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Ginther SC, Cameron H, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic loads and the costs of metazoan reproduction. Science 2024; 384:763-767. [PMID: 38753775 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Reproduction includes two energy investments-the energy in the offspring and the energy expended to make them. The former is well understood, whereas the latter is unquantified but often assumed to be small. Without understanding both investments, the true energy costs of reproduction are unknown. We present a framework for estimating the total energy costs of reproduction by combining data on the energy content of offspring (direct costs) and the metabolic load of bearing them (indirect costs). We find that direct costs typically represent the smaller fraction of the energy expended on reproduction. Mammals pay the highest reproductive costs (excluding lactation), ~90% of which are indirect. Ectotherms expend less on reproduction overall, and live-bearing ectotherms pay higher indirect costs compared with egg-layers. We show that the energy demands of reproduction exceed standard assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ginther
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hayley Cameron
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Palacios-Marquez JJ, Guevara-Fiore P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:53. [PMID: 38100003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female's body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host's resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother's resources and regulating the immune system's responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Palacios-Marquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico.
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3
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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation response overrides glucocorticoid-induced stress in a reptile. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:765-774. [PMID: 35922677 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress hormones and their impacts on whole organism metabolic rates are usually considered as appropriate proxies for animal energy budget that is the foundation of numerous concepts and models aiming at predicting individual and population responses to environmental stress. However, the dynamics of energy re-allocation under stress make the link between metabolism and corticosterone complex and still unclear. Using ectopic application of corticosterone for 3, 11 and 21 days, we estimated a time effect of stress in a lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We then investigated whole organism metabolism, muscle cellular O2 consumption and liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation processes (O2 consumption and ATP production) and ROS production. The data showed that while skeletal muscle is not impacted, stress regulates the liver mitochondrial functionality in a time-dependent manner with opposing pictures between the different time expositions to corticosterone. While 3 days exposition is characterized by lower ATP synthesis rate and high H2O2 release with no change in the rate of oxygen consumption, the 11 days exposition reduced all three fluxes of about 50%. Oxidative phosphorylation capacities in liver mitochondria of lizard treated with corticosterone for 21 days was similar to the hepatic mitochondrial capacities in lizards that received no corticosterone treatment but with 40% decrease in H2O2 production. This new mitochondrial functioning allows a better capacity to respond to the energetic demands imposed by the environment but do not influence whole organism metabolism. In conclusion, global mitochondrial functioning has to be considered to better understand the proximal causes of the energy budget under stressful periods.
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4
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Penman Z, Deeming DC, Soulsbury CD. Ecological and life-history correlates of erythrocyte size and shape in Lepidosauria. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:708-718. [PMID: 35384114 PMCID: PMC9322653 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blood oxygen‐carrying capacity is shaped both by the ambient oxygen availability as well as species‐specific oxygen demand. Erythrocytes are a critical part of oxygen transport and both their size and shape can change in relation to species‐specific life‐history, behavioural or ecological conditions. Here, we test whether components of the environment (altitude), life history (reproductive mode, body temperature) and behaviour (diving, foraging mode) drive erythrocyte size variation in the Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes and rhynchocephalians). We collected data on erythrocyte size (area) and shape (L/W: elongation ratio) from Lepidosauria across the globe (N = 235 species). Our analyses show the importance of oxygen requirements as a driver of erythrocyte size. Smaller erythrocytes were associated with the need for faster delivery (active foragers, high‐altitude species, warmer body temperatures), whereas species with greater oxygen demands (diving species, viviparous species) had larger erythrocytes. Erythrocyte size shows considerable cross‐species variation, with a range of factors linked to the oxygen delivery requirements being major drivers of these differences. A key future aspect for study would include within‐individual plasticity and how changing states, for example, pregnancy, perhaps alter the size and shape of erythrocytes in Lepidosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Penman
- School of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - D Charles Deeming
- School of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Carl D Soulsbury
- School of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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5
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Zhao W, Yuan T, Fu Y, Niu D, Chen W, Chen L, Lu L. Seasonal differences in the transcriptome profile of the Zhedong white goose (Anser cygnoides) pituitary gland. Poult Sci 2020; 100:1154-1166. [PMID: 33518074 PMCID: PMC7858147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, the adaptation to breed at the time of greatest survival of the young is known as seasonal reproduction. This is mainly controlled by the photoperiod, which stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and starts the breeding season. Herein, we have determined the seasonal changes in gene expression patterns of Zhedong white geese pituitary glands under a natural photoperiodism, conducted at autumn equinox (AE), winter solstice (WS), spring equinox (SE), and summer solstice (SS). Pairwise comparisons of WS vs. AE, SE vs. WS, SS vs. SE, and AE vs. SS resulted in 1,139, 33, 704, and 3,503 differently expressed genes, respectively. When compared with SS, AE showed downregulation of genes, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor, prolactin receptor, and thyroid hormone receptor beta, whereas gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor was upregulated, indicating that these genes may be responsible for the transition from cessation to egg laying. In addition, the expression levels of 5 transcription factors (POU1F1, Pitx2, NR5A1, NR4A2, and SREBF2) and 6 circadian clock-associated genes (Clock, Per2, ARNTL2, Eya3, Dio2, and NPAS2) also changed seasonally. Gene Ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that “response to oxidative stress” and steroid biosynthesis pathway also participate in regulating the reproduction seasonality of geese. Overall, these results contribute to the identification of genes involved in seasonal reproduction, enabling a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying seasonal reproduction of geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Taoyan Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihu Chen
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Xiangshan County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Ningbo 315700, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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6
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Brusch GA, Gavira RSB, Viton R, Dupoué A, Leroux-Coyau M, Meylan S, Le Galliard JF, Lourdais O. Additive effects of temperature and water availability on pregnancy in a viviparous lizard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb228064. [PMID: 33046578 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest current threats to biodiversity is climate change. However, understanding of organismal responses to fluctuations in temperature and water availability is currently lacking, especially during fundamental life-history stages such as reproduction. To further explore how temperature and water availability impact maternal physiology and reproductive output, we used the viviparous form of the European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) in a two-by-two factorial design manipulating both hydric and thermal conditions, for the first time. We collected blood samples and morphological measurements during early pregnancy and post-parturition to investigate how water availability, temperature and a combination of the two influence maternal phenology, morphology, physiology and reproductive output. We observed that dehydration during gestation negatively affects maternal physiological condition (lower mass gain, higher tail reserve mobilization) but has little effect on reproductive output. These effects are mainly additive to temperature regimes, with a proportional increase in maternal costs in warmer environments. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering combined effects of water and temperature when investigating organismal responses to climate changes, especially during periods crucial for species survival such as reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brusch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France .,Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Rodrigo S B Gavira
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Robin Viton
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Mathieu Leroux-Coyau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 11 chemin de Busseau, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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7
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Yurchenko AA, Recknagel H, Elmer KR. Chromosome-Level Assembly of the Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara) Genome. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1953-1960. [PMID: 32835354 PMCID: PMC7643610 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamate reptiles exhibit high variation in their phenotypic traits and geographical distributions and are therefore fascinating taxa for evolutionary and ecological research. However, genomic resources are very limited for this group of species, consequently inhibiting research efforts. To address this gap, we assembled a high-quality genome of the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara (Lacertidae), using a combination of high coverage Illumina (shotgun and mate-pair) and PacBio sequencing data, coupled with RNAseq data and genetic linkage map generation. The 1.46-Gb genome assembly has a scaffold N50 of 11.52 Mb with N50 contig size of 220.4 kb and only 2.96% gaps. A BUSCO analysis indicates that 97.7% of the single-copy Tetrapoda orthologs were recovered in the assembly. In total, 19,829 gene models were annotated to the genome using a combination of ab initio and homology-based methods. To improve the chromosome-level assembly, we generated a high-density linkage map from wild-caught families and developed a novel analytical pipeline to accommodate multiple paternity and unknown father genotypes. We successfully anchored and oriented almost 90% of the genome on 19 linkage groups. This annotated and oriented chromosome-level reference genome represents a valuable resource to facilitate evolutionary studies in squamate reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Yurchenko
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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8
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Roitberg ES, Orlova VF, Bulakhova NA, Kuranova VN, Eplanova GV, Zinenko OI, Arribas O, Kratochvíl L, Ljubisavljević K, Starikov VP, Strijbosch H, Hofmann S, Leontyeva OA, Böhme W. Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the most widely ranging lizard: testing the effects of reproductive mode and climate. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4531-4561. [PMID: 32551042 PMCID: PMC7297768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive mode, ancestry, and climate are hypothesized to determine body size variation in reptiles but their effects have rarely been estimated simultaneously, especially at the intraspecific level. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occupies almost the entire Northern Eurasia and includes viviparous and oviparous lineages, thus representing an excellent model for such studies. Using body length data for >10,000 individuals from 72 geographically distinct populations over the species' range, we analyzed how sex-specific adult body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with reproductive mode, lineage identity, and several climatic variables. Variation in male size was low and poorly explained by our predictors. In contrast, female size and SSD varied considerably, demonstrating significant effects of reproductive mode and particularly seasonality. Populations of the western oviparous lineage (northern Spain, south-western France) exhibited a smaller female size and less female-biased SSD than those of the western viviparous (France to Eastern Europe) and the eastern viviparous (Eastern Europe to Far East) lineages; this pattern persisted even after controlling for climatic effects. The phenotypic response to seasonality was complex: across the lineages, as well as within the eastern viviparous lineage, female size and SSD increase with increasing seasonality, whereas the western viviparous lineage followed the opposing trends. Altogether, viviparous populations seem to follow a saw-tooth geographic cline, which might reflect the nonmonotonic relationship of body size at maturity in females with the length of activity season. This relationship is predicted to arise in perennial ectotherms as a response to environmental constraints caused by seasonality of growth and reproduction. The SSD allometry followed the converse of Rensch's rule, a rare pattern for amniotes. Our results provide the first evidence of opposing body size-climate relationships in intraspecific units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina F. Orlova
- Zoological Research MuseumMoscow M.V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Nina A. Bulakhova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the NorthMagadanRussia
- Research Institute of Biology and BiophysicsTomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvia Hofmann
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UfZLeipzigGermany
| | - Olga A. Leontyeva
- Department of BiogeographyMoscow M. V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
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9
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Lind CM, Agugliaro J, Farrell TM. The metabolic response to an immune challenge in a viviparous snake, Sistrurus miliarius. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225185. [PMID: 32321747 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Mounting an immune response may be energetically costly and require the diversion of resources away from other physiological processes. Yet, both the metabolic cost of immune responses and the factors that impact investment priorities remain poorly described in many vertebrate groups. For example, although viviparity has evolved many times in vertebrates, the relationship between immune function and pregnancy has been disproportionately studied in placental mammals. To examine the energetic costs of immune activation and the modulation of immune function during pregnancy in a non-mammalian vertebrate, we elicited an immune response in pregnant and non-pregnant pygmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using flow-through respirometry. Immune function was examined using bactericidal assays and leukocyte counts. The RMR of pygmy rattlesnakes increased significantly in response to LPS injection. There was no statistically significant difference in the metabolic response of non-reproductive and pregnant snakes to LPS. Mean metabolic increments for pregnant females, non-reproductive females, and males were 13%, 18% and 26%, respectively. The ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes was elevated in response to LPS across reproductive categories; however, LPS did not impact plasma bactericidal ability in non-reproductive snakes. Although pregnant females had significantly higher plasma bactericidal ability compared with non-reproductive snakes prior to manipulation, their bactericidal ability declined in response to LPS. LPS administration also significantly reduced several litter characteristics, particularly when administrated relatively early in pregnancy. Our results indicate that immune performance is energetically costly and is altered during pregnancy, and that immune activation during pregnancy may result in tradeoffs that affect offspring in a viviparous reptile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Lind
- School of Natural Science and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA
| | - Joseph Agugliaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
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10
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Ru X, Zhang L, Liu S, Yang H. Plasticity of Respiratory Function Accommodates High Oxygen Demand in Breeding Sea Cucumbers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32300308 PMCID: PMC7145410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological plasticity allows animals to adjust their physiological function to abiotic and biotic variations. It has been mostly studied in the context of response to external factors and not much is known on how animals adjust their physiology to cope with variations in internal conditions. The process of reproduction implies gonadal maturation and other internal changes, bringing various challenges to the animal such as an increased demand for energy and oxygen. Here, the capacity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus to adjust its respiratory function and physiological mechanisms during reproduction was studied using a time-lapse videography and metabolomics approach. The results showed that reproduction caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption in A. japonicus. Interestingly, breeding sea cucumbers can accommodate the high oxygen demand by accelerating respiratory rate. However, to maintain a necessary high level of respiratory activity during reproduction, sea cucumbers need consume large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the metabolomic data suggests that oxidative stress and hormone regulation are the physiological mechanisms linking reproduction and respiratory function. Altogether, these findings suggest that plasticity of respiratory function is an effective tactic to cope with high oxygen demand during reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshang Ru
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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11
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Dupoué A, Sorlin M, Richard M, Le Galliard JF, Lourdais O, Clobert J, Aubret F. Mother-offspring conflict for water and its mitigation in the oviparous form of the reproductively bimodal lizard, Zootoca vivipara. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractParent-offspring conflicts are widespread given that resources are often limited. Recent evidence has shown that availability of water can trigger such conflict during pregnancy in viviparous squamate species (lizards and snakes) and thus questions the role of water in the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, we examined the impact of water restriction during gravidity in the oviparous form of the bimodal common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), using a protocol previously used on the viviparous form. Females were captured in early gravidity from six populations along a 600 m altitudinal gradient to investigate whether environmental conditions (altitude, water access and temperature) exacerbate responses to water restriction. Females were significantly dehydrated after water restriction, irrespective of their reproductive status (gravid vs. non-reproductive), relative reproductive effort (relative clutch mass), and treatment timing (embryonic development stage). Female dehydration, together with reproductive performance, varied with altitude, probably due to long term acclimation or local adaptation. This moderate water-based intergenerational conflict in gravid females contrasts sharply with previous findings for the viviparous form, with implications to the evolutionary reversion from viviparity to oviparity. It is likely that oviparity constitutes a water-saving reproductive mode which might help mitigate intensive temperature-driven population extinctions at low altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS, UMR 5321, Saint Girons, France
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton campus, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mahaut Sorlin
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS, UMR 5321, Saint Girons, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS, UMR 5321, Saint Girons, France
| | - Jean François Le Galliard
- iEES Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, Tours 44–45, Paris, France
- Ecole normale supérieure, Département de biologie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, CNRS, UMR, Beauvoir sur Niort, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS, UMR 5321, Saint Girons, France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS, UMR 5321, Saint Girons, France
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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12
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Rozen-Rechels D, Dupoué A, Meylan S, Qitout K, Decencière B, Agostini S, Le Galliard JF. Acclimation to Water Restriction Implies Different Paces for Behavioral and Physiological Responses in a Lizard Species. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:160-174. [PMID: 32031477 DOI: 10.1086/707409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic changes in climate conditions may select for acclimation responses in terrestrial animals living in fluctuating environments, and beneficial acclimation responses may be key to the resilience of these species to global changes. Despite evidence that climate warming induces changes in water availability, acclimation responses to water restriction are understudied compared with thermal acclimation. In addition, acclimation responses may involve different modes, paces, and trade-offs between physiological and behavioral traits. Here, we tested the dynamical acclimation responses of a dry-skinned terrestrial ectotherm to chronic water restriction. Yearling common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) were exposed to sublethal water restriction during 2 mo of the summer season in laboratory conditions, then released in outdoor conditions for 10 additional months. Candidate behavioral (exploration, basking, and thermal preferences) and physiological (metabolism at rest and standard water loss rate) traits potentially involved in the acclimation response were measured repeatedly during and after water restriction. We observed a sequential acclimation response in water-restricted animals (yearlings spent less time basking during the first weeks of water deprivation) that was followed by delayed sex-specific physiological consequences of the water restriction during the following months (thermal depression in males and lower standard evaporative water loss rates in females). Despite short-term negative effects of water restriction on body growth, annual growth, survival, and reproduction were not significantly different between water-restricted and control yearlings. This demonstrates that beneficial acclimation responses to water restriction involve both short-term flexible behavioral responses and delayed changes in thermal and water biology traits.
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13
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Recknagel H, Elmer KR. Differential reproductive investment in co-occurring oviparous and viviparous common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) and implications for life-history trade-offs with viviparity. Oecologia 2019; 190:85-98. [PMID: 31062164 PMCID: PMC6535419 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Live-bearing reproduction (viviparity) has evolved from egg-laying (oviparity) independently many times and most abundantly in squamate reptiles. Studying life-history trade-offs between the two reproductive modes is an inherently difficult task, as most transitions to viviparity are evolutionarily old and/or are confounded by environmental effects. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is one of very few known reproductively bimodal species, in which some populations are oviparous and others viviparous. Oviparous and viviparous populations can occur in sympatry in the same environment, making this a unique system for investigating alternative life-history trade-offs between oviparous and viviparous reproduction. We find that viviparous females exhibit larger body size, smaller clutch sizes, a larger reproductive investment, and a higher hatching success rate than oviparous females. We find that offspring size and weight from viviparous females was lower compared to offspring from oviparous females, which may reflect space constraints during pregnancy. We suggest that viviparity in common lizards is associated with increased reproductive burden for viviparous females and speculate that this promoted the evolution of larger body size to create more physical space for developing embryos. In the context of life-history trade-offs in the evolution of viviparity, we suggest that the extent of correlation between reproductive traits, or differences between reproductive modes, may also depend on the time since the transition occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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14
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Yao YT, Du Y, Fang MC, Lin LH, Ji X. Developmental stage does not affect resting metabolic rate in the monitor lizard, Varanus salvator. ANIM BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-17000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have studied resting metabolic rate (RMR) of the water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) at different developmental stages (hatchling, juvenile and adult) to test whether individuals at different ages differ in RMR when controlling for the effects of body mass. We found that: 1) resting metabolic rates of hatchlings, juveniles and adults were all positively related to their body mass with the same coefficients and that 2) developmental stage had a non-significant influence on the resting metabolic rate when controlling for the effects of body mass. Our results suggest that variation in resting metabolic rate for V. salvator is directly caused by body mass differences, which conforms to previous findings in mammal species and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Yao
- 1Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Du
- 2Hainan Key Laboratory for Herpetology, College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, Hainan, China
- 3Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Chao Fang
- 1Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- 1Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- 3Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Kouyoumdjian L, Gangloff EJ, Souchet J, Cordero GA, Dupoué A, Aubret F. Transplanting gravid lizards to high elevation alters maternal and embryonic oxygen physiology, but not reproductive success or hatchling phenotype. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206839. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased global temperatures have opened previously inhospitable habitats, such as at higher elevations. However, the reduction of oxygen partial pressure with increase in elevation represents an important physiological constraint that may limit colonization of such habitats, even if the thermal niche is appropriate. To test the mechanisms underlying the response to ecologically-relevant levels of hypoxia, we performed a translocation experiment with the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), a widespread European lizard amenable to establishing populations outside its natural range. We investigated the impacts of hypoxia on the oxygen physiology and reproductive output of gravid common wall lizards and the subsequent development and morphology of their offspring. Lowland females transplanted to high elevations increased their haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration within days and maintained routine metabolism compared to lizards kept at native elevations. However, transplanted lizards suffered from increased reactive oxygen metabolite production near the oviposition date, suggesting a cost of reproduction at high elevation. Transplanted females and females native to different elevations did not differ in reproductive output (clutch size, egg mass, relative clutch mass, or embryonic stage at oviposition) or in post-oviposition body condition. Developing embryos reduced heart rates and prolonged incubation times at high elevations within the native range and at extreme high elevations beyond the current range, but this reduced oxygen availability did not affect metabolic rate, hatching success, or hatchling size. These results suggest that this opportunistic colonizer is capable of successfully responding to novel environmental constraints in these important life-history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kouyoumdjian
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Jérémie Souchet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Gerardo A. Cordero
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 6102 WA, Australia
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16
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Foucart T, Heulin B, Lourdais O. Small changes, big benefits: testing the significance of maternal thermoregulation in a lizard with extended egg retention. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Foucart
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, Paimpont, France
- Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé CNRS, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Benoit Heulin
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, Paimpont, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé CNRS, Villiers en Bois, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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17
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Zhang L, Guo K, Zhang GZ, Lin LH, Ji X. Evolutionary transitions in body plan and reproductive mode alter maintenance metabolism in squamates. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:45. [PMID: 29614975 PMCID: PMC5883405 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy (resources) acquired by animals should be allocated towards competing demands, maintenance, growth, reproduction and fat storage. Reproduction has the second lowest priority in energy allocation and only is allowed after meeting the energetic demands for maintenance and growth. This hierarchical allocation of energy suggests the hypothesis that species or taxa with high maintenance costs would be less likely to invest more energy in reproduction or to evolve an energetically more expensive mode of reproduction. Here, we used data on standard metabolic rate so far reported for 196 species of squamates to test this hypothesis. Results We found that maintenance costs were lower in snakes than in lizards, and that the costs were lower in viviparous species than in oviparous species. As snakes generally invest more energy per reproductive episode than lizards, and viviparity is an energetically more expensive mode of reproduction than oviparity, our results are consistent with the hypothesis tested. Conclusion The transition from lizard-like to snake-like body form and the transition from oviparity to viviparity are major evolutionary transitions in vertebrates, which likely alter many aspects of biology of the organisms involved. Our study is the first to demonstrate that evolutionary transitions in body plan and reproductive mode alter maintenance metabolism in squamates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1166-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.,Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhengjiang, 310036, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Guang-Zheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhengjiang, 310036, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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18
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Louppe V, Courant J, Videlier M, Herrel A. Differences in standard metabolic rate at the range edge versus the center of an expanding invasive population of
Xenopus laevis
in the West of France. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Louppe
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
- Institut de systématique, évolution, biodiversité UMR 7205 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N./U.P.M.C./E.P.H.E. Paris France
| | - J. Courant
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
| | - M. Videlier
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - A. Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
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19
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Costantini D. Meta-analysis reveals that reproductive strategies are associated with sexual differences in oxidative balance across vertebrates. Curr Zool 2018; 64:1-11. [PMID: 29492033 PMCID: PMC5809033 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key physiological mechanism underlying life-history tradeoffs. Here, I use meta-analytic techniques to test whether sexual differences in oxidative balance are common in vertebrates and to identify which factors are associated with such differences. The dataset included 732 effect size estimates from 100 articles (82 species). Larger unsigned effect size (meaning larger sexual differences in a given marker) occurred in: reptiles and fish; those species that do not provide parental care; and oviparous species. Estimates of signed effect size (positive values meaning higher oxidative stress in males) indicated that females were less resistant to oxidative stress than males in: reptiles while males and females were similar in fish, birds, and mammals; those species that do not provide parental care; and oviparous species. There was no evidence for a significant sexual differentiation in oxidative balance in fish, birds, and mammals. Effect size was not associated with: the number of offspring; whether the experimental animals were reproducing or not; biomarker (oxidative damage, non-enzymatic, or enzymatic antioxidant), the species body mass; the strain (wild vs. domestic); or the study environment (wild vs. captivity). Oxidative stress tended to be higher in females than males across most of the tissues analyzed. Levels of residual heterogeneity were high in all models tested. The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that diversification of reproductive strategies might be associated with sexual differences in oxidative balance. This explorative meta-analysis offers a starting platform for future research to investigate the relationship between sex and oxidative balance further.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin 10315, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
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20
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Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Fuentes-G JA, Ossip-Drahos AG, Martins EP. Repeated evolution of viviparity in phrynosomatid lizards constrained interspecific diversification in some life-history traits. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0653. [PMID: 27903777 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, viviparity has evolved independently multiple times, apparently increasing morphological diversification and speciation rates as a consequence. We tested whether the evolution of viviparity has also increased diversification of life-history traits by estimating evolutionary rates of lizards from the North American family Phrynosomatidae. Using modern phylogenetic comparative methods, we compared these rates between oviparous and viviparous species, and found no support for this hypothesis. Instead, we found higher evolutionary rates for oviparous species in some life-history traits. Our results suggest that the evolution of viviparity may have constrained rather than facilitated evolution of life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | | | - Alison G Ossip-Drahos
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA 30566, USA
| | - Emília P Martins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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21
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Limb proportions show developmental plasticity in response to embryo movement. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41926. [PMID: 28165010 PMCID: PMC5292730 DOI: 10.1038/srep41926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have evolved limb proportions adapted to different environments, but it is not yet clear to what extent these proportions are directly influenced by the environment during prenatal development. The developing skeleton experiences mechanical loading resulting from embryo movement. We tested the hypothesis that environmentally-induced changes in prenatal movement influence embryonic limb growth to alter proportions. We show that incubation temperature influences motility and limb bone growth in West African Dwarf crocodiles, producing altered limb proportions which may, influence post-hatching performance. Pharmacological immobilisation of embryonic chickens revealed that altered motility, independent of temperature, may underpin this growth regulation. Use of the chick also allowed us to merge histological, immunochemical and cell proliferation labelling studies to evaluate changes in growth plate organisation, and unbiased array profiling to identify specific cellular and transcriptional targets of embryo movement. This disclosed that movement alters limb proportions and regulates chondrocyte proliferation in only specific growth plates. This selective targeting is related to intrinsic mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway activity in individual growth plates. Our findings provide new insights into how environmental factors can be integrated to influence cellular activity in growing bones and ultimately gross limb morphology, to generate phenotypic variation during prenatal development.
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22
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Chung JW. Spot the difference: Solving the puzzle of hidden pictures in the lizard genome for identification of regeneration factors. BMB Rep 2017; 49:249-54. [PMID: 26949021 PMCID: PMC5070703 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All living things share some common life processes, such as growth and reproduction, and have the ability to respond to their environment. However, each type of organism has its own specialized way of managing biological events. Genetic sequences determine phenotypic and physiological traits. Based on genetic information, comparative genomics has been used to delineate the differences and similarities between various genomes, and significant progress has been made in understanding regenerative biology by comparing the genomes of a variety of lower animal models of regeneration, such as planaria, zebra fish, and newts. However, the genome of lizards has been relatively ignored until recently, even though lizards have been studied as an excellent amniote model of tissue regeneration. Very recently, whole genome sequences of lizards have been uncovered, and several attempts have been made to find regeneration factors based on genetic information. In this article, recent advances in comparative analysis of the lizard genome are introduced, and their biological implications and putative applications for regenerative medicine and stem cell biology are discussed. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 249-254]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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23
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Foucart T, Heulin B, Lourdais O. Clutch size influences embryonic stages at oviposition in a lizard with prolonged egg retention. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the possible interaction between reproductive effort and embryonic stages at oviposition in oviparous form of the lizard Zootoca vivipara. Our results reveal that the percentage of total embryonic development time (%TEDT) reached at oviposition is negatively correlated to clutch size (adjusted to maternal body size). We found no influence of reproductive burden of female (relative clutch mass, RCM) on %TEDT. The significant effect of fecundity supports the hypothesis that a resource limitation such as oxygen may exist for developing embryos in oviducts. The absence of RCM effect suggests that the available space (abdominal burdening of the mother) does not limit the embryonic stages at oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Foucart
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, F-35380, Paimpont, France
- Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé CNRS, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Benoit Heulin
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, F-35380, Paimpont, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé CNRS, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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24
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Segner H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. The immunomodulatory role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Proximate mechanism for reproduction-immune trade offs? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:43-60. [PMID: 27404794 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and the immune system of vertebrates, attempting to situate the HPG-immune interaction into the context of life history trade-offs between reproductive and immune functions. More specifically, (i) we review molecular and cellular interactions between hormones of the HPG axis, and, as far as known, the involved mechanisms on immune functions, (ii) we evaluate whether the HPG-immune crosstalk serves as proximate mechanism mediating reproductive-immune trade-offs, and (iii) we ask whether the nature of the HPG-immune interaction is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, despite the changes in immune functions, reproductive modes, and life histories. In all vertebrate classes studied so far, HPG hormones have immunomodulatory functions, and indications exist that they contribute to reproduction-immunity resource trade-offs, although the very limited information available for most non-mammalian vertebrates makes it difficult to judge how comparable or different the interactions are. There is good evidence that the HPG-immune crosstalk is part of the proximate mechanisms underlying the reproductive-immune trade-offs of vertebrates, but it is only one factor in a complex network of factors and processes. The fact that the HPG-immune interaction is flexible and can adapt to the functional and physiological requirements of specific life histories. Moreover, the assumption of a relatively fixed pattern of HPG influence on immune functions, with, for example, androgens always leading to immunosuppression and estrogens always being immunoprotective, is probably oversimplified, but the HPG-immune interaction can vary depending on the physiological and envoironmental context. Finally, the HPG-immune interaction is not only driven by resource trade-offs, but additional factors such as, for instance, the evolution of viviparity shape this neuroendocrine-immune relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P.O. Box, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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25
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Lorioux S, Angelier F, Lourdais O. Are glucocorticoids good indicators of pregnancy constraints in a capital breeder? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:125-33. [PMID: 27090427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy imposes a substantial energetic demand on the mother (i.e. metabolic costs of pregnancy) and is often associated with modified maternal behavior and increased physical burdens that make females more vulnerable to predation. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis plays a fundamental role in reproduction through hormonal control of energy regulation and parental care. Therefore, evaluating the changes in baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels in response to pregnancy may provide a robust tool to assess not only the constraints of gestation but also the way females may adjust to these constraints. In this study, we measured baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant aspic vipers (Vipera aspis), which are capital breeders. We also measured muscle condition (tail width) and locomotion performance (traction force) because these are robust proxies of protein mobilization associated with fasting. Baseline CORT concentration increased significantly over time in pregnant females, while they were lower and stable in non-reproductive females. Pregnant females had lower muscle condition at the onset of the study and tail width was negatively correlated with CORT concentration in this group. Contrary to our prediction, the stress response was not attenuated in pregnant females, but was proportional to baseline CORT concentration. Our results suggest that baseline CORT variations are closely related to energy constraints and structural protein mobilization in this capital breeder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lorioux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UPR 1934, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, 85022 Poitiers, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UPR 1934, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UPR 1934, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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26
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Lourdais O, Lorioux S, Dupoué A, Wright C, DeNardo DF. Embryonic water uptake during pregnancy is stage- and fecundity-dependent in the snake Vipera aspis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 189:102-6. [PMID: 26255703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Water is a crucial resource that can profoundly impact the biology of terrestrial organisms. Early life stages are particularly sensitive to hydric constraints because water uptake is an important component of embryonic development. While amniotic eggs constitute a key innovation to terrestrial life, many vertebrates are viviparous wherein the mother must be the source of water for her developing embryos. Since most viviparous squamates are lecithotrophic (i.e., energy is supplied to the offspring as yolk deposited into pre-ovulated follicles), water is the predominant resource allocated from the mother to the offspring during development. Contrary to energy that can be stored (e.g., as fat reserves), water typically cannot be acquired in advance. Therefore, the embryos' need for water can impose significant constraints on the pregnant female. We detailed water flux during pregnancy in a viviparous snake, the aspic viper (Vipera aspis). We found that embryonic water uptake occurred mostly during the second half of pregnancy-a period dominated by somatic growth. We also found that, somewhat unexpectedly, changes in female plasma osmolality were negatively related to fecundity. This latter result suggests that water consumption by the female is especially important for large litter sizes, and thus may suggest an important sensitivity of reproductive females to environmental water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
| | - Sophie Lorioux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Christian Wright
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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Munns SL, Edwards A, Nicol S, Frappell PB. Pregnancy limits lung function during exercise and depresses metabolic rate in the skink Tiliqua nigrolutea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:931-9. [PMID: 25788728 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High gestational loads have been associated with a range of ecological costs, such as decreased locomotor ability; however, the physiological mechanisms that underpin these changes are poorly understood. In this study, breathing patterns, metabolic rates, lung volume and lung diffusing capacity were measured at rest and during exercise in the pregnant skink Tiliqua nigrolutea. Breathing patterns were largely unaffected by gestation; however, decreases in metabolic rate (rate of oxygen consumption) in the late stages of pregnancy induced a relative hyperventilation. The reductions in metabolic rate during late pregnancy prevent the calculation of the maintenance cost of pregnancy based on post-partum and neonatal metabolic rates. Despite the high relative litter mass of 38.9±5.3%, lung diffusing capacity was maintained during all stages of pregnancy, suggesting that alterations in diffusion at the alveolar capillary membrane were not responsible for the relative hyperventilation. Lung volume was increased during pregnancy compared with non-pregnant females, but lung volume was significantly lower during pregnancy compared with post-partum lung volume. Pregnant females were unable to produce the same metabolic and ventilatory changes induced by exercise in non-pregnant females. This lack of ability to respond to increased respiratory drive during exercise may underpin the locomotor impairment measured during gestation in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Munns
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ashley Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Stewart Nicol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Peter B Frappell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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28
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Griffith OW, Blackburn DG, Brandley MC, Van Dyke JU, Whittington CM, Thompson MB. Ancestral state reconstructions require biological evidence to test evolutionary hypotheses: A case study examining the evolution of reproductive mode in squamate reptiles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:493-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Griffith
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | | | - Matthew C. Brandley
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - James U. Van Dyke
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Camilla M. Whittington
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
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