 can now be included in the list of motogenic factors. The present report demonstrates that human IL-4 is not required for fusion between mononucleated myoblasts but is required for myotube maturation. In identifying IL-4 as a pro-migratory agent for myogenic cells, these results provide a mechanism which partly explains IL-4 demonstrated activity during differentiation. Among the different mechanisms by which IL-4 might enhance myoblast migration processes, our results indicate that there are implications of some integrins and of three major components of the fibrinolytic system. Indeed, increases in the amount of active urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor were observed following an IL-4 treatment, while the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 decreased. Finally, IL-4 did not modify the amount of cell surface alpha5 integrin but increased the presence of beta3 and beta1 integrins. This integrin modulation might favor myogenic cell migration and its interaction with newly formed myotubes. Therefore, IL-4 co-injection with transplanted myoblasts might be an approach to enhance the migration of transplanted cells for the treatment of a damaged myocardium or of a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lafreniere
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705, boul. Laurier, RC-9300, Sainte-Foy (Québec), Canada G1V 4G2
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15
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Koh TJ, Bryer SC, Pucci AM, Sisson TH. Mice deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 have improved skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C217-23. [PMID: 15716324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00555.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable capacity for regeneration. Although the regulation of this process at the molecular level remains largely undefined, the plasminogen system appears to play a critical role. Specifically, mice deficient in either urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA−/−mice) or plasminogen demonstrate markedly impaired muscle regeneration after injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that loss of the primary inhibitor of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), would improve muscle regeneration. Repair of the extensor digitorum longus muscle was assessed after cardiotoxin injury in wild-type, uPA−/−, and PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1−/−) mice. As expected, there was no uPA activity in the injured muscles of uPA−/−mice, and muscles from these transgenic animals demonstrated impaired regeneration. On the other hand, uPA activity was increased in injured muscle from PAI-1−/−mice to a greater extent than in wild-type controls. Furthermore, PAI-1−/−mice demonstrated increased expression of MyoD and developmental myosin after injury as well as accelerated recovery of muscle morphology, protein levels, and muscle force compared with wild-type animals. The injured muscles of PAI-1-null mice also demonstrated increased macrophage accumulation, contrasting with impaired macrophage accumulation in uPA-deficient mice. The extent of macrophage accumulation correlated with both the clearance of protein after injury and the efficiency of regeneration. Taken together, these results indicate that PAI-1 deficiency promotes muscle regeneration, and this protease inhibitor represents a therapeutic target for enhancing muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Koh
- Department of Movement Sciences (M/C 194), University of Illinois at Chicago, 901 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA.
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16
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Barani AE, Durieux AC, Sabido O, Freyssenet D. Age-related changes in the mitotic and metabolic characteristics of muscle-derived cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 95:2089-98. [PMID: 14555672 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00437.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related sarcopenia could partly result from cumulative repeated episodes of incomplete repair and regeneration. We hypothesized that mitotic and metabolic events associated with satellite cell activation and proliferation could be altered with aging. Muscle-derived cells (mdc) were isolated from gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles of young (3 wk old), adult (9 mo old), and old (24 mo old) Sprague-Dawley male rats (n = 10/group). The mdc from young growing rats started to proliferate earlier compared with adult and old animals. Cell cycle duration was significantly reduced with aging from 36.5 +/- 3.2 to 28.0 +/- 2.2 h. However, the proportion of noncycling (G0 phase) and cycling (G1 + S + G2 + M phases) cultured mdc was statistically unchanged among the three age groups. Significantly lower increase in c-met and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression were observed in cultured mdc of old rats upon serum stimulation. Major changes in the expression of citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, proteasome, caspase 3, plasminogen activators (PAs), and matrix metalloproteinase 2-9 (MMP2-9) were observed upon serum stimulation, but no age-related difference was noted. However, when measured on crushed muscle extracts, PAs and MMP2-9 enzyme activities were significantly decreased with aging. Our results show that cellular and biochemical events associated with the control of mdc activation and proliferation occur with aging. These alterations may participate in the accumulation of repeated episodes of incomplete repair and regeneration throughout the life span, thus contributing to the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude E Barani
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Groupe Physiologie et Physiopathologie de l'Exercice et du Handicap-Groupement d'Intérêt Public Exercice Sport Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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17
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Wang H, Yang L, Jamaluddin MS, Boyd DD. The Kruppel-like KLF4 Transcription Factor, a Novel Regulator of Urokinase Receptor Expression, Drives Synthesis of This Binding Site in Colonic Crypt Luminal Surface Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22674-83. [PMID: 15031282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) plays a central role in cell migration, growth, and invasion and is regulated, in part, transcriptionally. In mice, u-PAR expression is restricted to a few tissues, one of which is the colon. We therefore screened a colon expression library for regulators of u-PAR promoter activity and identified a zinc finger protein bearing consensus sequences to the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors and showing partial homology with one of the members, KLF4. Like u-PAR, KLF4 expression is predominant in the luminal surface epithelial cells of the colonic crypt, and we hypothesized that u-PAR synthesis in these cells is directed by this transcription factor. Colon cells from KLF4 null mice showed a dramatic reduction in u-PAR protein compared with wild-type mice. Conversely, KLF4 expression in HCT116 colon cancer cells increased the amount of u-PAR protein/mRNA. Transient transfection of KLF4 with a reporter driven by 5'-deleted u-PAR promoter fragments indicated the requirement of the proximal 200 base pairs for optimal expression. Mobility-shifting experiments demonstrated binding of KLF4 to multiple regions of the u-PAR promoter (-154/-128, -105/-71, and -51/-24), and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding of KLF4 to the endogenous promoter. Deletion of the -144/-123 promoter region diminished but did not eliminate the ability of KLF4 to transactivate the u-PAR promoter, suggesting cooperativity of these binding sites with respect to activation of gene expression. In conclusion, we have identified KLF4 as a novel regulator of u-PAR expression that drives the synthesis of u-PAR in the luminal surface epithelial cells of the colon.
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MESH Headings
- Alcian Blue/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Separation
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Library
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Precipitin Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Zinc Fingers
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Chazaud B, Bonavaud S, Plonquet A, Pouchelet M, Gherardi RK, Barlovatz-Meimon G. Involvement of the [uPAR:uPA:PAI-1:LRP] complex in human myogenic cell motility. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258:237-44. [PMID: 10896774 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system is a proteolytic system involved in tissue remodeling and cell migration. At the cell surface, receptor (uPAR)-bound urokinase (uPA) binds its inhibitor PAI-1, localized in the matrix, and the complex is internalized by endocytic receptors, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). We previously proposed a nonproteolytic role for the uPA system in human myogenic cell differentiation in vitro, i.e., cell fusion, and showed that myogenic cells can use PAI-1 as an adhesion matrix molecule. The aim of this study was to define the role of the uPA system in myogenic cell migration that is necessary for fusion. Using a two-dimensional motility assay and microcinematography, we showed that any interference with the [uPAR:uPA:PAI-1] complex formation, and interference with LRP binding to this complex, markedly decreased myogenic cell motility. This phenomenon was reversible and independent of plasmin activity. Inhibition of cell motility was associated with suppression of both filopodia and membrane ruffling activity. [uPAR:uPA:PAI-1:LRP] complex formation involves high-affinity molecular interactions and results in quick internalization of the complex. It is likely that this complex supports the membrane ruffling activity involved in the guidance of the migrating cell toward appropriate sites for attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chazaud
- GERMEN, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII Val-de-Marne, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
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19
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Muir E, Du JS, Fok-Seang J, Smith-Thomas L, Housden E, Rogers J, Fawcett J. Increased axon growth through astrocyte cell lines transfected with urokinase. Glia 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199805)23:1<24::aid-glia3>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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