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Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) as an Ally in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:685-698. [PMID: 36661532 PMCID: PMC9858111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, garlic (Allium sativum) has been used both as a traditional remedy for most health-related ailments and for culinary purposes. Current preclinical investigations have suggested that dietary garlic intake has beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antiallergic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Its therapeutic potential is influenced by the methods of use, preparation, and extraction. Of particular importance is the Aged Garlic Extract (AGE). During the aging process, the odorous, sour, and irritating compounds in fresh raw garlic, such as allicin, are naturally converted into stable and safe compounds that have significantly greater therapeutic effects than fresh garlic. In AGE, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) are the major water-soluble organosulfurized compounds (OSCs). SAC has been extensively studied, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Recently, AGE has been suggested as a promising candidate for the maintenance of immune system homeostasis through modulation of cytokine secretion, promotion of phagocytosis, and activation of macrophages. Since immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of various diseases, given the therapeutic effects of AGE, it can be thought of exploiting its immunoregulatory capacity to contribute to the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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2
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Garlic constituents for cancer prevention and therapy: From phytochemistry to novel formulations. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105837. [PMID: 34450316 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the oldest plants cultivated for its dietary and medicinal values. This incredible plant is endowed with various pharmacological attributes, such as antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antithrombotic, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. Among the various beneficial pharmacological effects of garlic, the anticancer activity is presumably the most studied. The consumption of garlic provides strong protection against cancer risk. Taking into account the multi-targeted actions and absence of considerable toxicity, a few active metabolites of garlic are probably to play crucial roles in the killing of cancerous cells. Garlic contains several bioactive molecules with anticancer actions and these include diallyl trisulfide, allicin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, and allyl mercaptan. The effects of various garlic-derived products, their phytoconstituents and nanoformulations have been evaluated against skin, prostate, ovarian, breast, gastric, colorectal, oral, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Garlic extract, its phytocompounds and their nanoformulations have been shown to inhibit the different stages of cancer, including initiation, promotion, and progression. Besides, these bioactive metabolites alter the peroxidation of lipid, activity of nitric oxide synthetase, nuclear factor-κB, epidermal growth factor receptor, and protein kinase C, cell cycle, and survival signaling. The current comprehensive review portrays the functions of garlic, its bioactive constituents and nanoformulations against several types of cancers and explores the possibility of developing these agents as anticancer pharmaceuticals.
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Lu X, Wang C, Zhao M, Wu J, Niu Z, Zhang X, Simal-Gandara J, Süntar I, Jafari SM, Qiao X, Tang X, Han Z, Xiao J, Ningyang L. Improving the bioavailability and bioactivity of garlic bioactive compounds via nanotechnology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8467-8496. [PMID: 34058922 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1929058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights main bioactive compounds and important biological functions especially anticancer effects of the garlic. In addition, we review current literature on the stability and bioavailability of garlic components. Finally, this review aims to provide a potential strategy for using nanotechnology to increase the stability and solubility of garlic components, providing guidelines for the qualities of garlic products to improve their absorption and prevent their early degradation, and extend their circulation time in the body. The application of nanotechnology to improve the bioavailability and targeting of garlic compounds are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the functional components of garlic to treat human health. We review the improvement of bioavailability and bioactivity of garlic bioactive compounds via nanotechnology, which could promisingly overcome the limitations of conventional garlic products, and would be used to prevent and treat cancer and other diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhonglu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | - Ipek Süntar
- Deparment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaozhen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenlin Han
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense, Ourense, Spain.,International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Ningyang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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4
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De Greef D, Barton EM, Sandberg EN, Croley CR, Pumarol J, Wong TL, Das N, Bishayee A. Anticancer potential of garlic and its bioactive constituents: A systematic and comprehensive review. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:219-264. [PMID: 33301861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables of the Allium genus, such as garlic (Allium sativum L.), onions, shallots, leaks, and chives, have been used for many years for food consumption and for medicinal purposes. Historical medical texts have indicated the therapeutic applications of garlic as an antitumor, laxative, diuretic, antibacterial and antifungal agent. Specifically, garlic's antitumor abilities have been traced back 3500 years as a chemotherapeutic agent used in Egypt. Other beneficial effects of garlic consumption include lowering blood pressure, blood cholesterol, sugar and lipids. The processing and aging of garlic result in the production of non-toxic organosulfur by-products. These sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, alliin, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, impact various stages of carcinogenesis. The anticancer mechanisms of action of these garlic-derived phytochemicals include altering mitochondrial permeability, inhibiting angiogenesis, enhancing antioxidative and proapoptotic properties, and regulating cell proliferation. All these effects of garlic's sulfur-compounds have been demonstrated in various human cancers. The intent of this literature research is to explore the potential of garlic-derived products and bioactive organosulfur compounds as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This investigation employs criteria for systematic review and critically analyzes published in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Concerns and limitations that have arisen in past studies regarding standards of measurement, bioavailability, and method of delivery are addressed. Overall, it is hoped that through this systematic and comprehensive review, future researchers can be acquainted with the updated data assembled on anticancer properties of garlic and its phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Barton
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Elise N Sandberg
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | | | - Joshua Pumarol
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Tin Lok Wong
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia 799 155, Tripura, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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5
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Yang M, Dong Z, Jiang X, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Cao X, Zhang D. Determination of S-Allylmercaptocysteine in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS and its Application to a Pharmacokinetics Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2020. [PMID: 29522082 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a rapid, simple, sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of S-Allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) in plasma. After a simple sample procedure by one step protein precipitation with acetontrile, the samples were separated on Gemini-NX C18 column (2.1 mm i.d. 150 mm, 3 μm, Phenomenex). The mobile phase was composed of water-acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at an isocratic flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The developed method was validated based on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The results show that the method had satisfactory specificity, precision and accuracy in a linear range of 50-3,000 ng/mL for SAMC. The precision conformed to the acceptance criteria, and the lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL for the analyte. The plasma samples stored for 10 days or after two freeze-thaw cycles (-80°C) were stable. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics study of SAMC in rats. It was found that SAMC metabolized very quickly in rats and its plasma half-life was less than 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Jujube Food and Drug, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Xinke Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
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Lv Y, So KF, Wong NK, Xiao J. Anti-cancer activities of S-allylmercaptocysteine from aged garlic. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:43-49. [PMID: 30704623 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
While most types of malignancies remain recalcitrant to treatment, application of natural products or their analogs in daily life has offered some hopes as an effective prophylaxis against cancer onset and progression in the past decades. Emerging evidence supports a link between garlic consumption and decreased cancer incidence. Notably, aged garlic extract (AGE) exhibits stronger anti-cancer activities than that of fresh garlic, by virtue of enrichment of several AGE-specific organosulfur compounds, including S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). In this review, we summarize the up-to-date mechanistic pathways associated with the anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and pro-apoptotic effects of SAMC in various cancer models. Based upon the proven safety and improved understanding on its anti-neoplastic properties, SAMC has gained recognition as a promising daily food supplement for cancer prevention or management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, School of Biological Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, School of Biological Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- National Key Disciplines for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China.
| | - Jia Xiao
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, School of Biological Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; National Key Disciplines for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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7
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Miraghajani M, Rafie N, Hajianfar H, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Aged Garlic and Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 30487964 PMCID: PMC6212616 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_437_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which increases health-care costs. It has been reported that some dietary components such as aged garlic, one of the garlic preparations with no strong odor and harsh irritating taste, exhibits anticancer effects. This review summarizes the potential beneficial effects of aged garlic on cancer incidences as well as prevention and improvement of factors related to malignancy. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. All study designs which were focused on cancer incidence, or indices related to malignancy as outcomes in human, animal, and human cells studies, and aged garlic and its ingredients as exposures were reviewed in accordance to the items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. Initially, 304 articles were identified. Then, 25 articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected. Based on the evaluation, overall quality score of human studies was well. Although there were inconsistent evidence from human studies, results of the animal and laboratory results were mostly consistent. The overall findings may suggest that intakes of aged garlic are inversely associated with cancer. In this regard, the studies have shortcomings. Therefore, more precise investigations will be necessary to decide whether aged garlic consumption is recommendable as a part of cancer prevention or control programs. However, due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nahid Rafie
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hajianfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Isfahan, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Xiao J, Xing F, Liu Y, Lv Y, Wang X, Ling MT, Gao H, Ouyang S, Yang M, Zhu J, Xia Y, So KF, Tipoe GL. Garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis through targeting LRP6/Wnt pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:575-586. [PMID: 30109182 PMCID: PMC6090075 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether and how garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unknown. In the current study, the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6) in HCC progression and the anti-HCC mechanism of SAMC was examined in clinical sample, cell model and xenograft/orthotopic mouse models. We demonstrated that SAMC inhibited cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, while induced apoptosis of human HCC cells without influencing normal hepatocytes. SAMC directly interacted with Wnt-pathway co-receptor LRP6 on the cell membrane. LRP6 was frequently over-expressed in the tumor tissue of human HCC patients (66.7% of 48 patients) and its over-expression only correlated with the over-expression of β-catenin, but not with age, gender, tumor size, stage and metastasis. Deficiency or over-expression of LRP6 in hepatoma cells could partly mimic or counteract the anti-tumor properties of SAMC, respectively. In vivo administration of SAMC significantly suppressed the growth of Huh-7 xenograft/orthotopic HCC tumor without causing undesirable side effects. In addition, stable down-regulation of LRP6 in Huh-7 facilitated the anti-HCC effects of SAMC. In conclusion, LRP6 can be a potential therapeutic target of HCC. SAMC is a promising specific anti-tumor agent for treating HCC subtypes with Wnt activation at the hepatoma cell surface.
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Key Words
- Axin1, axis inhibition protein 1
- DKK-1, Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1
- DVL2, disheveled 2
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Human
- KD, knock-down
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LRP6
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6
- MCL-1, myeloid cell leukemin-1
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nude mice
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SAC, S-allylcysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- Tm, melting temperature
- Wnt
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Richetta M, Varone A, Mattoccia A, Medaglia P, Kaciulis S, Mezzi A, Soltani P, Pizzoferrato R. Preparation, intercalation, and characterization of nanostructured (Zn, Al) layered double hydroxides (LDHs). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Richetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - A. Varone
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - A. Mattoccia
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - P.G. Medaglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - S. Kaciulis
- ISMN-CNR; PO Box 10, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione Rome Italy
| | - A. Mezzi
- ISMN-CNR; PO Box 10, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione Rome Italy
| | - P. Soltani
- ISMN-CNR; PO Box 10, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione Rome Italy
| | - R. Pizzoferrato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome 00133 Italy
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Banerjee A, Banerjee K, Sinha A, Das S, Majumder S, Majumdar S, Choudhuri SK. A zinc Schiff base complex inhibits cancer progression both in vivo and in vitro by inducing apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:383-392. [PMID: 29145169 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy suffers from selectivity and undesired toxicity of the drugs. Since zinc is a biocompatible tracer element and cysteine derivatives are used in cancer chemoprevention, we intend to develop a complex of zinc and cysteine-derivatives as potent, non-toxic anticancer agents. Herein, we synthesized and characterized cysteine based ligand, 2-[(2-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene)-amino]-3-mercapto-propionic acid and its Zn-complex, which are found to be non-toxic towards normal human PBMC. Data also revealed that only Zn-complex exhibited remarkable apoptosis in drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 cancer cells as assessed by MTT, Cell cycle and AnnexinV binding assay. Moreover, Zn-complex altered ROS and GSH level of the respective cell lines. Finally, treatment of Zn-complex in Swiss albino mice did not show any systemic toxicity in preliminary trials in normal mice and remarkably increased the life-span of EAC bearing mice. In conclusion, the synthesized Zn-complex may be developed for efficacious, multidrug resistance reversal, non-toxic chemotherapeutic agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Banerjee
- In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemistry, Rammohan College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhinaba Sinha
- In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyajit Das
- In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri
- In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India.
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Li S, Yang G, Zhu X, Cheng L, Sun Y, Zhao Z. Combination of rapamycin and garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine induces colon cancer cell apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in xenograft nude mice through autophagy/p62/Nrf2 pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1637-1644. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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S-allylmercaptocysteine suppresses the growth of human gastric cancer xenografts through induction of apoptosis and regulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28642133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains as a common lethal malignancy worldwide. Developing novel anti-gastric cancer drugs with minimal side effects is necessary to address this public health issue. S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), one of the water-soluble organosulfur garlic derivatives, has been demonstrated as a suppressive agent against tumors. In this study, we examined the effect of SAMC on human gastric carcinoma growth in vivo and explored the underlying mechanism. Human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were inoculated subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice. When xenograft tumors reached about 100 mm3, mice were treated with SAMC for 30 days. We observed that SAMC administration in mice effectively delayed the growth of SGC-7901 xenografts without signs of toxicity. TUNEL staining confirmed that the tumors from SAMC-treated mice exhibited a markedly higher apoptotic index. Mechanistic studies suggested that this activity may arise from its effects on the caspase activation and modulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Taken together, these data support development of SAMC as a potential agent for gastric cancer therapy.
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13
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Wu J, Zhao S, Zhang J, Qu X, Jiang S, Zhong Z, Zhang F, Wong Y, Chen H. Over-expression of survivin is a factor responsible for differential responses of ovarian cancer cells to S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Charron CS, Dawson HD, Novotny JA. Garlic Influences Gene Expression In Vivo and In Vitro. J Nutr 2016; 146:444S-449S. [PMID: 26764328 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a large body of preclinical research aimed at understanding the roles of garlic and garlic-derived preparations in the promotion of human health. Most of this research has targeted the possible functions of garlic in maintaining cardiovascular health and in preventing and treating cancer. A wide range of outcome variables has been used to investigate the bioactivity of garlic, ranging from direct measures of health status such as cholesterol concentrations, blood pressure, and changes in tumor size and number, to molecular and biochemical measures such as mRNA gene expression, protein concentration, enzyme activity, and histone acetylation status. Determination of how garlic influences mRNA gene expression has proven to be a valuable approach to elucidating the mechanisms of garlic bioactivity. Preclinical studies investigating the health benefits of garlic far outnumber human studies and have made frequent use of mRNA gene expression measurement. There is an immediate need to understand mRNA gene expression in humans as well. Although safety and ethical constraints limit the types of available human tissue, peripheral whole blood is readily accessible, and measuring mRNA gene expression in whole blood may provide a unique window to understanding how garlic intake affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Charron
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
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Charron CS, Dawson HD, Albaugh GP, Solverson PM, Vinyard BT, Solano-Aguilar GI, Molokin A, Novotny JA. A Single Meal Containing Raw, Crushed Garlic Influences Expression of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Whole Blood of Humans. J Nutr 2015; 145:2448-55. [PMID: 26423732 PMCID: PMC4620724 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.215392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that garlic intake is inversely associated with the progression of cancer and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We designed a study to probe the mechanisms of garlic action in humans. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover feeding trial in which 17 volunteers consumed a garlic-containing meal (100 g white bread, 15 g butter, and 5 g raw, crushed garlic) or a garlic-free control meal (100 g white bread and 15 g butter) after 10 d of consuming a controlled, garlic-free diet. Blood was collected before and 3 h after test meal consumption for gene expression analysis in whole blood. Illumina BeadArray was used to screen for genes of interest, followed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on selected genes. To augment human study findings, Mono Mac 6 cells were treated with a purified garlic extract (0.5 μL/mL), and mRNA was measured by qRT-PCR at 0, 3, 6, and 24 h. RESULTS The following 7 genes were found to be upregulated by garlic intake: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), proto-oncogene c-Jun (JUN), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activating protein with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif 1 (NFAM1), oncostatin M (OSM), and V-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog (REL). Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts ranged from 1.6 (HIF1A) to 3.0 (NFAM1) (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of 5 of the 7 genes that were upregulated in the human trial were also upregulated in cell culture at 3 and 6 h: AHR, HIF1A, JUN, OSM, and REL. Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts in cell culture ranged from 1.7 (HIF1A) to 12.1 (JUN) (P < 0.01). OSM protein was measured by ELISA and was significantly higher than the control at 3, 6, and 24 h (24 h: 19.5 ± 1.4 and 74.8 ± 1.4 pg/mL for control and garlic, respectively). OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that inhibits several tumor cell lines in culture. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the bioactivity of garlic is multifaceted and includes activation of genes related to immunity, apoptosis, and xenobiotic metabolism in humans and Mono Mac 6 cells. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01293591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Biometrical Consulting Services, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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Investigation of estrogen receptor (ESR1) for breast cancer from traditional Chinese medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:321486. [PMID: 25054138 PMCID: PMC4098895 DOI: 10.1155/2014/321486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an important topic of breast cancer had been published in 2013. In this report, estrogen receptor (ESR1) had defined the relation of hormone-cause breast cancer. The screening of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database has found the molecular compounds by simulating molecular docking and molecular dynamics to regulate ESR1. S-Allylmercaptocysteine and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan are selected according to the highest docking score than that of other TCM compounds and Raloxifene (control). The simulation from molecular dynamics is helpful in analyzing and detecting the protein-ligand interactions. After a comparing the control and the Apo form, then based on the docking poses, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bond and structure variations, this research postulates that S-allylmercaptocysteine may be more appropriate than other compounds for protein-ligand interaction.
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An investigation of small GTPases in relation to liver tumorigenesis using traditional Chinese medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:428210. [PMID: 25045674 PMCID: PMC4090509 DOI: 10.1155/2014/428210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an important topic of liver tumorigenesis had been published in 2013. In this report, Ras and Rho had defined the relation of liver tumorigenesis. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database has been screened for molecular compounds by simulating molecular docking and molecular dynamics to regulate Ras and liver tumorigenesis. Saussureamine C, S-allylmercaptocysteine, and Tryptophan are selected based on the highest docking score than other TCM compounds. The molecular dynamics are helpful in the analysis and detection of protein-ligand interactions. Based on the docking poses, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bond variations, this research surmises are the main regions of important amino acids in Ras. In addition to the detection of TCM compound efficacy, we suggest Saussureamine C is better than the others for protein-ligand interaction.
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Jo M, Yun HM, Park KR, Park MH, Lee DH, Cho SH, Yoo HS, Lee YM, Jeong HS, Kim Y, Jung JK, Hwang BY, Lee MK, Kim ND, Han SB, Hong JT. Anti-cancer effect of thiacremonone through down regulation of peroxiredoxin 6. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91508. [PMID: 24618722 PMCID: PMC3950181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiacremonone (2, 4-dihydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-thiophene-3-one) is an antioxidant substance as a novel sulfur compound generated from High-Temperature-High-Pressure-treated garlic. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is a member of peroxidases, and has glutathione peroxidase and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activities. Several studies have demonstrated that PRDX6 stimulates lung cancer cell growth via an increase of glutathione peroxidase activity. A docking model study and pull down assay showed that thiacremonone completely fits on the active site (cys-47) of glutathione peroxidase of PRDX6 and interacts with PRDX6. Thus, we investigated whether thiacremonone inhibits cell growth by blocking glutathione peroxidase of PRDX6 in the human lung cancer cells, A549 and NCI-H460. Thiacremonone (0-50 μg/ml) inhibited lung cancer cell growth in a concentration dependent manner through induction of apoptotic cell death accompanied by induction of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, Bax, p21 and p53, but decrease of xIAP, cIAP and Bcl2 expression. Thiacremonone further inhibited glutathione peroxidase activity in lung cancer cells. However, the cell growth inhibitory effect of thiacremonone was not observed in the lung cancer cells transfected with mutant PRDX6 (C47S) and in the presence of dithiothreitol and glutathione. In an allograft in vivo model, thiacremonone (30 mg/kg) also inhibited tumor growth accompanied with the reduction of PRDX6 expression and glutathione peroxidase activity, but increased expression of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, Bax, p21 and p53. These data indicate that thiacremonone inhibits tumor growth via inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity of PRDX6 through interaction. These data suggest that thiacremonone may have potentially beneficial effects in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hwan-Soo Yoo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Heon Sang Jeong
- College of Agriculture, Life and Environments Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Frantzias J, Logan JG, Mollat P, Sparatore A, Del Soldato P, Ralston SH, Idris AI. Hydrogen sulphide-releasing diclofenac derivatives inhibit breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevent osteolysis ex vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1914-1925. [PMID: 21955294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) and prostaglandins are both involved in inflammation, cancer and bone turnover, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and H(2)S donors exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties. H(2)S-releasing diclofenac (S-DCF) derivatives are a novel class of NSAIDs combining the properties of a H(2)S donor with those of a conventional NSAID. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the effects of the S-DCF derivatives ACS15 and ACS32 on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and activity in vitro, human and mouse breast cancer cells support for osteoclast formation and signalling in vitro, and osteolysis ex vivo. KEY RESULTS The S-diclofenac derivatives ACS15 and ACS32 inhibited the increase in osteoclast formation induced by human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 and mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells without affecting breast cancer cell viability. Conditioned media from human MDA-MB-231 cells enhanced IκB phosphorylation and osteoclast formation and these effects were significantly inhibited following treatment by ACS15 and ACS32, whereas the parent compound diclofenac had no effects. ACS15 and ACS32 inhibited receptor activator of NFκB ligand-induced osteoclast formation and resorption, and caused caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in mature osteoclasts via a mechanism dependent on IKK/NFκB inhibition. In calvaria organ culture, human MDA-MB-231 cells caused osteolysis, and this effect was completely prevented following treatment with ACS15 and ACS32. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS S-diclofenac derivatives inhibit osteoclast formation and activity, suppress breast cancer cell support for osteoclastogenesis and prevent osteolysis. This suggests that H(2)S-releasing diclofenac derivatives exhibit anti-resorptive properties, which might be of clinical value in the treatment of osteolytic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frantzias
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - J G Logan
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - P Mollat
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - A Sparatore
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - P Del Soldato
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - S H Ralston
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - A I Idris
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UKGalapagos SASU, Romainville, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences 'P. Pratesi', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyCTG Pharma S.r.l., Milan, Italy
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Raghu R, Lu KH, Sheen LY. Recent Research Progress on Garlic ( dà suàn) as a Potential Anticarcinogenic Agent Against Major Digestive Cancers. J Tradit Complement Med 2012; 2:192-201. [PMID: 24716132 PMCID: PMC3942895 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic ( dà suàn; the bulb of Allium sativum), bestowed with an array of organosulfur compounds finds its application in treating many ailments including cardiovascular problems, common cold, bacterial and fungal infections and cancer. Numerous epidemiological evidences document the beneficial effects of various bioactive organosulfur compounds of garlic against different types of cancer. Studies involving the animal and cell models indicate garlic bioactive compounds could be effective in treating all the stages of cancer. This review gives an update on the recent pre-clinical and clinical trials, carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various garlic bioactive compounds along with the mechanism of action pertaining to major digestive cancers including liver, gastric and colorectal cancers. The major anti-carcinogenic mechanisms are caspase dependent and/or independent induction of apoptosis, anti-proliferative, anti-metastasis, anti-oxidant and immunomodulative properties. Form the clinical trials an increase in the garlic consumption of 20 g/day reduced the risk of gastric and colorectal cancer. In summary, increased uptake of garlic in diet may prevent the incidence of digestive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekaran Raghu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Thornthwaite JT, Shah H, Shah P, Respess H. The Natural Killer Cell: A Historical Perspective and the Use of Supplements to Enhance NKC Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jibtva.2012.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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