1
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Sanchez JC, Pierpont TM, Argueta-Zamora D, Wilson K, August A, Cerione RA. PTEN loss in glioma cell lines leads to increased extracellular vesicles biogenesis and PD-L1 cargo in a PI3K-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.26.550575. [PMID: 38464280 PMCID: PMC10925116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue (PTEN) is one of the most frequently lost tumor suppressors in cancer and the predominant negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the loss of PTEN with immuno-modulatory functions including the upregulation of the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), an altered tumor derived secretome that drives an immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and resistance to certain immunotherapies. Given their roles in immunosuppression and tumor growth, we examined whether the loss of PTEN would impact the biogenesis, cargo, and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of the anti-tumor associated cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Through genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that PD-L1 expression is regulated by JAK/STAT signaling, not PI3K signaling. Instead, we observe that PTEN loss positively upregulates cell surface levels of PD-L1 and enhances the biogenesis of EVs enriched with PD-L1 in a PI3K-dependent manner. We demonstrate that because of these changes, EVs derived from glioma cells lacking PTEN have a greater ability to suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Taken together, these findings provide important new insights into how the loss of PTEN can contribute to an immunosuppressive TIME, facilitate immune evasion, and highlight a novel role for PI3K signaling in the regulation of EV biogenesis and the cargo they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Timothy M Pierpont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dariana Argueta-Zamora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kristin Wilson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Tsutsumi R, Ueberheide B, Liang FX, Neel BG, Sakai R, Saito Y. Endocytic vesicles act as vehicles for glucose uptake in response to growth factor stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.23.550235. [PMID: 37546742 PMCID: PMC10402005 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.23.550235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a fundamental cellular process, yet its regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that a subset of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1/SLC2A1) co-endocytoses with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR) upon PDGF-stimulation. Furthermore, multiple glycolytic enzymes localize to these endocytosed PDGFR/GLUT1-containing vesicles adjacent to mitochondria. Contrary to current models, which emphasize the importance of glucose transporters on the cell surface, we find that PDGF-stimulated glucose uptake depends on receptor/transporter endocytosis. Our results suggest that growth factors generate glucose-loaded endocytic vesicles that deliver glucose to the glycolytic machinery in proximity to mitochondria, and argue for a new layer of regulation for glycolytic control governed by cellular membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouhei Tsutsumi
- Kitasato University School of Medicine; Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
- Microscopy Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA.Paste the full affiliation list here
| | - Benjamin G. Neel
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Kitasato University School of Medicine; Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
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3
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Schmidts I, Haferlach T, Hoermann G. Precision Medicine in Therapy of Non-solid Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:35-64. [PMID: 35989345 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development and approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in 2001 has heralded the advance of directed therapy options. Today, an armamentarium of targeted therapeutics is available and enables the use of precision medicine in non-solid cancer. Precision medicine is guided by the detection of tumor-specific and targetable characteristics. These include pathogenic fusions and/or mutations, dependency on specific signaling pathways, and the expression of certain cell surface markers. Within the first part, we review approved targeted therapies for the compound classes of small molecule inhibitors, antibody-based therapies and cellular therapies. Particular consideration is given to the underlying pathobiology and the respective mechanism of action. The second part emphasizes on how biomarkers, whether they are of diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive relevance, are indispensable tools to guide therapy choice and management in precision medicine. Finally, the examples of acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia illustrate how integration of these biomarkers helps to tailor therapy.
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4
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Kotzampasi DM, Premeti K, Papafotika A, Syropoulou V, Christoforidis S, Cournia Z, Leondaritis G. The orchestrated signaling by PI3Kα and PTEN at the membrane interface. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5607-5621. [PMID: 36284707 PMCID: PMC9578963 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene PI3Kα and the tumor suppressor PTEN represent two antagonistic enzymatic activities that regulate the interconversion of the phosphoinositide lipids PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 in membranes. As such, they are defining components of phosphoinositide-based cellular signaling and membrane trafficking pathways that regulate cell survival, growth, and proliferation, and are often deregulated in cancer. In this review, we highlight aspects of PI3Kα and PTEN interplay at the intersection of signaling and membrane trafficking. We also discuss the mechanisms of PI3Kα- and PTEN- membrane interaction and catalytic activation, which are fundamental for our understanding of the structural and allosteric implications on signaling at the membrane interface and may aid current efforts in pharmacological targeting of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Maria Kotzampasi
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71500, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Premeti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Alexandra Papafotika
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syropoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Savvas Christoforidis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Leondaritis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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5
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Insulin and Its Key Role for Mitochondrial Function/Dysfunction and Quality Control: A Shared Link between Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060943. [PMID: 35741464 PMCID: PMC9220302 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin was discovered and isolated from the beta cells of pancreatic islets of dogs and is associated with the regulation of peripheral glucose homeostasis. Insulin produced in the brain is related to synaptic plasticity and memory. Defective insulin signaling plays a role in brain dysfunction, such as neurodegenerative disease. Growing evidence suggests a link between metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). This association is due to a common state of insulin resistance (IR) and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review takes a journey into the past to summarize what was known about the physiological and pathological role of insulin in peripheral tissues and the brain. Then, it will land in the present to analyze the insulin role on mitochondrial health and the effects on insulin resistance and neurodegenerative diseases that are IR-dependent. Specifically, we will focus our attention on the quality control of mitochondria (MQC), such as mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis, and selective autophagy (mitophagy), in healthy and altered cases. Finally, this review will be projected toward the future by examining the most promising treatments that target the mitochondria to cure neurodegenerative diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
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6
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Hausott B, Glueckert R, Schrott-Fischer A, Klimaschewski L. Signal Transduction Regulators in Axonal Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091537. [PMID: 35563843 PMCID: PMC9104247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signal transduction in response to growth factor receptor activation is a fundamental process during the regeneration of the nervous system. In this context, intracellular inhibitors of neuronal growth factor signaling have become of great interest in the recent years. Among them are the prominent signal transduction regulators Sprouty (SPRY) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which interfere with major signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, SPRY and PTEN are themselves tightly regulated by ubiquitin ligases such as c-casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-CBL) or neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4) and by different microRNAs (miRs) including miR-21 and miR-222. SPRY, PTEN and their intracellular regulators play an important role in the developing and the lesioned adult central and peripheral nervous system. This review will focus on the effects of SPRY and PTEN as well as their regulators in various experimental models of axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Targeting these signal transduction regulators in the nervous system holds great promise for the treatment of neurological injuries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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7
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Tariq K, Luikart BW. Striking a balance: PIP 2 and PIP 3 signaling in neuronal health and disease. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2022; 1:86-100. [PMID: 35098253 PMCID: PMC8797975 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2021.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Tariq
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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8
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Chen M, Sun T, Zhong Y, Zhou X, Zhang J. A Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Akt Biosensor Reveals Lysosome-Selective Regulation of Lipid Second Messengers and Kinase Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2009-2020. [PMID: 34963894 PMCID: PMC8704034 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt regulates a wide range of cellular functions via phosphorylation of various substrates distributed throughout the cell, including at the plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments. Disruption of compartmentalized Akt signaling underlies the pathology of many diseases such as cancer and diabetes. However, the specific spatial organization of Akt activity and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, particularly the mechanism controlling its activity at the lysosome, are not clearly understood. We developed a highly sensitive excitation-ratiometric Akt activity reporter (ExRai-AktAR2), enabling the capture of minute changes in Akt activity dynamics at subcellular compartments. In conjunction with super-resolution expansion microscopy, we found that growth factor stimulation leads to increased colocalization of Akt with lysosomes and accumulation of lysosomal Akt activity. We further showed that 3-phosphoinositides (3-PIs) accumulate on the lysosomal surface, in a manner dependent on dynamin-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, lysosomal 3-PIs are needed for growth-factor-induced activities of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on the lysosomal surface, as targeted depletion of 3-PIs has detrimental effects. Thus, 3-PIs, a class of critical lipid second messengers that are typically found in the plasma membrane, unexpectedly accumulate on the lysosomal membrane in response to growth factor stimulation, to direct the multifaceted kinase Akt to organize lysosome-specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tengqian Sun
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yanghao Zhong
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Truebestein L, Hornegger H, Anrather D, Hartl M, Fleming KD, Stariha JTB, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Burke JE, Leonard TA. Structure of autoinhibited Akt1 reveals mechanism of PIP 3-mediated activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101496118. [PMID: 34385319 PMCID: PMC8379990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101496118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Akt is one of the primary effectors of growth factor signaling in the cell. Akt responds specifically to the lipid second messengers phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] via its PH domain, leading to phosphorylation of its activation loop and the hydrophobic motif of its kinase domain, which are critical for activity. We have now determined the crystal structure of Akt1, revealing an autoinhibitory interface between the PH and kinase domains that is often mutated in cancer and overgrowth disorders. This interface persists even after stoichiometric phosphorylation, thereby restricting maximum Akt activity to PI(3,4,5)P3- or PI(3,4)P2-containing membranes. Our work helps to resolve the roles of lipids and phosphorylation in the activation of Akt and has wide implications for the spatiotemporal control of Akt and potentially lipid-activated kinase signaling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Truebestein
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hornegger
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Anrather
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaelin D Fleming
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jordan T B Stariha
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Tam NW, Chung D, Baldwin SJ, Simmons JR, Xu L, Rainey JK, Dellaire G, Frampton JP. Material properties of disulfide-crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels influence prostate cancer cell growth and metabolism. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:9718-9733. [PMID: 33015692 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells reside in vivo within three dimensional environments in which they interact with extracellular matrices (ECMs) that play an integral role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing tumour growth. Thus, tissue culture approaches that more faithfully reproduce these interactions with the ECM are needed to study cancer development and progression. Many materials exist for modeling tissue environments, and the effects of differing mechanical, physical, and biochemical properties of such materials on cell behaviour are often intricately coupled and difficult to tease apart. Here, an optimized protocol was developed to generate low reaction volume disulfide-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels for use in cell culture applications to relate the properties of ECM materials to cell signalling and behaviour. Mechanically, HA hydrogels are comparable to other soft hydrogel materials such as Matrigel and agarose or to tissues lacking type I collagen and other fibrillar ECM components. The diffusion of soluble materials in these hydrogels is affected by unique mass transfer properties. Specifically, HA hydrogel concentration affects the diffusion of anionic particles above 500 kDa, whereas diffusion of smaller particles appears unimpeded by HA content, likely reflecting hydrogel pore size. The HA hydrogels have a strong exclusion effect that limits the movement of proteins into and out of the material once fully formed. Such mass transfer properties have interesting implications for cell culture, as they ultimately affect access to nutrients and the distribution of signalling molecules, affecting nutrient sensing and metabolic activity. The use of disulfide-crosslinked HA hydrogels for the culture of the model prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and LNCaP reveals correlations of protein activation linked to metabolic flux, which parallel and can thus potentially provide insights into cell survival mechanisms in response to starvation that occurs in cancer cell microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky W Tam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Dudley Chung
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Samuel J Baldwin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey R Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada and Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - John P Frampton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada and Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
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11
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Ding Z, Ogata D, Roszik J, Qin Y, Kim SH, Tetzlaff MT, Lazar AJ, Davies MA, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA. iNOS Associates With Poor Survival in Melanoma: A Role for Nitric Oxide in the PI3K-AKT Pathway Stimulation and PTEN S-Nitrosylation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:631766. [PMID: 33643925 PMCID: PMC7907506 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.631766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in melanoma tumor cells is associated with poor patient prognosis. Here, we analyzed the association between iNOS and the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway. TCGA data show that iNOS and phospho-Akt Ser473 expression were associated significantly only in the subset of tumors with genetically intact PTEN. Employing a stage III melanoma TMA, we showed that iNOS protein presence is significantly associated with shorter survival only in tumors with PTEN protein expression. These findings led to our hypothesis that the iNOS product, nitric oxide (NO), suppresses the function of PTEN and stimulates PI3K-Akt activation. Melanoma cells in response to NO exposure in vitro exhibited enhanced AKT kinase activity and substrate phosphorylation, as well as attenuated PTEN phosphatase activity. Biochemical analysis showed that NO exposure resulted in a post-translationally modified S-Nitrosylation (SNO) PTEN, which was also found in cells expressing iNOS. Our findings provide evidence that NO-rich cancers may exhibit AKT activation due to post-translational inactivation of PTEN. This unique activation of oncogenic pathway under nitrosative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of iNOS in melanoma. Significance: Our study shows that iNOS expression is associated with increased PI3K-AKT signaling and worse clinical outcomes in melanoma patients with wt (intact) PTEN. Mutated PTEN is already inactivated. We also demonstrate that NO activates the PI3K-AKT pathway by suppressing PTEN suppressor function concurrent with the formation of PTEN-SNO. This discovery provides insight into the consequences of inflammatory NO produced in human melanoma and microenvironmental cells. It suggests that NO-driven modification provides a marker of PTEN inactivation, and represents a plausible mechanism of tumor suppressor inactivation in iNOS expressing subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ding
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Dermatopathology and Oral Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Yu H, Yong W, Gao T, Na M, Zhang Y, Kuguminkiriza IH, Kenechukwu AA, Guo Q, Zhang G, Deng X. Hormesis of low-dose inhibition of pAkt1 (Ser473) followed by a great increase of proline-rich inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (PIPP) level in oocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:342-349. [PMID: 33537929 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hormesis describes a biphasic dose-response relationship generally characterized by a low-dose excitement and a high-dose inhibition. This phenomenon has been observed in the regulation of cell, organ, and organismic level. However, hormesis has not reported in oocytes. In this study, we observed, for the first time, hormetic responses of PIPP levels in oocytes by inhibitor of Akt1 or PKCδ. The expression of PIPP was detected by qPCR, immunofluorescent (IF), and Western Blot (WB). To observe the changes of PIPP levels, we used the inhibitors against pAkt1 (Ser473) or PKCδ, SH-6 or sotrastaurin with low and/or high-dose, treated GV oocytes and cultured for 4 h, respectively. The results showed that PIPP expression was significantly enhanced when oocytes were treated with SH-6 or sotrastaurin 10 μM, but decreased with SH-6 or sotrastaurin 100 μM. We also examined the changes of PIPP levels when GV oocytes were treated with exogenous PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or LY294002 for 4 h. Our results showed that PIPP level was enhanced much higher under the treatment of 0.1 μM PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 than that of 1 μM PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, which is consistent with the changes of PIPP when oocytes were treated with inhibitors of pAkt1 (Ser473) or PKCδ. In addition, with PIPP siRNA, we detected that down-regulated PIPP may affect distributions of Akt, Cdc25, and pCdc2 (Tyr15). Taken together, these results show that the relationships between PIPP and Akt may follow the principle of hormesis and play a key role during release of diplotene arrest in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yong
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Gao
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Na
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Qingguo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CMU, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Deng
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Csolle MP, Ooms LM, Papa A, Mitchell CA. PTEN and Other PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 Lipid Phosphatases in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239189. [PMID: 33276499 PMCID: PMC7730566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling pathway is hyperactivated in ~70% of breast cancers. Class I PI3K generates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the plasma membrane in response to growth factor stimulation, leading to AKT activation to drive cell proliferation, survival and migration. PTEN negatively regulates PI3K/AKT signalling by dephosphorylating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 to form PtdIns(4,5)P2. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 can also be hydrolysed by the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5-phosphatases) to produce PtdIns(3,4)P2. Interestingly, while PTEN is a bona fide tumour suppressor and is frequently mutated/lost in breast cancer, 5-phosphatases such as PIPP, SHIP2 and SYNJ2, have demonstrated more diverse roles in regulating mammary tumourigenesis. Reduced PIPP expression is associated with triple negative breast cancers and reduced relapse-free and overall survival. Although PIPP depletion enhances AKT phosphorylation and supports tumour growth, this also inhibits cell migration and metastasis in vivo, in a breast cancer oncogene-driven murine model. Paradoxically, SHIP2 and SYNJ2 are increased in primary breast tumours, which correlates with invasive disease and reduced survival. SHIP2 or SYNJ2 overexpression promotes breast tumourigenesis via AKT-dependent and independent mechanisms. This review will discuss how PTEN, PIPP, SHIP2 and SYNJ2 distinctly regulate multiple functional targets, and the mechanisms by which dysregulation of these distinct phosphoinositide phosphatases differentially affect breast cancer progression.
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14
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Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signalling is spatially organized at endosomal compartments by microtubule-associated protein 4. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1357-1370. [PMID: 33139939 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The canonical model of agonist-stimulated phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling proposes that PI3K is activated at the plasma membrane, where receptors are activated and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is concentrated. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate generation and activated Akt are instead largely confined to intracellular membranes upon receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) interacts with and controls localization of membrane vesicle-associated PI3Kα to microtubules. The microtubule-binding domain of MAP4 binds directly to the C2 domain of the p110α catalytic subunit. MAP4 controls the interaction of PI3Kα with activated receptors at endosomal compartments along microtubules. Loss of MAP4 results in the loss of PI3Kα targeting and loss of PI3K-Akt signalling downstream of multiple agonists. The MAP4-PI3Kα assembly defines a mechanism for spatial control of agonist-stimulated PI3K-Akt signalling at internal membrane compartments linked to the microtubule network.
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15
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Zanin JP, Montroull LE, Volosin M, Friedman WJ. The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Facilitates TrkB Signaling and Function in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:485. [PMID: 31736712 PMCID: PMC6828739 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins activate Trk receptor signaling to support neuronal survival and many aspects of neuronal function. Early studies demonstrated that TrkA formed a complex with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which increased the affinity and selectivity of NGF binding, however, whether interaction of p75NTR with other Trk receptors performs a similar function to enhance ligand binding has not been demonstrated. We investigated the interaction of TrkB with full length p75NTR in hippocampal neurons in response to BDNF and found that the association of these receptors occurs after ligand binding and requires phosphorylation of TrkB, indicating that formation of this receptor complex was not necessary for ligand binding. Moreover, the interaction of these receptors required internalization and localization to early endosomes. We found that association of TrkB with p75NTR was necessary for optimal downstream signaling of the PI3K-Akt pathway, but not the Erk pathway, in hippocampal neurons. The absence of p75NTR impaired the ability of BDNF to rescue hippocampal neurons in a trophic deprivation model, suggesting that p75NTR facilitates the ability of TrkB to activate specific pathways to promote neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Laura E Montroull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Marta Volosin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Wilma J Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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16
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Furlong RM, Lindsay A, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Sullivan AM, O'Neill C. The Parkinson's disease gene PINK1 activates Akt via PINK1 kinase-dependent regulation of the phospholipid PI(3,4,5)P 3. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.233221. [PMID: 31540955 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt signalling is central to cell survival, metabolism, protein and lipid homeostasis, and is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Akt activation is reduced in the brain in PD, and by many PD-causing genes, including PINK1 This study investigated the mechanisms by which PINK1 regulates Akt signalling. Our results reveal for the first time that PINK1 constitutively activates Akt in a PINK1-kinase dependent manner in the absence of growth factors, and enhances Akt activation in normal growth medium. In PINK1-modified MEFs, agonist-induced Akt signalling failed in the absence of PINK1, due to PINK1 kinase-dependent increases in PI(3,4,5)P3 at both plasma membrane and Golgi being significantly impaired. In the absence of PINK1, PI(3,4,5)P3 levels did not increase in the Golgi, and there was significant Golgi fragmentation, a recognised characteristic of PD neuropathology. PINK1 kinase activity protected the Golgi from fragmentation in an Akt-dependent fashion. This study demonstrates a new role for PINK1 as a primary upstream activator of Akt via PINK1 kinase-dependent regulation of its primary activator PI(3,4,5)P3, providing novel mechanistic information on how loss of PINK1 impairs Akt signalling in PD.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Furlong
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork City T12 XF62, Ireland.,Cork NeuroScience Centre, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Andrew Lindsay
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork City T12 XF62, Ireland.,Cork NeuroScience Centre, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland .,Cork NeuroScience Centre, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YT20, Ireland
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17
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Heras-Martínez GDL, Calleja V, Bailly R, Dessolin J, Larijani B, Requejo-Isidro J. A Complex Interplay of Anionic Phospholipid Binding Regulates 3'-Phosphoinositide-Dependent-Kinase-1 Homodimer Activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14527. [PMID: 31601855 PMCID: PMC6787260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-Phosphoinositide-dependent-Kinase-1 (PDK1) is a master regulator whereby its PI3-kinase-dependent dysregulation in human pathologies is well documented. Understanding the direct role for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and other anionic phospholipids in the regulation of PDK1 conformational dynamics and its downstream activation remains incomplete. Using advanced quantitative-time-resolved imaging (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy) and molecular modelling, we show an interplay of antagonistic binding effects of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and other anionic phospholipids, regulating activated PDK1 homodimers. We demonstrate that phosphatidylserine maintains PDK1 in an inactive conformation. The dysregulation of the PI3K pathway affects the spatio-temporal and conformational dynamics of PDK1 and the activation of its downstream substrates. We have established a new anionic-phospholipid-dependent model for PDK1 regulation, depicting the conformational dynamics of multiple homodimer states. We show that the dysregulation of the PI3K pathway perturbs equilibrium between the PDK1 homodimer conformations. Our findings provide a role for the PtdSer binding site and its previously unrewarding role in PDK1 downregulation, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy where the constitutively active dimer conformer of PDK1 may be rendered inactive by small molecules that drive it to its PtdSer-bound conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria de Las Heras-Martínez
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), 48490, Leioa, Spain
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) & Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Véronique Calleja
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Remy Bailly
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN) CNRS - Université de Bordeaux - Bordeaux INP All. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Jean Dessolin
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN) CNRS - Université de Bordeaux - Bordeaux INP All. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Banafshé Larijani
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) & Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI-Bath); Cell Biophysics Laboratory Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology University, Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Jose Requejo-Isidro
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), 48490, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin, 3, E28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Unidad de Nanobiotecnología, CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Wu Q, Li B, Li Z, Li J, Sun S, Sun S. Cancer-associated adipocytes: key players in breast cancer progression. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31500658 PMCID: PMC6734503 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are one of the primary stromal cells in many tissues, and they are considered to play an active role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) are not only found adjacent to cancer cells, but also communicate with cancer cells through releasing various factors that can mediate local and systemic effects. The adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk leads to phenotypical and functional changes of both cell types, which can further enhance tumor progression. Indeed, obesity, which is associated with an increase in adipose mass and an alteration of adipose tissue, is becoming pandemic in some countries and it is now considered to be an independent risk factor for cancer progression. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanisms involved with special attention to the adipocyte-cancer cell circle in breast cancer. We envisage that besides having a direct impact on tumor cells, CAAs systemically preconditions the tumor microenvironment by favoring anti-tumor immunity. A better understanding of cancer-associated adipocytes and the key molecular events in the adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk will provide insights into tumor biology and permit the optimization of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Rome S, Forterre A, Mizgier ML, Bouzakri K. Skeletal Muscle-Released Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Front Physiol 2019; 10:929. [PMID: 31447684 PMCID: PMC6695556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells export part of their intracellular content into the extracellular space through the release of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). They are synthetized either from the budding of the plasma membrane [i.e., microparticles (MPs, 150–300 nm size)] or from the late endosomes in which intraluminal vesicles progressively (ILVs) accumulate during their maturation into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ILVs are then released into the extracellular space through MVB fusion with the plasma membrane [i.e., exosomes (50–100 nm size)]. In the context of metabolic diseases, recent data have highlighted the role of EVs in inflammation associated with pancreas dysfunction, adipose tissue homeostasis, liver steatosis, inflammation, and skeletal muscle (SkM) insulin resistance (IR). Among these insulin-sensitive tissues, SkM is the largest organ in human and is responsible for whole-body glucose disposal and locomotion. Therefore, understanding the contribution of SkM-EVs in the development of diabetes/obesity/dystrophy/,-related diseases is a hot topic. In this review, we have summarized the role of SkM-EVs in muscle physiology and in the development of metabolic diseases and identify important gaps that have to be filled in order to have more precise information on SkM-EVs biological actions and to understand the functions of the different subpopulations of SkM-EVs on the whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexis Forterre
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Mizgier
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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20
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The deubiquitinase Otub1 controls the activation of CD8 + T cells and NK cells by regulating IL-15-mediated priming. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:879-889. [PMID: 31182807 PMCID: PMC6588407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, central cellular components of immune responses against pathogens and cancer, rely on IL-15 for homeostasis. Here we show that IL-15 also mediates homeostatic priming of CD8 T cells for antigen-stimulated activation, which is controlled by a deubiquitinase, Otub1. IL-15 mediates membrane recruitment of Otub1, which inhibits ubiquitin-dependent activation of AKT, a pivotal kinase for T cell activation and metabolism. Otub1 deficiency in mice causes aberrant responses of CD8 T cells to IL-15, rendering naive CD8 T cells hyper-sensitive to antigen stimulation characterized by enhanced metabolic reprograming and effector functions. Otub1 also controls the maturation and activation of NK cells. Consistently, Otub1 deletion profoundly enhances anticancer immunity through unleashing the activity of CD8 T cells and NK cells. These findings suggest that Otub1 controls the activation of CD8 T cells and NK cells by functioning as a checkpoint of IL-15-mediated priming.
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21
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Lipid-dependent Akt-ivity: where, when, and how. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:897-908. [PMID: 31147387 PMCID: PMC6599160 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Akt is an essential protein kinase activated downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and frequently hyperactivated in cancer. Canonically, Akt is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2, which phosphorylate it on two regulatory residues in its kinase domain upon targeting of Akt to the plasma membrane by PI(3,4,5)P3. Recent evidence, however, has shown that, in addition to phosphorylation, Akt activity is allosterically coupled to the engagement of PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2 in cellular membranes. Furthermore, the active membrane-bound conformation of Akt is protected from dephosphorylation, and Akt inactivation by phosphatases is rate-limited by its dissociation. Thus, Akt activity is restricted to membranes containing either PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2. While PI(3,4,5)P3 has long been associated with signaling at the plasma membrane, PI(3,4)P2 is gaining increasing traction as a signaling lipid and has been implicated in controlling Akt activity throughout the endomembrane system. This has clear implications for the phosphorylation of both freely diffusible substrates and those localized to discrete subcellular compartments.
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22
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Locke MN, Thorner J. Regulation of TORC2 function and localization by Rab5 GTPases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1084-1094. [PMID: 31068077 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1616999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) complex-2 (TORC2) is an essential regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In this yeast, TORC2 phosphorylates and activates the effector protein kinase Ypk1 and its paralog Ypk2. These protein kinases, in turn, carry out all the crucial functions of TORC2 by phosphorylating and thereby controlling the activity of at least a dozen downstream substrates. A previously uncharacterized interplay between the Rab5 GTPases and TORC2 signaling was uncovered through analysis of a newly suspected Ypk1 target. Muk1, one of two guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rab5 GTPases, was found to be a physiologically relevant Ypk1 substrate; and, genetic analysis indicates that Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation activates the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Muk1. Second, it was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro that the GTP-bound state of the Rab5 GTPase Vps21/Ypt51 physically associates with TORC2 and acts as a direct positive effector required for full TORC2 activity. These interrelationships provide a self-reinforcing control circuit for sustained up-regulation of TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. In this overview, we summarize the experimental basis of these findings, their implications, and speculate as to the molecular basis for Rab5-mediated TORC2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Locke
- a Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Structural Biology, and Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- a Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Structural Biology, and Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , USA
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23
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Yang YD, Li MM, Xu G, Feng L, Zhang EL, Chen J, Chen DW, Gao YQ. Nogo-B Receptor Directs Mitochondria-Associated Membranes to Regulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092319. [PMID: 31083380 PMCID: PMC6540177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) are a well-recognized contact link between the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum that affects mitochondrial biology and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation via the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+(Ca2+m) influx. Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) plays a vital role in proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance of some tumors. Recent studies have revealed that downregulation of NgBR, which stimulates the proliferation of VSMCs, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of NgBR in MAM and VSMC proliferation. We analyzed the expression of NgBR in pulmonary arteries using a rat model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), in which rats were subjected to normoxic recovery after hypoxia. VSMCs exposed to hypoxia and renormoxia were used to assess the alterations in NgBR expression in vitro. The effect of NgBR downregulation and overexpression on VSMC proliferation was explored. The results revealed that NgBR expression was negatively related with VSMCs proliferation. Then, MAM formation and the phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 (IP3R3) was detected. We found that knockdown of NgBR resulted in MAM disruption and augmented the phosphorylation of IP3R3 through pAkt, accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction including decreased Ca2+m, respiration and mitochondrial superoxide, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and HIF-1α nuclear localization, which were determined by confocal microscopy and Seahorse XF-96 analyzer. By contrast, NgBR overexpression attenuated IP3R3 phosphorylation and HIF-1α nuclear localization under hypoxia. These results reveal that dysregulation of NgBR promotes VSMC proliferation via MAM disruption and increased IP3R3 phosphorylation, which contribute to the decrease of Ca2+m and mitochondrial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Man-Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lan Feng
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Er-Long Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - De-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Thapa N, Horn HT, Anderson RA. Phosphoinositide spatially free AKT/PKB activation to all membrane compartments. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 72:1-6. [PMID: 30987931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ser and Thr kinase AKT also known as protein kinase B (PKB) was discovered more than two and half decades ago and is one of the key downstream molecules in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways. The pleiotropic effects of this kinase have attracted intense interest and limelight in cancer biology, cancer therapy, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Authors may refer to other more comprehensive and recent reviews on AKT/PKB (Manning and Cantley, 2007; Manning and Toker, 2017). AKT/PKB is one of the most enigmatic and most studied signaling molecule in cancers and is a significant therapeutic target (Brown and Banerji, 2017). Yet, how AKT/PKB activation couples with its downstream target/substrate molecules that function in diverse subcellular compartments remains obscure. Recent studies indicate the continuous interaction of AKT/PKB with PI3,4,5P3 or PI3,4P2 in a lipid membrane is required for its activation throughout the cells (Ebner et al., 2017). Here, we summarize the recent progress on the mechanism for phosphoinositide (PI3,4,5P3 and PI3,4P2) spatial control of AKT/PKB activation on the plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Thapa
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Hudson Tyler Horn
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard A Anderson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), the 'master kinase of the AGC protein kinase family', plays a key role in cancer development and progression. Although it has been rather overlooked, in the last decades a growing number of molecules have been developed to effectively modulate the PDK1 enzyme. AREAS COVERED This review collects different PDK1 inhibitors patented from October 2014 to December 2018. The molecules have been classified on the basis of the chemical structure/type of inhibition, and for each general structure, examples have been discussed in extenso. EXPERT OPINION The role of PDK1 in cancer development and progression as well as in metastasis formation and in chemoresistance has been confirmed by many studies. Therefore, the pharmaceutical discovery in both public and private institutions is still ongoing despite the plentiful molecules already published. The majority of the new molecules synthetized interact with binding sites different from the ATP binding site (i.e. PIF pocket or DFG-out conformation). However, many researchers are still looking for innovative PDK1 modulation strategy such as combination of well-known inhibitory agents or multitarget ligands, aiming to block, together with PDK1, other different critical players in the wide panorama of proteins involved in tumor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Liu et al. (2018) show that PI34P2 and PIP3, the lipid products of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), display distinct spatiotemporal kinetics in cells that result in differential activation of the effectors AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Christian C Dibble
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Liu SL, Wang ZG, Hu Y, Xin Y, Singaram I, Gorai S, Zhou X, Shim Y, Min JH, Gong LW, Hay N, Zhang J, Cho W. Quantitative Lipid Imaging Reveals a New Signaling Function of Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-Bisphophate: Isoform- and Site-Specific Activation of Akt. Mol Cell 2018; 71:1092-1104.e5. [PMID: 30174291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) leads to formation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphophate (PIP3) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphophate (PI34P2), which spatiotemporally coordinate and regulate a myriad of cellular processes. By simultaneous quantitative imaging of PIP3 and PI34P2 in live cells, we here show that they have a distinctively different spatiotemporal distribution and history in response to growth factor stimulation, which allows them to selectively induce the membrane recruitment and activation of Akt isoforms. PI34P2 selectively activates Akt2 at both the plasma membrane and early endosomes, whereas PIP3 selectively stimulates Akt1 and Akt3 exclusively at the plasma membrane. These spatiotemporally distinct activation patterns of Akt isoforms provide a mechanism for their differential regulation of downstream signaling molecules. Collectively, our studies show that different spatiotemporal dynamics of PIP3 and PI34P2 and their ability to selectively activate key signaling proteins allow them to mediate class I PI3K signaling pathways in a spatiotemporally specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yusi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yao Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Indira Singaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yoonjung Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Liang-Wei Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Huang X, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1483-1496. [PMID: 30263000 PMCID: PMC6158718 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are not available. Therefore, the mechanisms leading to obesity and diabetes and more effective ways to treat obesity and diabetes should be identified. Based on accumulated evidences, the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is required for normal metabolism due to its characteristics, and its imbalance leads to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the role of PI3K/AKT signalling in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, brain and pancreas, and discusses how this signalling pathway affects the development of the aforementioned diseases. We also summarize evidences for recently identified therapeutic targets of the PI3K/AKT pathway as treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PI3K/AKT pathway damaged in various tissues of the body leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes as the result of insulin resistance, and in turn, insulin resistance exacerbates the PI3K/AKT pathway, forming a vicious circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen (518055), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
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Stallaert W, Brüggemann Y, Sabet O, Baak L, Gattiglio M, Bastiaens PIH. Contact inhibitory Eph signaling suppresses EGF-promoted cell migration by decoupling EGFR activity from vesicular recycling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/541/eaat0114. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Szymonowicz K, Oeck S, Malewicz NM, Jendrossek V. New Insights into Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling: Role of Localized Akt Activation and Compartment-Specific Target Proteins for the Cellular Radiation Response. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030078. [PMID: 29562639 PMCID: PMC5876653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations driving aberrant activation of the survival kinase Protein Kinase B (Akt) are observed with high frequency during malignant transformation and cancer progression. Oncogenic gene mutations coding for the upstream regulators or Akt, e.g., growth factor receptors, RAS and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), or for one of the three Akt isoforms as well as loss of the tumor suppressor Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog on Chromosome Ten (PTEN) lead to constitutive activation of Akt. By activating Akt, these genetic alterations not only promote growth, proliferation and malignant behavior of cancer cells by phosphorylation of various downstream signaling molecules and signaling nodes but can also contribute to chemo- and radioresistance in many types of tumors. Here we review current knowledge on the mechanisms dictating Akt’s activation and target selection including the involvement of miRNAs and with focus on compartmentalization of the signaling network. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the cross-talk with DNA damage response highlighting nuclear Akt target proteins with potential involvement in the regulation of DNA double strand break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szymonowicz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Kim HJ, Byun HJ, Park MK, Kim EJ, Kang GJ, Lee CH. Novel involvement of RhebL1 in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization: Binding to and activation of AKT1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20851-20864. [PMID: 28209923 PMCID: PMC5400551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces keratin phosphorylation and reorganization, and increases viscoelasticity of metastatic cancer cells such as PANC-1 cells. However, the mechanism involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization is largely unknown. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine dose- and time-dependently induces the expression of RhebL1. The involvement of RhebL1 in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events including keratin 8 (K8) phosphorylation, reorganization, migration and invasion was examined. Gene silencing of RhebL1 suppressed the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events and overexpression of RhebL1 enhanced those events even without sphingosylphosphorylcholine treatment. We examined whether the G protein function of RhebL1 induces K8 phosphorylation using constitutively active RhebL1Q64L and dominant negative RhebL1D60K. G protein activity of RhebL1 is involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced K8 phosphorylation. We found that RhebL1 binds and activates AKT1. G protein activity of RhebL1 is involved in the binding and activation of AKT1. MK2206 (AKT inhibitor) and gene silencing of AKT1 inhibited the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events, whereas overexpression of activated-AKT1 induced K8 phosphorylation, reorganization, migration and invasion even without sphingosylphosphorylcholine treatment. The collective results indicate that RhebL1 is involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events in A549 lung cancer cells via binding to AKT1 leading to activation of it. These results suggest that suppression of RhebL1 or inhibition of RhebL1′s binding to AKT1 might be a novel way that prevents changes in the physical properties of metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeoung Jin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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32
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Ebner M, Lučić I, Leonard TA, Yudushkin I. PI(3,4,5)P 3 Engagement Restricts Akt Activity to Cellular Membranes. Mol Cell 2017; 65:416-431.e6. [PMID: 28157504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase B/Akt regulates cellular metabolism, survival, and proliferation in response to hormones and growth factors. Hyperactivation of Akt is frequently observed in cancer, while Akt inactivation is associated with severe diabetes. Here, we investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms that maintain Akt activity proportional to the activating stimulus. We show that binding of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) or PI(3,4)P2 to the PH domain allosterically activates Akt by promoting high-affinity substrate binding. Conversely, dissociation from PIP3 was rate limiting for Akt dephosphorylation, dependent on the presence of the PH domain. In cells, active Akt associated primarily with cellular membranes. In contrast, a transforming mutation that uncouples kinase activation from PIP3 resulted in the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, active Akt in the cytosol. Our results suggest that intramolecular allosteric and cellular mechanisms cooperate to restrict Akt activity to cellular membranes, thereby enhancing the fidelity of Akt signaling and the specificity of downstream substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ebner
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iva Lučić
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ivan Yudushkin
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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33
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AKT/PKB Signaling: Navigating the Network. Cell 2017; 169:381-405. [PMID: 28431241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2219] [Impact Index Per Article: 317.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25 years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology and medicine. There have been many advances in our knowledge of the upstream regulatory inputs into AKT, key multifunctional downstream signaling nodes (GSK3, FoxO, mTORC1), which greatly expand the functional repertoire of AKT, and the complex circuitry of this dynamically branching and looping signaling network that is ubiquitous to nearly every cell in our body. Mouse and human genetic studies have also revealed physiological roles for the AKT network in nearly every organ system. Our comprehension of AKT regulation and functions is particularly important given the consequences of AKT dysfunction in diverse pathological settings, including developmental and overgrowth syndromes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and neurological disorders. There has also been much progress in developing AKT-selective small molecule inhibitors. Improved understanding of the molecular wiring of the AKT signaling network continues to make an impact that cuts across most disciplines of the biomedical sciences.
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Cerikan B, Schiebel E. Mechanism of cell-intrinsic adaptation to Adams-Oliver Syndrome gene DOCK6 disruption highlights ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 as a regulator of RHO GTPases. Small GTPases 2017; 10:210-217. [PMID: 28287327 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1297882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DOCK6 is a RAC1/CDC42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, however, little is known about its function and sub-cellular localization. DOCK6 regulates the balance between RAC1 and RHOA activity during cell adhesion and is important for CDC42-dependent mitotic chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, a cell intrinsic adaptation mechanism compensates for errors in these DOCK6 functions that arise as a consequence of prolonged DOCK6 depletion or complete removal in DOCK6 knockout cells. Down-regulation of the ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 accounts for this adaptation. Strikingly, although most other DOCK family proteins are deployed on the plasma membrane, here we show that DOCK6 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in dependence of its DHR-1 domain. ER localization of DOCK6 opens up new insights into its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berati Cerikan
- a Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- a Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz , Heidelberg , Germany
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35
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Negative Immune Regulator TIPE2 Promotes M2 Macrophage Differentiation through the Activation of PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170666. [PMID: 28122045 PMCID: PMC5266285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Classically activated macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages are the two major forms of macrophages and have opposing functionalities. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-2 is expressed primarily by immune cells and negatively regulates type 1 innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain immune tolerance. While previous studies indicate that TIPE2 promotes M2 but inhibits M1 macrophage differentiation, the underlying molecular mechanism by which TIPE2 promotes M2 macrophage differentiation remains unclear. Our current study shows that TIPE2-deficient bone-marrow cells are defective in IL-4 induced M2 macrophage differentiation in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that TIPE2 promotes phosphoinositide metabolism and the activation of the down-stream AKT signaling pathway, which in turn leads to the expression of markers specific for M2 macrophages. In addition, our results showed that Tipe2-deficiency does not affect the activation of the JAK-STAT6 signaling pathway that also plays an important role during M2 macrophage differentiation. Taken together, these results indicate that TIPE2 promotes M2 macrophage differentiation through the activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and may play an important role during the resolution of inflammation, parasite control, as well as tissue repair.
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36
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Lete MG, Byrne RD, Alonso A, Poccia D, Larijani B. Vesicular PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Rab7 are key effectors of sea urchin zygote nuclear membrane fusion. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:444-452. [PMID: 27927752 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of nuclear envelope dynamics is an important example of the universal phenomena of membrane fusion. The signalling molecules involved in nuclear membrane fusion might also be conserved during the formation of both pronuclear and zygote nuclear envelopes in the fertilised egg. Here, we determine that class-I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are needed for in vitro nuclear envelope formation. We show that, in vivo, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is transiently located in vesicles around the male pronucleus at the time of nuclear envelope formation, and around male and female pronuclei before membrane fusion. We illustrate that class-I PI3K activity is also necessary for fusion of the female and male pronuclear membranes. We demonstrate, using coincidence amplified Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) monitored using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), a protein-lipid interaction of Rab7 GTPase and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 that occurs during pronuclear membrane fusion to create the zygote nuclear envelope. We present a working model, which includes several molecular steps in the pathways controlling fusion of nuclear envelope membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Lete
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE) and Biofísika Instituto (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Spain.,Biofísika Instituto (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain.,Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), Biofisika Instituto (UPV/EHU,CSIC) and, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Richard D Byrne
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Biofísika Instituto (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Dominic Poccia
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Banafshé Larijani
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), Biofisika Instituto (UPV/EHU,CSIC) and, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
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37
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Pacitto R, Gaeta I, Swanson JA, Yoshida S. CXCL12-induced macropinocytosis modulates two distinct pathways to activate mTORC1 in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:683-692. [PMID: 28250113 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0316-141rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although growth factors and chemokines elicit different overall effects on cells-growth and chemotaxis, respectively-and activate distinct classes of cell-surface receptors, nonetheless, they trigger similar cellular activities and signaling pathways. The growth factor M-CSF and the chemokine CXCL12 both stimulate the endocytic process of macropinocytosis, and both activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein complex that regulates cell metabolism. Recent studies of signaling by M-CSF in macrophages identified a role for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1, in which delivery of extracellular amino acids into lysosomes via macropinocytosis was required for activation of mTORC1. Here, we analyzed the regulation of macropinosome (MP) formation in response to CXCL12 and identified 2 roles for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1. Within 5 min of adding CXCL12, murine macrophages increased ruffling, macropinocytosis and amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis blocked activation of mTORC1, and various isoform-specific inhibitors of type 1 PI3K and protein kinase C (PKC) showed similar patterns of inhibition of macropinocytosis and mTORC1 activity. However, unlike the response to M-CSF, Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) in response to CXCL12 required the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of macropinocytic cups. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy showed that phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), a product of PI3K and an upstream activator of Akt, localized to macropinocytic cups and that pAkt occurred primarily in cups. These results indicate that CXCL12 activates mTORC1 via 2 mechanisms: 1) that the macropinocytic cup localizes Akt signaling and 2) that MPs convey extracellular nutrients to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Pacitto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isabella Gaeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Boesze-Battaglia K, Alexander D, Dlakić M, Shenker BJ. A Journey of Cytolethal Distending Toxins through Cell Membranes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:81. [PMID: 27559534 PMCID: PMC4978709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional role of lipids as structural components of membranes, signaling molecules, and metabolic substrates makes them an ideal partner for pathogens to hijack host cell processes for their own survival. The properties and composition of unique membrane micro-domains such as membrane rafts make these regions a natural target for pathogens as it affords them an opportunity to hijack cell signaling and intracellular trafficking pathways. Cytolethal distending toxins (Cdts), members of the AB2 family of toxins are comprised of three subunits, the active, CdtB unit, and the binding, CdtA-CdtC unit. Cdts are cyclomodulins leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a wide variety of cell types. Cdts from several species share a requirement for membrane rafts, and often cholesterol specifically for cell binding and CdtB mediated cytotoxicity. In this review we focus on how host–cell membrane bilayer organization contributes to the cell surface association, internalization, and action of bacteria derived cytolethal distending toxins (Cdts), with an emphasis on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cdt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desiree Alexander
- Department of Biochemistry, SDM, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mensur Dlakić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, SDM, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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