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Gault S, Fonseca F, Cockell CS. Preservation of Bacillus subtilis' cellular liquid state at deep sub-zero temperatures in perchlorate brines. Commun Biol 2024; 7:588. [PMID: 38755264 PMCID: PMC11099114 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a low temperature limit for life has not been established, it is thought that there exists a physical limit imposed by the onset of intracellular vitrification, typically occurring at ~-20 °C for unicellular organisms. Here, we show, through differential scanning calorimetry, that molar concentrations of magnesium perchlorate can depress the intracellular vitrification point of Bacillus subtilis cells to temperatures much lower than those previously reported. At 2.5 M Mg(ClO4)2, the peak vitrification temperature was lowered to -83 °C. Our results show that inorganic eutectic salts can in principle maintain liquid water in cells at much lower temperatures than those previously claimed as a lower limit to life, raising the prospects of active biochemical processes in low temperature natural settings. Our results may have implications for the habitability of Mars, where perchlorate salts are pervasive and potentially other terrestrial and extraterrestrial, cryosphere environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gault
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
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2
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Sinclair BJ, Saruhashi S, Terblanche JS. Integrating water balance mechanisms into predictions of insect responses to climate change. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247167. [PMID: 38779934 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Efficient water balance is key to insect success. However, the hygric environment is changing with climate change; although there are compelling models of thermal vulnerability, water balance is often neglected in predictions. Insects survive desiccating conditions by reducing water loss, increasing their total amount of water (and replenishing it) and increasing their tolerance of dehydration. The physiology underlying these traits is reasonably well understood, as are the sources of variation and phenotypic plasticity. However, water balance and thermal tolerance intersect at high temperatures, such that mortality is sometimes determined by dehydration, rather than heat (especially during long exposures in dry conditions). Furthermore, water balance and thermal tolerance sometimes interact to determine survival. In this Commentary, we propose identifying a threshold where the cause of mortality shifts between dehydration and temperature, and that it should be possible to predict this threshold from trait measurements (and perhaps eventually a priori from physiological or -omic markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - Stefane Saruhashi
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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3
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Izadi H, Tamanadar E, Khajehali J, Samadieh H. Rhizoglyphus robini, a pest mite of saffron, is unable to resist extracellular ice formation. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:29-41. [PMID: 37552405 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The saffron mite, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari, Astigmata: Acaridae), is one of the most important pests of saffron-producing regions in Iran. It causes yellowing and decreases saffron growth, and finally it destroys the bulbs. In this research, the cold tolerance and supercooling point (SCP) of the saffron mite were measured in three populations and two temperature regimes. Our results showed that the mean SCP of the saffron mite was approximately -14.6 °C without significant difference among the populations. On the contrary, acclimation of the mites significantly decreased their SCP to a mean of approximately -16.5 °C. Exposure of the mites for 24 h to 0 and -2.5 °C had no significant effect on the survival of the mites but when the mites were exposed to -5.0 °C for 24 h, survival of the three populations reached the lowest level of roughly 60%. By 24-h exposure to -7.5 °C, survival of the mites was almost negligible. As a large proportion of mortality was observed above the SCP, and LT50 > SCP, it can be inferred that the saffron mite is likely a chill-susceptible species. This suggests that the saffron mite lacks the ability to withstand extracellular ice formation. Overall, the results of the current study suggest no significant physiological differences between populations of the saffron mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Elahe Tamanadar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hosein Samadieh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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4
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Morgan-Richards M, Marshall CJ, Biggs PJ, Trewick SA. Insect Freeze-Tolerance Downunder: The Microbial Connection. INSECTS 2023; 14:89. [PMID: 36662017 PMCID: PMC9860888 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insects that are freeze-tolerant start freezing at high sub-zero temperatures and produce small ice crystals. They do this using ice-nucleating agents that facilitate intercellular ice growth and prevent formation of large crystals where they can damage tissues. In Aotearoa/New Zealand the majority of cold adapted invertebrates studied survive freezing at any time of year, with ice formation beginning in the rich microbiome of the gut. Some freeze-tolerant insects are known to host symbiotic bacteria and/or fungi that produce ice-nucleating agents and we speculate that gut microbes of many New Zealand insects may provide ice-nucleating active compounds that moderate freezing. We consider too the possibility that evolutionary disparate freeze-tolerant insect species share gut microbes that are a source of ice-nucleating agents and so we describe potential transmission pathways of shared gut fauna. Despite more than 30 years of research into the freeze-tolerant mechanisms of Southern Hemisphere insects, the role of exogenous ice-nucleating agents has been neglected. Key traits of three New Zealand freeze-tolerant lineages are considered in light of the supercooling point (temperature of ice crystal formation) of microbial ice-nucleating particles, the initiation site of freezing, and the implications for invertebrate parasites. We outline approaches that could be used to investigate potential sources of ice-nucleating agents in freeze-tolerant insects and the tools employed to study insect microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Morgan-Richards
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Craig J. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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5
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YOLDAS T, ERİŞMİŞ UC. Hayvanlarda Soğuğa Dayanıklılık: Çift Yaşarların Kriyobiyolojisi. COMMAGENE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.31594/commagene.1176451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organizmalar yaşamlarını devam ettirebilmek için abiyotik çevresel koşullara uyum sağlarlar. Özellikle ortam sıcaklığındaki değişimler; canlıların beslenme, üreme, gelişim ve morfolojileri üzerinde etkilidir. Sıra dışı sıcaklık değişimleri özellikle ektotermik hayvanlar için ölümcül olabilir. Karasal ektotermler. doğada donma noktasının altındaki sıcaklıklarda hayatta kalabilmek için davranışsal, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal bazı özel stratejiler geliştirmişlerdir. Bazı türler göç ederek su ya da toprak altında kış uykusuna yatmak suretiyle dondurucu sıcaklıklardan kaçınırlar. Bazıları ise donma koşullarına maruz kalarak kışı geçirmek zorundadırlar. Genel olarak dondurucu soğuğa dayanıklılık donmadan kaçınma (süper soğuma) ve donma toleransı stratejilerine bağlıdır. Donmadan kaçınma durumunda vücut sıvılarının donma noktasının altındaki sıcaklıklarda sıvı formu korunurken donma toleransı stratejisini kullanan canlılarda ise vücutlarındaki toplam suyun %50’sinden fazlasının donması tolere edilebilir. Karasal hibernatör hayvanlardan bazı amfibi ve sürüngen gruplarında da tespit edilen donma toleransı stratejisi onların dondurucu kış koşullarında hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bu özel türler kriyoprotektif mekanizmaları ile donmanın ölümcül etkilerinden korunurlar. Donma süresince yaşamsal faaliyetleri tamamen duran bu hayvanlar çözündükten sonra kısa bir süre içerisinde de normal yaşama dönerler. Bu mucizevi mekanizmanın araştırılması yalnızca hayvanların karmaşık adaptasyonunu açıklamakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda doku ve hücre kriyoprezervasyon teknolojisine de kaynak sağlar. Bu derleme amfibilerin donma toleransı stratejilerine dair bilgiler sunarak henüz yeterince çalışılmamış bu konuda araştırma yapmak isteyenlere katkı sağlayacaktır.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner YOLDAS
- DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, BİLİMSEL VE TEKNOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR UYGULAMA VE ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ
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6
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Roeder KA, Daniels JD. Thermal tolerance of western corn rootworm: Critical thermal limits, knock-down resistance, and chill coma recovery. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Fayazi S, Damvar N, Molaeian S, Sarmadi F, Kazemi P, Tirgar P, Bagherzadeh M, Esfandiari S, Ziaei N, Dashtizad M. Thermally conductive graphene-based nanofluids, a novel class of cryosolutions for mouse blastocysts vitrification. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100635. [PMID: 35305506 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Limited heating and cooling rates have long been recognized as bottlenecks in improving embryo cryopreservation. As a result, efforts to achieve higher heat transfer rates gave rise to milestones like open cryodevices and minimal media loading. A crucial but commonly ignored variable is heat conduction by cryosolutions. The low heat conductivity of the aqueous media surrounding embryos slows down cooling and heating rates of the embryo, imposing the risk of preventable damages. In this study, we introduce a novel thermally conductive cryosolution based on graphene oxide nanoparticles and test its performance against conventional sucrose-based solutions for vitrification of mouse blastocysts. Replacing sucrose with graphene oxide brought about similar re-expansion, hatching, and implantation rates of post-vitrification embryos while also preventing an array of cellular and molecular stresses. Our results showed significantly reduced oxidative stress, characterized by control-level expression of Sod1 and significant downregulation of Sod2 transcription when graphene oxide was used instead of sucrose. This molecular response was in agreement with the reduced level of reactive oxygen species produced in vitrified/warmed embryos using graphene-based solutions. The downstream impacts of this stress reduction manifested in significant downregulation of two major pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Trp53, down to the same level as fresh embryos. Interestingly, embryos maintained their spherical shape during dehydration in graphene-based solutions and did not "collapse" when shrinking, like in sucrose-based solutions. These results provide new insights into the benefits of thermally conductive cryosolutions and showcase the potential of graphene oxide as a cryoprotectant in embryo vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Fayazi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Damvar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Molaeian
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sarmadi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Parinaz Kazemi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pouria Tirgar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryam Bagherzadeh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Esfandiari
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikta Ziaei
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Dashtizad
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Keaveny EC, Waybright SA, Rusch TW, Dillon ME. Supercooling points of freeze-avoiding bumble bees vary with caste and queen life stage. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103196. [PMID: 35180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bumble bees thrive in cold climates including high latitude and high altitude regions around the world, yet cold tolerance strategies are largely unknown for most species. To determine bumble bee cold tolerance strategy, we exposed bumble bees to a range of low temperatures and measured survival 72 h post-exposure. All bees that froze died within 72 h while only one bee died without freezing, suggesting that bumble bees are generally freeze-avoiding insects and may be slightly chill susceptible. We then assessed whether temperatures that cause internal ice formation (supercooling points, SCP) varied among bumble bee castes (drones, workers, and queens), or across queen life stages, collection elevation, species, or season. Males froze at significantly lower temperatures than workers or queens. Queens in pre-overwintering or overwintering states froze at significantly lower temperatures than queens stimulated to initiate ovary development by CO2 narcosis (i.e., "spring" queens). We also tested whether the presence of water (i.e., wet or dry) or ramping rate affected SCP. As expected, queens inoculated with water froze at significantly higher temperatures than dry queens. SCP tended to be lower, but not significantly so, at faster ramping rates (0.5 °C/min vs 0.25 °C/min). We also found no differences in SCP between queen bumble bees collected in spring and fall, between queens collected at two sites differing in elevation by 1100 m, or between three field-caught bumble bee species. Bumble bees appear to have relatively high, invariable SCPs, likely making them highly susceptible to freezing across all seasons. As bumble bees are not freeze-tolerant and appear to lack the ability to prevent freezing at temperatures much below 0 °C, they may rely on season- and caste-specific micro-habitat selection to thrive in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Sarah A Waybright
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Travis W Rusch
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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Duell ME, Gray MT, Roe AD, MacQuarrie CJ, Sinclair BJ. Plasticity drives extreme cold tolerance of emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis) during a polar vortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100031. [PMID: 36003259 PMCID: PMC9387492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species must often survive combinations of environmental conditions that differ considerably from their native range; however, for a given species it is unclear whether improved tolerance is the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation (or both). Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; the emerald ash borer) is an invasive pest of Fraxinus trees in North America and Europe. Previous studies in SW Ontario, Canada, showed that A. planipennis is freeze avoidant, preventing internal ice formation by accumulating Molar concentrations of glycerol in its hemolymph and depressing its supercooling point (SCP, the temperature at which it freezes). The cold tolerance of these SW Ontario animals was used to predict potential distribution, revealing that some Canadian cities should be too cold to allow populations to persist. However, a small population of A. planipennis has persisted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, through several severe 'polar vortex' events. In 2018/19, we collected A. planipennis larvae and prepupae from Winnipeg, MB and Southern Ontario, and found that individuals from Winnipeg were extremely cold tolerant - with SCPs as low as -52°C in prepupae (compared to -32°C in SW Ontario), and observed survival of unfrozen individuals exposed to -50°C for one hour. This cold tolerance was accompanied by higher hemolymph osmolality and glycerol concentration than in the SW Ontario individuals. To distinguish between phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation, in 2020/21 we overwintered Winnipeg-sourced individuals either outdoors in SW Ontario or in a simulated Winnipeg winter. Simulated Winnipeg winter individuals had cold tolerance similar to those overwintered in Winnipeg, while SW Ontario overwintered individuals had cold tolerance similar to those collected previously in the region. The simulated winter individuals had higher hemolymph glycerol concentrations than SW Ontario overwintered animals, at least in part due to greater dehydration. Thus, A. planipennis are cold-tolerant enough to survive some of the harshest winters where their host trees can grow, and most likely attain this cold tolerance via phenotypic plasticity. These findings raise the importance of delineating sensitivity of conclusions to unexpected phenotypic plasticity when predicting potential distributions of new invasives or responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Duell
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan T. Gray
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natrual Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda D. Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natrual Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris J.K. MacQuarrie
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natrual Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Brent Sinclair, Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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10
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Mikucki EE, Lockwood BL. Local thermal environment and warming influence supercooling and drive widespread shifts in the metabolome of diapausing Pieris rapae butterflies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272603. [PMID: 34694403 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change has the potential to negatively impact biological systems as organisms are exposed to novel temperature regimes. Increases in annual mean temperature have been accompanied by disproportionate rates of change in temperature across seasons, and winter is the season warming most rapidly. Yet, we know relatively little about how warming will alter the physiology of overwintering organisms. Here, we simulated future warming conditions by comparing diapausing Pieris rapae butterfly pupae collected from disparate thermal environments and by exposing P. rapae pupae to acute and chronic increases in temperature. First, we compared internal freezing temperatures (supercooling points) of diapausing pupae that were developed in common-garden conditions but whose parents were collected from northern Vermont, USA, or North Carolina, USA. Matching the warmer winter climate of North Carolina, North Carolina pupae had significantly higher supercooling points than Vermont pupae. Next, we measured the effects of acute and chronic warming exposure in Vermont pupae and found that warming induced higher supercooling points. We further characterized the effects of chronic warming by profiling the metabolomes of Vermont pupae via untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Warming caused significant changes in abundance of hundreds of metabolites across the metabolome. Notably, there were warming-induced shifts in key biochemical pathways, such as pyruvate metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and β-alanine metabolism, suggesting shifts in energy metabolism and cryoprotection. These results suggest that warming affects various aspects of overwintering physiology in P. rapae and may be detrimental depending on the frequency and variation of winter warming events. Further research is needed to ascertain the extent to which the effects of warming are felt among a broader set of populations of P. rapae, and among other species, in order to better predict how insects may respond to changes in winter thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Mikucki
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Brent L Lockwood
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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11
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Dou M, Lu C, Rao W. Bioinspired materials and technology for advanced cryopreservation. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:93-106. [PMID: 34238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation can help to meet the demand for biosamples of high medical value. However, it remains difficult to effectively cryopreserve some sensitive cells, tissues, and reproductive organs. A coordinated effort from the perspective of the whole frozen biological system is necessary to advance cryopreservation technology. Animals that survive in cold temperatures, such as hibernators and cold-tolerant insects, offer excellent natural models. Their anti-cold strategies, such as programmed suppression of metabolism and the synthesis of cryoprotectants (CPAs), warrant systematic study. Furthermore, the discovery and synthesis of metabolism-regulating and cryoprotective biomaterials, combined with biotechnological breakthroughs, can also promote the development of cryopreservation. Further advances in the quality and duration of biosample storage inspired by nature will promote the application of cryopreserved biosamples in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Dou
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chennan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wang J, Du Y, Wang J, Gong W, Xu L, Yan L, You Y, Lu W, Zhang X. Silica Aerogels with Self-Reinforced Microstructure for Bioinspired Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5923-5931. [PMID: 33939442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel is a kind of high-performance lightweight open-porous solids with ultralow density, high specific surface area, and broad application in many emerging fields including biotechnology, energy, environment, aerospace, etc. A giant challenge remains in preventing of the hydrophilic aerogel framework shrinkage when replacing of solvent with air in its extremely abundant nanosized pores during its fabrication process in ambient conditions. In this work, started from a linear polymeric precursor with further condensation reaction, superhydrophilic silica aerogels with self-reinforced microstructure and the least volume shrinkage have been successfully obtained via ambient pressure drying process without use of any additives in the presence of a low surface tension solvent. The resulting superhydrophilic silica aerogels possess specific surface area up to 1065 m2/g, pore volume up to 2.17 cm3/g and density down to 84 mg/cm3, and these values are comparable to those of their counterparts obtained by supercritical CO2 drying process. Moreover, as an application demonstration, the bioinspired hydrogels with desirable mechanical flexibility and adhesive performance at extremely harsh environment (e.g., below -50 °C) have been successfully synthesized by mimicking carrier of a functional bioagent with the resulting superhydrophilic silica aerogel microparticles. Our work has made a significant step forward for future high-performance hydrophilic aerogels with self-enhanced microstructures and the resulting superhydrophilic aerogels have shown great potentials in making functional hydrogels with bionic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Du
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Nanjing Engineering Institute of Aircraft Systems, AVIC/Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Electromechanical System Integration, Nanjing, 211102, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yezi You
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weibang Lu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, U.K
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13
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Jaskuła R, Kolanowska M, Michalski M, Schwerk A. From Phenology and Habitat Preferences to Climate Change: Importance of Citizen Science in Studying Insect Ecology in the Continental Scale with American Red Flat Bark Beetle, Cucujus clavipes, as a Model Species. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040369. [PMID: 33924259 PMCID: PMC8074780 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Studies of widely distributed species often are problematic as such research usually needs to engage a lot of time, a large team of field workers, and big financial support before good quality data will be collected. Citizen scientists allow to study different aspects of species biology and ecology with significantly reduced basic operational costs of such studies. Based on the data deposited in the iNaturalist database, we studied the ecology of the American flat bark beetle in the entire area of its species range. The results clearly show high value of citizen science, particularly in studies focused on habitat preferences and phenology in both recognized subspecies of this taxon. Abstract The American red flat bark beetle, Cucujus clavipes, is a wide distributed saproxylic species divided into two subspecies: ssp. clavipes restricted to eastern regions of North America and ssp. puniceus occurring only in western regions of this continent. Unique morphological features, including body shape and body coloration, make this species easy to recognize even for amateurs. Surprisingly, except some studies focused on physiological adaptations of the species, the ecology of C. clavipes was almost unstudied. Based on over 500 records collected by citizen scientists and deposited in the iNaturalist data base, we studied phenological activity of adult beetles, habitat preferences and impact of future climate change for both subspecies separately. The results clearly show that spp. clavipes and ssp. puniceus can be characterized by differences in phenology and macrohabitat preferences, and their ranges do not overlap at any point. Spp. clavipes is found as more opportunistic taxon occurring in different forests as well as in urban and agricultural areas with tree vegetation always in elevations below 500 m, while elevational distribution of ssp. puniceus covers areas up to 2300 m, and the beetle was observed mainly in forested areas. Moreover, we expect that climate warming will have negative influence on both subspecies with the possible loss of proper niches at level even up to 47–70% of their actual ranges during next few decades. As the species is actually recognized as unthreatened and always co-occurs with many other species, we suggest, because of its expected future habitat loss, to pay more attention to conservationists for possible negative changes in saproxylic insects and/or forest fauna in North America. In addition, as our results clearly show that both subspecies of C. clavipes differ ecologically, which strongly supports earlier significant morphological and physiological differences noted between them, we suggest that their taxonomical status should be verified by molecular data, because very probably they represent separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jaskuła
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Kolanowska
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Axel Schwerk
- Department of Landscape Art, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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14
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Masoudmagham A, Izadi H, Mohammadzadeh M. Expanded Supercooling Capacity With No Cryoprotectant Accumulation Underlies Cold Tolerance of the European Grapevine Moth. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:828-838. [PMID: 33624817 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller), is a serious invasive pest that causes significant losses to the flowers and fruits of grapes in most of the world. This multivoltine pest passes the winter as the third-generation diapausing pupa. The current study was designed to compare nondiapausing (first and second generations) and diapausing pupae (third generation) and to investigate the relationship among cold tolerance, the supercooling point (SCP), and diapause development of the third-generation diapausing pupae. The lethal temperatures (LTs) for the three generations were determined using 24-h exposure at subzero temperatures. The mean SCP of the pupae was estimated at approx. -22.6°C, the lowest level of which (-23.7°C) was recorded in the well-developed diapausing pupae in February. The highest level of cold tolerance was also recorded in February. There were no significant differences among the temperatures required to kill 30, 50, and 90% of the pupae. The temperatures significantly decreased from October onward and reached the lowest levels in February during which the lowest SCP and the highest cold tolerance were observed in the diapausing pupae. No significant differences were found in the cryoprotectant levels, among the diapausing and nondiapausing pupae, and the diapause development. The highest activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) was recorded in the late diapause in February. The findings suggested a relationship among SCP depression, cold tolerance enhancement, and diapause development. A bimodal cold-tolerance strategy (freeze-intolerant and freeze-tolerant) was found to be a feature of the pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Masoudmagham
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mohammadzadeh
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanajn University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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15
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Bojic S, Murray A, Bentley BL, Spindler R, Pawlik P, Cordeiro JL, Bauer R, de Magalhães JP. Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:56. [PMID: 33761937 PMCID: PMC7989039 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservative effects of low temperature on biological materials have been long recognised, and cryopreservation is now widely used in biomedicine, including in organ transplantation, regenerative medicine and drug discovery. The lack of organs for transplantation constitutes a major medical challenge, stemming largely from the inability to preserve donated organs until a suitable recipient is found. Here, we review the latest cryopreservation methods and applications. We describe the main challenges-scaling up to large volumes and complex tissues, preventing ice formation and mitigating cryoprotectant toxicity-discuss advantages and disadvantages of current methods and outline prospects for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Bojic
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Alex Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Barry L Bentley
- Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Magdalene College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Piotr Pawlik
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roman Bauer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Vitrification is an alternative to cryopreservation by freezing that enables hydrated living cells to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice. Vitrification simplifies and frequently improves cryopreservation because it eliminates mechanical injury from ice, eliminates the need to find optimal cooling and warming rates, eliminates the importance of differing optimal cooling and warming rates for cells in mixed cell type populations, eliminates the need to find a frequently imperfect compromise between solution effects injury and intracellular ice formation, and can enable chilling injury to be "outrun" by using rapid cooling without a risk of intracellular ice formation. On the other hand, vitrification requires much higher concentrations of cryoprotectants than cryopreservation by freezing, which introduces greater risks of both osmotic damage and cryoprotectant toxicity. Fortunately, a large number of remedies for the latter problem have been discovered over the past 35 years, and osmotic damage can in most cases be eliminated or adequately controlled by paying careful attention to cryoprotectant introduction and washout techniques. Vitrification therefore has the potential to enable the superior and convenient cryopreservation of a wide range of biological systems (including molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and even some whole organisms), and it is also increasingly recognized as a successful strategy for surviving harsh environmental conditions in nature. But the potential of vitrification is sometimes limited by an insufficient understanding of the complex physical and biological principles involved, and therefore a better understanding may not only help to improve present outcomes but may also point the way to new strategies that may be yet more successful in the future. This chapter accordingly describes the basic principles of vitrification and indicates the broad potential biological relevance of this alternative method of cryopreservation.
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Bonacci T, Rovito M, Horák J, Brandmayr P. Artificial Feeding and Laboratory Rearing of Endangered Saproxylic Beetles as a Tool for Insect Conservation. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5925266. [PMID: 33073850 PMCID: PMC7751141 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of threatened animals is frequently limited by lack of knowledge about their ecological preferences, and often artificial feeding is one of the few chances to save endangered species. We investigated the possibility to artificially feed two endangered flat bark beetles dependent on dead wood for their diet-namely, Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) and Cucujus haematodes Erichson, 1845-by examining their dietary preferences, life cycle duration, and survival in laboratory conditions. Individuals of the two species were caught in the wild and larvae and adults were fed in laboratory conditions by live or dead prey. Three species of saproxylic beetles: two cerambycids (Acanthocinus griseus Fabricius, 1793 and Rhagium inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758), one scolytid (Ips sexdentatus Börner, 1776) one tenebrionid (Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758)) one dipteran (Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)) and one ant (Lasius sp. Fabricius, 1804) were used as prey, with minced meat as a control. Our results indicated high survival and no difference in prey choice between the two flat beetle species. Larvae and adults preferred dead prey, but no significant preference was detected among dead prey taxa, supporting the hypothesis that the two species are opportunistic scavengers. Comparing data with previous results, both species and their developmental stages should be classified as obligate saproxylic organisms with preference to the dead and decaying organic material. Successful artificial feeding and rearing of these endangered species, followed by the release in the wild through rescue or reintroduction programs, therefore appear relevant for their protection and future conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bonacci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Mattia Rovito
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Jakub Horák
- Department of Forest Protection and Entomology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pietro Brandmayr
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Hasanvand H, Izadi H, Mohammadzadeh M. Overwintering Physiology and Cold Tolerance of the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps, an Emphasis on the Role of Cryoprotectants. Front Physiol 2020; 11:321. [PMID: 32425803 PMCID: PMC7204558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a serious pest of wheat, the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hem.: Scutelleridae), is prevalent in Iran. This pest belongs to univoltine species and tends to estivate and overwinter in high altitudes of nearby mountains as diapausing adults. The economic importance of the crop was attacked by this pest, i.e., wheat led the authors to study the physiological adaptations of these diapausing adults, that is, changes in the supercooling point (SCP), in the accumulation of cryoprotectants, and in the activities of the related enzymes in relation to diapause development. The mean SCP of the diapausing adults was found to be −8°C. The lowest SCP, i.e., approximately −11°C, was observed in the middle of diapause, October, when the highest cold hardiness was also interestingly recorded. This finding proposed that SCP depression could be a feasible cold-tolerance strategy for diapausing adults. The sugar content was high in the initiation and at the termination of diapause and was low during diapause maintenance. These sugar reserves were most likely utilized to be converted to glycogen and lipid during diapause maintenance as a survival strategy. The changes in the glycogen and lipid contents were inversely proportional to the changes in the total sugar content. The authors also found that the changes in the glycogen content were directly proportional to those in the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (e.g., glycerol and trehalose) and in the diapause development. This finding underlined the role of the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, such as the cryoprotectants, in enhancing the cold tolerance of the given insect. In this study, the diapause-associated changes in the activities of α-amylases and proteases were also investigated. The results showed that the enzyme activities were related to diapause development and cold-tolerance enhancement. The highest enzyme activity was observed in September. Since the overwintering adults of the Sunn pest could not tolerate temperatures below their SCPs, they were grouped in the freeze-intolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Hasanvand
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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19
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Lubawy J, Urbański A, Colinet H, Pflüger HJ, Marciniak P. Role of the Insect Neuroendocrine System in the Response to Cold Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:376. [PMID: 32390871 PMCID: PMC7190868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the largest group of animals. They are capable of surviving in virtually all environments from arid deserts to the freezing permafrost of polar regions. This success is due to their great capacity to tolerate a range of environmental stresses, such as low temperature. Cold/freezing stress affects many physiological processes in insects, causing changes in main metabolic pathways, cellular dehydration, loss of neuromuscular function, and imbalance in water and ion homeostasis. The neuroendocrine system and its related signaling mediators, such as neuropeptides and biogenic amines, play central roles in the regulation of the various physiological and behavioral processes of insects and hence can also potentially impact thermal tolerance. In response to cold stress, various chemical signals are released either via direct intercellular contact or systemically. These are signals which regulate osmoregulation - capability peptides (CAPA), inotocin (ITC)-like peptides, ion transport peptide (ITP), diuretic hormones and calcitonin (CAL), substances related to the general response to various stress factors - tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) or peptides responsible for the mobilization of body reserves. All these processes are potentially important in cold tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of the neuroendocrine system in the cold stress response and the possible contributions of various signaling molecules in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- HiProMine S.A., Robakowo, Poland
| | - Hervé Colinet
- ECOBIO – UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | | | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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20
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Dou M, Li Y, Sun Z, Li L, Rao W. L-proline feeding for augmented freeze tolerance of Camponotus japonicus Mayr. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1795-1804. [PMID: 36659539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The successful cryopreservation of organs is a strong and widespread demand around the world but faces great challenges. The mechanisms of cold tolerance of organisms in nature inspirit researchers to find new solutions for these challenges. Especially, the thermal, mechanical, biological and biophysical changes during the regulation of freezing tolerance process should be studied and coordinated to improve the cryopreservation technique and quality of complex organs. Here the cold tolerance of the Japanese carpenter ants, Camponotus japonicus Mayr, was greatly improved by using optimal protocols and feeding on L-proline-augmented diets for 5 days. When cooling to -27.66 °C, the survival rate of frozen ants increased from 37.50% ± 1.73% to 83.88% ± 3.67%. Profiling of metabolites identified the concentration of whole-body L-proline of ants increased from 1.78 to 4.64 ng g-1 after 5-day feeding. High L-proline level, together with a low rate of osmotically active water and osmotically inactive water facilitated the prevention of cryoinjury. More importantly, gene analysis showed that the expression of ribosome genes was significantly up-regulated and played an important role in manipulating freezing tolerance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to link genetic variation to the enhancement of ants' cold tolerance by feeding exogenous cryoprotective compound. It is worth noting that the findings provide the theoretical and technical foundation for the cryopreservation of more complex tissues, organs, and living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziqiao Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Buildings, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wei Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China.
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21
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Lubawy J, Daburon V, Chowański S, Słocińska M, Colinet H. Thermal stress causes DNA damage and mortality in a tropical insect. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.213744. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance is considered an important factor determining geographic distribution of insects. We've previously shown that despite tropical origin, cockroach Gromphadorinha coquereliana is capable of surviving exposures to cold. However, freezing tolerance of this species had not yet been examined. Low temperature is known to alter membranes integrity in insects but whether chilling or freezing compromises DNA integrity remains a matter of speculation. In the present study, we subjected the G. coquereliana adults to freezing to determine their supercooling point (SCP) and evaluated whether the cockroaches were capable of surviving partial and complete freezing. Next, we conducted single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) to determine whether heat, cold and freezing altered haemocytes DNA integrity. The SCP of this species was high and around -4.76°C, which is within typical range of freezing-tolerant species. Most cockroaches survived one day after partial ice formation (20% mortality), but died progressively in the next few days after cold stress (70% mortality after 4 days). One day after complete freezing, most insects died (70% mortality), and after 4 days, 90% of them had succumbed. The SCGE assays showed substantial level of DNA damage in haemocytes. When cockroaches were heat-stressed, the level of DNA damage was similar to that observed in the freezing treatment; though all heat-stressed insects survived. The study shows that G. coquereliana can surprisingly be considered as moderately freezing-tolerant species, and for first time that extreme low temperature stress can affect DNA integrity, suggesting that this cockroach may possess an efficient DNA repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Hervé Colinet
- ECOBIO – UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Rennes, France
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22
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Königer A, Grath S. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Cold Tolerance in Drosophila ananassae. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120624. [PMID: 30545157 PMCID: PMC6315829 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coping with daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations is a key adaptive process for species to colonize temperate regions all over the globe. Over the past 18,000 years, the tropical species Drosophila ananassae expanded its home range from tropical regions in Southeast Asia to more temperate regions. Phenotypic assays of chill coma recovery time (CCRT) together with previously published population genetic data suggest that only a small number of genes underlie improved cold hardiness in the cold-adapted populations. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to analyze differential gene expression before and after exposure to a cold shock in cold-tolerant lines (those with fast chill coma recovery, CCR) and cold-sensitive lines (slow CCR) from a population originating from Bangkok, Thailand (the ancestral species range). We identified two candidate genes with a significant interaction between cold tolerance and cold shock treatment: GF14647 and GF15058. Further, our data suggest that selection for increased cold tolerance did not operate through the increased activity of heat shock proteins, but more likely through the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and a delayed onset of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Königer
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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23
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Des Marteaux LE, Štětina T, Koštál V. Insect fat body cell morphology and response to cold stress is modulated by acclimation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189647. [PMID: 30190314 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding about the nature of cellular cryoinjury and mechanisms by which some animals survive freezing while others do not is currently lacking. Here, we exploited the broadly manipulable freeze tolerance of larval malt flies (Chymomyza costata) to uncover cell and tissue morphological changes associated with freeze mortality. Diapause induction, cold acclimation and dietary proline supplementation generate malt fly variants ranging from weakly to extremely freeze tolerant. Using confocal microscopy and immunostaining of the fat body, Malpighian tubules and anterior midgut, we described tissue and cytoskeletal (F-actin and α-tubulin) morphologies among these variants after exposure to various cold stresses (from chilling at -5°C to extreme freezing at -196°C), and upon recovery from cold exposure. Fat body tissue appeared to be the most susceptible to cryoinjury: freezing caused coalescence of lipid droplets, loss of α-tubulin structure and apparent aggregation of F-actin. A combination of diapause and cold acclimation substantially lowered the temperature at which these morphological disruptions occurred. Larvae that recovered from a freezing challenge repaired F-actin aggregation but not lipid droplet coalescence or α-tubulin structure. Our observations indicate that lipid coalescence and damage to α-tubulin are non-lethal forms of freeze injury, and suggest that repair or removal (rather than protection) of actin proteins is a potential mechanism of acquired freeze tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Des Marteaux
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Štětina
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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24
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Grevé ME, Hager J, Weisser WW, Schall P, Gossner MM, Feldhaar H. Effect of forest management on temperate ant communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Grevé
- Animal Population Ecology; Animal Ecology I; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jörg Hager
- Animal Population Ecology; Animal Ecology I; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group; Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones; Faculty of Forest Sciences; University of Göttingen; D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Forest Entomology; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Birmensdorf CH-8903 Switzerland
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Population Ecology; Animal Ecology I; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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25
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Toxopeus J, Sinclair BJ. Mechanisms underlying insect freeze tolerance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1891-1914. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
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26
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Oyen KJ, Dillon ME. Critical thermal limits of bumblebees ( Bombus impatiens) are marked by stereotypical behaviors and are unchanged by acclimation, age or feeding status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29530975 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Critical thermal limits often determine species distributions for diverse ectotherms and have become a useful tool for understanding past and predicting future range shifts in response to changing climates. Despite recently documented population declines and range shifts of bumblebees (genus Bombus), the few measurements of thermal tolerance available for the group have relied on disparate measurement approaches. We describe a novel stereotypical behavior expressed by bumblebee individuals during entry into chill coma. This behavioral indicator of minimum critical temperature (CTmin) occurred at ambient temperatures of 3-5°C (approximately 7-9°C core temperatures) and was accompanied by a pronounced CO2 pulse, indicative of loss of spiracle function. Maximum critical temperature (CTmax) was indicated by the onset of muscular spasms prior to entering an unresponsive state and occurred at ambient temperatures of approximately 52-55°C (42-44°C core temperatures). Measurements of CTmin and CTmax were largely unaffected by acclimation, age or feeding status, but faster ramping rates significantly increased CTmax and decreased CTmin This high-throughput approach allows rapid measurement of critical thermal limits for large numbers of individuals, facilitating large-scale comparisons among bumblebee populations and species - a key step in determining current and future effects of climate on these critical pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeannet Oyen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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27
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Rozsypal J, Moos M, Šimek P, Koštál V. Thermal analysis of ice and glass transitions in insects that do and do not survive freezing. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.170464. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.170464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Some insects rely on the strategy of freeze tolerance for winter survival. During freezing, extracellular body water transitions from the liquid to solid phase and cells undergo freeze-induced dehydration. Here we present results of a thermal analysis (from differential scanning calorimetry) of ice fraction dynamics during gradual cooling after inoculative freezing in variously acclimated larvae of two drosophilid flies, Drosophila melanogaster and Chymomyza costata. Although the species and variants ranged broadly between 0 and close to 100% survival of freezing, there were relatively small differences in ice fraction dynamics. For instance, the maximum ice fraction (IFmax) ranged between 67.9 and 77.7% total body water (TBW). The C. costata larvae showed statistically significant phenotypic shifts in parameters of ice fraction dynamics (melting point and IFmax) upon entry into diapause, cold-acclimation, and feeding on a proline-augmented diet. These differences were mostly driven by colligative effects of accumulated proline (ranging between 6 and 487 mmol.kg−1 TBW) and other metabolites. Our data suggest that these colligative effects per se do not represent a sufficient mechanistic explanation for high freeze tolerance observed in diapausing, cold-acclimated C. costata larvae. Instead, we hypothesize that accumulated proline exerts its protective role via a combination of mechanisms. Specifically, we found a tight association between proline-induced stimulation of glass transition in partially-frozen body liquids (vitrification) and survival of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rozsypal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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28
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Cryopreservation of Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) embryos by vitrification. Cryobiology 2017; 78:101-105. [PMID: 28693953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to preserve the ever-decreasing number of different species of fireflies all over the world. We sought to develop a vitrification procedure to cryopreserve the firefly embryos. The late stages of Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter embryos were collected. Several impermeable and permeable protectants with various concentrations in different mediums (TNM-FH insect medium, Grace's medium, Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)) were used. Embryos culturing in TNM-FH medium yielded the highest survival rate of 75.3 ± 3.6%. One-step, two-step and three-step methods were used in equilibrium procedure respectively. The highest survival rate (73.7% ±3.2%) occurred in embryos treated by three-step method ((1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG) + 2 M EG plus 8% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) + 3 M EG, 8% PVP and 15% trehalose). Additionally, embryos exposed to 0.5 M trehalose presented a significantly higher survival rate (71.8 ± 2.7%) than embryos preserved in 0.5 M sucrose.
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Abstract
Freeze tolerance is an amazing winter survival strategy used by various amphibians and reptiles living in seasonally cold environments. These animals may spend weeks or months with up to ∼65% of their total body water frozen as extracellular ice and no physiological vital signs, and yet after thawing they return to normal life within a few hours. Two main principles of animal freeze tolerance have received much attention: the production of high concentrations of organic osmolytes (glucose, glycerol, urea among amphibians) that protect the intracellular environment, and the control of ice within the body (the first putative ice-binding protein in a frog was recently identified), but many other strategies of biochemical adaptation also contribute to freezing survival. Discussed herein are recent advances in our understanding of amphibian and reptile freeze tolerance with a focus on cell preservation strategies (chaperones, antioxidants, damage defense mechanisms), membrane transporters for water and cryoprotectants, energy metabolism, gene/protein adaptations, and the regulatory control of freeze-responsive hypometabolism at multiple levels (epigenetic regulation of DNA, microRNA action, cell signaling and transcription factor regulation, cell cycle control, and anti-apoptosis). All are providing a much more complete picture of life in the frozen state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Stevenson A, Hamill PG, Medina Á, Kminek G, Rummel JD, Dijksterhuis J, Timson DJ, Magan N, Leong SLL, Hallsworth JE. Glycerol enhances fungal germination at the water-activity limit for life. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:947-967. [PMID: 27631633 PMCID: PMC5363249 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For the most-extreme fungal xerophiles, metabolic activity and cell division typically halts between 0.700 and 0.640 water activity (approximately 70.0-64.0% relative humidity). Here, we investigate whether glycerol can enhance xerophile germination under acute water-activity regimes, using an experimental system which represents the biophysical limit of Earth's biosphere. Spores from a variety of species, including Aspergillus penicillioides, Eurotium halophilicum, Xerochrysium xerophilum (formerly Chrysosporium xerophilum) and Xeromyces bisporus, were produced by cultures growing on media supplemented with glycerol (and contained up to 189 mg glycerol g dry spores-1 ). The ability of these spores to germinate, and the kinetics of germination, were then determined on a range of media designed to recreate stresses experienced in microbial habitats or anthropogenic systems (with water-activities from 0.765 to 0.575). For A. penicillioides, Eurotium amstelodami, E. halophilicum, X. xerophilum and X. bisporus, germination occurred at lower water-activities than previously recorded (0.640, 0.685, 0.651, 0.664 and 0.637 respectively). In addition, the kinetics of germination at low water-activities were substantially faster than those reported previously. Extrapolations indicated theoretical water-activity minima below these values; as low as 0.570 for A. penicillioides and X. bisporus. Glycerol is present at high concentrations (up to molar levels) in many types of microbial habitat. We discuss the likely role of glycerol in expanding the water-activity limit for microbial cell function in relation to temporal constraints and location of the microbial cell or habitat. The findings reported here have also critical implications for understanding the extremes of Earth's biosphere; for understanding the potency of disease-causing microorganisms; and in biotechnologies that operate at the limits of microbial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stevenson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Philip G Hamill
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 OAL, UK
| | - Gerhard Kminek
- Independent Safety Office, European Space Agency, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - John D Rummel
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, 94043, USA
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, CT, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - David J Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 OAL, UK
| | - Su-Lin L Leong
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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31
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Stevenson A, Hamill PG, O'Kane CJ, Kminek G, Rummel JD, Voytek MA, Dijksterhuis J, Hallsworth JE. Aspergillus penicillioidesdifferentiation and cell division at 0.585 water activity. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:687-697. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stevenson
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland
| | - Philip G. Hamill
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland
| | - Callum J. O'Kane
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland
| | - Gerhard Kminek
- Independent Safety Office; European Space Agency; 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8; Utrecht CT 3584 The Netherlands
| | - John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland
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32
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Klein M, Swinnen S, Thevelein JM, Nevoigt E. Glycerol metabolism and transport in yeast and fungi: established knowledge and ambiguities. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:878-893. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Klein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH; Campus Ring 1 Bremen 28759 Germany
| | - Steve Swinnen
- GlobalYeast NV; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- GlobalYeast NV; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee 3001 Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology; Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology; VIB; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven Flanders Belgium
| | - Elke Nevoigt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH; Campus Ring 1 Bremen 28759 Germany
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33
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Koštál V, Korbelová J, Poupardin R, Moos M, Šimek P. Arginine and proline applied as food additives stimulate high freeze tolerance in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2358-67. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an insect of tropical origin. Its larval stage is evolutionarily adapted for rapid growth and development under warm conditions and shows high sensitivity to cold. In this study, we further developed an optimal acclimation and freezing protocol that significantly improves larval freeze tolerance (an ability to survive at −5°C when most of the freezable fraction of water is converted to ice). Using the optimal protocol, freeze survival to adult stage increased from 0.7% to 12.6% in the larvae fed standard diet (agar, sugar, yeast, cornmeal). Next, we fed the larvae diets augmented with 31 different amino compounds, administered in different concentrations, and observed their effects on larval metabolomic composition, viability, rate of development and freeze tolerance. While some diet additives were toxic, others showed positive effects on freeze tolerance. Statistical correlation revealed tight association between high freeze tolerance and high levels of amino compounds involved in arginine and proline metabolism. Proline- and arginine-augmented diets showed the highest potential, improving freeze survival to 42.1% and 50.6%, respectively. Two plausible mechanisms by which high concentrations of proline and arginine might stimulate high freeze tolerance are discussed: (i) proline, probably in combination with trehalose, could reduce partial unfolding of proteins and prevent membrane fusions in the larvae exposed to thermal stress (prior to freezing) or during freeze dehydration; (ii) both arginine and proline are exceptional among amino compounds in their ability to form supramolecular aggregates which probably bind partially unfolded proteins and inhibit their aggregation under increasing freeze dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Koštál
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Korbelová
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
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34
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Lewis JK, Bischof JC, Braslavsky I, Brockbank KGM, Fahy GM, Fuller BJ, Rabin Y, Tocchio A, Woods EJ, Wowk BG, Acker JP, Giwa S. The Grand Challenges of Organ Banking: Proceedings from the first global summit on complex tissue cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2015; 72:169-82. [PMID: 26687388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The first Organ Banking Summit was convened from Feb. 27 - March 1, 2015 in Palo Alto, CA, with events at Stanford University, NASA Research Park, and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs. Experts at the summit outlined the potential public health impact of organ banking, discussed the major remaining scientific challenges that need to be overcome in order to bank organs, and identified key opportunities to accelerate progress toward this goal. Many areas of public health could be revolutionized by the banking of organs and other complex tissues, including transplantation, oncofertility, tissue engineering, trauma medicine and emergency preparedness, basic biomedical research and drug discovery - and even space travel. Key remaining scientific sub-challenges were discussed including ice nucleation and growth, cryoprotectant and osmotic toxicities, chilling injury, thermo-mechanical stress, the need for rapid and uniform rewarming, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. A variety of opportunities to overcome these challenge areas were discussed, i.e. preconditioning for enhanced stress tolerance, nanoparticle rewarming, cyroprotectant screening strategies, and the use of cryoprotectant cocktails including ice binding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah K Lewis
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park Bldg. 20, S. Akron Road, Moffett Field, CA, USA; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC, USA
| | | | - Barry J Fuller
- UCL Medical School/Royal Free Hospital, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessandro Tocchio
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park Bldg. 20, S. Akron Road, Moffett Field, CA, USA; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erik J Woods
- Society for Cryobiology, USA; Cook Regentec, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Jason P Acker
- Society for Cryobiology, USA; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sebastian Giwa
- Organ Preservation Alliance, NASA Research Park Bldg. 20, S. Akron Road, Moffett Field, CA, USA; Sylvatica Biotech Inc., Charleston, SC, USA.
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35
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Holmstrup M. Reprint of: The ins and outs of water dynamics in cold tolerant soil invertebrates. J Therm Biol 2015; 54:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Michels-Boyce M, Zani PA. Lack of supercooling evolution related to winter severity in a lizard. J Therm Biol 2015; 53:72-9. [PMID: 26590458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As organisms move into higher latitudes, they may evolve physiological mechanisms to survive in harsher climates. One such mechanism is supercooling, the capacity to survive at subzero temperatures without freezing. While interspecific comparisons reveal greater thermal tolerances at higher latitudes in insects and vertebrates, evidence for intraspecific evolution in supercooling related to latitude is only evident in insects. We measured the supercooling points of lizards from 12 populations reared from hatch in common laboratory conditions to test for evolved differences in supercooling related to winter. Results indicate that winter harshness (depth or length) cannot explain supercooling points regardless of how data are analyzed, which suggests that populations have not evolved greater supercooling capacity. While our results are consistent with the idea that thermal physiology is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, we cannot reject several alternatives including the possibility that lizards are able to behaviorally avoid the extreme temperatures that would select for thermal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Michels-Boyce
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA
| | - Peter A Zani
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA.
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37
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Duman JG. Animal ice-binding (antifreeze) proteins and glycolipids: an overview with emphasis on physiological function. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1846-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) assist in subzero tolerance of multiple cold-tolerant organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria etc. IBPs include: (1) antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with high thermal hysteresis antifreeze activity; (2) low thermal hysteresis IBPs; and (3) ice-nucleating proteins (INPs). Several structurally different IBPs have evolved, even within related taxa. Proteins that produce thermal hysteresis inhibit freezing by a non-colligative mechanism, whereby they adsorb onto ice crystals or ice-nucleating surfaces and prevent further growth. This lowers the so-called hysteretic freezing point below the normal equilibrium freezing/melting point, producing a difference between the two, termed thermal hysteresis. True AFPs with high thermal hysteresis are found in freeze-avoiding animals (those that must prevent freezing, as they die if frozen) especially marine fish, insects and other terrestrial arthropods where they function to prevent freezing at temperatures below those commonly experienced by the organism. Low thermal hysteresis IBPs are found in freeze-tolerant organisms (those able to survive extracellular freezing), and function to inhibit recrystallization – a potentially damaging process whereby larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones – and in some cases, prevent lethal propagation of extracellular ice into the cytoplasm. Ice-nucleator proteins inhibit supercooling and induce freezing in the extracellular fluid at high subzero temperatures in many freeze-tolerant species, thereby allowing them to control the location and temperature of ice nucleation, and the rate of ice growth. Numerous nuances to these functions have evolved. Antifreeze glycolipids with significant thermal hysteresis activity were recently identified in insects, frogs and plants.
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38
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Koyama T, Inada T, Kuwabara C, Arakawa K, Fujikawa S. Anti-ice nucleating activity of polyphenol compounds against silver iodide. Cryobiology 2014; 69:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Holmstrup M. The ins and outs of water dynamics in cold tolerant soil invertebrates. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:117-23. [PMID: 25436960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many soil invertebrates have physiological characteristics in common with freshwater animals and represent an evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial life forms. Their high cuticular permeability and ability to tolerate large modifications of internal osmolality are of particular importance for their cold tolerance. A number of cold region species that spend some or most of their life-time in soil are in more or less intimate contact with soil ice during overwintering. Unless such species have effective barriers against cuticular water-transport, they have only two options for survival: tolerate internal freezing or dehydrate. The risk of internal ice formation may be substantial due to inoculative freezing and many species rely on freeze-tolerance for overwintering. If freezing does not occur, the desiccating power of external ice will cause the animal to dehydrate until vapor pressure equilibrium between body fluids and external ice has been reached. This cold tolerance mechanism is termed cryoprotective dehydration (CPD) and requires that the animal must be able to tolerate substantial dehydration. Even though CPD is essentially a freeze-avoidance strategy the associated physiological traits are more or less the same as those found in freeze tolerant species. The most well-known are accumulation of compatible osmolytes and molecular chaperones reducing or protecting against the stress caused by cellular dehydration. Environmental moisture levels of the habitat are important for which type of cold tolerance is employed, not only in an evolutionary context, but also within a single population. Some species use CPD under relatively dry conditions, but freeze tolerance when soil moisture is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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40
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Hayward SAL, Manso B, Cossins AR. Molecular basis of chill resistance adaptations in poikilothermic animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:6-15. [PMID: 24353199 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.096537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chill and freeze represent very different components of low temperature stress. Whilst the principal mechanisms of tissue damage and of acquired protection from freeze-induced effects are reasonably well established, those for chill damage and protection are not. Non-freeze cold exposure (i.e. chill) can lead to serious disruption to normal life processes, including disruption to energy metabolism, loss of membrane perm-selectivity and collapse of ion gradients, as well as loss of neuromuscular coordination. If the primary lesions are not relieved then the progressive functional debilitation can lead to death. Thus, identifying the underpinning molecular lesions can point to the means of building resistance to subsequent chill exposures. Researchers have focused on four specific lesions: (i) failure of neuromuscular coordination, (ii) perturbation of bio-membrane structure and adaptations due to altered lipid composition, (iii) protein unfolding, which might be mitigated by the induced expression of compatible osmolytes acting as 'chemical chaperones', (iv) or the induced expression of protein chaperones along with the suppression of general protein synthesis. Progress in all these potential mechanisms has been ongoing but not substantial, due in part to an over-reliance on straightforward correlative approaches. Also, few studies have intervened by adoption of single gene ablation, which provides much more direct and compelling evidence for the role of specific genes, and thus processes, in adaptive phenotypes. Another difficulty is the existence of multiple mechanisms, which often act together, thus resulting in compensatory responses to gene manipulations, which may potentially mask disruptive effects on the chill tolerance phenotype. Consequently, there is little direct evidence of the underpinning regulatory mechanisms leading to induced resistance to chill injury. Here, we review recent advances mainly in lower vertebrates and in arthropods, but increasingly in genetic model species from a broader range of taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario. J Therm Biol 2014; 44:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Everatt MJ, Convey P, Bale JS, Worland MR, Hayward SAL. Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:118-32. [PMID: 26615734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Everatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pete Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; National Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey S Bale
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Roger Worland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Quinones QJ, Ma Q, Zhang Z, Barnes BM, Podgoreanu MV. Organ protective mechanisms common to extremes of physiology: a window through hibernation biology. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:497-515. [PMID: 24848803 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supply and demand relationships govern survival of animals in the wild and are also key determinants of clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Most animals' survival strategies focus on the supply side of the equation by pursuing territory and resources, but hibernators are able to anticipate declining availability of nutrients by reducing their energetic needs through the seasonal use of torpor, a reversible state of suppressed metabolic demand and decreased body temperature. Similarly, in clinical medicine the majority of therapeutic interventions to care for critically ill or trauma patients remain focused on elevating physiologic supply above critical thresholds by increasing the main determinants of delivery of oxygen to the tissues (cardiac output, perfusion pressure, hemoglobin concentrations, and oxygen saturation), as well as increasing nutritional support, maintaining euthermia, and other general supportive measures. Techniques, such as induced hypothermia and preconditioning, aimed at diminishing a patient's physiologic requirements as a short-term strategy to match reduced supply and to stabilize their condition, are few and underutilized in clinical settings. Consequently, comparative approaches to understand the mechanistic adaptations that suppress metabolic demand and alter metabolic use of fuel as well as the application of concepts gleaned from studies of hibernation, to the care of critically ill and injured patients could create novel opportunities to improve outcomes in intensive care and perioperative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin J Quinones
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Zhiquan Zhang
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Brian M Barnes
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Mihai V Podgoreanu
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA*Department of Anesthesiology, Systems Modeling of Perioperative Organ Injury Laboratory, Duke University, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Larson DJ, Middle L, Vu H, Zhang W, Serianni AS, Duman J, Barnes BM. Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: new limits to freezing tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:2193-200. [PMID: 24737762 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ecological physiology and behavior of free-living wood frogs [Lithobates (Rana) sylvaticus] overwintering in Interior Alaska by tracking animals into natural hibernacula, recording microclimate, and determining frog survival in spring. We measured cryoprotectant (glucose) concentrations and identified the presence of antifreeze glycolipids in tissues from subsamples of naturally freezing frogs. We also recorded the behavior of wood frogs preparing to freeze in artificial hibernacula, and tissue glucose concentrations in captive wood frogs frozen in the laboratory to -2.5°C. Wood frogs in natural hibernacula remained frozen for 193 ± 11 consecutive days and experienced average (October-May) temperatures of -6.3°C and average minimum temperatures of -14.6 ± 2.8°C (range -8.9 to -18.1°C) with 100% survival (N=18). Mean glucose concentrations were 13-fold higher in muscle, 10-fold higher in heart and 3.3-fold higher in liver in naturally freezing compared with laboratory frozen frogs. Antifreeze glycolipid was present in extracts from muscle and internal organs, but not skin, of frozen frogs. Wood frogs in Interior Alaska survive freezing to extreme limits and durations compared with those described in animals collected in southern Canada or the Midwestern United States. We hypothesize that this enhancement of freeze tolerance in Alaskan wood frogs is due to higher cryoprotectant levels that are produced by repeated freezing and thawing cycles experienced under natural conditions during early autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don J Larson
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Luke Middle
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Henry Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Anthony S Serianni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brian M Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Freezing and Freeze-Drying: The Future Perspective of Organ and Cell Preservation. STEM CELLS IN ANIMAL SPECIES: FROM PRE-CLINIC TO BIODIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03572-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sørensen JG, Holmstrup M. Candidate gene expression associated with geographical variation in cryoprotective dehydration of Megaphorura arctica. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:804-811. [PMID: 23707356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of small and permeable invertebrates survive subzero temperatures by cryoprotective dehydration (CPD) in which animals readily lose water to equilibrate body fluid melting points with surrounding temperature thereby avoiding the risk of freezing. Population studies are useful for detecting evolutionary climatic adaptation by comparing populations from locations differing in climatic characteristics. To identify the existence of adaptive variation for important physiological mechanisms underlying the CPD capacity we investigated the gene expression profile of five candidate genes as well as water content and cryoprotectant concentrations in five natural populations from diverse climatic origins. Our results show that Arctic populations, originating from an area with severe winter conditions (Svalbard), respond differently than the populations coming from more benign conditions (Mainland Norway). The Svalbard populations lost water and accumulated trehalose faster in response to cold exposure at -6 °C. The gene expression results suggests that the Svalbard populations experience less cellular perturbation and has a lesser need for molecular chaperones (hsp70) during CPD, but handles the stress by early and rapid induction of cryoprotectant producing enzymes (tps) and oxidative stress scavengers (sod) and possibly also membrane modifications (fad). Thus, these traits relate to the severity of the climate adapted to and are likely markers of their adaptive history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Clarke A, Morris GJ, Fonseca F, Murray BJ, Acton E, Price HC. A Low Temperature Limit for Life on Earth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66207. [PMID: 23840425 PMCID: PMC3686811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no generally accepted value for the lower temperature limit for life on Earth. We present empirical evidence that free-living microbial cells cooling in the presence of external ice will undergo freeze-induced desiccation and a glass transition (vitrification) at a temperature between −10°C and −26°C. In contrast to intracellular freezing, vitrification does not result in death and cells may survive very low temperatures once vitrified. The high internal viscosity following vitrification means that diffusion of oxygen and metabolites is slowed to such an extent that cellular metabolism ceases. The temperature range for intracellular vitrification makes this a process of fundamental ecological significance for free-living microbes. It is only where extracellular ice is not present that cells can continue to metabolise below these temperatures, and water droplets in clouds provide an important example of such a habitat. In multicellular organisms the cells are isolated from ice in the environment, and the major factor dictating how they respond to low temperature is the physical state of the extracellular fluid. Where this fluid freezes, then the cells will dehydrate and vitrify in a manner analogous to free-living microbes. Where the extracellular fluid undercools then cells can continue to metabolise, albeit slowly, to temperatures below the vitrification temperature of free-living microbes. Evidence suggests that these cells do also eventually vitrify, but at lower temperatures that may be below −50°C. Since cells must return to a fluid state to resume metabolism and complete their life cycle, and ice is almost universally present in environments at sub-zero temperatures, we propose that the vitrification temperature represents a general lower thermal limit to life on Earth, though its precise value differs between unicellular (typically above −20°C) and multicellular organisms (typically below −20°C). Few multicellular organisms can, however, complete their life cycle at temperatures below ∼−2°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - G. John Morris
- Asymptote Ltd, St John’s Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Thiverval Grignon, France
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Acton
- Asymptote Ltd, St John’s Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah C. Price
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Overwintering strategy and mechanisms of cold tolerance in the codling moth (Cydia pomonella). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61745. [PMID: 23613923 PMCID: PMC3629207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a major insect pest of apples worldwide. Fully grown last instar larvae overwinter in diapause state. Their overwintering strategies and physiological principles of cold tolerance have been insufficiently studied. No elaborate analysis of overwintering physiology is available for European populations. Principal Findings We observed that codling moth larvae of a Central European population prefer to overwinter in the microhabitat of litter layer near the base of trees. Reliance on extensive supercooling, or freeze-avoidance, appears as their major strategy for survival of the winter cold. The supercooling point decreases from approximately −15.3°C during summer to −26.3°C during winter. Seasonal extension of supercooling capacity is assisted by partial dehydration, increasing osmolality of body fluids, and the accumulation of a complex mixture of winter specific metabolites. Glycogen and glutamine reserves are depleted, while fructose, alanine and some other sugars, polyols and free amino acids are accumulated during winter. The concentrations of trehalose and proline remain high and relatively constant throughout the season, and may contribute to the stabilization of proteins and membranes at subzero temperatures. In addition to supercooling, overwintering larvae acquire considerable capacity to survive at subzero temperatures, down to −15°C, even in partially frozen state. Conclusion Our detailed laboratory analysis of cold tolerance, and whole-winter survival assays in semi-natural conditions, suggest that the average winter cold does not represent a major threat for codling moth populations. More than 83% of larvae survived over winter in the field and pupated in spring irrespective of the overwintering microhabitat (cold-exposed tree trunk or temperature-buffered litter layer).
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Sinclair BJ, Ferguson LV, Salehipour-shirazi G, MacMillan HA. Cross-tolerance and Cross-talk in the Cold: Relating Low Temperatures to Desiccation and Immune Stress in Insects. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:545-56. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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