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Le TKC, Dao XD, Nguyen DV, Luu DH, Bui TMH, Le TH, Nguyen HT, Le TN, Hosaka T, Nguyen TTT. Insulin signaling and its application. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1226655. [PMID: 37664840 PMCID: PMC10469844 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1226655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin in 1921 introduced a new branch of research into insulin activity and insulin resistance. Many discoveries in this field have been applied to diagnosing and treating diseases related to insulin resistance. In this mini-review, the authors attempt to synthesize the updated discoveries to unravel the related mechanisms and inform the development of novel applications. Firstly, we depict the insulin signaling pathway to explain the physiology of insulin action starting at the receptor sites of insulin and downstream the signaling of the insulin signaling pathway. Based on this, the next part will analyze the mechanisms of insulin resistance with two major provenances: the defects caused by receptors and the defects due to extra-receptor causes, but in this study, we focus on post-receptor causes. Finally, we discuss the recent applications including the diseases related to insulin resistance (obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer) and the potential treatment of those based on insulin resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Chung Le
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Dat Dao
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Vung Nguyen
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Huy Luu
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Minh Hanh Bui
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Huong Le
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huu Thang Nguyen
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Ngoan Le
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toshio Hosaka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Thi Thu Thao Nguyen
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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2
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Yadav U, Kumar N, Sarvottam K. Role of obesity related inflammation in pathogenesis of peripheral artery disease in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:175-188. [PMID: 37255816 PMCID: PMC10225462 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as one of the greatest global health challenges of twenty-first century. Visceral obesity is one of the most important determinant of insulin resistance (IR) as well as T2DM complications. Therefore this review focuses on the molecular mechanism of obesity induced inflammation, signaling pathways contributing to diabetes, as well as role of lifestyle interventions and medical therapies in the prevention and management of T2DM. Method Articles were searched on digital data base PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The key words used for search included Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, vascular inflammation and peripheral arterial disease. Result Visceral obesity is associated with chronic low grade inflammation and activation of immune systems which are involved in pathogenesis of obesity related IR and T2DM. Conclusion Metabolic dysregulation of adipose tissue leads to local hypoxia, misfolded/unfolded protein response and increased circulating free fatty acids, which in turn initiate inflammatory signaling cascades in the population of infiltrating cells. Mechanism that relates the role of adipocytokines with insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis might throw a light on the development of therapeutic interventions and subsequently might result in the reduction of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umashree Yadav
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Nilesh Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Kumar Sarvottam
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
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3
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Jia R, Xu L, Sun D, Han B. Genetic marker identification of SEC13 gene for milk production traits in Chinese holstein. Front Genet 2023; 13:1065096. [PMID: 36685890 PMCID: PMC9846039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1065096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SEC13 homolog, nuclear pore and COPII coat complex component (SEC13) is the core component of the cytoplasmic COPII complex, which mediates material transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Our preliminary work found that SEC13 gene was differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in metabolic pathways of milk synthesis such as citric acid cycle, fatty acid, starch and sucrose metabolisms, so we considered that the SEC13 might be a candidate gene affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected the polymorphisms of SEC13 gene and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. By sequencing the whole coding and partial flanking regions of SEC13, we found four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Subsequent association analysis showed that these four SNPs were significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (p ≤.0351). We also found that two SNPs in SEC13 formed one haplotype block by Haploview4.2, and the block was significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (p ≤ .0373). In addition, we predicted the effect of SNP on 5'region on transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), and found that the allele A of 22:g.54362761A>G could bind transcription factors (TFs) GATA5, GATA3, HOXD9, HOXA10, CDX1 and Hoxd13; and further dual-luciferase reporter assay verified that the allele A of this SNP inhibited the fluorescence activity. We speculate that the A allele of 22:g.54362761A>G might inhibit the transcriptional activity of SEC13 gene by binding the TFs, which may be a cause mutation affecting the formation of milk production traits in dairy cows. In summary, we proved that SEC13 has a significant genetic effect on milk production traits and the identified significant SNPs could be used as candidate genetic markers for GS SNP chips development; on the other hand, we verified the transcriptional regulation of 22:g.54362761A>G on SEC13 gene, providing research direction for further function validation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Jia
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingna Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,National Dairy Innovation Center, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Bo Han,
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4
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Diaz-Vegas A, Norris DM, Jall-Rogg S, Cooke KC, Conway OJ, Shun-Shion AS, Duan X, Potter M, van Gerwen J, Baird HJ, Humphrey SJ, James DE, Fazakerley DJ, Burchfield JG. A high-content endogenous GLUT4 trafficking assay reveals new aspects of adipocyte biology. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201585. [PMID: 36283703 PMCID: PMC9595207 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in muscle and adipocytes is crucial for whole-body glucose homeostasis. Currently, GLUT4 trafficking assays rely on overexpression of tagged GLUT4. Here we describe a high-content imaging platform for studying endogenous GLUT4 translocation in intact adipocytes. This method enables high fidelity analysis of GLUT4 responses to specific perturbations, multiplexing of other trafficking proteins and other features including lipid droplet morphology. Using this multiplexed approach we showed that Vps45 and Rab14 are selective regulators of GLUT4, but Trarg1, Stx6, Stx16, Tbc1d4 and Rab10 knockdown affected both GLUT4 and TfR translocation. Thus, GLUT4 and TfR translocation machinery likely have some overlap upon insulin-stimulation. In addition, we identified Kif13A, a Rab10 binding molecular motor, as a novel regulator of GLUT4 traffic. Finally, comparison of endogenous to overexpressed GLUT4 highlights that the endogenous GLUT4 methodology has an enhanced sensitivity to genetic perturbations and emphasises the advantage of studying endogenous protein trafficking for drug discovery and genetic analysis of insulin action in relevant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Diaz-Vegas
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sigrid Jall-Rogg
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivia J Conway
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaowen Duan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meg Potter
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian van Gerwen
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harry Jm Baird
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Kloska SM, Pałczyński K, Marciniak T, Talaśka T, Miller M, Wysocki BJ, Davis PH, Soliman GA, Wysocki TA. Queueing theory model of mTOR complexes' impact on Akt-mediated adipocytes response to insulin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279573. [PMID: 36574435 PMCID: PMC9794039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A queueing theory based model of mTOR complexes impact on Akt-mediated cell response to insulin is presented in this paper. The model includes several aspects including the effect of insulin on the transport of glucose from the blood into the adipocytes with the participation of GLUT4, and the role of the GAPDH enzyme as a regulator of mTORC1 activity. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the model parameters. It can be observed that mTORC1 activity is related to the amount of GLUT4 involved in glucose transport. The results show the relationship between the amount of GAPDH in the cell and mTORC1 activity. Moreover, obtained results suggest that mTORC1 inhibitors may be an effective agent in the fight against type 2 diabetes. However, these results are based on theoretical knowledge and appropriate experimental tests should be performed before making firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester M. Kloska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pałczyński
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marciniak
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Talaśka
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marissa Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Beata J. Wysocki
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul H. Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ghada A. Soliman
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tadeusz A. Wysocki
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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6
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Yuan Y, Kong F, Xu H, Zhu A, Yan N, Yan C. Cryo-EM structure of human glucose transporter GLUT4. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2671. [PMID: 35562357 PMCID: PMC9106701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. Its cellular trafficking is regulated by insulin signaling. Failed or reduced plasma membrane localization of GLUT4 is associated with diabetes. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of human GLUT4 bound to a small molecule inhibitor cytochalasin B (CCB) at resolutions of 3.3 Å in both detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs. CCB-bound GLUT4 exhibits an inward-open conformation. Despite the nearly identical conformation of the transmembrane domain to GLUT1, the cryo-EM structure reveals an extracellular glycosylation site and an intracellular helix that is invisible in the crystal structure of GLUT1. The structural study presented here lays the foundation for further mechanistic investigation of the modulation of GLUT4 trafficking. Our methods for cryo-EM analysis of GLUT4 will also facilitate structural determination of many other small size solute carriers. Small solute carriers remain difficult to study by single particle cryo-EM. Here, the authors report the cryo-EM structure of human insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 (55 kDa) without rigid soluble domains or binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Angqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nieng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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7
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Sabapathy T, Helmerhorst E, Ellison G, Bridgeman SC, Mamotte CD. High-fat diet induced alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol content impairs insulin receptor binding and signalling in mouse liver but is ameliorated by atorvastatin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166372. [PMID: 35248691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) impairs insulin binding and signalling and may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In addition, in vitro studies have shown that alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol influence ligand binding and downstream signalling for several receptor-tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including the insulin receptor. Using an ex vivo approach, we explored the effects of a HFD on insulin binding and signalling in mouse liver and relate these to observed changes in plasma membrane cholesterol. Mice fed a HFD demonstrated decreased insulin signalling compared to mice fed a normal chow diet (ND), indicated by a 3-fold decrease in insulin binding (P < 0.001) and a similar decrease in insulin receptor phosphorylation (~2.5-fold; P < 0.0001). Interestingly, we also observed a marked decrease in the cholesterol content of liver plasma membranes in the HFD fed mice (P < 0.0001). These effects of the HFD were found to be ameliorated by atorvastatin treatment (P < 0.0001). However, in ND mice, atorvastatin had no influence on membrane cholesterol content or insulin binding and signalling. The influence of membrane cholesterol on insulin binding and signalling was also corroborated in HepG2 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effects of a HFD and atorvastatin treatment on changes in plasma membrane cholesterol content and the consequent effects on insulin binding and signalling. Collectively, these findings suggest that changes in membrane cholesterol content could be an important underlying reason for the long-known effects of a HFD on the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiru Sabapathy
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Erik Helmerhorst
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Gaewyn Ellison
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Stephanie C Bridgeman
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Cyril D Mamotte
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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8
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Roberts BS, Yang CQ, Neher SB. Characterization of lipoprotein lipase storage vesicles in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258734. [PMID: 34382637 PMCID: PMC8403984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a secreted triglyceride lipase involved in the clearance of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons from circulation. LPL is expressed primarily in adipose and muscle tissues and transported to the capillary lumen. LPL secretion is regulated by insulin in adipose tissue; however, few studies have examined the regulatory and trafficking steps involved in secretion. Here, we describe the intracellular localization and insulin-dependent trafficking of LPL in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We compared LPL trafficking to the better characterized trafficking pathways taken by leptin and GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4). We show that the LPL trafficking pathway shares some characteristics of these other pathways, but that LPL subcellular localization and trafficking are distinct from those of GLUT4 and leptin. LPL secretion occurs slowly in response to insulin and rapidly in response to the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. This regulated trafficking is dependent on Golgi protein kinase D and the ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase ARF1. Together, these data give support to a new trafficking pathway for soluble cargo that is active in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia B. Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Heckmann M, Klanert G, Sandner G, Lanzerstorfer P, Auer M, Weghuber J. Fluorescence Microscopy-Based Quantitation of GLUT4 Translocation. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35008072 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into target tissue is crucial for the maintenance of normal blood glucose homeostasis. This step is rate-limited by the number of facilitative glucose transporters type 4 (GLUT4) present in the plasma membrane. Since insulin resistance and impaired GLUT4 translocation are associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, this transporter has become an important target of antidiabetic drug research. The application of screening approaches that are based on the analysis of GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane to identify substances with insulinomimetic properties has gained global research interest in recent years. Here, we review methods that have been implemented to quantitate the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. These methods can be broadly divided into two sections: microscopy-based technologies (e.g., immunoelectron, confocal or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy) and biochemical and spectrometric approaches (e.g., membrane fractionation, photoaffinity labeling or flow cytometry). In this review, we discuss the most relevant approaches applied to GLUT4 thus far, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, and we provide a critical discussion and outlook into new methodological opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Heckmann
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, Wels, Oberösterreich, 4600, AUSTRIA
| | - Gerald Klanert
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, 3430, AUSTRIA
| | - Georg Sandner
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, Wels, Oberösterreich, 4600, AUSTRIA
| | - Peter Lanzerstorfer
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, Wels, Oberösterreich, 4600, AUSTRIA
| | - Manfred Auer
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Julian Weghuber
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, Wels, Oberösterreich, 4600, AUSTRIA
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10
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Papuc C, Goran GV, Predescu CN, Tudoreanu L, Ștefan G. Plant polyphenols mechanisms of action on insulin resistance and against the loss of pancreatic beta cells. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 62:325-352. [PMID: 32901517 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1815644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a prolonged period hyperglycemia with long-lasting detrimental effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, kidney, vision, and immunity. Many plant polyphenols are shown to have beneficial activity for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, by different mechanisms. This review article is focused on synthesizing the mechanisms by which polyphenols decrease insulin resistance and inhibit loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and function. To achieve the objectives, this review summarizes the results of the researches realized in recent years in clinical trials and in various experimental models, on the effects of foods rich in polyphenols, polyphenolic extracts, and commercially polyphenols on insulin resistance and β-cells death. Dietary polyphenols are able to reduce insulin resistance alleviating the IRS-1/PI3-k/Akt signaling pathway, and to reduce the loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and function by several molecular mechanisms, such as protection of the surviving machinery of cells against the oxidative insult; increasing insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells through activation of the FFAR1; cytoprotective effect on β-cells by activation of autophagy; protection of β-cells to act as activators for anti-apoptotic pathways and inhibitors for apoptotic pathway; stimulating of insulin release, presumably by transient ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition and whole-cell Ca2+ stimulation; involvement in insulin release that act on ionic currents and membrane potential as inhibitor of delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)) and activator of current. dietary polyphenols could be used as potential anti-diabetic agents to prevent and alleviate diabetes and its complications, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Papuc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe V Goran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina N Predescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Tudoreanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgeta Ștefan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Morosin SK, Lochrin AJ, Delforce SJ, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and soluble (pro)renin receptor (s(P)RR) in pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 116:43-50. [PMID: 34020806 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional protein that can be proteolytically cleaved and released in a soluble form (s(P)RR). Recently, the (P)RR and s(P)RR have become of interest in pregnancy and its associated pathologies. This is because the (P)RR not only activates tissue renin angiotensin systems, but it is also an integral component of vacuolar-ATPase, activates the wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin and extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways, and stabilises the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Additionally, s(P)RR is detected in plasma and urine, and maternal plasma levels are elevated in pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Therefore, s(P)RR has potential as a biomarker for these pregnancy pathologies. Preliminary functional findings suggest that s(P)RR may be important for regulating fluid balance, inflammation and blood pressure, all of which contribute to a successful pregnancy. The (P)RR and s(P)RR regulate pathways that are known to be important in maintaining pregnancy, however their role in the physiological context of pregnancy is poorly characterised. This review summarises the known and potential functions of the (P)RR and s(P)RR in pregnancy, and how their dysregulation may contribute to pregnancy complications. It also highlights the need for further research into the source and function of s(P)RR in pregnancy. Soluble (P)RR levels could be indicative of placental, kidney or liver dysfunction and therefore be a novel clinical biomarker, or therapeutic target, to improve the detection and treatment of pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saije K Morosin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alyssa J Lochrin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia.
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12
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Mohammed ED, Abdel-Naim AB, Kangpeng J, Jiang R, Wei J, Sun B. The mother relationship between insulin resistance and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Glucosinolates hydrolysis products as a promising insulin resistance-modulator and fatty liver-preventer. Life Sci 2020; 264:118615. [PMID: 33096115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLD) is one of the present public health problems which have no specific and effective treatment. The speed of the disease progression depends on the patient's lifestyle. Due to life stresses and lack of time, a high number of people depend on fast food containing a high amount of fats which one of the main causes of insulin resistance (IR). IR is one of the metabolic disorders which strongly intersected with molecular NAFLD and leading to its progression into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this review, we introduced the updated statistics of NAFLD and NASH progression all over the world shows its importance, etiologies, and pathogenesis. Also, IR and its role in NASH initiation and progression explored, and current treatments with its limitations have been explained. Glucosinolates (GLS) is a group of phytochemicals which known by its potent hydrolysis products with promising anti-cancer effect. In this review, we have collected the recent experimental studies of different GLS hydrolysis products against IR and chronic liver diseases supported by our lab finding. Finally, we recommend this group of phytochemicals as promising molecules to be studied experimentally and clinically against a wide range of chronic liver diseases with an acceptable safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman D Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Pharmacy Collage of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Natural Products Unit, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Kangpeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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13
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Saha S. Association between the membrane transporter proteins and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:287-297. [PMID: 32066279 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1729125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence rate of diabetes is increasing day by day and the current scenario of the available agents for its treatment has given rise to stimulation in the search for new therapeutic targets and agents. Therefore the present review will examine the role of membrane composition in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and the possible therapeutic approaches for this.Areas covered: Glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs) are integral membrane proteins which are responsible for facilitated glucose transport over the plasma membrane into cells. Thus, this chapter is an attempt to interpret the co-relation between membrane transporter proteins and lipid molecules of cell membrane and their implications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the composition controlled flexibility of the membrane in the insertion of GLUTs into cell membrane as well as its fusion with the membrane is the focus of this chapter.Expert opinion: There is increasing data on the central role of phospholipid composition toward T2DM. Plasma membrane lipid composition plays a key role in maintaining the machinery for insulin-independent GLUT insertion into the membrane as well as insulin-dependent GLUT4 containing vesicles. As a therapeutic option, the designing of new chemical entities should be aimed to decrease saturated fatty acids of lipid bilayer phospholipids to target type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Zoology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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14
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Stahl T, Hümmer S, Ehrenfeuchter N, Mittal N, Fucile G, Spang A. Asymmetric distribution of glucose transporter mRNA provides a growth advantage in yeast. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100373. [PMID: 30910878 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric localization of mRNA is important for cell fate decisions in eukaryotes and provides the means for localized protein synthesis in a variety of cell types. Here, we show that hexose transporter mRNAs are retained in the mother cell of S. cerevisiae until metaphase-anaphase transition (MAT) and then are released into the bud. The retained mRNA was translationally less active but bound to ribosomes before MAT Importantly, when cells were shifted from starvation to glucose-rich conditions, HXT2 mRNA, but none of the other HXT mRNAs, was enriched in the bud after MAT This enrichment was dependent on the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway, the APC ortholog Kar9, and nuclear segregation into the bud. Competition experiments between strains that only expressed one hexose transporter at a time revealed that HXT2 only cells grow faster than their counterparts when released from starvation. Therefore, asymmetric distribution of HXT2 mRNA provides a growth advantage for daughters, who are better prepared for nutritional changes in the environment. Our data provide evidence that asymmetric mRNA localization is an important factor in determining cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stahl
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey Fucile
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, sciCORE Computing Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Elhassan SAM, Candasamy M, Chan EWL, Bhattamisra SK. Autophagy and GLUT4: The missing pieces. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:1109-1116. [PMID: 29843994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components inside mammalian cells through lysosomal system. It plays a main function in the pathophysiology of several diseases. In type 2 diabetes, works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in diabetes biology. Studies had approved the role of autophagy in promoting different routes for movement of integral membrane proteins to the plasma membrane. But its role in regulation of GLUT4 trafficking has not been widely observed. In normal conditions, insulin promotes GLUT4 translocation from intracellular membrane compartments to the plasma membrane, while in type 2 diabetes defects occur in this translocation. METHOD Intriguing evidences discussed the contribution of different intracellular compartments in autophagy membrane formation. Furthermore, autophagy serves to mobilise membranes within cells, thereby promoting cytoplasmic components reorganisation. The intent of this review is to focus on the possibility of autophagy to act as a carrier for GLUT4 through regulating GLUT4 endocytosis, intracellular trafficking in different compartments, and translocation to cell membrane. RESULTS The common themes of autophagy and GLUT4 have been highlighted. The review discussed the overlapping of endocytosis mechanism and intracellular compartments, and has shown that autophagy and GLUT4 utilise similar proteins (SNAREs) which are used for exocytosis. On top of that, PI3K and AMPK also control both autophagy and GLUT4. CONCLUSION The control of GLUT4 trafficking through autophagy could be a promising field for treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Abdelgadir Mohamed Elhassan
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Elaine Wan Ling Chan
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in energy metabolism. Adipose dysfunction is closely related to obesity and type II diabetes. Glucose uptake is the key step for fat synthesis in adipocyte. miRNAs have been proven to play a crucial role in adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. In this paper, we firstly reported that miR-146b decreased glucose consumption by up-regulating miR-146b in a porcine primary adipocyte model, while the inhibitor of endogenous miR-146b rescued the reduction. Then, miR-146b was predicated to target IRS1 by bioinformatics analysis, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay validated this predication. Western blot analyses indicated both IRS1 and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) were down-regulated by miR-146b overexpression. Our study demonstrated that miR-146b regulated glucose homeostasis in porcine primary pre-adipocyte by targeting IRS1, and provided new understandings on regulations of lipogenesis by miRNAs.
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17
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Norris DM, Geddes TA, James DE, Fazakerley DJ, Burchfield JG. Glucose Transport: Methods for Interrogating GLUT4 Trafficking in Adipocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1713:193-215. [PMID: 29218527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7507-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we detail methods for the systematic dissection of GLUT4 trafficking. The methods described have been optimized for cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but can be readily adapted to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougall M Norris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom A Geddes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - David E James
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Chaudhary N, Gonzalez E, Chang SH, Geng F, Rafii S, Altorki NK, McGraw TE. Adenovirus Protein E4-ORF1 Activation of PI3 Kinase Reveals Differential Regulation of Downstream Effector Pathways in Adipocytes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3305-3318. [PMID: 28009298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates metabolism, including the translocation of the Glut4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor. Adenoviral protein E4-ORF1 stimulates cellular glucose metabolism by mimicking growth-factor activation of PI3K. We have used E4-ORF1 as a tool to dissect PI3K-mediated signaling in adipocytes. E4-ORF1 activation of PI3K in adipocytes recapitulates insulin regulation of FoxO1 but not regulation of Glut4. This uncoupling of PI3K effects occurs despite E4-ORF1 activating PI3K and downstream signaling to levels achieved by insulin. Although E4-ORF1 does not fully recapitulate insulin's effects on Glut4, it enhances insulin-stimulated insertion of Glut4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane independent of Rab10, a key regulator of Glut4 trafficking. E4-ORF1 also stimulates plasma membrane translocation of ubiquitously expressed Glut1 glucose transporter, an effect that is likely essential for E4-ORF1 to promote an anabolic metabolism in a broad range of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eva Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sung-Hee Chang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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19
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Hovsepian J, Defenouillère Q, Albanèse V, Váchová L, Garcia C, Palková Z, Léon S. Multilevel regulation of an α-arrestin by glucose depletion controls hexose transporter endocytosis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1811-1831. [PMID: 28468835 PMCID: PMC5461024 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in nutrient availability trigger massive rearrangements of the yeast plasma membrane proteome. This work shows that the arrestin-related protein Csr2/Art8 is regulated by glucose signaling at multiple levels, allowing control of hexose transporter ubiquitylation and endocytosis upon glucose depletion. Nutrient availability controls the landscape of nutrient transporters present at the plasma membrane, notably by regulating their ubiquitylation and subsequent endocytosis. In yeast, this involves the Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs). ARTs are targeted by signaling pathways and warrant that cargo ubiquitylation and endocytosis appropriately respond to nutritional inputs. Here, we show that glucose deprivation regulates the ART protein Csr2/Art8 at multiple levels to trigger high-affinity glucose transporter endocytosis. Csr2 is transcriptionally induced in these conditions through the AMPK orthologue Snf1 and downstream transcriptional repressors. Upon synthesis, Csr2 becomes activated by ubiquitylation. In contrast, glucose replenishment induces CSR2 transcriptional shutdown and switches Csr2 to an inactive, deubiquitylated form. This glucose-induced deubiquitylation of Csr2 correlates with its phospho-dependent association with 14-3-3 proteins and involves protein kinase A. Thus, two glucose signaling pathways converge onto Csr2 to regulate hexose transporter endocytosis by glucose availability. These data illustrate novel mechanisms by which nutrients modulate ART activity and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie Hovsepian
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Quentin Defenouillère
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Albanèse
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Libuše Váchová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Camille Garcia
- Proteomics Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Zdena Palková
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Sébastien Léon
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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20
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Gao L, Chen J, Gao J, Wang H, Xiong W. Super-resolution microscopy reveals the insulin-resistance-regulated reorganization of GLUT4 on plasma membranes. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:396-405. [PMID: 27888215 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4) is essential for glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipocytes, which play central roles in whole-body glucose metabolism. Here, using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) to investigate the characteristics of plasma-membrane-fused GLUT4 at the single-molecule level, we have demonstrated that insulin and insulin resistance regulate the spatial organization of GLUT4 in adipocytes. Stimulation with insulin shifted the balance of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane toward a more dispersed configuration. In contrast, insulin resistance induced a more clustered distribution of GLUT4 and increased the mean number of molecules per cluster. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the F5QQI motif and lipid rafts mediate the maintenance of GLUT4 clusters on the plasma membrane. Mutation of F5QQI (F5QQA-GLUT4) induced a more clustered distribution of GLUT4; moreover, destruction of lipid rafts in adipocytes expressing F5QQA-GLUT4 dramatically decreased the percentage of large clusters and the mean number of molecules per cluster. In conclusion, our data clarify the effects of insulin stimulation or insulin resistance on GLUT4 reorganization on the plasma membrane and reveal new pathogenic mechanisms of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Junling Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilil 130022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilil 130022, P.R. China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilil 130022, P.R. China
| | - Wenyong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
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21
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Bruno J, Brumfield A, Chaudhary N, Iaea D, McGraw TE. SEC16A is a RAB10 effector required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking in adipocytes. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:61-76. [PMID: 27354378 PMCID: PMC4932369 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201509052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec16A is known to be required for COPII vesicle formation from the ER. Here, Bruno et al. show that, independent of its role at the ER, Sec16A is a RAB10 effector involved in the insulin-stimulated formation of specialized transport vesicles that ferry the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. RAB10 is a regulator of insulin-stimulated translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane (PM) of adipocytes, which is essential for whole-body glucose homeostasis. We establish SEC16A as a novel RAB10 effector in this process. Colocalization of SEC16A with RAB10 is augmented by insulin stimulation, and SEC16A knockdown attenuates insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation, phenocopying RAB10 knockdown. We show that SEC16A and RAB10 promote insulin-stimulated mobilization of GLUT4 from a perinuclear recycling endosome/TGN compartment. We propose RAB10–SEC16A functions to accelerate formation of the vesicles that ferry GLUT4 to the PM during insulin stimulation. Because GLUT4 continually cycles between the PM and intracellular compartments, the maintenance of elevated cell-surface GLUT4 in the presence of insulin requires accelerated biogenesis of the specialized GLUT4 transport vesicles. The function of SEC16A in GLUT4 trafficking is independent of its previously characterized activity in ER exit site formation and therefore independent of canonical COPII-coated vesicle function. However, our data support a role for SEC23A, but not the other COPII components SEC13, SEC23B, and SEC31, in the insulin stimulation of GLUT4 trafficking, suggesting that vesicles derived from subcomplexes of COPII coat proteins have a role in the specialized trafficking of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bruno
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Natasha Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - David Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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22
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Talantikite M, Berenguer M, Gonzalez T, Alessi MC, Poggi M, Peiretti F, Govers R. The first intracellular loop of GLUT4 contains a retention motif. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2273-84. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter GLUT4 plays a major role in glucose homeostasis and is efficiently retained intracellularly in adipocytes and myocytes. To simplify the analysis of its retention, various intracellular GLUT4 domains were fused individually to reporter molecules. Of the four short cytoplasmic loops of GLUT4, only the first nine-residue-long loop conferred intracellular retention of truncated forms of the transferrin receptor and CD4 in adipocytes. In contrast, the same loop of GLUT1 was without effect. The reporter molecules to which the first loop of GLUT4 was fused localized, unlike GLUT4, to the TGN, possibly explaining why these molecules did not respond to insulin. The retention induced by the GLUT4 loop was specific to adipocytes as it did not induce retention in preadipocytes. Of the SQWLGRKRA sequence that constitutes this loop, mutation of either the tryptophan or lysine residue abrogated reporter retention. Mutation of these residues individually into alanines in the full-length GLUT4 molecule resulted in a decreased retention for GLUT4-W105A. We conclude that the first intracellular loop of GLUT4 contains retention motif WLGRK, in which Trp105 plays a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Talantikite
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Marion Berenguer
- Inserm U895, Mediterranean Research Center for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, F-06204, France
| | - Teresa Gonzalez
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Marie Christine Alessi
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Marjorie Poggi
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Roland Govers
- Inserm U1062, INRA1260, Aix Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille F-13385, France
- Inserm U895, Mediterranean Research Center for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Nice, F-06204, France
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23
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Sun Y, Jaldin-Fincati J, Liu Z, Bilan PJ, Klip A. A complex of Rab13 with MICAL-L2 and α-actinin-4 is essential for insulin-dependent GLUT4 exocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:75-89. [PMID: 26538022 PMCID: PMC4694764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab13 is necessary for insulin-regulated GLUT4-vesicle exocytosis in muscle. Biochemical and imaging analyses provide evidence that activated Rab13 engages a scaffold protein MICAL-L2 to form a complex with Rab13 and α-actinin-4. Through GLUT4 interaction with α-actinin-4, GLUT4 vesicles are recruited to the muscle plasma membrane. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into skeletal muscle through recruitment of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Rab GTPases are molecular switches mobilizing intracellular vesicles, and Rab13 is necessary for insulin-regulated GLUT4–vesicle exocytic translocation in muscle cells. We show that Rab13 engages the scaffold protein MICAL-L2 in this process. RNA interference–mediated knockdown of MICAL-L2 or truncated MICAL-L2 (MICAL-L2-CT) impaired insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Insulin increased Rab13 binding to MICAL-L2, assessed by pull down and colocalization under confocal fluorescence and structured illumination microscopies. Association was also visualized at the cell periphery using TIRF microscopy. Insulin further increased binding of MICAL-L2 to α-actinin-4 (ACTN4), a protein involved in GLUT4 translocation. Rab13, MICAL-L2, and ACTN4 formed an insulin-dependent complex assessed by pull down and confocal fluorescence imaging. Of note, GLUT4 associated with the complex in response to insulin, requiring the ACTN4-binding domain in MICAL-L2. This was demonstrated by pull down with distinct fragments of MICAL-L2 and confocal and structured illumination microscopies. Finally, expression of MICAL-L2-CT abrogated the insulin-dependent colocalization of Rab13 with ACTN4 or Rab13 with GLUT4. Our findings suggest that MICAL-L2 is an effector of insulin-activated Rab13, which links to GLUT4 through ACTN4, localizing GLUT4 vesicles at the muscle cell periphery to enable their fusion with the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Zhi Liu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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Reyer A, Schindler N, Ohde D, Walz C, Kunze M, Tuchscherer A, Wirthgen E, Brenmoehl J, Hoeflich A. The RGD sequence present in IGFBP-2 is required for reduced glucose clearance after oral glucose administration in female transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E409-17. [PMID: 26105006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00168.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) affects both growth and metabolism. Whereas negative growth effects are primarily due to negative interference with IGF-I, the mechanisms for metabolic interference of IGFBP-2 are less clear. As we demonstrate, overexpression of IGFBP-2 in transgenic mice is correlated with a decelerated clearance of blood glucose after oral administration. IGFBP-2 carries an integrin-binding domain (RGD motif), which has been shown to also mediate IGF-independent effects. We thus asked if higher serum levels of IGFBP-2 without an intact RGD motif would also partially block blood glucose clearance after oral glucose application. In fact, transgenic mice overexpressing mutated IGFBP-2 with higher levels of IGFBP-2 carrying an RGE motif instead of an RGD were not characterized by decelerated glucose clearance. Impaired glucose tolerance was correlated with lower levels of GLUT4 present in plasma membranes isolated from muscle tissues after glucose challenge. At the same time, activation of TBC1D1 was depressed in mice overexpressing wild-type but not mutated IGFBP-2. Although we do not have reason to assume altered activation of IGF-I receptor or PDK1/Akt activation in both models, we have identified increased levels of integrin-linked kinase and focal adhesion kinase dependent on the presence of the RGD motif. From our results we conclude that impaired glucose clearance in female IGFBP-2 transgenic mice is dependent on the presence of the RGD motif and that translocation of GLUT4 in the muscle may be regulated by IGFBP-2 via RGD-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reyer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nancy Schindler
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Ohde
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kunze
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute for Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; Ligandis GbR, Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany;
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25
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Govers R. Molecular mechanisms of GLUT4 regulation in adipocytes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 40:400-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Honardoost M, reza Sarookhani M, Arefian E, Soleimani M. Insulin Resistance Associated Genes and miRNAs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:63-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hodgson L, Tavaré J, Verkade P. Development of a quantitative Correlative Light Electron Microscopy technique to study GLUT4 trafficking. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:403-16. [PMID: 24390248 PMCID: PMC3927059 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) combines advantages of light microscopy and electron microscopy in one experiment to deliver information above and beyond the capability of either modality alone. There are many different CLEM techniques, each having its own special advantages but also its technical challenges. It is however the biological question that (should) drive(s) the development and application of a specific CLEM technique in order to provide the answer. Here we describe the development of a CLEM technique that is based on the Tokuyasu cryo immuno-gold labelling technique that has allowed us to quantitatively study GLUT4 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Jeremy Tavaré
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
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28
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Abstract
GLUT4 is regulated by its intracellular localization. In the absence of insulin, GLUT4 is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation (and contraction in muscle), GLUT4 translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell. Its implication in insulin-regulated glucose uptake makes GLUT4 not only a key player in normal glucose homeostasis but also an important element in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, how GLUT4 is retained intracellularly and how insulin acts on this retention mechanism is largely unclear. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the various molecular processes that govern GLUT4 physiology is discussed as well as the questions that remain.
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29
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Sadacca LA, Bruno J, Wen J, Xiong W, McGraw TE. Specialized sorting of GLUT4 and its recruitment to the cell surface are independently regulated by distinct Rabs. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2544-57. [PMID: 23804653 PMCID: PMC3744946 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-02-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB10 and RAB14 function at sequential steps of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. RAB14 functions upstream of RAB10 in GLUT4 sorting to the specialized transport vesicles, and RAB10 and its GAP protein comprise the main signaling module that regulates the accumulation of GLUT4 transport vesicles at the plasma membrane. Adipocyte glucose uptake in response to insulin is essential for physiological glucose homeostasis: stimulation of adipocytes with insulin results in insertion of the glucose transporter GLUT4 into the plasma membrane and subsequent glucose uptake. Here we establish that RAB10 and RAB14 are key regulators of GLUT4 trafficking that function at independent, sequential steps of GLUT4 translocation. RAB14 functions upstream of RAB10 in the sorting of GLUT4 to the specialized transport vesicles that ferry GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. RAB10 and its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) AS160 comprise the principal signaling module downstream of insulin receptor activation that regulates the accumulation of GLUT4 transport vesicles at the plasma membrane. Although both RAB10 and RAB14 are regulated by the GAP activity of AS160 in vitro, only RAB10 is under the control of AS160 in vivo. Insulin regulation of the pool of RAB10 required for GLUT4 translocation occurs through regulation of AS160, since activation of RAB10 by DENND4C, its GTP exchange factor, does not require insulin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amanda Sadacca
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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30
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Abstract
GLUT4 is an insulin-regulated glucose transporter that is responsible for insulin-regulated glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells. In the absence of insulin, GLUT4 is mainly found in intracellular vesicles referred to as GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs). Here, we summarise evidence for the existence of these specific vesicles, how they are sequestered inside the cell and how they undergo exocytosis in the presence of insulin. In response to insulin stimulation, GSVs fuse with the plasma membrane in a rapid burst and in the continued presence of insulin GLUT4 molecules are internalised and recycled back to the plasma membrane in vesicles that are distinct from GSVs and probably of endosomal origin. In this Commentary we discuss evidence that this delivery process is tightly regulated and involves numerous molecules. Key components include the actin cytoskeleton, myosin motors, several Rab GTPases, the exocyst, SNARE proteins and SNARE regulators. Each step in this process is carefully orchestrated in a sequential and coupled manner and we are beginning to dissect key nodes within this network that determine vesicle-membrane fusion in response to insulin. This regulatory process clearly involves the Ser/Thr kinase AKT and the exquisite manner in which this single metabolic process is regulated makes it a likely target for lesions that might contribute to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stöckli
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Despite daily fasting and feeding, plasma glucose levels are normally maintained within a narrow range owing to the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin increases glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells through the regulated trafficking of vesicles that contain glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). New insights into insulin signalling reveal that phosphorylation events initiated by the insulin receptor regulate key GLUT4 trafficking proteins, including small GTPases, tethering complexes and the vesicle fusion machinery. These proteins, in turn, control GLUT4 movement through the endosomal system, formation and retention of specialized GLUT4 storage vesicles and targeted exocytosis of these vesicles. Understanding these processes may help to explain the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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32
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Hatakeyama H, Kanzaki M. Molecular basis of insulin-responsive GLUT4 trafficking systems revealed by single molecule imaging. Traffic 2011; 12:1805-20. [PMID: 21910807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of a 'static retention' property of GLUT4, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, has emerged as being essential for achieving its maximal insulin-induced surface exposure. Herein, employing quantum-dot-based nanometrology of intracellular GLUT4 behavior, we reveal the molecular basis of its systematization endowed upon adipogenic differentiation of 3T3L1 cells. Specifically, (i) the endosomes-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) retrieval system specialized for GLUT4 develops in response to sortilin expression, which requires an intricately balanced interplay among retromers, golgin-97 and syntaxin-6, the housekeeping vesicle trafficking machinery. (ii) The Golgin-97-localizing subdomain of the differentiated TGN apparently serves as an intermediate transit route by which GLUT4 can further proceed to the stationary GLUT4 storage compartment. (iii) AS160/Tbc1d4 then renders the 'static retention' property insulin responsive, i.e. insulin liberates GLUT4 from the static state only in the presence of functional AS160/Tbc1d4. (iv) Moreover, sortilin malfunction and the resulting GLUT4 sorting defects along with retarded TGN function might be etiologically related to insulin resistance. Together, these observations provide a conceptual framework for understanding maturation/retardation of the insulin-responsive GLUT4 trafficking system that relies on the specialized subdomain of differentiated TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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33
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Habtemichael EN, Brewer PD, Romenskaia I, Mastick CC. Kinetic evidence that Glut4 follows different endocytic pathways than the receptors for transferrin and alpha2-macroglobulin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10115-25. [PMID: 21252237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.217935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulates glucose uptake through effects on the trafficking of the glucose transporter Glut4. To investigate the degree of overlap between Glut4 and the general endocytic pathways, the kinetics of trafficking of Glut4 and the receptors for transferrin (Tf) and α(2)-macroglobulin (α-2-M; LRP-1) were compared using quantitative flow cytometric assays. Insulin increased the exocytic rate constant (k(ex)) for both Glut4 and Tf. However, the k(ex) of Glut4 was 5-15 times slower than Tf in both basal and insulin-stimulated cells. The endocytic rate constant (k(en)) of Glut4 was also five times slower than Tf. Insulin did not affect the k(en) of either protein. In basal cells, the k(en) for α-2-M/LRP-1 was similar to Glut4 but 5-fold slower than Tf. Insulin increased k(en) for α-2-M/LRP-1 by 30%. In contrast, the k(ex) for LRP-1 was five times faster than Glut4 in basal cells, and insulin did not increase this rate constant. Thus, although there is overlap in the protein machineries/compartments utilized, the differences in trafficking kinetics indicate that Glut4, the Tf receptor, and LRP-1 are differentially processed both within the cell and at the plasma membrane. It has been reported that insulin decreases the k(en) of Glut4 in adipocytes. However, the effect of exocytosis on the "internalization" assays was not considered. Because it is counterintuitive, the effect of exocytosis on these assays is often overlooked in endocytosis studies. Using mathematical modeling and simulation, we show that the reported decrease in Glut4 k(en) can be entirely accounted for by the well established increase in Glut4 k(ex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos N Habtemichael
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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34
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Saini V. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2010; 1:68-75. [PMID: 21537430 PMCID: PMC3083885 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids are known to play a key role in promoting loss of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. It has been postulated that an increase in the intracellular concentration of fatty acid metabolites activates a serine kinase cascade, which leads to defects in insulin signaling downstream to the insulin receptor. In addition, the complex network of adipokines released from adipose tissue modulates the response of tissues to insulin. Among the many molecules involved in the intracellular processing of the signal provided by insulin, the insulin receptor substrate-2, the protein kinase B and the forkhead transcription factor Foxo 1a are of particular interest, as recent data has provided strong evidence that dysfunction of these proteins results in insulin resistance in vivo. Recently, studies have revealed that phosphoinositidedependent kinase 1-independent phosphorylation of protein kinase Cε causes a reduction in insulin receptor gene expression. Additionally, it has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction triggers activation of several serine kinases, and weakens insulin signal transduction. Thus, in this review, the current developments in understanding the pathophysiological processes of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes have been summarized. In addition, this study provides potential new targets for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Saini
- Vandana Saini, Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
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35
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Fujita H, Hatakeyama H, Watanabe TM, Sato M, Higuchi H, Kanzaki M. Identification of three distinct functional sites of insulin-mediated GLUT4 trafficking in adipocytes using quantitative single molecule imaging. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2721-31. [PMID: 20519436 PMCID: PMC2912357 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulation of glucose uptake is achieved by redistribution of insulin-responsive glucose transporters, GLUT4, from intracellular storage compartment(s) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and muscle cells. Although GLUT4 translocation has been investigated using various approaches, GLUT4 trafficking properties within the cell are largely unknown. Our novel method allows direct analysis of intracellular GLUT4 dynamics at the single molecule level by using Quantum dot technology, quantitatively establishing the behavioral nature of GLUT4. Our data demonstrate the predominant mechanism for intracellular GLUT4 sequestration in the basal state to be "static retention" in fully differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes. We also directly defined three distinct insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking processes: 1) release from the putative GLUT4 anchoring system in storage compartment(s), 2) the speed at which transport GLUT4-containing vesicles move, and 3) the tethering/docking steps at the plasma membrane. Intriguingly, insulin-induced GLUT4 liberation from its static state appeared to be abolished by either pretreatment with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or overexpression of a dominant-interfering AS160 mutant (AS160/T642A). In addition, our novel approach revealed the possibility that, in certain insulin-resistant states, derangements in GLUT4 behavior can impair insulin-responsive GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujita
- Tohoku University Biomedical Engineering Research Organization, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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36
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Muretta JM, Mastick CC. How insulin regulates glucose transport in adipocytes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:245-86. [PMID: 19251041 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose storage and metabolism by the tissues of the body, predominantly liver, muscle and fat. Storage in muscle and fat is controlled to a large extent by the rate of facilitative glucose transport across the plasma membrane of the muscle and fat cells. Insulin controls this transport. Exactly how remains debated. Work presented in this review focuses on the pathways responsible for the regulation of glucose transport by insulin. We present some historical work to show how the prevailing model for regulation of glucose transport by insulin was originally developed, then some more recent data challenging this model. We finish describing a unifying model for the control of glucose transport, and some very recent data illustrating potential molecular machinery underlying this regulation. This review is meant to give an overview of our current understanding of the regulation of glucose transport through the regulation of the trafficking of Glut4, highlighting important questions that remain to be answered. A more detailed treatment of specific aspects of this pathway can be found in several excellent recent reviews (Brozinick et al., 2007 Hou and Pessin, 2007; Huang and Czech, 2007;Larance et al., 2008 Sakamoto and Holman, 2008; Watson and Pessin, 2007; Zaid et al., 2008)One of the main objectives of this review is to discuss the results of the experiments measuring the kinetics of Glut4 movement between subcellular compartments in the context of our emerging model of the Glut4 trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Muretta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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37
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Rubin BR, Bogan JS. Intracellular retention and insulin-stimulated mobilization of GLUT4 glucose transporters. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:155-92. [PMID: 19251038 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GLUT4 glucose transporters are expressed nearly exclusively in adipose and muscle cells, where they cycle to and from the plasma membrane. In cells not stimulated with insulin, GLUT4 is targeted to specialized GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs), which sequester it away from the cell surface. Insulin acts within minutes to mobilize these vesicles, translocating GLUT4 to the plasma membrane to enhance glucose uptake. The mechanisms controlling GSV sequestration and mobilization are poorly understood. An insulin-regulated aminopeptidase that cotraffics with GLUT4, IRAP, is required for basal GSV retention and insulin-stimulated mobilization. TUG and Ubc9 bind GLUT4, and likely retain GSVs within unstimulated cells. These proteins may be components of a retention receptor, which sequesters GLUT4 and IRAP away from recycling vesicles. Insulin may then act on this protein complex to liberate GLUT4 and IRAP, discharging GSVs into a recycling pathway for fusion at the cell surface. How GSVs are anchored intracellularly, and how insulin mobilizes these vesicles, are the important topics for ongoing research. Regulation of GLUT4 trafficking is tissue-specific, perhaps in part because the formation of GSVs requires cell type-specific expression of sortilin. Proteins controlling GSV retention and mobilization can then be more widely expressed. Indeed, GLUT4 likely participates in a general mechanism by which the cell surface delivery of various membrane proteins can be controlled by extracellular stimuli. Finally, it is not known if defects in the formation or intracellular retention of GSVs contribute to human insulin resistance, or play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Rubin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA
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38
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Abstract
Free fatty acids are known to play a key role in promoting loss of insulin sensitivity,thereby causing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.However,the underlying mechanism involved is still unclear.In searching for the cause of the mechanism,it has been found that palmitate inhibits insulin receptor (IR)gene expression,leading to a reduced amount of IR protein in insulin target cells. PDK1-independent phosphorylation of PKC(eta) causes this reduction in insulin receptor gene expression.One of the pathways through which fatty acid can induce insulin resistance in insulin target cells is suggested by these studies.We provide an overview of this important area,emphasizing the current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bhattacharya
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, India.
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39
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Blot V, McGraw TE. Molecular mechanisms controlling GLUT4 intracellular retention. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3477-87. [PMID: 18550797 PMCID: PMC2488284 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In basal adipocytes, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is sequestered intracellularly by an insulin-reversible retention mechanism. Here, we analyze the roles of three GLUT4 trafficking motifs (FQQI, TELEY, and LL), providing molecular links between insulin signaling, cellular trafficking machinery, and the motifs in the specialized trafficking of GLUT4. Our results support a GLUT4 retention model that involves two linked intracellular cycles: one between endosomes and a retention compartment, and the other between endosomes and specialized GLUT4 transport vesicles. Targeting of GLUT4 to the former is dependent on the FQQI motif and its targeting to the latter is dependent on the TELEY motif. These two motifs act independently in retention, with the TELEY-dependent step being under the control of signaling downstream of the AS160 rab GTPase activating protein. Segregation of GLUT4 from endosomes, although positively correlated with the degree of basal retention, does not completely account for GLUT4 retention or insulin-responsiveness. Mutation of the LL motif slows return to basal intracellular retention after insulin withdrawal. Knockdown of clathrin adaptin protein complex-1 (AP-1) causes a delay in the return to intracellular retention after insulin withdrawal. The effects of mutating the LL motif and knockdown of AP-1 were not additive, establishing that AP-1 regulation of GLUT4 trafficking requires the LL motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blot
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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40
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Pilch PF. The mass action hypothesis: formation of Glut4 storage vesicles, a tissue-specific, regulated exocytic compartment. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 192:89-101. [PMID: 18171432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into the target tissues of fat and muscle by recruiting or translocating Glut4 glucose transport proteins to their functional location at the cell surface. In the basal state, Glut4 is sequestered intracellularly in several vesicular compartments, one of which has come to be known as Glut4 storage vesicles (GSVs). The GSVs represent a tissue-specific compartment that is an ultimate target of the insulin signalling cascade. Glut4 translocation has been extensively studied because of its intrinsic scientific importance to cell biology as well as its relevance to the pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. I review herein the ontogeny of GSVs and their composition as it relates to a tissue-specific, hormone-sensitive exocytic compartment and propose a mechanism for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Despite being one of the first recognized targets of insulin action, the acceleration of glucose transport into muscle and fat tissue remains one of the most enigmatic processes in the insulin action cascade. Glucose transport is accomplished by a shift in the distribution of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in the presence of insulin. The complexity in deciphering the molecular blueprint of insulin regulation of glucose transport arises because it represents a convergence of two convoluted biological systems-vesicular transport and signal transduction. Whereas more than 60 molecular players have been implicated in this orchestral performance, it has been difficult to distinguish between mainly passive participants vs. those that are clearly driving the process. The maze-like nature of the endosomal system makes it almost impossible to dissect the anatomical nature of what appears to be a medley of many overlapping and rapidly changing transitions. A major limitation is technology. It is clear that further progress in teasing apart the GLUT4 code will require the development and application of novel and advanced technologies that can discriminate one molecule from another in the living cell and to superimpose this upon a system in which the molecular environment can be carefully manipulated. Many are now taking on this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Larance
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
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42
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Xu YK, Xu KD, Li JY, Feng LQ, Lang D, Zheng XX. Bi-directional transport of GLUT4 vesicles near the plasma membrane of primary rat adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:121-8. [PMID: 17532293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes by mobilizing intracellular membrane vesicles containing GLUT4 proteins to the plasma membrane. Here we applied time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to study moving parameters and characters of exogenously expressed GLUT4 vesicles in basal, insulin and nocodazole treated primary rat adipocytes. Our results showed that microtubules were essential for long-range transport of GLUT4 vesicles but not obligatory for GLUT4 distribution in rat adipocytes. Insulin reduced the mobility of the vesicles, made them tethered/docked to the PM and finally had constitutive exocytosis. Moreover, long-range bi-directional movements of GLUT4 vesicles were visualized for the first time by TIRFM. It is likely that there are interactions between insulin signaling and microtubules, to regulating GLUT4 translocation in rat adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
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43
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Dey D, Bhattacharya A, Roy S, Bhattacharya S. Fatty acid represses insulin receptor gene expression by impairing HMGA1 through protein kinase Cepsilon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:474-9. [PMID: 17434141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that free fatty acid (FFA) contributes to the development of insulin resistance and type2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism in FFA-induced insulin resistance is still unclear. In the present investigation we have demonstrated that palmitate significantly (p <0.001) inhibited insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PDK1, the key insulin signaling molecule. Consequently, PDK1 phosphorylation of plasma membrane bound PKCepsilon was also inhibited. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of cytosolic PKCepsilon was greatly stimulated by palmitate; this was then translocated to the nuclear region and associated with the inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) gene transcription. A PKCepsilon translocation inhibitor peptide, epsilonV1, suppressed this inhibitory effect of palmitate, suggesting requirement of phospho-PKCepsilon migration to implement palmitate effect. Experimental evidences indicate that phospho-PKCepsilon adversely affected HMGA1. Since HMGA1 regulates IR promoter activity, expression of IR gene was impaired causing reduction of IR on cell surface and that compromises with insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debleena Dey
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Abstract
Few physiological parameters are more tightly and acutely regulated in humans than blood glucose concentration. The major cellular mechanism that diminishes blood glucose when carbohydrates are ingested is insulin-stimulated glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle both stores glucose as glycogen and oxidizes it to produce energy following the transport step. The principal glucose transporter protein that mediates this uptake is GLUT4, which plays a key role in regulating whole body glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances on the biology of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Huang S, Lifshitz LM, Jones C, Bellve KD, Standley C, Fonseca S, Corvera S, Fogarty KE, Czech MP. Insulin stimulates membrane fusion and GLUT4 accumulation in clathrin coats on adipocyte plasma membranes. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3456-69. [PMID: 17339344 PMCID: PMC1899973 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01719-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy reveals highly mobile structures containing enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) within a zone about 100 nm beneath the plasma membrane of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We developed a computer program (Fusion Assistant) that enables direct analysis of the docking/fusion kinetics of hundreds of exocytic fusion events. Insulin stimulation increases the fusion frequency of exocytic GLUT4 vesicles by approximately 4-fold, increasing GLUT4 content in the plasma membrane. Remarkably, insulin signaling modulates the kinetics of the fusion process, decreasing the vesicle tethering/docking duration prior to membrane fusion. In contrast, the kinetics of GLUT4 molecules spreading out in the plasma membrane from exocytic fusion sites is unchanged by insulin. As GLUT4 accumulates in the plasma membrane, it is also immobilized in punctate structures on the cell surface. A previous report suggested these structures are exocytic fusion sites (Lizunov et al., J. Cell Biol. 169:481-489, 2005). However, two-color TIRF microscopy using fluorescent proteins fused to clathrin light chain or GLUT4 reveals these structures are clathrin-coated patches. Taken together, these data show that insulin signaling accelerates the transition from docking of GLUT4-containing vesicles to their fusion with the plasma membrane and promotes GLUT4 accumulation in clathrin-based endocytic structures on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Hou JC, Shigematsu S, Crawford HC, Anastasiadis PZ, Pessin JE. Dual Regulation of Rho and Rac by p120 Catenin Controls Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Trafficking. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23307-12. [PMID: 16754687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During 3T3L1 adipogenesis there is a marked reduction in beta-catenin and N-cadherin expression with a relatively small decrease in p120 catenin protein levels. Cell fractionation demonstrated a predominant decrease in the particulate (membrane-bound) pool of p120 catenin with little effect on the soluble pool, resulting in a large redistribution from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. Reexpression of p120 catenin inhibited constitutive (transferrin receptor) and regulated mannose 6-phosphate receptor and GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane. The inhibition of membrane trafficking was specific for p120 catenin function as this could be rescued by co-expression of N-cadherin. Moreover, overexpression of a p120 catenin deletion mutant (p120delta622-628) or splice variant (p120-4A), neither of which could regulate Rho or Rac activity, showed no significant effect. The inhibition of GLUT4 translocation was also observed upon the simultaneous expression of a constitutively active Rac mutant (Rac1/Val12) in combination with a dominant-interfering Rho mutant (RhoA/Asn19). This was recapitulated by expression of the Rho ADP-ribosylation factor (C3ADP) in combination with constitutively active Rac1/Val12. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p120 catenin resulted in increased basal state accumulation of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Together, these data demonstrate that p120 catenin plays an important role in maintaining the basal tone of membrane protein trafficking in adipocytes through the dual regulation of Rho and Rac function and accounts for reports implicating Rho or Rac in the control of GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June C Hou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, USA
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Bose A, Guilherme A, Huang S, Hubbard AC, Lane CR, Soriano NA, Czech MP. The v-SNARE Vti1a Regulates Insulin-stimulated Glucose Transport and Acrp30 Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:36946-51. [PMID: 16131485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508317200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis in adipocytes mediates key functions, exemplified by insulin-stimulated secretion of peptides such as adiponectin and recycling of intracellular membranes containing GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface. Using a proteomics approach, the v-SNARE Vti1a (vps10p tail interacting 1a) was identified by mass spectrometry in purified GLUT4-containing membranes. Insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased the amounts of both Vti1a and GLUT4 in these membranes, confirming that Vti1a is a component of insulin-sensitive GLUT4-containing vesicles. In the basal state, endogenous Vti1a colocalizes exclusively with perinuclear GLUT4. Although Vti1a has previously been reported to be a v-SNARE localized in the trans-Golgi network, treatment with brefeldin A failed to significantly modify Vti1a or GLUT4 localization while completely dispersing Golgi and trans-Golgi network marker proteins. Furthermore, depletion of Vti1a protein in cultured adipocytes through small interfering RNA-based gene silencing significantly inhibited both adiponectin secretion and insulin-stimulated deoxyglucose uptake. Taken together, these results suggest that the v-SNARE Vti1a may regulate a step common to both GLUT4 and Acrp30 trafficking in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avirup Bose
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Larance M, Ramm G, Stöckli J, van Dam EM, Winata S, Wasinger V, Simpson F, Graham M, Junutula JR, Guilhaus M, James DE. Characterization of the Role of the Rab GTPase-activating Protein AS160 in Insulin-regulated GLUT4 Trafficking. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37803-13. [PMID: 16154996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulates the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. In the present study we have conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis of affinity-purified GLUT4 vesicles from 3T3-L1 adipocytes to discover potential regulators of GLUT4 trafficking. In addition to previously identified components of GLUT4 storage vesicles including the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase insulin-regulated aminopeptidase and the vesicle soluble N-ethylmaleimide factor attachment protein (v-SNARE) VAMP2, we have identified three new Rab proteins, Rab10, Rab11, and Rab14, on GLUT4 vesicles. We have also found that the putative Rab GTPase-activating protein AS160 (Akt substrate of 160 kDa) is associated with GLUT4 vesicles in the basal state and dissociates in response to insulin. This association is likely to be mediated by the cytosolic tail of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, which interacted both in vitro and in vivo with AS160. Consistent with an inhibitory role of AS160 in the basal state, reduced expression of AS160 in adipocytes using short hairpin RNA increased plasma membrane levels of GLUT4 in an insulin-independent manner. These findings support an important role for AS160 in the insulin regulated trafficking of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Larance
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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van Dam EM, Govers R, James DE. Akt Activation Is Required at a Late Stage of Insulin-Induced GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1067-77. [PMID: 15650020 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInsulin stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane (PM). This involves multiple steps as well as multiple intracellular compartments. The Ser/Thr kinase Akt has been implicated in this process, but its precise role is ill defined. To begin to dissect the role of Akt in these different steps, we employed a low-temperature block. Upon incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 19 C, GLUT4 accumulated in small peripheral vesicles with a slight increase in PM labeling concomitant with reduced trans-Golgi network labeling. Although insulin-dependent translocation of GLUT4 to the PM was impaired at 19 C, we still observed movement of vesicles toward the surface. Strikingly, insulin-stimulated Akt activity, but not phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity, was blocked at 19 C. Consistent with a multistep process in GLUT4 trafficking, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation could be primed by treating cells with insulin at 19 C, whereas this was not the case for Akt activation. These data implicate two insulin-regulated steps in GLUT4 translocation: 1) redistribution of GLUT4 vesicles toward the cell cortex—this process is Akt-independent and is not blocked at 19 C; and 2) docking and/or fusion of GLUT4 vesicles with the PM—this process may be the major Akt-dependent step in the insulin regulation of glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M van Dam
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, 2010 New South Wales, Australia
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Zeigerer A, McBrayer MK, McGraw TE. Insulin stimulation of GLUT4 exocytosis, but not its inhibition of endocytosis, is dependent on RabGAP AS160. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4406-15. [PMID: 15254270 PMCID: PMC519136 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin maintains whole body blood glucose homeostasis, in part, by regulating the amount of the GLUT4 glucose transporter on the cell surface of fat and muscle cells. Insulin induces the redistribution of GLUT4 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane, by stimulating a large increase in exocytosis and a smaller inhibition of endocytosis. A considerable amount is known about the molecular events of insulin signaling and the complex itinerary of GLUT4 trafficking, but less is known about how insulin signaling is transmitted to GLUT4 trafficking. Here, we show that the AS160 RabGAP, a substrate of Akt, is required for insulin stimulation of GLUT4 exocytosis. A dominant-inhibitory mutant of AS160 blocks insulin stimulation of exocytosis at a step before the fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. This mutant, however, does not block insulin-induced inhibition of GLUT4 endocytosis. These data support a model in which insulin signaling to the exocytosis machinery (AS160 dependent) is distinct from its signaling to the internalization machinery (AS160 independent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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