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Smith AD, Chen C, Cheung L, Ward RE, Jones BS, Pletsch EA, Dawson HD. A type 4 resistant potato starch alters the cecal microbiome and gene expression in mice fed a western diet based on NHANES data. Food Funct 2024; 15:3141-3157. [PMID: 38439638 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Four major types of resistant starch (RS1-4) are present in foods, all of which can alter the microbiome and are fermented in the cecum and colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Type 4 RSs are chemically modified starches, not normally found in foods, but have become a popular food additive as their addition increases fiber content. Multiple studies, in humans and rodents, have explored how different RS4 affect post-prandial glucose metabolism, but fewer studies have examined the effects of RS4 consumption on the microbiome. In addition, many RS studies conducted in rodents use high-fat diets that do not approximate what is typically consumed by humans. To address this, mice were fed a Total Western Diet (TWD), based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data that mimics the macro and micronutrient composition of a typical American diet, for six weeks, and then supplemented with 0, 2, 5, or 10% of the RS4, Versafibe 1490™ (VF), a phosphorylated and cross-linked potato starch, for an additional three weeks. The cecal contents were analyzed for SCFA content and microbiota composition. Butyrate production was increased while branched chain SCFA production decreased. The alpha-diversity of the microbiome decreased in mice fed the TWD with 10% VF 1490 added while the beta-diversity plot showed that the 5% and 10% VF groups were distinct from mice fed the TWD. Similarly, the largest changes in relative abundance of various genera were greatest in mice fed the 10% VF diet. To examine the effect of VF consumption on tissue gene expression, cecal and distal colon tissue mRNA abundance were analyzed by RNASeq. Gene expression changes were more prevalent in the cecum than the colon and in mice fed the 10% VF diet, but the number of changes was substantially lower than we previously observed in mice fed the TWD supplemented with native potato starch (RPS). These results provide additional evidence that the structure of the RS is a major factor determining its effects on the microbiome and gene expression in the cecum and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Rm. 228, Bldg. 307C, BARC-East, 10, 300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Rm. 228, Bldg. 307C, BARC-East, 10, 300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Rm. 228, Bldg. 307C, BARC-East, 10, 300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Robert E Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, USA
| | - B Sky Jones
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Pletsch
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Rm. 228, Bldg. 307C, BARC-East, 10, 300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Rm. 228, Bldg. 307C, BARC-East, 10, 300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Smith AD, Chen C, Cheung L, Dawson HD. Raw potato starch alters the microbiome, colon and cecal gene expression, and resistance to Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice fed a Western diet. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1057318. [PMID: 36704785 PMCID: PMC9871501 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1057318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant starches (RS) are fermented in the cecum and colon to produce short-chain fatty acids and other microbial metabolites that can alter host physiology and the composition of the microbiome. We previously showed that mice fed a Total Western Diet (TWD) based on NHANES data that mimics the composition of a typical American diet, containing resistant potato starch (RPS), produced concentration dependent changes to the cecal short-chain fatty acids, the microbiome composition as well as gene expression changes in the cecum and colon that were most prevalent in mice fed the 10% RPS diet. We were then interested in whether feeding TWD/RPS would alter the resistance to bacterial-induced colitis caused by Citrobacter rodentium (Cr), a mouse pathogen that shares 66.7% of encoded genes with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mice were fed the TWD for 6 weeks followed by a 3-weeks on the RPS diets before infecting with Cr. Fecal Cr excretion was monitored over time and fecal samples were collected for 16S sequencing. Mice were euthanized on day 12 post-infection and cecal contents collected for 16S sequencing. Cecum and colon tissues were obtained for gene expression analysis, histology and to determine the level of mucosa-associated Cr. Feeding RPS increased the percentage of mice productively infected by Cr and fecal Cr excretion on day 4 post-infection. Mice fed the TWD/10% RPS diet also had greater colonization of colonic tissue at day 12 post-infection and colonic pathology. Both diet and infection altered the fecal and cecal microbiome composition with increased levels of RPS resulting in decreased α-diversity that was partially reversed by Cr infection. RNASeq analysis identified several mechanistic pathways that could be associated with the increased colonization of Cr-infected mice fed 10% RPS. In the distal colon we found a decrease in enrichment for genes associated with T cells, B cells, genes associated with the synthesis of DHA-derived SPMs and VA metabolism/retinoic acid signaling. We also found an increase in the expression of the potentially immunosuppressive gene, Ido1. These results suggest that high-level consumption of RPS in the context of a typical American diet, may alter susceptibility to gastrointestinal bacterial infections.
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Smith AD, Chen C, Cheung L, Ward R, Hintze KJ, Dawson HD. Resistant Potato Starch Alters the Cecal Microbiome and Gene Expression in Mice Fed a Western Diet Based on NHANES Data. Front Nutr 2022; 9:782667. [PMID: 35392294 PMCID: PMC8983116 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.782667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that the four major types of resistant starch (RS1-4) are fermented in the cecum and colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and can alter the microbiome and host physiology. However, nearly all these studies were conducted in rodents fed with a diet that does not approximate what is typically consumed by humans. To address this, mice were fed a Total Western Diet (TWD) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data that mimics the macro and micronutrient composition of a typical American diet for 6 weeks and then supplemented with 0, 2, 5, or 10% of the RS2, resistant potato starch (RPS), for an additional 3 weeks. The cecal microbiome was analyzed by 16S sequencing. The alpha-diversity of the microbiome decreased with increasing consumption of RPS while a beta-diversity plot showed four discreet groupings based on the RPS level in the diet. The relative abundance of various genera was altered by feeding increasing levels of RPS. In particular, the genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group was markedly increased. Cecal, proximal, and distal colon tissue mRNA abundance was analyzed by RNASeq. The cecal mRNA abundance principal component analysis showed clear segregation of the four dietary groups whose separation decreased in the proximal and distal colon. Differential expression of the genes was highest in the cecum, but substantially decreased in the proximal colon (PC) and distal colon (DC). Most differentially expressed genes were unique to each tissue with little overlap in between. The pattern of the observed gene expression suggests that RPS, likely through metabolic changes secondary to differences in microbial composition, appears to prime the host to respond to a range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In summary, consumption of dietary RPS led to significant changes to the microbiome and gene expression in the cecum and to a lesser extent in the proximal and distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D. Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Allen D. Smith
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Robert Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Korry J. Hintze
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Cortes LM, Brodsky D, Chen C, Pridgen T, Odle J, Snider DB, Cruse G, Putikova A, Masuda MY, Doyle AD, Wright BL, Dawson HD, Blikslager A, Dellon ES, Laster SM, Käser T. Immunologic and pathologic characterization of a novel swine biomedical research model for eosinophilic esophagitis. Front Allergy 2022; 3:1029184. [PMID: 36452260 PMCID: PMC9701751 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1029184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergy-mediated condition with an increasing incidence in both children and adults. Despite EoE's strong impact on human health and welfare, there is a large unmet need for treatments with only one recently FDA-approved medication for EoE. The goal of this study was to establish swine as a relevant large animal model for translational biomedical research in EoE with the potential to facilitate development of therapeutics. We recently showed that after intraperitoneal sensitization and oral challenge with the food allergen hen egg white protein (HEWP), swine develop esophageal eosinophilia-a hallmark of human EoE. Herein, we used a similar sensitization and challenge treatment and evaluated immunological and pathological markers associated with human EoE. Our data demonstrate that the incorporated sensitization and challenge treatment induces (i) a systemic T-helper 2 and IgE response, (ii) a local expression of eotaxin-1 and other allergy-related immune markers, (iii) esophageal eosinophilia (>15 eosinophils/0.24 mm2), and (iv) esophageal endoscopic findings including linear furrows and white exudates. Thereby, we demonstrate that our sensitization and oral challenge protocol not only induces the underlying immune markers but also the micro- and macro-pathological hallmarks of human EoE. This swine model for EoE represents a novel relevant large animal model that can drive translational biomedical research to develop urgently needed treatment strategies for EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette M Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David Brodsky
- Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Celine Chen
- USDA, ARS, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Tiffany Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jack Odle
- Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Douglas B Snider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Arina Putikova
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Alfred D Doyle
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Benjamin L Wright
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.,Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA, ARS, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Evan S Dellon
- Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott M Laster
- Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Center for Food Allergy Modeling in Pigs (CFAMP), Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Li RW, Bell LN, Shea-Donohue T, Kringel H, Beshah E, Hill DE, Urban JF. Molecular and metabolomic changes in the proximal colon of pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12853. [PMID: 32732949 PMCID: PMC7393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig whipworm Trichuris suis is important in swine production because of its negative effects on pig performance and, notably, to some humans with inflammatory bowel disease as a therapeutic agent that modulates inflammation. The proximal colon of T. suis-infected pigs exhibited general inflammation around day 21 after inoculation with infective eggs that is transcriptionally characterized by markers of type-2 immune activation, inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue repair enzymes, pathways of oxidative stress, and altered intestinal barrier function. Prominent gene pathways involved the Th2-response, de novo cholesterol synthesis, fructose and glucose metabolism, basic amino acid metabolism, and bile acid transport. Upstream regulatory factor analysis implicated the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor in some of these processes. Metabolic analysis indicated changes in fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, biochemicals related to methylation, protein glycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metabolites and altered metabolite transport. Close to 1,200 differentially expressed genes were modulated in the proximal colon of pigs with a persistent adult worm infection that was nearly 90% lower in pigs that had expelled worms. The results support a model to test diets that favorably alter the microbiome and improve host intestinal health in both pigs and humans exposed to Trichuris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. .,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Chen C, Smith AD, Cheung L, Pham Q, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Potentiation of IL-4 Signaling by Retinoic Acid in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages-Mechanisms and Targets. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32431691 PMCID: PMC7214669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that IL4, IL13, CLCA1, and CCL26 mRNA were significantly upregulated in the lungs of pigs given a low dose of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and infected with Ascaris suum. We also demonstrated that in vitro ATRA induced a state of partial alternative activation in porcine macrophages (Mφs) and amplified certain aspects of M2a activation induced by IL-4. Given these results, we tested the effect of ATRA on IL-4 responses in two porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines, IPEC1 and IPEC-J2 and observed that ATRA increased mRNA for the IL-4 receptor alpha chain. ATRA also increased IL-4 induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and mRNA expression of the chloride channel, calcium activated, family member 1 (CLCA1), important for mucus formation, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL26), a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. We extended these findings to human Mφ THP-1 cells and showed that ATRA synergistically increased IL-4–induced CCL2, CCL13, and CCL26 mRNA and protein levels. Transglutaminase 2 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were synergistically induced in THP-1 cells pretreated with ATRA and then treated with IL-4, thus, ATRA increased signaling in response to IL-4 in porcine epithelial cells and porcine and human Mφs. Given the prevalence of allergic and parasitic diseases worldwide and the close similarities in the porcine and human immune responses, these findings have important implications for the nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Allen D Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Dawson HD, Sang Y, Lunney JK. Porcine cytokines, chemokines and growth factors: 2019 update. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:266-300. [PMID: 32442727 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are a major food source worldwide as well as major biomedical models for human physiology and therapeutics. A thorough understanding of porcine immunity is essential to prevent and treat infectious diseases, and develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. The use of pigs as biomedical models is dependent on the growing molecular and immune toolbox. This paper summarizes current knowledge of swine cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, identifying 289 pig proteins, characterizing knowledge of their gene structures and families. It identifies areas in the current swine genome build that need to be clarified. A broad-based literature and vendor search was conducted to identify defined sets of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reacting with porcine cytokines, chemokines, growth factors along with availability of cloned recombinant proteins and assays for their quantitation. This process identified numerous reagents that are reportedly reactive with 170 pig cytokines, chemokines, growth factors: 118 have at least one commercial antibody reagent, 66 a cloned recombinant peptide, and 97 with quantitative assays. This affirms the great need to develop and characterize additional reagents. There are panels of reagents for numerous high priority targets that have been essential reagents for characterizing porcine immunity, disease and vaccine responses, and factors regulating development of innate immune responses, polarized macrophages and lymphoid cells including T regulatory cells. Yet there are many areas requiring investment of efforts to more effectively explore the pig immune system. The development of more reagents to understand the complex of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors will clearly advance these initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209-1561, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Chen C, Perry TL, Chitko-McKown CG, Smith AD, Cheung L, Beshah E, Urban JF, Dawson HD. The regulatory actions of retinoic acid on M2 polarization of porcine macrophages. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 98:20-33. [PMID: 30974109 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the most bioactive vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), increased T helper 2-associated responses induced in pigs by infection with the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum We also showed that ATRA potentiated the mRNA expression of several IL-4 induced chemokines (chemokine (CC motif) ligand 11 [(CCL11), CCL17, CCL22 and CCL26] associated with alternative activation (M2a) in porcine macrophages in vitro. Herein, several mechanisms whereby ATRA affects IL-4 signaling are profiled using large-scale real time PCR and RNA-Seq analysis. Twenty-three genes associated with M2a markers in other species were independently upregulated by both IL-4 and ATRA, including the adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B), cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). ATRA synergistically enhanced IL-4 up-regulation of Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and further repressed IL-4 down-regulated CD163 and Cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (CYBB) mRNA. Macrophages treated with ATRA exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in phagocytosis of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the combination of IL-4 and ATRA up-regulated the anti-inflammatory protein, IL-1R antagonist (IL1RN) and TGM2. These data indicate that ATRA induces a state of partial alternative activation in porcine macrophages, and amplifies certain aspects of M2a activation induced by IL-4. Given the prevalence of allergic and parasitic diseases worldwide and the close similarities in the porcine and human immune responses, these findings have important implications for the nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | - Carol G Chitko-McKown
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, USMARC, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Allen D Smith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lumei Cheung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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9
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George NS, Cheung L, Luthria DL, Santin M, Dawson HD, Bhagwat AA, Smith AD. Pomegranate peel extract alters the microbiome in mice and dysbiosis caused by Citrobacter rodentium infection. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2565-2576. [PMID: 31428344 PMCID: PMC6694437 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of mice with a pomegranate peel extract (PPX) decreased the pathogenicity of Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) infections. Here, we investigate the effects of PPX on the microbiome of uninfected or Cr-infected C3H/HeNCr mice by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mice were treated with water or PPX for 14 days, feces were collected, and then, the mice were infected with Cr and feces collected again at day 6 postinfection. DNA was isolated from the fecal samples and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the microbial composition. Differences in the composition of the microbiome were observed for untreated and PPX-treated mice with PPX mice having decreased diversity. PPX treatment decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio by increasing Bacteroidetes and decreasing Firmicutes levels. The decrease in Firmicutes was driven by a large reduction in Lactobacillus. PPX treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae and decreased Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Cr reached 22% in water-treated but only 5% in PPX-treated infected mice. These results suggest that consumption of pomegranate polyphenols altered the microbiome, making it more resistant to displacement by infection with Cr, indicating that pomegranate polyphenols may mitigate the pathogenic effects of food-borne bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja S. George
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety LabBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
| | - Devanand L. Luthria
- Composition Methods Development LabBeltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety LabBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
| | - Arvind A. Bhagwat
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety LabBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
- Present address:
Central Chinmaya Mission TrustPowaiMumbaiIndia
| | - Allen D. Smith
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterAgricultural Research Service, Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMaryland
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Abstract
Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) play an important role in regulating and shaping an immune response. Deficiencies generally result in inadequate or dysregulated cellular activity and cytokine expression, thereby affecting the immune response. Decreased levels of natural killer, granulocyte, and phagocytic cell activity and T and B cell proliferation and trafficking are associated with inadequate levels of micronutrients, as well as increased susceptibility to various adverse health conditions, including inflammatory disorders, infection, and altered vaccine efficacy. In addition, most studies of micronutrient modulation of immune responses have been done in rodents and humans, thus limiting application to the health and well-being of livestock and companion animals. This exploratory review elucidates the role of vitamins and minerals on immune function and inflammatory responses in animals (pigs, dogs, cats, horses, goats, sheep, and cattle), with reference to rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Kiran S Panickar
- Science & Technology Center, Hills Pet Nutrition Center, Topeka, Kansas 66617, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Gaynor B, Shao J, Urban JF. The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:643. [PMID: 28830355 PMCID: PMC5568366 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of swine in biomedical research has increased dramatically in the last decade. Diverse genomic- and proteomic databases have been developed to facilitate research using human and rodent models. Current porcine gene databases, however, lack the robust annotation to study pig models that are relevant to human studies and for comparative evaluation with rodent models. Furthermore, they contain a significant number of errors due to their primary reliance on machine-based annotation. To address these deficiencies, a comprehensive literature-based survey was conducted to identify certain selected genes that have demonstrated function in humans, mice or pigs. RESULTS The process identified 13,054 candidate human, bovine, mouse or rat genes/proteins used to select potential porcine homologs by searching multiple online sources of porcine gene information. The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database (( http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065 ) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5' and 3') unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. It also contains gene and/or protein expression data for >2200 genes and identifies and corrects 8187 errors (gene duplications artifacts, mis-assemblies, mis-annotations, and incorrect species assignments) for 5337 porcine genes. CONCLUSIONS This database is the largest manually curated database for any single veterinary species and is unique among porcine gene databases in regard to linking gene expression to gene function, identifying related gene pathways, and connecting data with other porcine gene databases. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Brady Gaynor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Urban JF. The regulatory actions of retinoic acid on M2a macrophage polarization of porcine and human myeloid-derived cells. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.222.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that the most bioactive vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased T helper 2-associated responses induced by Ascaris infection of pigs. We also demonstrated, on a limited basis, that ATRA potentiated the mRNA expression of several IL-4 induced chemokines (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 ((CCL11), CCL17, CCL22 and CCL26) associated with alternative activation (M2a) in porcine macrophages in vitro. Herein, we describe several mechanisms whereby ATRA affects IL-4 signaling and extend these findings to porcine monocytes/macrophages and human macrophages. In human THP-1 cells, IL-4 exposure led to an increase in the mRNA for the M2a macrophage-associated chemokines, CCL11, CCL13, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL26 as well as the M2a-associated surface markers, CD206, CD209 and CD274. ATRA synergistically increased IL-4–induced CCL2, CCL13, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL26 mRNA and CCL13, CCL18 and CCL26 protein levels while having no effect or slightly down regulating MRC1, CD209 and CD274 mRNA expression. The effects of ATRA on mRNA levels were greater at 24 compared to 48 hrs; however, greater differences in protein levels were observed at 48 hrs for CCL13, CCL18 and CCL26. In contrast to porcine monocytes and macrophages, ATRA decreased IL-4 induced CCL17 mRNA and protein expression in THP-1 cells. Thus, in porcine monocytes and macrophages and in human macrophages, ATRA selectively increased signaling in response to IL-4. Given the prevalence of allergic and parasitic diseases worldwide and the close similarities in the porcine and human immune responses, these findings have important implications for the nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
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Dawson HD, Smith AD, Chen C, Urban JF. An in-depth comparison of the porcine, murine and human inflammasomes; lessons from the porcine genome and transcriptome. Vet Microbiol 2016; 202:2-15. [PMID: 27321134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that swine are a scientifically acceptable intermediate species between rodents and humans to model immune function relevant to humans. The swine genome has recently been sequenced and several preliminary structural and functional analysis of the porcine immunome have been published. Herein we provide an expanded in silico analysis using an improved assembly of the porcine transcriptome that provides an in depth analysis of genes that are related to inflammasomes, responses to Toll-like receptor ligands, and M1 macrophage polarization and Escherichia coli as a model organism. Comparisons of the expansion or contraction of orthologous gene families indicated more similar rates and classes of genes in humans and pigs than in mice; however several novel porcine or artiodactyl-specific paralogs or pseudogenes were identified. Conservation of homology and structural motifs of orthologs revealed that the overall similarity to human proteins was significantly higher for pigs compared to mouse. Despite these similarities, two out of four canonical inflammasome pathways, Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and NLR family and CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4), were found to be missing in pigs. Pig M1 Mφ polarization in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assessed, via the transcriptome, using next generation sequencing. Our analysis revealed predominantly human-like responses however some, mouse-like responses were observed, as well as induction of numerous pig or artiodactyl-specific genes. This work supports using swine to model both human immunological and inflammatory responses to infection. However, caution must be exercised as pigs differ from humans in several fundamental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Rm 224, Bld 307C, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Allen D Smith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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16
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Smith AD, Yan X, Chen C, Dawson HD, Bhagwat AA. Understanding the host-adapted state of Citrobacter rodentium by transcriptomic analysis. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:353-62. [PMID: 26837900 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) is a mouse pathogen that mimics many aspects of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections including producing attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. Host-adapted (HA) Cr cells that are shed at the peak of infection have been reported to be hyper-infective. The exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon has remained elusive since the pathogen loses its HA 'status' immediately upon subculturing in laboratory media. We sequenced the entire transcriptome of Cr directly from the feces of infected mice and analyzed the gene expression pattern. We observed that the entire transcriptional machinery as well as several transcriptional regulators to be differentially expressed when compared with the transcriptome of cells grown on laboratory media. Major adhesion and effector genes, tir and eae, were highly expressed in HA along with many genes located on all five loci of enterocyte effacement regions (LEE 1-5). Notable absent among the HA expressed genes were 19 fimbrial operons and non-fimbrial adhesions and several non-LEE encoded effectors. These results demonstrate that host-adapted Cr has a unique transcriptome that is associated with increased host transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., B307C, Rm. 228, BARC-E, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environmental, Microbial, and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., B307C, Rm. 228, BARC-E, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., B307C, Rm. 228, BARC-E, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Arvind A Bhagwat
- Environmental, Microbial, and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Abstract
There is a large body of preclinical research aimed at understanding the roles of garlic and garlic-derived preparations in the promotion of human health. Most of this research has targeted the possible functions of garlic in maintaining cardiovascular health and in preventing and treating cancer. A wide range of outcome variables has been used to investigate the bioactivity of garlic, ranging from direct measures of health status such as cholesterol concentrations, blood pressure, and changes in tumor size and number, to molecular and biochemical measures such as mRNA gene expression, protein concentration, enzyme activity, and histone acetylation status. Determination of how garlic influences mRNA gene expression has proven to be a valuable approach to elucidating the mechanisms of garlic bioactivity. Preclinical studies investigating the health benefits of garlic far outnumber human studies and have made frequent use of mRNA gene expression measurement. There is an immediate need to understand mRNA gene expression in humans as well. Although safety and ethical constraints limit the types of available human tissue, peripheral whole blood is readily accessible, and measuring mRNA gene expression in whole blood may provide a unique window to understanding how garlic intake affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Charron
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD
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18
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Charron CS, Dawson HD, Albaugh GP, Solverson PM, Vinyard BT, Solano-Aguilar GI, Molokin A, Novotny JA. A Single Meal Containing Raw, Crushed Garlic Influences Expression of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Whole Blood of Humans. J Nutr 2015; 145:2448-55. [PMID: 26423732 PMCID: PMC4620724 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.215392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that garlic intake is inversely associated with the progression of cancer and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We designed a study to probe the mechanisms of garlic action in humans. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover feeding trial in which 17 volunteers consumed a garlic-containing meal (100 g white bread, 15 g butter, and 5 g raw, crushed garlic) or a garlic-free control meal (100 g white bread and 15 g butter) after 10 d of consuming a controlled, garlic-free diet. Blood was collected before and 3 h after test meal consumption for gene expression analysis in whole blood. Illumina BeadArray was used to screen for genes of interest, followed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on selected genes. To augment human study findings, Mono Mac 6 cells were treated with a purified garlic extract (0.5 μL/mL), and mRNA was measured by qRT-PCR at 0, 3, 6, and 24 h. RESULTS The following 7 genes were found to be upregulated by garlic intake: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), proto-oncogene c-Jun (JUN), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activating protein with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif 1 (NFAM1), oncostatin M (OSM), and V-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog (REL). Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts ranged from 1.6 (HIF1A) to 3.0 (NFAM1) (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of 5 of the 7 genes that were upregulated in the human trial were also upregulated in cell culture at 3 and 6 h: AHR, HIF1A, JUN, OSM, and REL. Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts in cell culture ranged from 1.7 (HIF1A) to 12.1 (JUN) (P < 0.01). OSM protein was measured by ELISA and was significantly higher than the control at 3, 6, and 24 h (24 h: 19.5 ± 1.4 and 74.8 ± 1.4 pg/mL for control and garlic, respectively). OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that inhibits several tumor cell lines in culture. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the bioactivity of garlic is multifaceted and includes activation of genes related to immunity, apoptosis, and xenobiotic metabolism in humans and Mono Mac 6 cells. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01293591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Biometrical Consulting Services, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 2015; 145:1039S-1108S. [PMID: 25833893 PMCID: PMC4448820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing recognition has emerged of the complexities of the global health agenda—specifically, the collision of infections and noncommunicable diseases and the dual burden of over- and undernutrition. Of particular practical concern are both 1) the need for a better understanding of the bidirectional relations between nutritional status and the development and function of the immune and inflammatory response and 2) the specific impact of the inflammatory response on the selection, use, and interpretation of nutrient biomarkers. The goal of the Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE) is to provide guidance for those users represented by the global food and nutrition enterprise. These include researchers (bench and clinical), clinicians providing care/treatment, those developing and evaluating programs/interventions at scale, and those responsible for generating evidence-based policy. The INSPIRE process included convening 5 thematic working groups (WGs) charged with developing summary reports around the following issues: 1) basic overview of the interactions between nutrition, immune function, and the inflammatory response; 2) examination of the evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on immune function and inflammation; 3) evaluation of the impact of inflammation and clinical conditions (acute and chronic) on nutrition; 4) examination of existing and potential new approaches to account for the impact of inflammation on biomarker interpretation and use; and 5) the presentation of new approaches to the study of these relations. Each WG was tasked with synthesizing a summary of the evidence for each of these topics and delineating the remaining gaps in our knowledge. This review consists of a summary of the INSPIRE workshop and the WG deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Bernard J Brabin
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and
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20
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Trasino SE, Dawson HD, Urban JF, Wang TTY, Solano-Aguilar G. Feeding probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei to Ossabaw pigs on a high-fat diet prevents cholesteryl-ester accumulation and LPS modulation of the Liver X receptor and inflammatory axis in alveolar macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1931-9. [PMID: 24060267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) play an integral role in cholesterol metabolism and the inflammatory response. High-fat (HF) diets and microbial infection can antagonize the LXR pathway leading to accumulation of cholesteryl-esters (CE) and increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei possesses cholesterol lowering and immune modulating properties. Therefore, the present study sought to model whether daily feeding of L. paracasei to juvenile Ossabaw pigs fed a HF diet could modulate cholesterol metabolism and the LXR/inflammatory axis in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AM). The results showed that AM from pigs fed a HF diet had significantly higher concentrations of CE compared to AM from pigs fed a control (C) diet, but not in pigs fed a HF diet with L. paracasei (HFPB). Ex vivo LPS stimulation of AM opposed LXR agonist-mediated transcription of cholesterol metabolism related genes: ABCA1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the C diet, and LXRα, ABCA1, ABCG1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the HF diet. This effect was abrogated for all these genes except LXRα in AM from pigs given L. paracasei. Protein analysis of culture supernatants revealed that AM from HFPB-fed pigs had significantly lower LPS-induced protein expression of IL-1β than AM from HF-fed pigs. Moreover, AM from pigs fed the C diet and given L. paracasei, had significantly higher mRNA levels of IL-8, and IL-6, in response to LPS. These data demonstrated a role for L. paracasei in modulating AM cholesterol metabolism and the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Bldg. 307C, Rm. 225, Beltsville, MD 20705
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21
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Dawson HD, Loveland JE, Pascal G, Gilbert JGR, Uenishi H, Mann KM, Sang Y, Zhang J, Carvalho-Silva D, Hunt T, Hardy M, Hu Z, Zhao SH, Anselmo A, Shinkai H, Chen C, Badaoui B, Berman D, Amid C, Kay M, Lloyd D, Snow C, Morozumi T, Cheng RPY, Bystrom M, Kapetanovic R, Schwartz JC, Kataria R, Astley M, Fritz E, Steward C, Thomas M, Wilming L, Toki D, Archibald AL, Bed’Hom B, Beraldi D, Huang TH, Ait-Ali T, Blecha F, Botti S, Freeman TC, Giuffra E, Hume DA, Lunney JK, Murtaugh MP, Reecy JM, Harrow JL, Rogel-Gaillard C, Tuggle CK. Structural and functional annotation of the porcine immunome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:332. [PMID: 23676093 PMCID: PMC3658956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The domestic pig is known as an excellent model for human immunology and the two species share many pathogens. Susceptibility to infectious disease is one of the major constraints on swine performance, yet the structure and function of genes comprising the pig immunome are not well-characterized. The completion of the pig genome provides the opportunity to annotate the pig immunome, and compare and contrast pig and human immune systems. RESULTS The Immune Response Annotation Group (IRAG) used computational curation and manual annotation of the swine genome assembly 10.2 (Sscrofa10.2) to refine the currently available automated annotation of 1,369 immunity-related genes through sequence-based comparison to genes in other species. Within these genes, we annotated 3,472 transcripts. Annotation provided evidence for gene expansions in several immune response families, and identified artiodactyl-specific expansions in the cathelicidin and type 1 Interferon families. We found gene duplications for 18 genes, including 13 immune response genes and five non-immune response genes discovered in the annotation process. Manual annotation provided evidence for many new alternative splice variants and 8 gene duplications. Over 1,100 transcripts without porcine sequence evidence were detected using cross-species annotation. We used a functional approach to discover and accurately annotate porcine immune response genes. A co-expression clustering analysis of transcriptomic data from selected experimental infections or immune stimulations of blood, macrophages or lymph nodes identified a large cluster of genes that exhibited a correlated positive response upon infection across multiple pathogens or immune stimuli. Interestingly, this gene cluster (cluster 4) is enriched for known general human immune response genes, yet contains many un-annotated porcine genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the encoded proteins of cluster 4 genes showed that 15% exhibited an accelerated evolution as compared to 4.1% across the entire genome. CONCLUSIONS This extensive annotation dramatically extends the genome-based knowledge of the molecular genetics and structure of a major portion of the porcine immunome. Our complementary functional approach using co-expression during immune response has provided new putative immune response annotation for over 500 porcine genes. Our phylogenetic analysis of this core immunome cluster confirms rapid evolutionary change in this set of genes, and that, as in other species, such genes are important components of the pig's adaptation to pathogen challenge over evolutionary time. These comprehensive and integrated analyses increase the value of the porcine genome sequence and provide important tools for global analyses and data-mining of the porcine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jane E Loveland
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - James GR Gilbert
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katherine M Mann
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Toby Hunt
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Hardy
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Celine Chen
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniel Berman
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clara Amid
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mike Kay
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Lloyd
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Snow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Ryan Pei-Yen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan Bystrom
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ranjit Kataria
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, P.B. 129, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal 132001, (Haryana), India
| | - Matthew Astley
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eric Fritz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Charles Steward
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Thomas
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laurens Wilming
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daisuke Toki
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Blecha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy,INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harrow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Heibel SK, Chen C, Perry T, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Interactions of all‐trans retinoic acid and interleukin‐4 in the development of alternatively activated lung macrophages. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.123.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabUSDA/ARSBeltsvilleMD
| | - Trinity Perry
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabUSDA/ARSBeltsvilleMD
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23
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Dawson HD. Nutritional and Immunological Lessons Learned from the Porcine Genome. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.643.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Charron CS, Dawson HD, Solano‐Aguilar GI, Molokin A, Vinyard BT, Milner JA, Novotny JA. Garlic intake influences gene expression in whole blood. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.637.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Charron
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
| | | | - Aleksey Molokin
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
| | - Bryan T. Vinyard
- Biometrical Consulting ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
| | - John A. Milner
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
| | - Janet A. Novotny
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD
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25
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Nicastro HL, Clevidence BA, Charron CS, Gebauer SK, Dawson HD, Cooke MS, Mistry V, Singh R, Milner JA, Novotny JA. Blackberries decrease DNA damage after 3 h, but not after 6 d, in healthy adult volunteers. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.864.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly L. Nicastro
- Nutritional Science Research GroupNational Cancer InstituteRockvilleMD
| | | | | | | | - Harry D. Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterARS, USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Marcus S. Cooke
- Dept. Cancer StudiesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Vilas Mistry
- Dept. Cancer StudiesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Raj Singh
- Dept. Cancer StudiesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - John A. Milner
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterARS, USDABeltsvilleMD
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26
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Groenen MAM, Archibald AL, Uenishi H, Tuggle CK, Takeuchi Y, Rothschild MF, Rogel-Gaillard C, Park C, Milan D, Megens HJ, Li S, Larkin DM, Kim H, Frantz LAF, Caccamo M, Ahn H, Aken BL, Anselmo A, Anthon C, Auvil L, Badaoui B, Beattie CW, Bendixen C, Berman D, Blecha F, Blomberg J, Bolund L, Bosse M, Botti S, Bujie Z, Bystrom M, Capitanu B, Carvalho-Silva D, Chardon P, Chen C, Cheng R, Choi SH, Chow W, Clark RC, Clee C, Crooijmans RPMA, Dawson HD, Dehais P, De Sapio F, Dibbits B, Drou N, Du ZQ, Eversole K, Fadista J, Fairley S, Faraut T, Faulkner GJ, Fowler KE, Fredholm M, Fritz E, Gilbert JGR, Giuffra E, Gorodkin J, Griffin DK, Harrow JL, Hayward A, Howe K, Hu ZL, Humphray SJ, Hunt T, Hornshøj H, Jeon JT, Jern P, Jones M, Jurka J, Kanamori H, Kapetanovic R, Kim J, Kim JH, Kim KW, Kim TH, Larson G, Lee K, Lee KT, Leggett R, Lewin HA, Li Y, Liu W, Loveland JE, Lu Y, Lunney JK, Ma J, Madsen O, Mann K, Matthews L, McLaren S, Morozumi T, Murtaugh MP, Narayan J, Nguyen DT, Ni P, Oh SJ, Onteru S, Panitz F, Park EW, Park HS, Pascal G, Paudel Y, Perez-Enciso M, Ramirez-Gonzalez R, Reecy JM, Rodriguez-Zas S, Rohrer GA, Rund L, Sang Y, Schachtschneider K, Schraiber JG, Schwartz J, Scobie L, Scott C, Searle S, Servin B, Southey BR, Sperber G, Stadler P, Sweedler JV, Tafer H, Thomsen B, Wali R, Wang J, Wang J, White S, Xu X, Yerle M, Zhang G, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhao S, Rogers J, Churcher C, Schook LB. Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution. Nature 2012; 491:393-8. [PMID: 23151582 PMCID: PMC3566564 DOI: 10.1038/nature11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ∼1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Qin B, Dawson HD, Schoene NW, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon polyphenols regulate multiple metabolic pathways involved in insulin signaling and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism of small intestinal enterocytes. Nutrition 2012; 28:1172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Wu S, Li RW, Li W, Beshah E, Dawson HD, Urban JF. Worm burden-dependent disruption of the porcine colon microbiota by Trichuris suis infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35470. [PMID: 22532855 PMCID: PMC3332011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection in pigs serves as an excellent model for the study of the interaction between human malnutrition and parasitic infection and could have important implications in human health. We had observed that pigs infected with Trichuris suis for 21 days showed significant changes in the proximal colon microbiota. In this study, interactions between worm burden and severity of disruptions to the microbial composition and metabolic potentials in the porcine proximal colon microbiota were investigated using metagenomic tools. Pigs were infected by a single dose of T. suis eggs for 53 days. Among infected pigs, two cohorts were differentiated that either had adult worms or were worm-free. Infection resulted in a significant change in the abundance of approximately 13% of genera detected in the proximal colon microbiota regardless of worm status, suggesting a relatively persistent change over time in the microbiota due to the initial infection. A significant reduction in the abundance of Fibrobacter and Ruminococcus indicated a change in the fibrolytic capacity of the colon microbiota in T. suis infected pigs. In addition, ∼10% of identified KEGG pathways were affected by infection, including ABC transporters, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis as well as α-linolenic acid metabolism. Trichuris suis infection modulated host immunity to Campylobacter because there was a 3-fold increase in the relative abundance in the colon microbiota of infected pigs with worms compared to naïve controls, but a 3-fold reduction in worm-free infected pigs compared to controls. The level of pathology observed in infected pigs with worms compared to worm-free infected pigs may relate to the local host response because expression of several Th2-related genes were enhanced in infected pigs with worms versus those worm-free. Our findings provided insight into the dynamics of the proximal colon microbiota in pigs in response to T. suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Wu
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weizhong Li
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
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Nicastro H, Novotny JA, Clevidence BA, Charron CS, Dawson HD, Milner JA. Altered fasting human plasma metabolite profile associated with short‐term blackberry feeding. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Nicastro
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship ProgramCenter for Cancer TrainingNational Cancer InstituteRockvilleMD
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Milner
- Division of Cancer PreventionNational Cancer InstituteRockvilleMD
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Uebing-Czipura AU, Dawson HD, Rutherford MS, Scherba G. Transcriptome profile and cytogenetic analysis of immortalized neuronally restricted progenitor cells derived from the porcine olfactory bulb. Anim Biotechnol 2010; 20:186-215. [PMID: 19937495 DOI: 10.1080/10495390903139950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we established and phenotypically characterized an immortalized porcine olfactory bulb neuroblast cell line, OBGF400 (1). To facilitate the future application of these cells in studies of neurological dysfunctions and neuronal pathogen interactions, a comprehensive knowledge of their genomic variability and overall gene expression capacity was pursued. Accordingly, the OBGF400 cells were subjected to karyotyping and more extensive transcriptome analyses. Cytogenetic characterization of these cells revealed a genetic mosaicism of neuronal hyperdiploidy. A direct comparison of the OBGF400 cell transcriptome pattern, generated by utilizing the Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Porcine Genome Array, to that of a non-neural, porcine epithelial cell line facilitated the identification of 831 probe sets preferentially hybridized by the neuroblast transcripts. Subsequent functional annotation of these OBGF400 RNAs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery 2008 enabled their allocation to the corresponding gene ontology biological process term, thereby assisting the recognition of key elements involved in the regulation of neuronal signal transduction and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Uebing-Czipura
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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31
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Yasuda K, Dawson HD, Wasmuth EV, Roneker CA, Chen C, Urban JF, Welch RM, Miller DD, Lei XG. Supplemental dietary inulin influences expression of iron and inflammation related genes in young pigs. J Nutr 2009; 139:2018-23. [PMID: 19776179 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown improved hemoglobin (Hb) repletion efficiency by supplementing a 50:50 mixture of short (P95) and long-chain (HP) inulin (Synergy 1, BENEO-Orafti) into a corn-soybean meal-basal diet (BD) for young pigs. In this study, weanling pigs (5 or 6 wk old) were fed the BD or the BD + 4% of P95, HP, or Synergy 1 (50:50 mixtures of HP and P95) for 5-7 wk. Blood Hb concentrations of pigs were measured weekly and digesta samples were collected at the end of the trial. In a replicate experiment, total RNA was isolated from the liver and mucosa of duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon of all pigs at the end of the trial. Relative mRNA expression of 27 genes, including iron and inflammation-related genes, was quantified using real-time quantitative-PCR. Although all 3 types of inulin resulted in similar improvements (P < 0.05) in blood Hb concentration and liver ferritin protein amount, neither type of inulin was detectable in the digesta of cecum or colon. Supplemental inulin enhanced the expression of iron-storing protein genes but decreased that of inflammation-related genes. Such effects were more pronounced (P < 0.05) in the mucosa of the lower than the upper gut and were seen on 7 genes in liver. In conclusion, all 3 types of inulin shared similar efficacy and possibly similar modes of action in improving dietary iron utilization by young pigs. Suppressing inflammation-induced genes that can negatively influence iron metabolism might help explain the benefit of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yasuda
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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32
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Steenhard NR, Jungersen G, Kokotovic B, Beshah E, Dawson HD, Urban JF, Roepstorff A, Thamsborg SM. Ascaris suum infection negatively affects the response to a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination and subsequent challenge infection in pigs. Vaccine 2009; 27:5161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Yasuda K, Dawson HD, Wasmuth E, Roneker KR, Kohn K, Chen C, Urban JF, Welch RM, Miller DD, Lei XG. Three types of dietary inulin exerted similar impacts on expression profiles of iron‐related genes in the intestine and liver of young pigs. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.921.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yasuda
- Animal ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY
| | - H D Dawson
- USDA ‐ Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsvilleMD
| | - E Wasmuth
- Animal ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY
| | | | - K Kohn
- USDA ‐ Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsvilleMD
| | - C Chen
- USDA ‐ Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsvilleMD
| | - J F Urban
- USDA ‐ Diet, Genomics and Immunology LabBeltsvilleMD
| | - R M Welch
- USDA‐ARS, US PlantSoil and Nutrition LaboratoryCornell Univ.IthacaNY
| | - D D Miller
- Food Science, Cornell UniverisityIthacaNY
| | - X G Lei
- Animal ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY
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35
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Dawson HD, Collins G, Pyle R, Key M, Taub DD. The Retinoic Acid Receptor-alpha mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:16. [PMID: 18416830 PMCID: PMC2394516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis RA) promote IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 synthesis, while decreasing IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha expression by activated human T cells and reduces the synthesis of IL-12p70 from accessory cells. Here, we have demonstrated that the observed effects using ATRA and 9-cis RA are shared with the clinically useful RAR ligand, 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA), and the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR-alpha)-selective agonist, AM580 but not with the RAR-beta/gamma ligand, 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR). RESULTS The increase in type 2 cytokine production by these retinoids correlated with the expression of the T cell activation markers, CD69 and CD38. The RAR-alpha-selective agonist, AM580 recapitulated all of the T cell activation and type 2 cytokine-inducing effects of ATRA and 9-cis-RA, while the RAR-alpha-selective antagonist, RO 41-5253, inhibited these effects. CONCLUSION These results strongly support a role for RAR-alpha engagement in the regulation of genes and proteins involved with human T cell activation and type 2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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36
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Reece JJ, Kohn K, Ets H, Beshah E, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Generating a Natural Porcine Model of Gastrointestinal Food Allergy to Peanut. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.671.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Reece
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Kristen Kohn
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Hillevi Ets
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | | | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
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37
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Reece JJ, Kohn K, Ets H, Urban JF, Dawson HD. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Porcine Natural Regulatory T Cells Induced by Helminth Infection Display a Functionally Suppressive Immunomodulatory Phenotype. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.864.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Reece
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Kristen Kohn
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Hillevi Ets
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet Genomics and Immunology LabBHNRC/ARS/USDABeltsvilleMD
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Uebing-Czipura AU, Dawson HD, Scherba G. Immortalization and characterization of lineage-restricted neuronal progenitor cells derived from the porcine olfactory bulb. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 170:262-76. [PMID: 18358537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Crucial aspects in the development of in vitro neuropathogenic disease model systems are the identification, characterization and continuous mitotic expansion of cultured neuronal cells. To facilitate long-term cultivation, we immortalized porcine olfactory neuronally restricted progenitor cells by genomic insertion of a cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) yielding a stable neuroblast subclone (OBGF400). The altered cells exhibited progenitor-cell-like morphology and mitotic competency based on sustained subpassaging, prevalence in the cell cycle G0/G1 phase and an overall lack of cellular senescence as compared to primary cultures. An OBGF400 neuronal phenotype was indicated by the recognition of a transfected neuronal progenitor-cell-specific tubulin-alpha1 gene promoter, intracellular presence of early neuronal markers (TuJ1, neuregulin-1, doublecortin and SOX2) and enhanced expression of neuronal- and progenitor lineage-active genes (MAP2, nestin, ENO and Syn1) compared to that of porcine epithelial cells. These OBGF400 neuroblasts are likely dependent on telomerase to prevent terminal differentiation as subcultures with a predominance of neuronally differentiated members had less enzymatic activity. Based on its susceptibility to a porcine alphaherpesvirus infection, this novel neuroblast cell line may be useful for exploring neuronal cell-pathogen interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ulrike Uebing-Czipura
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Urban JF, Steenhard NR, Solano-Aguilar GI, Dawson HD, Iweala OI, Nagler CR, Noland GS, Kumar N, Anthony RM, Shea-Donohue T, Weinstock J, Gause WC. Infection with parasitic nematodes confounds vaccination efficacy. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:14-20. [PMID: 17587500 PMCID: PMC1959410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells produce signature cytokine patterns, induced largely by intracellular versus extracellular pathogens that provide the cellular and molecular basis for counter regulatory expression of protective immunity during concurrent infections. The production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, for example, resulting from exposure to many bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens is responsible for Th1-derived protective responses that also can inhibit development of Th2-cells expressing IL-4-dependent immunity to extracellular helminth parasites and vice versa. In a similar manner, concurrent helminth infection alters optimal vaccine-induced responses in humans and livestock; however, the consequences of this condition have not been adequately studied especially in the context of a challenge infection following vaccination. Demands for new and effective vaccines to control chronic and emerging diseases, and the need for rapid deployment of vaccines for bio security concerns requires a systematic evaluation of confounding factors that limit vaccine efficacy. One common albeit overlooked confounder is the presence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in populations of humans and livestock targeted for vaccination. This is particularly important in areas of the world were helminth infections are prevalent, but the interplay between parasites and emerging diseases that can be transmitted worldwide make this a global issue. In addition, it is not clear if the epidemic in allergic disease in industrialized countries substitutes for geohelminth infection to interfere with effective vaccination regimens. This presentation will focus on recent vaccination studies in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus to model the condition of gastrointestinal parasite infestation in mammalian populations targeted for vaccination. In addition, a large animal vaccination and challenge model against Mycoplasma hyopneumonia in swine exposed to Ascaris suum will provide a specific example of the need for further work in this area, and for controlled field studies to assess the impact of other similar scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Cao H, Hininger-Favier I, Kelly MA, Benaraba R, Dawson HD, Coves S, Roussel AM, Anderson RA. Green tea polyphenol extract regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose uptake and insulin signaling in rats fed a high fructose diet. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:6372-8. [PMID: 17616136 DOI: 10.1021/jf070695o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Green tea has antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models, but the molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been fully understood. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the relative expression levels and the effects of green tea (1 and 2 g solid extract/kg diet) on the expression of glucose transporter family genes (Glut1/Slc2a1, Glut2/Slc2a2, Glut3/Slc2a3, and Glut4/Slc2a4) and insulin signaling pathway genes (Ins1, Ins2, Insr, Irs1, Irs2, Akt1, Grb2, Igf1, Igf2, Igf1r, Igf2r, Gsk3b, Gys1, Pik3cb, Pik3r1, Shc1, and Sos1) in liver and muscle of rats fed a high-fructose diet known to induce insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Glut2 and Glut4 were the major Glut mRNAs in rat liver and muscle, respectively. Green tea extract (1 g) increased Glut1, Glut4, Gsk3b, and Irs2 mRNA levels by 110, 160, 30, and 60% in the liver, respectively, and increased Irs1 by 80% in the muscle. Green tea extract (2 g) increased Glut4, Gsk3b, and Pik3cb mRNA levels by 90, 30, and 30% but decreased Shc1 by 60% in the liver and increased Glut2, Glut4, Shc1, and Sos1 by 80, 40, 60, and 50% in the muscle. This study shows that green tea extract at 1 or 2 g/kg diet regulates gene expression in the glucose uptake and insulin signaling pathway in rats fed a fructose-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Dawson HD, Guidry CA, Vangimalla V, Urban JF. The Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center's Porcine Immunology and Nutrition Resource Database. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a377-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions LaboratoryARS/USDA, Rm 224, Bld 307C, BHNRC, BARC‐EastBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Catherine A Guidry
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions LaboratoryARS/USDA, Rm 224, Bld 307C, BHNRC, BARC‐EastBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Vandana Vangimalla
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions LaboratoryARS/USDA, Rm 224, Bld 307C, BHNRC, BARC‐EastBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions LaboratoryARS/USDA, Rm 224, Bld 307C, BHNRC, BARC‐EastBeltsvilleMD20705
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Cao H, Kelly MA, Kari F, Dawson HD, Coves S, Roussel AM, Anderson RA. Green tea increases the anti‐inflammatory tristetraprolin and decreases the pro‐inflammatory tumor necrosis factor mRNA levels in rats. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a165-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterUSDA‐ARS, 10300 Baltimore AveBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Meghan A. Kelly
- Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterUSDA‐ARS, 10300 Baltimore AveBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Frank Kari
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, DHHS‐NIHResearch Triangle ParkNC27709
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterUSDA‐ARS, 10300 Baltimore AveBeltsvilleMD20705
| | - Sara Coves
- Unilever FranceF92842 RueilMalmaisonFrance
| | | | - Richard A. Anderson
- Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterUSDA‐ARS, 10300 Baltimore AveBeltsvilleMD20705
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Cao H, Kelly MA, Kari F, Dawson HD, Urban JF, Coves S, Roussel AM, Anderson RA. Green tea increases anti-inflammatory tristetraprolin and decreases pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor mRNA levels in rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 2007; 4:1. [PMID: 17207279 PMCID: PMC1783848 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36) family proteins have anti-inflammatory activity by binding to and destabilizing pro-inflammatory mRNAs such as Tnf mRNA, and represent a potential therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases. Tea has anti-inflammatory properties but the molecular mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. We hypothesized that TTP and/or its homologues might contribute to the beneficial effects of tea as an anti-inflammatory product. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate the effects of green tea (0, 1, and 2 g solid extract/kg diet) on the expression of Ttp family genes (Ttp/Tis11/Zfp36, Zfp36l1/Tis11b, Zfp36l2/Tis11d, Zfp36l3), pro-inflammatory genes (Tnf, Csf2/Gm-csf, Ptgs2/Cox2), and Elavl1/Hua/Hur and Vegf genes in liver and muscle of rats fed a high-fructose diet known to induce insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and TNF-alpha levels. Results Ttp and Zfp36l1 mRNAs were the major forms in both liver and skeletal muscle. Ttp, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2 mRNA levels were more abundant in the liver than those in the muscle. Csf2/Gm-csf and Zfp36l3 mRNAs were undetectable in both tissues. Tea (1 g solid extract/kg diet) increased Ttp mRNA levels by 50–140% but Tnf mRNA levels decreased by 30% in both tissues, and Ptgs2/Cox2 mRNA levels decreased by 40% in the muscle. Tea (2 g solid extract/kg diet) increased Elavl1/Hua/Hur mRNA levels by 40% in the liver but did not affect any of the other mRNA levels in liver or muscle. Conclusion These results show that tea can modulate Ttp mRNA levels in animals and suggest that a post-transcriptional mechanism through TTP could partially account for tea's anti-inflammatory properties. The results also suggest that drinking adequate amounts of green tea may play a role in the prevention of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building 307C, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Meghan A Kelly
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building 307C, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Frank Kari
- Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building 307C, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building 307C, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sara Coves
- Unilever France, F92842 Rueil Malmaison, France
| | - Anne M Roussel
- Laboratoire de NVMC (Nutrition, Vieillissement et Maladies Cardiovasculaires), Faculte de Pharmacie, Joseph Fourier University, Domaine de la Merci, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Building 307C, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Guthrie HD, Wall RJ, Pursel VG, Foster-Frey JA, Donovan DM, Dawson HD, Welch GR, Garrett WG. Follicular expression of a human beta-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) transgene does not decrease atresia or increase ovulation rate in swine. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 17:457-66. [PMID: 15899158 DOI: 10.1071/rd04136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic (TG) gilts carrying a human Bcl-2 cDNA transgene driven by mouse inhibin-alpha subunit promoter were produced and evaluated to determine if ectopic expression of Bcl-2 in the ovaries would decrease the frequency of atresia in antral follicles and increase ovulation rate. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the Bcl-2 transgene protein was expressed in granulosa and theca cells, in 86% of healthy and 54% of atretic follicles analysed in TG prepubertal and Day 50 pregnant gilts combined (n = 24). In contrast, Bcl-2 transgene protein was expressed in only 1.4% of healthy and 0% of atretic follicles in non-TG littermates (n = 13). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that human Bcl-2 was expressed in follicles of TG gilts. The atresia rate for the TG and non-TG groups did not differ (P > 0.05) for prepubertal (45 v. 59%) and Day 50 pregnant gilts (53 v. 52%) respectively. The mean +/- s.e.m. ovulation rate did not differ (P > 0.5) between TG (15.9 +/- 0.8, n = 12) and non-TG (16.4 +/- 0.6, n = 7) Day 50 pregnant gilts. The molecular basis of the failure of ectopic Bcl-2 expression to increase the ratio of healthy to atretic follicles is unknown, but it is possible that the activity of the mitochondrial-dependent cell death pathway was not neutralized by ectopic expression of human Bcl-2 or that other cell death pathways compensated for the decreased mitochondrial-dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Guthrie
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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During A, Dawson HD, Harrison EH. Carotenoid transport is decreased and expression of the lipid transporters SR-BI, NPC1L1, and ABCA1 is downregulated in Caco-2 cells treated with ezetimibe. J Nutr 2005; 135:2305-12. [PMID: 16177187 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Data suggest that intestinal carotenoid absorption is a facilitated process. The present study was conducted to determine whether carotenoids and cholesterol share common pathways (transporters) for their intestinal absorption. Differentiated Caco-2 cells on membranes were incubated (16 h) with a carotenoid (1 micromol/L) with or without ezetimibe (EZ; Zetia, an inhibitor of cholesterol transport), and with or without antibodies against the receptors, cluster determinant 36 (CD36) and scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI). Carotenoid transport in Caco-2 cells (cellular uptake + secretion) was decreased by EZ (10 mg/L) as follows: beta-carotene approximately alpha-carotene (50% inhibition) >> beta-cryptoxanthin approximately lycopene (20%) >> lutein:zeaxanthin (1:1) (7%). EZ reduced cholesterol transport by 31%, but not retinol transport. beta-Carotene transport was also inhibited by anti-SR-BI, but not by anti-CD36. The inhibitory effects of EZ and anti-SR-BI on beta-carotene transport were additive, indicating that they may have different targets. Finally, differentiated Caco-2 cells treated with EZ showed a significant decrease in mRNA expression for the surface receptors SR-BI, Niemann-Pick type C1 Like 1 protein (NPC1L1), and ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily A (ABCA1) and for the nuclear receptors retinoid acid receptor (RAR)gamma, sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP)-1 and -2, and liver X receptor (LXR)beta as assessed by real-time PCR analysis. The data indicate that 1) EZ is an inhibitor of carotenoid transport, an effect that decreases with increasing polarity of the carotenoid molecule, 2) SR-BI is involved in carotenoid transport, and 3) EZ may act, not only by interacting physically with cholesterol transporters as previously suggested, but also by downregulating expression of these proteins. The cellular uptake and efflux of carotenoids, like that of cholesterol, likely involve more than one transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine During
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Dawson HD, Beshah E, Nishi S, Solano-Aguilar G, Morimoto M, Zhao A, Madden KB, Ledbetter TK, Dubey JP, Shea-Donohue T, Lunney JK, Urban JF. Localized multigene expression patterns support an evolving Th1/Th2-like paradigm in response to infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1116-28. [PMID: 15664955 PMCID: PMC546930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.1116-1128.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infectious diseases have been studied in pigs because the two species have common microbial, parasitic, and zoonotic organisms, but there has been no systematic evaluation of cytokine gene expression in response to infectious agents in porcine species. In this study, pigs were inoculated with two clinically and economically important parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum, and gene expression in 11 different tissues for 20 different swine Th1/Th2-related cytokines, cytokine receptors, and markers of immune activation were evaluated by real-time PCR. A generalized Th1-like pattern of gene expression was evident in pigs infected with T. gondii, along with an increased anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern during the recovery phase of the infection. In contrast, an elevated Th2-like pattern was expressed during the period of expulsion of A. suum fourth-stage larvae from the small intestine of pigs, along with low-level Th1-like and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Prototypical immune and physiological markers of infection were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage cells, small intestinal smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. This study validated the use of a robust quantitative gene expression assay to detect immune and inflammatory markers at multiple host tissue sites, enhanced the definition of two important swine diseases, and supported the use of swine as an experimental model for the study of immunity to infectious agents relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, Bldg. 307C, Room 214, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Royaee AR, Husmann RJ, Dawson HD, Calzada-Nova G, Schnitzlein WM, Zuckermann FA, Lunney JK. Deciphering the involvement of innate immune factors in the development of the host response to PRRSV vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:199-216. [PMID: 15507306 PMCID: PMC7112652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural response of pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections and vaccinations needs to be altered so that better protection is afforded against both homologous and heterologous challenges by this pathogen. To address this problem, real-time gene expression assays were coupled with cytokine Elispot and protein analyses to assess the nature of the anti-PRRSV response of pigs immunized with modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. Although T helper 1 (Th1) immunity was elicited in all vaccinated animals, as evidenced by the genesis of PRRSV-specific interferon-gamma secreting cells (IFNG SC), the overall extent of the memory response was variable and generally weak. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from these pigs responded to PRRSV exposure with a limited increase in their expression of the Th1 immune markers, IFNG, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-15 (IL15), and a reduction in the quantity of mRNAs encoding the innate and inflammatory proteins, IL1B, IL8 and IFNA. Efforts to enhance Th1 immunity, by utilizing an expression plasmid encoding porcine IFNA (pINA) as an adjuvant, resulted in a temporary increase in the frequency of PRRSV-specific IFNG SC but only minor changes overall in the expression of Th1 associated cytokine or innate immune marker mRNA by virus-stimulated PBMC. Administration of pINA, however, did correlate with decreased IL1B secretion by cultured, unstimulated PBMC but had no effect on their ability to release IFNG. Thus, while exogenous addition of IFNA during PRRSV vaccination has an impact on the development of a Th1 immune response, other alterations will be required for substantial boosting of virus-specific protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atabak R Royaee
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, BARC, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Dawson HD, Royaee AR, Nishi S, Kuhar D, Schnitzlein WM, Zuckermann F, Urban J, Lunney JK. Identification of key immune mediators regulating T helper 1 responses in swine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 100:105-11. [PMID: 15183000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This publication describes the cloning of full or partial length sequences for pig TBX21 (T-bet), MYD88, ICSBP1, CD8A (CD8alpha), CD8B (CD8beta), and CD28 cDNAs. Real-time PCR assays have been developed for the relative quantitation of these products as well as previously characterized transcripts that encode exon A-containing CD45, HLX1, IRF1, STAT1 and RPL32. When used for examining temporal immune gene expression in the liver of Toxoplasma gondii infected pigs, the positive regulators of Th1 responses, IRF1, MYD88, and STAT1, were found to be expressed prior to the simultaneous upregulation of interferon gamma (IFNG), HLX1 and TBX21 gene expression. In contrast, in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN), only expression of IRF1 and IFNG was significantly upregulated. Based on their demonstrated utility in establishing an immune response pathway, these PCR assays should be valuable additions to our swine immune toolkit.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Base Sequence
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- RNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Toxoplasma/genetics
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Bldg. 307C, Room 213, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Dawson HD, Yamamoto Y, Zolfaghari R, Rosales FJ, Dietz J, Shimada T, Li N, Ross AC. Regulation of hepatic vitamin A storage in a rat model of controlled vitamin A status during aging. J Nutr 2000; 130:1280-6. [PMID: 10801930 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently unknown whether the capacity of the liver to esterify and store vitamin A (VA) changes as a function of long-term VA intake or age. The objective of this study was to investigate whether age and/or VA status are factors for the hepatic expression of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), the esterification of retinol by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and the accumulation of VA and lipids in liver. Two factors, VA intake and age, were studied in a 3x3 design. Diets denoted as VA-marginal, control and supplemented contained 0.35, 4 and 25 mg retinol equivalents/kg diet, respectively; male Lewis rats were fed these diets from weaning until the ages of 2-3 mo (young), 8-10 mo (middle-aged) and 18-20 mo (old) (n = 6/group. Liver CRBP mRNA differed (two-way ANOVA) with dietary VA (P<0.0001) and age (P<0.05). Hepatic LRAT activity increased with dietary VA (P<0.0001). Age was not a factor (P = 0.47) although there was an interaction of age and dietary VA (P<0.0001). Hepatic LRAT activity was correlated (r = 0.633, P<0.0001) with plasma retinol at physiologic concentrations. In VA-supplemented rats of all ages, the plasma molar ratio of total retinol:retinol-binding protein (RBP) exceeded 1, and liver VA and total lipid concentrations were elevated. However, tests of liver function had previously been shown to be within normal values. Thus, the capacity of the liver for retinol esterification by LRAT was not diminished by age or the accumulation of VA and other lipids. We conclude the following: 1) hepatic LRAT activity is regulated across a broad, physiologic range of dietary VA; 2) LRAT activity is regulated throughout life; and 3) the capacity for hepatic VA storage is high throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Dawson
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
Although both vitamin A (VA) deficiency and aging are independently associated with alterations in immune function, the effects of marginal VA status or VA supplementation on the immune system during aging were not studied. A long-term dietary study was conducted in a rat model of aging to quantify changes in T-cell populations in blood and spleen, including T-cells bearing a marker of natural killer (NKT) cells. The study included nine treatment groups [three levels of dietary VA: marginal (0.35 RE/kg diet), control (4.0 RE/kg diet), and supplemented (50 RE/kg diet); and three age groups: young (2-3 mo), middle-aged (8-10 mo), and old 20-22 mo); diets were fed continuously from weaning to the end of the study period. CD3(+)/CD4(+) T-cells decreased in percentage and number in blood with age, CD8(+) cells increased (%), and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased. Conversely, aging was associated with increased NKT cells (phenotype CD3(intermediate)/NKR-P1(+)). Based on regression analysis of flow cytometry data, the phenotype of most NKT cells was CD3(intermediate)/NKR-P1(+)/CD28(-). NKT cells, which are most likely of extrathymic origin, accounted for most of the decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio. Marginal VA status, particularly in older rats, was associated with increases in the percentage of CD8(+) T cells, percentage and number of NKT cells, and peripheral blood cell anti-CD3epsilon-stimulated proliferative response, and decreases in the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio and splenic cell interleukin-2 production. These differences and the reciprocal changes observed for NKT cells vs. T- and classical NK cells in aging VA-marginal rats suggest that low VA status during aging may increase the risk of infectious or neoplastic diseases that require a normal balance of T-cell or NK-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Dawson
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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