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Timocin T, Husunet MT, Valipour E, Norizadeh Tazehkand M, Celik R, Topaktas M, Ila HB. In vitro cytogenetic evaluation of the particular combination of flurbiprofen and roxithromycin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:326-332. [PMID: 27600436 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1223097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen (FLB) (anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug) and roxithromycin (RXM) (antibiotic) were widely used in world wide. This study deals with investigation of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress effects of a particular combination of these drugs in human cultured lymphocytes. Also, DNA damaging-protective effects of combination of these drugs were analyzed on plasmid DNA. Human lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations (FLB + RXM; 10 μg/mL + 25 μg/mL, 15 μg/mL + 50 μg/mL, and 20 μg/mL + 100 μg/mL) of the drugs following by study of their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects by analysis of cytokinesis-block micronucleus test and nuclear division index, respectively. The effect of the combination in aspect of anti-oxidative and DNA damaging activity was evaluated on Pet-22b plasmid. According to our results, the combination of FLB and RXM did not show a notable genotoxic effect on cells. Although each of the substances had been shown as a cytotoxic agent by previous researchers, in this research, the combination of these drugs did not exhibit any adverse effect on cell division. FLB had DNA protection effect against H2O2 while in combination with RXM had not the same effect on the plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taygun Timocin
- a Department of Biology , Institute of Science, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Husunet
- a Department of Biology , Institute of Science, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Ebrahim Valipour
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bülent Ecevit University , Turkey
| | | | - Rima Celik
- a Department of Biology , Institute of Science, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Topaktas
- d Department of Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Hasan B Ila
- d Department of Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
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2
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Holzheimer R, Hirte J, Reith B, Engelhardt W, Horak K, Leppert R, Aasen A, Capel P, Urbaschek R, Karch H, Thiede A. Different endotoxin release and IL-6 plasma levels after antibiotic administration in surgical intensive care patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, aggressive fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, the mortality associated with Gram-negative sepsis and septic shock has not decreased significantly in the last two decades. The consequences of host exposure to endotoxin and the relationship of antibiotic administration to endotoxin release have become important areas of intense interest. In vitro studies have demonstrated that there was a difference in endotoxin release between PBP-3 specific antibiotics (β-lactam antibiotics) and PBP-2 specific antibiotics (carbapenems). This is the first clinical report of surgical patients admitted to the surgical and anaesthesiology intensive care unit on the missing endotoxin release after imipenem treatment; however cefotaxime and ceftriaxone showed significantly more positive endotoxin tests in the plasma when compared to imipenem. Ciprofloxacin and vancomycin were intermediate in endotoxin release and tobramycin did not cause endotoxin release. There were also significant differences in endotoxin neutralizing capacity. IL-6 levels were decreased after imipenem faster than after ceftriaxone or cefotaxime; ciprofloxacin seemed to increase IL-6. Endotoxin may be harmful in patients where the immune system has been continuously challenged. Timing, dosage, or combination with other compounds as well as the effect of antibiotics on macrophages need to be tested in larger clinical trials. In this respect a consecutive study was started.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Holzheimer
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J.F. Hirte
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B. Reith
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - W. Engelhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K.H. Horak
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R. Leppert
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A. Aasen
- Department of Surgery, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
| | - P. Capel
- Department of Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Urbaschek
- Department of Microbiology, Klinikum Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H. Karch
- Department of Microbiology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A. Thiede
- Department of Surgery, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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Otsuki N, Iwata S, Yamada T, Hosono O, Dang NH, Hatano R, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C. Modulation of immunological responses and amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by the novel roxithromycin derivative 5-I. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:562-70. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.983262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lim JH, Park BK, Yun HI. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of roxithromycin for the inhibitory effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 production in dogs. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2006; 53:394-8. [PMID: 16970627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine and characterize the relationship between the plasma concentration of roxithromycin, and its inhibitory effect on cytokine production, in order to predict its possible clinical relevance. Six healthy beagle dogs received a single intravenous dose of 20-mg roxithromycin per kg body weight. Blood samples were obtained at different time points. The plasma was analysed with respect to roxithromycin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The concentration-effect relationship was explored by modelling the data using two compartmental model and an indirect response model with an E(max) concentration-effect relationship. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters (geometric mean) were as follows: V(c) = 2.59 l; k(10) = 0.08/h; k(12) = 0.26/h; k(21) = 0.40/h. The pharmacodynamic parameters (geometric mean) for the inhibitory effect on cytokine production induced by heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (HKSA) were for TNF-alpha (k(in) = 1.42 microg/h; k(out) = 1.10 microg/h; EC(50) > 5.69 mg/l) and for IL-6 (k(in) = 2.31 microg/h; k(out) = 2.04 microg/h; EC(50) = 21.07 mg/l) production, respectively. The inhibitory effect of roxithromycin on production can be adequately described by the indirect response model with an E(max) concentration-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Stover DE, Mangino D. Macrolides: a treatment alternative for bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia? Chest 2005; 128:3611-7. [PMID: 16304320 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.5.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Some macrolides have been found to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Lung diseases such as asthma, panbronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis are thought to respond to the immunomodulatory properties of macrolides. We report three cases of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, now called cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and three cases of radiation-related bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia that responded to macrolide therapy. An explanation of why macrolides may have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with these syndromes is discussed. These cases help to reinforce accumulating data that macrolides are beneficial as anti-inflammatory agents and organizing pneumonia may be another pulmonary disease that can benefit from such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Stover
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ogawa N, Sugawara Y, Fujiwara Y, Noma T. Roxithromycin promotes lymphocyte apoptosis in Dermatophagoides-sensitive asthma patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 474:273-81. [PMID: 12921874 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new macrolide, roxithromycin, may be an effective treatment for asthma. Lymphocyte apoptosis is impaired in patients with asthma, while spontaneous apoptosis increases during remission, and such changes may be involved in the onset and remission of mite-sensitive asthma. Lymphocyte apoptosis was evaluated by incubating cells from patients with asthma in the presence of roxithromycin. Low concentrations of roxithromycin (1-500 ng/ml) augmented the early, but not late, phase of apoptosis in Dermatophagoides farinae-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells, while high concentrations of roxithromycin (1 microg/ml; 6 microg/ml is the maximum serum level) augmented both the early and late phases of apoptosis. In both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells, roxithromycin did not significantly affect the induction of apoptosis. In cells from normal subjects, roxithromycin did not affect the induction of apoptosis. Other antibiotics, including cefazolin and ampicillin, did not cause significant induction of apoptosis. Fas ligand, but not Fas receptor, expression on D. farinae-stimulated cells was up-regulated after stimulation with 1 microg/ml roxithromycin, while Bcl-2 expression on both unstimulated and D. farinae-stimulated cells showed a decrease after the same treatment. Roxithromycin can induce apoptosis of D. farinae-activated lymphocytes in patients with D. farinae-sensitive asthma. Induction of the Fas/Fas ligand system and reduced Bcl-2 expression were involved in the promotion of apoptosis by roxithromycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Ogawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Kanagawa 228-8555, Sagamihara, Japan.
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The Role of Virus and Atypical Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00019048-200201000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Noma T, Aoki K, Hayashi M, Yoshizawa I, Kawano Y. Effect of roxithromycin on T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production elicited by mite antigen. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:201-10. [PMID: 11360921 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that roxithromycin (RXM) may be an effective additional therapy for bronchial asthma. However, how it interferes with allergic responses is unclear. To investigate the mechanisms of action of RXM, lymphocyte transformation and interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 synthesis associated with Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), mite antigen in patients with bronchial asthma were evaluated in vitro in the presence of RXM. T cell proliferation in Df antigen-stimulated patients' lymphocytes was suppressed by 50-100 microg/ml of RXM. Production of IL-4 and IL-5 was similarly decreased by 1-10 microg/ml RXM, whereas, IFN-gamma production, which was reduced by Df-stimulation alone, was increased by 50 microg/ml RXM. Our results suggest that skewed cytokine profiles of patients with mite antigen-induced bronchial asthma may be corrected with RXM, which may mimic those of patients in remission, who are tolerant of Df antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noma
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Yatsunami J, Fukuno Y, Nagata M, Tsuruta N, Aoki S, Tominaga M, Kawashima M, Taniguchi S, Hayashi S. Roxithromycin and clarithromycin, 14-membered ring macrolides, potentiate the antitumor activity of cytotoxic agents against mouse B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 1999; 147:17-24. [PMID: 10660084 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported antiangiogenic activity of roxithromycin and clarithromycin, 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotics. In the present study, we examined the antitumor effects of roxithromycin and clarithromycin, alone and in combination with several cytotoxic drugs, on mouse B16BL6 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Both roxithromycin and clarithromycin potentiated the inhibition of tumor growth induced by cyclophosphamide, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), Adriamycin and vindesine in vivo. However, neither roxithromycin nor clarithromycin, altered the cytotoxicity of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), Adriamycin or vindesine in an in vitro cell proliferation assay. These results suggest that the antiangiogenic activity of roxithromycin and clarithromycin may provide beneficial effects in combination with cytotoxic therapies against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yatsunami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Design of rational therapy depends on knowledge of the causes of the disease, which is knowledge often lacking in rheumatology. There have been theories of infectious causes of many rheumatologic diseases but no proof. The seductive possibility of an infectious etiology has led to the use of antibiotics for treating these diseases. This article reviews the effectiveness of antibiotics against rheumatologic syndromes, including rheumatoid arthritis and Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Sigal
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA.
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Ortega E, de Pablo MA, Gallego AM, Alvarez C, Pancorbo PL, Ruiz-Bravo A, de Cienfuegos GA. Effects of aztreonam on natural immunity in mice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 13:41-6. [PMID: 10563409 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the dose and the duration of treatment with aztreonam, a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, on the natural immune response of mice has been investigated. The results show the effects induced by the antibiotic on several immune parameters were affected by the duration of treatment. Thus, treatment with 28 mg/kg per day of aztreonam over 14 days increased every immune parameter tested, while treatment with 57 mg/kg per day of aztreonam for 7 days only enhanced the natural killer (NK) activity of splenocytes. Since aztreonam does not apparently impair the innate immune response, it might be a suitable therapy for the treatment of patients who are immunosuppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ortega
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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Yatsunami J, Fukuno Y, Nagata M, Tominaga M, Aoki S, Tsuruta N, Kawashima M, Taniguchi S, Hayashi S. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of 14-membered ring macrolides on mouse B16 melanoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:361-7. [PMID: 10545023 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006605725619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of macrolide antibiotics on tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis in the B 16BL6 mouse melanoma and C57BL mouse system. Two 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotics, roxithromycin and clarithromycin, significantly reduced the dense capillary network area in a mouse dorsal air sac angiogenesis model, whereas a 15-membered ring macrolide, azithromycin, and a 16-membered ring macrolide, josamycin, did not show any inhibitory effect on angiogenesis at the same dose. Intraperitoneal administration of roxithromycin and clarithromycin at 50 mg/kg/day reduced the tumor size of B 16BL6 melanoma to about 41% and 56%, respectively, of that of the control, and significantly suppressed pulmonary metastasis of B16BL6 cells in a spontaneous system. Azithromycin and josamycin, on the other hand, did not inhibit tumor growth or pulmonary metastasis of B16BL6 cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that roxithromycin and clarithromycin reduced the tumor vascularity and increased apoptosis of the tumor cells in vivo. These results suggest that 14-membered ring macrolides have antiangiogenic and antitumor effects and might have possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yatsunami
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Japan.
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Yatsunami J, Tsuruta N, Fukuno Y, Kawashima M, Taniguchi S, Hayashi S. Inhibitory effects of roxithromycin on tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis of mouse B16 melanoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:119-24. [PMID: 10411103 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006591805332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of roxithromycin, a 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic, on tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis of mouse B16BL6 melanoma cells. The inhibitory effect of roxithromycin on angiogenesis using mouse dorsal air sac model was dose-dependent, and 100 mg/kg of roxithromycin administered intraperitoneally twice a day reduced the dense capillary network area to about 20% of the control. Administration of roxithromycin histologically reduced the development of microvessels and mononuclear cell infiltration. In vivo tumor growth studies demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of roxithromycin at 20 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day reduced tumor size of B16BL6 melanoma to about 56% and 33% (experiment 1), 71% and 48% (experiment 2) of that in the respective controls. Roxithromycin also significantly inhibited pulmonary metastasis of B16BL6 cells in a spontaneous system. The inhibitory activities of roxithromycin on angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis were compared with those of a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470. These data demonstrated that roxithromycin has potent antiangiogenic and antitumor effects and might have possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yatsunami
- Research Institute for Disease of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Suzuki H, Asada Y, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Inhibitory effect of erythromycin on interleukin-8 secretion from exudative cells in the nasal discharge of patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1999; 109:407-10. [PMID: 10089966 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199903000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanism of the efficacy of long-term low-dose macrolide therapy for chronic sinusitis is not fully understood. The authors studied the inhibitory effect of erythromycin on interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from exudative cells in the nasal discharge of patients with chronic sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Exudative cells in the nasal discharge were isolated from six patients with nonallergic chronic sinusitis. The cells, more than 90% of which were neutrophils, were incubated with or without erythromycin in the presence of 10 micrograms/mL of lipopolysaccharide. The IL-8 concentrations in the culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS The amount of secreted IL-8 in the absence of erythromycin was 682 +/- 226 pg/10(6) cells/24 h. The IL-8 secretion was significantly reduced to 66 +/- 15% and 46 +/- 13% of the control in the presence of 10(-6) and 10(-5) M of erythromycin, respectively. CONCLUSION Erythromycin may act as a biologic modulator that inhibits IL-8 secretion from exudative cells and thereby blocks the vicious circle of neutrophil recruitment and IL-8 generation in the inflammatory site in chronic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sendai National Hospital, Japan
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Suzuki H, Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Furukawa M, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Inhibitory effect of macrolides on interleukin-8 secretion from cultured human nasal epithelial cells. Laryngoscope 1997; 107:1661-6. [PMID: 9396683 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199712000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of macrolide therapy in chronic sinusitis patients is unclear. The authors studied the effect of macrolides on interleukin (IL)-8 secretion from cultured human nasal epithelial cells. Epithelial cells harvested from the nasal polyps of patients with chronic sinusitis were primary-cultured, and secreted IL-8 in culture media was measured by enzyme immunoassay. The cells secreted considerable amounts of IL-8 constitutively and in response to lipopolysaccharide. The secretion was significantly inhibited by 10(-5) M of erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and josamycin. 10(-6) M erythromycin still showed the inhibitory effect, whereas the same concentration of josamycin did not. These results indicate that macrolide antibiotics may act as an immunomodulator to reduce IL-8 in inflammatory sites and, at least partially, account for the clinically discrepant effects between 14- and 16-membered ring macrolides in long-term low-dose therapy for chronic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Suzuki H, Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Effects of long-term low-dose macrolide administration on neutrophil recruitment and IL-8 in the nasal discharge of chronic sinusitis patients. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1997; 182:115-24. [PMID: 9261930 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.182.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of long-term low-dose macrolide administration were studied in patients with chronic sinusitis. Twelve patients with non-allergic chronic sinusitis were orally given 150 mg roxithromycin once a day without other treatments. The patients underwent computed tomography before and after the treatment, and paranasal sinus aeration was analyzed quantitatively. The number of neutrophils in the nasal smear was semiquantitatively assessed on a grading scale, and the IL-8 concentration in the nasal discharge was measured by enzyme immunoassay. The aeration of all four sinuses significantly improved, and recruited neutrophils and the IL-8 level in the nasal discharge were simultaneously reduced after the treatment. These findings suggest that long-term low-dose roxithromycin administration inhibits the positive feedback mechanism of neutrophil recruitment and IL-8 production by the recruited neutrophils, which is considered to be an essential cause of the prolongation of sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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