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Preparation and Evaluation of Enteric-Coated Chitosan Derivative-Based Microparticles Loaded with Salmon Calcitonin as an Oral Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091546. [PMID: 27649146 PMCID: PMC5037820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The production of protein drugs has recently increased due to advances in biotechnology, but their clinical use is generally limited to parenteral administration due to low absorption in non-parenteral administration. Therefore, non-parenteral delivery systems allowing sufficient absorption draw much attention. Methods: Microparticles (MP) were prepared using chitosan-4-thio-butylamidine conjugate (Ch-TBA), trimethyl-chitosan (TMC), and chitosan (Ch). Using salmon calcitonin (sCT) as a model protein drug, Ch-TBA-, Ch-TBA/TMC (4/1)-, and Ch-based MP were produced, and their Eudragit L100 (Eud)-coated MP, named Ch-TBA-MP/Eud, Ch-TBA/TMC-MP/Eud, and Ch-MP/Eud, respectively, were prepared as oral delivery systems. These enteric-coated microparticles were examined in vitro and in vivo. Results: All microparticles before and after enteric coating had a submicron size (600–800 nm) and micrometer size (1300–1500 nm), respectively. In vitro release patterns were similar among all microparticles; release occurred gradually, and the release rate was slower at pH 1.2 than at pH 6.8. In oral ingestion, Ch-TBA-MP/Eud suppressed plasma Ca levels most effectively among the microparticles tested. The relative effectiveness of Ch-TBA-MP/Eud to the intramuscular injection was 8.6%, while the sCT solution showed no effectiveness. Conclusion: The results suggest that Eud-coated Ch-TBA-based microparticles should have potential as an oral delivery system of protein drugs.
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Motlekar NA, Srivenugopal KS, Wachtel MS, Youan BBC. Evaluation of the Oral Bioavailability of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Formulated With Glycyrrhetinic Acid as Permeation Enhancer. Drug Dev Res 2006; 67:166-174. [PMID: 17710191 PMCID: PMC1948842 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is the agent of choice for anticoagulant therapy and prophylaxis of thrombosis and coronary syndromes. However, its therapeutic use is limited due to poor oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral delivery of LMWH, ardeparin formulated with 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), as an alternative to currently used subcutaneous (sc) delivery. Drug transport through Caco-2 cell monolayers was monitored in the presence and absence of GA by scintillation counting and transepithelial electrical resistance. Regional permeability studies using rat intestine were performed using a modified Ussing chamber. Cell viability in the presence of various concentrations of enhancer was determined by MTT assay. The absorption of ardeparin after oral administration in rats was measured by an anti-factor Xa assay. Furthermore, the eventual mucosal epithelial damage was histologically evaluated. Higher ardeparin permeability (~7-fold) compared to control was observed in the presence of 0.02 % GA. Regional permeability studies indicated predominant absorption in the duodenal segment. Cell viability studies showed no significant cytotoxicity below 0.01 % GA. Ardeparin oral bioavailability was significantly increased (F(relative)/(S.C). = 13.3%) without causing any damage to the intestinal tissues. GA enhanced the oral absorption of ardeparin both in vitro and in vivo. The oral formulation of ardeparin with GA could be absorbed in the intestine. These results suggest that GA may be used as an absorption enhancer for the oral delivery of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat A. Motlekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Kalkunte S. Srivenugopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Mitchell S. Wachtel
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and
Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bi-Botti C. Youan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
- *Correspondence to: Bi-Botti C. Youan, PhD., Texas
Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy. 1300 Coulter Drive,
Amarillo, TX 79106. E-mail:
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Imai T, Sakai M, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Absorption-enhancing effect of glycyrrhizin induced in the presence of capric acid. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:11-21. [PMID: 15814227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The absorption-enhancing effect of the simultaneous administration of sodium caprate (Cap-Na) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (Grz-K) was investigated to clarify an effect of Grz-K. A combination of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K had a rapid and long-lasting absorption-enhancing activity in Caco-2 cell monolayers under conditions where Cap-Na and Grz-K showed a weak and no activity, respectively. The simultaneous treatment of a Caco-2 cell monolayer with Cap-Na and Grz-K showed no change in intracellular calcium ion level, although a major mechanism of absorption-enhancing effect for Cap-Na was elevation of intracellular calcium ion level. On the other hand, the simultaneous enhancing effect of Cap-Na and Grz-K was inhibited by H7, a PKC inhibitor. Possibly, Grz-K showed an absorption-enhancing effect via PKC cellular signaling pathway after penetration into cell according to increasing membrane permeability by Cap-Na. The absorption of sCT by the rat colon was enhanced by a combination of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K, and its effect continued even 9h after the onset of the experiment. Furthermore, the simultaneous treatment of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K showed a negligible histological changes to the colon mucosal membrane and a negligible toxicity on Caco-2 cell monolayer. A combination of Cap-Na and Grz-K shows a synergistic absorption-enhancing effect with little mucosal injury, which is applicable to colon-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Abstract
This paper describes the basic concepts for the transmucosal delivery of drugs, and in particular the use of the nasal route for delivery of challenging drugs such as polar low-molecular-weight drugs and peptides and proteins. Strategies for the exploitation of absorption enhancers for the improvement of nasal delivery are discussed, including consideration of mechanisms of action and the correlation between toxic effect and absorption enhancement. Selected enhancer systems, such as cyclodextrins, phospholipids, bioadhesive powder systems and chitosan, are discussed in detail. Examples of the use of these enhancers in preclinical and clinical studies are given. Methods for assessing irritancy and damage to the nasal membrane from the use of absorption enhancers are also described. Finally, the mucosal use of absorption enhancers (chitosan) for the improved nasal delivery of vaccines is reported with reference to recent phase I/II clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Davis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Kai M, Hayashi K, Kaida I, Aki H, Yamamoto M. Permeation-enhancing effect of aloe-emodin anthrone on water-soluble and poorly permeable compounds in rat colonic mucosa. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:1608-13. [PMID: 12499649 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the enhancing effects of aloe-emodin anthrone (AEA) on the colonic membrane permeability of water-soluble and poorly permeable compounds and to clarify the mechanism of the permeation-enhancing activity of AEA. The permeation-enhancing activity of AEA was estimated from changes in the permeability coefficient of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) in rat colonic mucosa using a Ussing-type chamber. Various inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanism of action of AEA. The structural change in the membrane and the cytotoxicity of AEA in the intestinal mucosa were evaluated by measuring the electrical resistance of the membrane (R(m)) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, respectively. AEA significantly increased the permeation of CF in a dose-dependent manner. The enhanced permeability was significantly suppressed by a histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, and a mast cell stabilizer, ketotifen, but not by a histamine H(2) receptor antagonist, cimetidine. The enhancing effect was also inhibited by an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Potential difference and short-circuit current values decreased, while R(m) values remained constant throughout the experiment. The addition of AEA to the mucosal solution decreased R(m) to 30%, but then remained constant. LDH activity with AEA was not significantly different from that of the control. In conclusion, AEA is a candidate for effective absorption enhancers without damage of the membrane and cytotoxicity. We propose that AEA stimulates mast cells within the colonic mucosa to release histamine, which probably bind to the H(1) receptor. The intracellular PKC route activated by H(1) receptor activation enhances the permeability of water-soluble and poorly permeable drugs via opening of tight junctions in rat colonic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Kai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Kawano K, Nakamura K, Hayashi K, Nagai T, Takayama K, Maitani Y. Liver targeting liposomes containing beta-sitosterol glucoside with regard to penetration-enhancing effect on HepG2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:766-70. [PMID: 12081144 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of soybean-derived sterylglucoside (SG) with the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 with regard to the penetration-enhancing effect of beta-sitosterol glucoside (Sit-G) to clarify the accumulation of SG-containing liposomes (SG-liposomes) to the liver in vivo. The approach was based on measurement of the association of SG-liposomes labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) in terms of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R)-mediated endocytosis, affinity of Sit-G using lAsys and the association of FITC-dextran 4400 (FD-4) increased by Sit-G with the cells. The association of SG-liposomes was decreased by addition of asialofetuin, suggesting that SG-liposomes might be taken up via ASGP-R. Sit-G showed higher affinity with HepG2 cells than HeLa cells, and enhanced the association of FD-4 depending on the incubation time and Sit-G concentrations. Significant positive correlations were found between Sit-G and FD-4 association with the cells, indicating that Sit-G enhanced the drug penetration by distribution in cell membranes. The high degree of liver association of SG-liposomes in vivo might be related to recognition of glucose residues of SG by ASGP-R and to the high affinity and penetration-enhancing effect of Sit-G with hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Kawano
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Intranasal insulin delivery has been widely investigated as an alternative to subcutaneous injection for the treatment of diabetes. The pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal insulin is similar to that obtained by intravenous injection and, in contrast to subcutaneous insulin delivery, bears close resemblance to the 'pulsatile' pattern of endogenous insulin secretion during meal-times. The literature suggests that intranasal insulin therapy has considerable potential for controlling post-prandial hyperglycaemia in the treatment of both IDDM and NIDDM. However, effective insulin absorption via the nasal route is unlikely without employing the help of absorption enhancers or promoters which are able to modulate nasal epithelial permeability to insulin and/or prolong the residence time of the drug formulation in the nasal cavity. This article discusses the structure and function of the nasal cavity, the barriers which prevent nasal insulin absorption and through the use of absorption enhancers or promoters methods by which these barriers may be overcome.
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Imai T, Sakai M, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the enhancing activity of glycyrrhizin on the intestinal absorption of drugs. Pharm Res 1999; 16:80-6. [PMID: 9950283 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018822829302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The enhancing activity of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (Grz) on the intestinal absorption of drugs has been demonstrated in an in vitro study using Caco-2 cell monolayers and in an in vivo absorption study in rats. METHODS The hydrolysis of Grz by luminal content and mucosa of the rat colon was investigated. The absorption-enhancing activity of Grz and its hydrolysates was estimated by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the permeation of sodium fluorescein (Flu-Na) in Caco-2 cell monolayers. It was further evaluated through the absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in the rat colon. RESULTS Grz was not hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetinylmonoglucuronide (GrMG) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) by colonic mucosa, but, rather by the beta-glucuronidase in colonic flora. The hydrolysis of Grz to GrMG was extremely slow and the GrMG produced was rapidly regenerated to GA. Grz and GrMG had no effect on TEER nor on the permeability of Flu-Na across Caco-2 cell monolayers. On the other hand, GA decreased TEER and increased the permeability of Flu-Na in a dose-dependent manner. However, Grz and GrMG enhanced the plasma calcium-lowering effect of sCT after administration in the rat colon. The coadministration of sCT and GA in the rat colon induced the strongest plasma calcium-lowering effect and the highest plasma concentration of sCT. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo enhancing-activity of Grz in the absorption of drugs is dependent on GA, a hydrolysis product of Grz resulting from the action of beta-glucuronidase in intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Simultaneous use of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate enhances the cellular transport of poorly absorbed compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51:27-33. [PMID: 10197414 DOI: 10.1211/0022357991772051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The absorption-enhancing effect of a combination of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate in Caco-2 cell monolayers has been compared with that of the enhancers when used alone, and the mechanism of the enhancement was partially elucidated. The effect of the combined compounds was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the cellular permeability of the water-soluble model compounds sodium fluorescein (MW 376.3) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (MW 4400). The TEER of the monolayers decreased with increasing concentrations of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate in combination with 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate for 20 min, and reached a minimum at 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. Although a combination of 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate and 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate enhanced the cellular permeability of sodium fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate and 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate alone had no effect on either the TEER of the monolayers or the cellular transport of the water-soluble compounds. Sequential and separate exposure of the monolayers to each enhancer for 10 min had no effect on the TEER, but a marked decrease in TEER was observed when both compounds were used in combination. The enhancing effect of the combination of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was inhibited by H7, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, suggesting that dipotassium glycyrrhizinate might enhance the activation of PKC via sodium deoxycholate. The combined use of these two enhancers had no toxic effects. These results provide useful, basic information on the action of these absorption enhancers on drugs for which absorption is limited owing to polarity or molecular size, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. Inc., Tsukuba Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Otagiri M. Cytotoxicity of absorption enhancers in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:1101-8. [PMID: 9821655 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the utility of absorption enhancers with reference to mucosal cell cytotoxicity. Overall assessment of the damage to plasma, lysosomal and nuclear membranes by three absorption enhancers, sodium deoxycholate, sodium caprate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, was performed on Caco-2 cell monolayers. The cytotoxicities of sodium deoxycholate (0.02-0.1% w/v), sodium caprate (0.1-0.5% w/v) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (0.5-2% w/v) were evaluated by the trypan blue-exclusion test, the protein-release test, the neutral-red assay, the DNA--propidium iodide staining test and the test for recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) up to 24 h after treatment with each enhancer. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS; 0.1% w/v), a potent surfactant, was used as positive control. SDS at this level was significantly cytotoxic whereas dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was not cytotoxic in any tests. Results from the trypan blue-exclusion and protein-release tests showed that high concentrations of sodium caprate (0.5% w/v) and sodium deoxycholate (0.1% w/v) were significantly cytotoxic to the plasma membrane. The neutral-red assay, an indicator of damage to lysosomal membranes, revealed that 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate had no effect whereas the uptake of neutral red was slightly increased by treatment with 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate, implying that the compound had cell-growth-enhancing activity. Nuclear-membrane damage, as evaluated by the DNA--propidium iodide staining test, was severe in cell monolayers treated with 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate compared with that induced by 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate. In the TEER recovery test, TEER failed to recover 24 h after treatment with 0.5% (w/v) sodium caprate and 0.1% (w/v) SDS, but recovered after treatment with 0.1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate. The recovery of TEER might be related to nuclear membrane damage and cell-growth-enhancing activity. These results indicate that of the three classes of enhancer, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was not cytotoxic and that high concentrations of sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate could damage plasma and nuclear membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Cevc G, Gebauer D, Stieber J, Schätzlein A, Blume G. Ultraflexible vesicles, Transfersomes, have an extremely low pore penetration resistance and transport therapeutic amounts of insulin across the intact mammalian skin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1368:201-15. [PMID: 9459598 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New vehicles for the non-invasive delivery of agents are introduced. These carriers can transport pharmacological agents, including large polypeptides, through the permeability barriers, such as the intact skin. This capability depends on the self-regulating carrier deformability which exceeds that of the related but not optimized lipid aggregates by several orders of magnitude. Conventional lipid suspensions, such as standard liposomes or mixed lipid micelles, do not mediate a systemic biological effect upon epicutaneous applications. In contrast to this, the properly devised adaptable carriers, when administered on the intact skin, transport therapeutic amounts of biogenic molecules into the body. This process can be nearly as efficient as an injection needle, as seen from the results of experiments in mice and humans with the insulin-carrying vesicles. The carrier-mediated transcutaneous insulin delivery is unlikely to involve shunts, lesions or other types of skin damage. Rather than this, insulin is inferred to be transported into the body between the intact skin cells with a bio-efficiency of at least 50% of the s.c. dose action.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cevc
- Medical Biophysics, Clinics r.d.I., The Technical University of Munich, Germany
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ZIA HOSSEIN, DONDETI POLIREDDY, NEEDHAM THOMASE. COMPARISON OF NASAL INSULIN POWDERS PREPARED BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID AND FREEZE-DRYING TECHNIQUES. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/02726359708906772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Effects of absorption enhancers on the transport of model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers: assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:779-85. [PMID: 9232516 DOI: 10.1021/js960529n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three typical absorption enhancers, i.e., sodium caprate (Cap-Na), sodium deoxycholate (Deo-Na), and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (Grz-K), were compared in terms of their permeability-enhancing effects on hydrophilic and hydrophobic model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the monolayers was reduced concentration-dependently by treatment with Cap-Na and Deo-Na, while treatment with Grz-K increased the TEER. Two patterns of TEER reduction were observed: one pattern indicated that Cap-Na had a rapid reducing effect, and another indicated that Deo-Na had a delayed reducing effect. These reductions in the TEER were accompanied by the increased transepithelial transport of two hydrophilic model compounds, sodium fluorescein (Flu-Na; MW = 376, log P = -1.52) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000 (FD-4; MW = 4400, log P = -2.0), and one hydrophobic model compound, rhodamine 123 hydrate (Rh123; MW = 381, log P = 1.13). The transport-enhancing effects of Cap-Na and Deo-Na on these model compounds decreased in the following order: FD-4 > Rh123 > Flu-Na, while Grz-K was found to have no effect on the transport of any of these model compounds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that Cap-Na and Deo-Na enhanced the transepithelial transport of the hydrophilic model compounds via the paracellular route and that of the hydrophobic model compound via both paracellular and transcellular routes. Semiquantitative visual information obtained from CLSM images reflected the results of the transport experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Tsukuba Laboratories, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brange
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Recchia J, Lurantos MH, Amsden JA, Storey J, Kensil CR. A semisynthetic Quillaja saponin as a drug delivery agent for aminoglycoside antibiotics. Pharm Res 1995; 12:1917-23. [PMID: 8786966 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016235705448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of a purified, semisynthetic saponin, DS-1, prepared by deacylation of a naturally occurring saponin from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree, as a permeation enhancer for mucosal delivery of the aminoglycosides, gentamicin and tobramycin. METHODS Gentamicin or tobramycin formulations, with and without DS-1, were administered to rats nasally, ocularly, and rectally. Serum aminoglycoside levels following mucosal application were compared with those administered intramuscularly. Gentamicin formulations, with and without DS-1, were administered intranasally to mice 60 minutes after a lethal bacterial challenge. To ascertain nasal irritation potential, DS-1 nosedrops were administered to rats twice daily for 7 days in the right nostril only. Comparison of the left (internal control) and right nostril was made with a control group that received only buffer. RESULTS Significant transport across mucous membranes was only observed in formulations containing DS-1. This effect on drug delivery was transient. Administration of an intranasal gentamicin/DS-1 formulation reversed the lethal bacterial challenge in mice, demonstrating that biological activity was retained after absorption. Nasal irritation was not observed in groups receiving DS-1 nosedrops, which were identical to control groups. CONCLUSIONS DS-1 has potential as a transmucosal delivery agent for the aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Recchia
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2376, USA
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Cevc G, Schätzlein A, Blume G. Transdermal drug carriers: Basic properties, optimization and transfer efficiency in the case of epicutaneously applied peptides. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00056-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dondeti P, Zia H, Needham TE. In vivo evaluation of spray formulations of human insulin for nasal delivery. Int J Pharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00045-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aungst BJ. Site-dependence and structure-effect relationships for alkylglycosides as transmucosal absorption promoters for insulin. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Overcoming enzymatic and absorption barriers to non-parenterally administered protein and peptide drugs. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Verhoef J, Schipper NG, Romeijn SG, Merkus FW. The potential of cyclodextrins as absorption enhancers in nasal delivery of peptide drugs. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gizurarson S. The relevance of nasal physiology to the design of drug absorption studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(93)90015-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reardon PM, Wall DA, Hart TK, Smith PL, Gochoco CH. Lack of effect of ammonium glycyrrhizinate on the morphology of ovine nasal mucosa in vitro. Pharm Res 1993; 10:1301-7. [PMID: 8234167 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018965612638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives are reported to be nasal absorption promoters (1). Effects of ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AMGZ) on the in vitro morphology of ovine nasal mucosa were therefore examined by light and electron microscopy. Nasal mucosa was stripped from the submucosa and mounted in Ussing chambers. Exposure of the apical surface to 2% ammonium glycyrrhizinate (24 mM) for 90 min caused no histopathological changes to the nasal epithelium. Epithelial integrity remained intact as evidenced by the continued presence of morphologically intact junctional complexes. No sloughing of the epithelial layer from the basement membrane was observed, and cilia and microvilli were not affected by treatment with AMGZ. The results indicate that short-term exposure in vitro to ammonium glycyrrhizinate caused no overt morphological damage to ovine nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Reardon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence
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Reardon PM, Gochoco CH, Audus KL, Wilson G, Smith PL. In vitro nasal transport across ovine mucosa: effects of ammonium glycyrrhizinate on electrical properties and permeability of growth hormone releasing peptide, mannitol, and lucifer yellow. Pharm Res 1993; 10:553-61. [PMID: 8483838 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018997919115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transport of growth hormone releasing peptide across ovine nasal mucosa in the absence or presence of ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AMGZ) was studied in vitro. Ovine nasal mucosa was stripped from underlying cartilage and mounted in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial conductance (Gt) and short-circuit current (Isc) were monitored during experiments to assess tissue viability and integrity. Radiolabeled mannitol (Man; MW 182) and growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP, SK&F 110679; MW 873) were employed to measure transport rates across the epithelium, and fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to measure rates of lucifer yellow (LY; MW 521) transport. Effects of AMGZ on ovine nasal mucosal viability and transport were determined from changes in electrical properties of fluxes of [3H]GHRP, [3H]Man, and LY. Results demonstrate that electrical properties of ovine nasal mucosa are stable over the time course of the experiments (Gt = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mS/cm2 and Isc = 3.7 +/- 0.2 microEq/hr.cm2; n = 21). Man fluxes were comparable in the mucosal (m)-to-serosal (s) and s-to-m directions [0.10 +/- 0.01 (n = 17) and 0.10 +/- 0.01 (n = 4) %/hr.cm2, respectively]. Transport of GHRP and LY in the m-s direction was similar to that of Man [0.08 +/- 0.01 (n = 11) and 0.09 +/- 0.01 (n = 3) %/hr.cm2, respectively]. GHRP flux was equivalent in the m-s and s-m directions. GHRP did not significantly alter ion transport processes as indicated by the lack of any change in Gt or Isc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Reardon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Kano T, Nakamura M, Hashiguchi A, Morioka T, Mishima M, Nakano M. Dermal patch anaesthesia for venous cannulation with 10% lignocaine gel containing glycyrrhetinic acid monohemiphthalate disodium as an absorption promoter. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:708-10. [PMID: 1519725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of transdermal 10% lignocaine gel mixture containing 3% w/w glycyrrhetinic acid monohemiphthalate disodium as an absorption promoter was evaluated at venous cannulation in 17 paediatric (6-11 years) and 17 adult (29-65 years) patients. After about 60 min of occlusive application, the mean (SD) pinprick pain score was 0.7 (0.7) in the paediatric group, compared with 1.4 (1.3) in the adults (p less than 0.05). Twenty-five patients (14 children and 11 adults) who had a pinprick score of 0 or 1 underwent venous cannulation without intradermal local anaesthetic. The mean (SD) pain scores at venepuncture showed no significant differences between children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kano
- Surgical Centre, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan
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Peptide and protein drugs: I. Therapeutic applications, absorption and parenteral administration. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90184-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gizurarson S, Rasmussen SN, Larsen F. Pharmacokinetics of intranasal drug administration: the influence of some biological factors. J Pharm Sci 1991; 80:505-6. [PMID: 1880735 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600800522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the information and experience at present available on the intranasal administration of insulin to human subjects and to describe some of the anatomical, physiological, pharmaceutical and technological factors which can affect the absorption of insulin. An overview is given of those absorption promoters which have been used in clinical insulin studies, and the possible absorption-promoting mechanisms are discussed. This review shows that the nasal route offers a promising alternative to parenteral administration. The easier administration and the acceptance by the patients is encouraging the development of new intranasal insulin preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gizurarson
- Icelandic Drug Delivery Group, LYF H.F., Gardaboer
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