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Properties of poly(lactic acid)/walnut shell/hydroxyapatite composites prepared with fused deposition modeling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11563. [PMID: 35798811 PMCID: PMC9262983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used to prepare poly(lactic acid)/walnut shell/hydroxyapatite (PLA/WS/HA) composite filaments. HA was treated with silane and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The composites were investigated by using simultaneous thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a universal mechanical testing machine. The results showed that incorporating either HA or WS improved the thermal stability and water absorption of PLA, but lowered the tensile and compression strength. Fillers toughened the PLA matrix, resulting in higher tensile elongation and compressive strain. The tensile and compressive strengths of samples significantly dropped after water-immersion for 6 weeks. Finally, scaffolds were manufactured by using FDM. The compression modulus and structural feature of scaffolds indicated that the PLA/WS/HA composites have the potential to be applied in structural parts, such as bone implants.
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Three-Dimensional Zirconia-Based Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Bone-Regeneration Applications: Prospects and Challenges. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123207. [PMID: 34200817 PMCID: PMC8230534 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The design of zirconia-based scaffolds using conventional techniques for bone-regeneration applications has been studied extensively. Similar to dental applications, the use of three-dimensional (3D) zirconia-based ceramics for bone tissue engineering (BTE) has recently attracted considerable attention because of their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility. However, techniques to fabricate zirconia-based scaffolds for bone regeneration are in a stage of infancy. Hence, the biological activities of zirconia-based ceramics for bone-regeneration applications have not been fully investigated, in contrast to the well-established calcium phosphate-based ceramics for bone-regeneration applications. This paper outlines recent research developments and challenges concerning numerous three-dimensional (3D) zirconia-based scaffolds and reviews the associated fundamental fabrication techniques, key 3D fabrication developments and practical encounters to identify the optimal 3D fabrication technique for obtaining 3D zirconia-based scaffolds suitable for real-world applications. This review mainly summarized the articles that focused on in vitro and in vivo studies along with the fundamental mechanical characterizations on the 3D zirconia-based scaffolds.
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Song X, He W, Qin H, Yang S, Wen S. Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (lactic acid)/Macadamia Composites-Thermal, Mechanical Properties and Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020258. [PMID: 31936046 PMCID: PMC7014433 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work Macadamia nutshell (MS) was used as filler in fused deposition modeling (FDM) of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites filaments. Composites containing MS both treated and untreated with alkali and silane were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the treated MS composites had better thermal stability. Furthermore, compression tests were carried out. The PLA with 10 wt% treated MS composite was found possessing the best mechanical properties which was almost equivalent to that of the pure PLA. Finally, porous scaffolds of PLA/10 wt% treated MS were fabricated. The scaffolds exhibited various porosities in range of 30–65%, interconnected holes in size of 0.3–0.5 mm, micro pores with dimension of 0.1–1 μm and 37.92–244.46 MPa of elastic modulus. Those values indicated that the FDM of PLA/MS composites have the potential to be used as weight lighter and structural parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Wei He
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Huadong Qin
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Shoufeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, PO box 2420, Heverlee, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shifeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Walnut Shell Biocomposite Filaments—Surface Treatment and Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the study of the properties of objects that were fabricated with fused deposition modeling technology while using Poly (lactic acid)/Walnut shell powder (PLA/WSP) biocomposite filaments. The WSP was treated while using NaOH followed by silane. The infrared spectrum of treated and untreated WSP was characterized. The result was that thermal and mechanical properties could be improved by adjusting the concentration of silane. The experimental results showed: the surface compatibility between WSP and PLA was dramatically improved through treatment with KH550. The crystalline, thermal gravity, and thermal degradation temperatures of biocomposite with untreated WSP were improved from 1.46%, 60.3 °C, and 239.87 °C to 2.84%, 61.3 °C, and 276.37 °C for the biocomposites with treated WSP, respectively. The tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths of biocomposites were raised each by 8.07%, 14.66%, and 23.32%. With the determined silane concentration, PLA/10–15 wt.% treated WSP biocomposites were processed and tested. The results showed that the tensile strength was improved to 56.2 MPa, which is very near to that of pure PLA. Finally, the porous scaffolds with controllable porosity and pore size were manufactured.
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Geoffroy L, Samyn F, Jimenez M, Bourbigot S. Additive manufacturing of fire‐retardant ethylene‐vinyl acetate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Geoffroy
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8207, UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, ENSCL Lille France
| | - Fabienne Samyn
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8207, UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, ENSCL Lille France
| | - Maude Jimenez
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8207, UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, ENSCL Lille France
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8207, UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, ENSCL Lille France
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Jackson R, Patrick PS, Page K, Powell MJ, Lythgoe MF, Miodownik MA, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJ, Kalber TL, Bear JC. Chemically Treated 3D Printed Polymer Scaffolds for Biomineral Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4342-4351. [PMID: 29732454 PMCID: PMC5928486 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of nylon-12 scaffolds by 3D printing and demonstrate their versatility as matrices for cell growth, differentiation, and biomineral formation. We demonstrate that the porous nature of the printed parts makes them ideal for the direct incorporation of preformed nanomaterials or material precursors, leading to nanocomposites with very different properties and environments for cell growth. Additives such as those derived from sources such as tetraethyl orthosilicate applied at a low temperature promote successful cell growth, due partly to the high surface area of the porous matrix. The incorporation of presynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles led to a material that showed rapid heating in response to an applied ac magnetic field, an excellent property for use in gene expression and, with further improvement, chemical-free sterilization. These methods also avoid changing polymer feedstocks and contaminating or even damaging commonly used selective laser sintering printers. The chemically treated 3D printed matrices presented herein have great potential for use in addressing current issues surrounding bone grafting, implants, and skeletal repair, and a wide variety of possible incorporated material combinations could impact many other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard
J. Jackson
- UCL
Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, The
Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K.
| | - P. Stephen Patrick
- Centre
for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine and
Institute of Child Health, University College
London, London WC1E 6DD, U.K.
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials
Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Powell
- Materials
Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre
for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine and
Institute of Child Health, University College
London, London WC1E 6DD, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Miodownik
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials
Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Materials
Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Tammy L. Kalber
- Centre
for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine and
Institute of Child Health, University College
London, London WC1E 6DD, U.K.
| | - Joseph C. Bear
- School
of Life Science, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, U.K.
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Shivalkar S, Singh S. Solid Freeform Techniques Application in Bone Tissue Engineering for Scaffold Fabrication. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:187-200. [PMID: 30603476 PMCID: PMC6171596 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid freeform techniques are revolutionising technology with great potential to fabricate highly organized biodegradable scaffolds for damaged tissues and organs. Scaffolds fabricated via Solid freeform (SFF) techniques have more pronounced effect in bone tissue engineering. SFF techniques produce various types of scaffolds from different biomaterials with specific pore size, geometries, orientation, interconnectivity and anatomical shapes. Scaffolds needs to be designed from such biomaterials which can attach directly to natural tissues and mimic its properties, so ideally mechanical properties of scaffolds should be same as that of regenerating tissues for best results. The scaffolds designed without optimized mechanical properties would lead to the reduced nutrition diffusion within tissue engineered constructs (TECs) causing tissue necrosis. These scaffolds are mainly processed from ceramics and polymers like calcium phosphate, polydioxane, €-polycaprolactone, polylactic and polyglycolic acids etc. While, hydrogel scaffolds provide bridge for encapsulated cells and tissues to integrate with natural ECM. Likewise, 2D images from radiography were not sufficient for the prediction of the brain structure, cranial nerves, vessel and architecture of base of the skull and bones, which became possible using the 3D prototyping technologies. Any misrepresentation can lead to fatal outcomes. Biomodelling from these techniques for spinal surgery and preoperative planning are making its way toward successful treatment of several spinal deformities and spinal tumor. In this review we explored laser based and printing SFF techniques following its methodologies, principles and most recent areas of application with its achievements and possible challenges faced during its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Allahabad, Devghat, Jhalwa, Allahabad, 211 012 India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Allahabad, Devghat, Jhalwa, Allahabad, 211 012 India
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Youssef A, Hollister SJ, Dalton PD. Additive manufacturing of polymer melts for implantable medical devices and scaffolds. Biofabrication 2017; 9:012002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wilson JM, Jones N, Jin L, Shin YC. Laser deposited coatings of Co-Cr-Mo onto Ti-6Al-4V and SS316L substrates for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1124-32. [PMID: 23564675 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Wilson
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Purdue University, Center for Laser-Based Manufacturing; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Nolan Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Purdue University, Center for Laser-Based Manufacturing; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Li Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Purdue University, Center for Laser-Based Manufacturing; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Yung C. Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Purdue University, Center for Laser-Based Manufacturing; West Lafayette IN 47907
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Preparation and properties of porous Ti–10Mo alloy by selective laser sintering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1085-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Laser sintering (LS) utilises a laser to sinter powder particles. A volumetric model is sliced and processed cross section by cross section to create a physical part. In theory, all powdered materials are suitable for sintering; however, only few have been tested successfully. For tissue engineering (TE) applications of this rapid prototyping technology it is an advantage that no toxic solvents or binders are necessary. This chapter reviews the direct and indirect use of LS to fabricate scaffolds for TE from single and multiphase materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lohfeld
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Eosoly S, Brabazon D, Lohfeld S, Looney L. Selective laser sintering of hydroxyapatite/poly-epsilon-caprolactone scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2511-7. [PMID: 19616649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) enables the fabrication of complex geometries with the intricate and controllable internal architecture required in the field of tissue engineering. In this study hydroxyapatite and poly-epsilon-caprolactone, considered suitable for hard tissue engineering purposes, were used in a weight ratio of 30:70. The quality of the fabricated parts is influenced by various process parameters. Among them Four parameters, namely laser fill power, outline laser power, scan spacing and part orientation, were identified as important. These parameters were investigated according to a central composite design and a model of the effects of these parameters on the accuracy and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts was developed. The dimensions of the fabricated parts were strongly dependent on the manufacturing direction and scan spacing. Repeatability analysis shows that the fabricated features can be well reproduced. However, there were deviations from the nominal dimensions, with the features being larger than those designed. The compressive modulus and yield strength of the fabricated microstructures with a designed relative density of 0.33 varied between 0.6 and 2.3 and 0.1 and 0.6 MPa, respectively. The mechanical behavior was strongly dependent on the manufacturing direction.
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Tanner KE. Bioactive ceramic-reinforced composites for bone augmentation. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 5:S541-57. [PMID: 20591846 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0229.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials have been used to repair the human body for millennia, but it is only since the 1970s that man-made composites have been used. Hydroxyapatite (HA)-reinforced polyethylene (PE) is the first of the 'second-generation' biomaterials that have been developed to be bioactive rather than bioinert. The mechanical properties have been characterized using quasi-static, fatigue, creep and fracture toughness testing, and these studies have allowed optimization of the production method. The in vitro and in vivo biological properties have been investigated with a range of filler content and have shown that the presence of sufficient bioactive filler leads to a bioactive composite. Finally, the material has been applied clinically, initially in the orbital floor and later in the middle ear. From this initial combination of HA in PE other bioactive ceramic polymer composites have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Tanner
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Zhang Y, Hao L, Savalani MM, Harris RA, Di Silvio L, Tanner KE. In vitro biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite-reinforced polymeric composites manufactured by selective laser sintering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:1018-27. [PMID: 19107791 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The selective laser sintering (SLS) technique was used to manufacture hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene and polyamide composites as potential customized maxillofacial implants. In vitro tests were carried out to assess cellular responses, in terms of cell attachment, morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralized nodule formation, using primary human osteoblast cells. This study showed that the SLS composite processed was biocompatible, with no adverse effects observed on cell viability and metabolic activity, supporting a normal metabolism and growth pattern for osteoblasts. Positive von Kossa staining demonstrated the presence of bone-like mineral on the SLS materials. Higher hydroxyapatite content composites enhanced cell proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and produced more osteocalcin. The present findings showed that SLS materials have good in vitro biocompatibility and hence demonstrated biologically the potential of SLS for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Materials, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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Ryan G, McGarry P, Pandit A, Apatsidis D. Analysis of the mechanical behavior of a titanium scaffold with a repeating unit-cell substructure. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 90:894-906. [PMID: 19360888 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Titanium scaffolds with controlled microarchitecture have been developed for load bearing orthopedic applications. The controlled microarchitecture refers to a repeating array of unit-cells, composed of sintered titanium powder, which make up the scaffold structure. The objective of this current research was to characterize the mechanical performance of three scaffolds with increasing porosity, using finite element analysis (FEA) and to compare the results with experimental data. Scaffolds were scanned using microcomputed tomography and FEA models were generated from the resulting computer models. Macroscale and unit-cell models of the scaffolds were created. The material properties of the sintered titanium powders were first evaluated in mechanical tests and the data used in the FEA. The macroscale and unit-cell FEA models proved to be a good predictor of Young's modulus and yield strength. Although macroscale models showed similar failure patterns and an expected trend in UCS, strain at UCS did not compare well with experimental data. Since a rapid prototyping method was used to create the scaffolds, the original CAD geometries of the scaffold were also evaluated using FEA but they did not reflect the mechanical properties of the physical scaffolds. This indicates that at present, determining the actual geometry of the scaffold through computed tomography imaging is important. Finally, a fatigue analysis was performed on the scaffold to simulate the loading conditions it would experience as a spinal interbody fusion device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Ryan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Nuns Island, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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