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Cheng W, Yuan Z, Wu S, Yu X, Xia K, Zhao L, Wang Y, Kang C, Yang W, Liu L, Li Y. Simultaneous determination of five compounds of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba extract in beagle dogs plasma by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5803. [PMID: 38098275 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In this present study, we developed a reliable and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin and isomaltopaeoniflorin in beagle dog plasma. We also analyzed the pharmacokinetics of those components after oral administration of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (FRPA) in beagle dogs. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation with methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Waters HSS-T3 C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm, kept at 40°C) using multiple reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution procedure was used with solvent A (0.02% formic acid-water) and solvent B (0.02% formic acid-acetonitrile) as mobile phases. Method validation was performed as US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and the results met the acceptance criteria. The method we establish in this experiment was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of FRPA extract to beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Cheng
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Wu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xia
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang D, Cheng X, Fan M, Xie D, Liu Z, Zheng F, Dai Y, Pi Z, Yue H. Regulation of polysaccharide in Wu-tou decoction on intestinal microflora and pharmacokinetics of small molecular compounds in AIA rats. Chin Med 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38218825 PMCID: PMC10787407 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Wu-tou decoction (WTD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It works by controlling intestinal flora and its metabolites, which in turn modulates the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier function. Small molecular compounds (SM) and polysaccharides (PS) were the primary constituents of WTD extract. In this work, a model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats was established and treated with WTD, SM, and PS, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine the regulatory impact of the various groups on the disturbance of the gut flora induced by RA. Further, since PS cannot be absorbed into the blood, the influence of PS on the absorption and metabolism of SM was studied by examining their pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of 23 active components in SM by UPLC-MS/MS. WTD was found to be more effective than PS and SM in alleviating arthritis in AIA rats, which may be related to changes in gut flora. The PK properties of 13 active compounds were altered after PS intervene. Based on the findings, PS may be able to manage the disruption of intestinal microbiota, enhance the intestinal environment of model animals, and hence influence SM absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xiaoxu Cheng
- Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincal Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Hao Yue
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Rd, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Li X, Sun C, Zhang J, Hu L, Yu Z, Zhang X, Wang Z, Chen J, Wu M, Liu L. Protective effects of paeoniflorin on cardiovascular diseases: A pharmacological and mechanistic overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122969. [PMID: 37324475 PMCID: PMC10267833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and ethnopharmacological relevance: The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the highest of all diseases, necessitating the search for effective drugs and the improvement of prognosis for CVD patients. Paeoniflorin (5beta-[(Benzoyloxy)methyl] tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,5-methano-1H-3,4-dioxacyclobuta [cd] pentalen-1alpha (2H)-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, C23H28O11) is mostly derived from the plants of the family Paeoniaceae (a single genus family) and is known to possess multiple pharmacological properties in the treatment of CVDs, making it a promising agent for the protection of the cardiovascular system. Aim of the study: This review evaluates the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of paeoniflorin in the treatment of CVDs, with the aim of advancing its further development and application. Methods: Various relevant literatures were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review. Results: Paeoniflorin is a natural drug with great potential for development, which can protect the cardiovascular system by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-arteriosclerotic activities, improving cardiac function, and inhibiting cardiac remodeling. However, paeoniflorin was found to have low bioavailability, and its toxicology and safety must be further studied and analyzed, and clinical studies related to it must be carried out. Conclusion: Before paeoniflorin can be used as an effective therapeutic drug for CVDs, further in-depth experimental research, clinical trials, and structural modifications or development of new preparations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqing Hu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongliang Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen WC, Liang XY, Xie LY, Wu MA, Shen Q, Yao LM, Zhao W, Zhang SJ, Wang Q, Liang Y, Li WR. Comparative Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Paeoniflorin, White Peony Root Water Extract, and Taohong Siwu Decoction After Oral Administration in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:301-310. [PMID: 37079249 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound with pharmacological effects such as vasodilation and hypolipidemia. Paeoniflorin (PF) is one of the active ingredients of TSD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of PF in herbal extracts and their purified forms in rats. METHOD A sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of PF in rat plasma was developed. Rats were divided into three groups, and given PF solution, water extract of white peony root (WPR), or TSD by gavage. At different predetermined timepoints after gavage, blood was collected from the orbital vein. The pharmacokinetic parameters of PF in the plasma of rats in the three groups was determined. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of PF in the purified forms group was relatively high, while the half-lives (T½) of PF in the TSD and WPR groups were longer. Among the three groups, PF in the purified forms group had the maximum area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t = 732.997 µg/L·h) and the largest maximum concentration (Cmax = 313.460 µg/L), which showed a significant difference compared with the TSD group (P < 0.05). Compared with the purified group, the clearance (CLz/F = 86.004 L/h/kg) and the apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F = 254.787 L/kg) of PF in the TSD group increased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A highly specific, sensitive, and rapid HPLC-MS-MS method was developed and applied for the determination of PF in rat plasma. It was found that TSD and WPR can prolong the action time of paeoniflorin in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Yuan Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming-An Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Mei Yao
- School of TCM Healthcare, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Wei-Rong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
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The Study of a Novel Paeoniflorin-Converting Enzyme from Cunninghamella blakesleeana. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031289. [PMID: 36770956 PMCID: PMC9921665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is a glycoside compound found in Paeonia lactiflora Pall that is used in traditional herbal medicine and shows various protective effects on the cardio-cerebral vascular system. It has been reported that the pharmacological effects of paeoniflorin might be generated by its metabolites. However, the bioavailability of paeoniflorin by oral administration is low, which greatly limits its clinical application. In this paper, a paeoniflorin-converting enzyme gene (G6046, GenBank accession numbers: OP856858) from Cunninghamella blakesleeana (AS 3.970) was identified by comparative analysis between MS analysis and transcriptomics. The expression, purification, enzyme activity, and structure of the conversion products produced by this paeoniflorin-converting enzyme were studied. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic activity were found to be pH 9, 45 °C, resulting in a specific enzyme activity of 14.56 U/mg. The products were separated and purified by high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC). Two main components were isolated and identified, 2-amino-2-p-hydroxymethyl-methyl alcohol-benzoate (tirs-benzoate) and 1-benzoyloxy-2,3-propanediol (1-benzoyloxypropane-2,3-diol), via UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and NMR. Additionally, paeoniflorin demonstrated the ability to metabolize into benzoic acid via G6046 enzyme, which might exert antidepressant effects through the blood-brain barrier into the brain.
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Yu W, Ilyas I, Hu X, Xu S, Yu H. Therapeutic potential of paeoniflorin in atherosclerosis: A cellular action and mechanism-based perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1072007. [PMID: 36618414 PMCID: PMC9811007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence, prevalence and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are increasing globally. Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease which involves inflammation and immune dysfunction. P. lactiflora Pall. is a plant origin traditional medicine that has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases for more than a millennium in China, Japan and Korean. Paeoniflorin is a bioactive monomer extracted from P. lactiflora Pall. with anti-atherosclerosis effects. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed the potential therapeutic effects and molecular mechanism whereby paeoniflorin protects against atherosclerosis from the unique angle of inflammation and immune-related pathway dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets and mast cells. Paeoniflorin, with multiple protective effects in atherosclerosis, has the potential to be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications. We conclude with a detailed discussion of the challenges and future perspective of paeoniflorin in translational cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China,Center for Drug Research and Development, Anhui Renovo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Center for Drug Research and Development, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interfacial Controlling Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Hui Yu,
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Zhang J, Lv Y, Zhang J, Shi WJ, Guo XY, Xu JJ, Wang PP, Chen XT, Xiang LH, Xu F, Wang X, Cai SQ. Metabolism of Paeoniae Radix Rubra and its 14 constituents in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995641. [PMID: 36267278 PMCID: PMC9577399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine with the effects of clearing away heat, cooling the blood, and relieving blood stasis. To 1) elucidate the metabolites and metabolic pathways of PRR and its 14 main constituents in mice and 2) reveal the possible origins of the known effective forms of PRR and their isomers, the metabolism of PRR in mice was systematically studied for the first time. Methods: PRR and its 14 constituents were administered to mice by gavage once a day for seven consecutive days, respectively. All urine and feces were collected during the 7 days of dosing, and blood was collected at 1 h after the last dose. Metabolites were detected and identified using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and combined with electrospray ionization ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn). Results: In total, 23, 16, 24, 17, 18, 30, 27, 17, 22, 17, 33, 3, 8, 24, and 31 metabolites of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, hydroxybenzoylpaeoniflorin, benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, galloylpaeoniflorin, lactiflorin, epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate, catechin, ellagic acid, 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid, methylgallate, and PRR were respectively identified in mice; after eliminating identical metabolites, a total of 195 metabolites remained, including 8, 11, 25, 17, 18, 30, 27, 17, 21, 17, 1, 2, 8, 20, and 20 newly identified metabolites, respectively. The metabolic reactions of PRR and its 14 main constituents in mice were primarily methylation, hydrogenation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. Conclusion: We elucidated the metabolites and metabolic pathways of PRR and its 14 constituents (e.g., paeoniflorin, catechin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid) in mice and revealed the possible origins of the 10 known effective forms of PRR and their isomers. The findings are of great significance to studying the mechanism of action and quality control of PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Xu
- *Correspondence: Feng Xu, ; Shao-Qing Cai,
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Peng L, Wen L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wei Q, Guo J, Zeng J. Circadian Pharmacological Effects of Paeoniflorin on Mice With Urticaria-like Lesions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:639580. [PMID: 35222003 PMCID: PMC8863972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.639580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is a monoterpene glucoside with various biological properties, and it suppresses allergic and inflammatory responses in a rat model of urticaria-like lesions (UL). In the present study, we treated OVA-induced mice presenting UL with PF at four circadian time points (ZT22, ZT04, ZT10, and ZT16) to determine the optimal administration time of PF. The pharmacological effects of PF were assessed by analyzing the scratching behavior; histopathological features; allergic responses such as immunoglobulin E (IgE), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and histamine (HIS) release; inflammatory cell infiltration [mast cell tryptase (MCT) and eosinophil protein X (EPX)]; and mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and IL-4. It was demonstrated that PF significantly alleviated scratching behavior and histopathological features, and ZT10 dosing was the most effective time point in remission of the condition among the four circadian time points. Moreover, PF decreased the serum levels of IgE, LTB4, and HIS, and PF administration at ZT10 produced relatively superior effectiveness. PF treatment, especially dosing at ZT10, significantly reduced the number of mast cells and granules and diminished the infiltration of MCT and EPX in the skin tissues of mice with UL. Furthermore, the oral administration of PF effectively decreased the inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-12 mRNA. In conclusion, different administration times of PF affected its efficacy in mice with UL. ZT10 administration demonstrated relatively superior effectiveness, and it might be the optimal administration time for the treatment of urticaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Wen
- Clinical Skills Center, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Guo, ; Jinhao Zeng,
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Geriatric Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Guo, ; Jinhao Zeng,
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Cheng X, Lu E, Fan M, Pi Z, Zheng Z, Liu S, Song F, Liu Z. A comprehensive strategy to clarify the pharmacodynamic constituents and mechanism of Wu-tou decoction based on the constituents migrating to blood and their in vivo process under pathological state. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114172. [PMID: 33932514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, Wu-tou decoction has been used for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for more than a thousand years. Identifying pharmacodynamic constituents (PCs) of WTD and exploring their in vivo process are very meaningful for promoting the modernization of TCM. However, the pathological state might change this process. AIM OF THE STUDY Hence, it is necessary and significant to compare the process in vivo of drugs both in normal and disease state and clarify their action mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Taking Wu-tou decoction (WTD) as the research object, a comprehensive strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed to identify PCs, clarify and compare their absorption and distribution in normal and model rats, and then explore the potential mechanism of TCM. Firstly, the PCs in WTD were identified. Then, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of these ingredients were studied. Finally, the constituents with the difference between normal and model rats were selected for target network pharmacological analysis to clarify the mechanism. RESULTS A total of 27 PCs of WTD were identified. The absorption and distribution of 20 PCs were successfully analyzed. In the disease state, the absorption and distribution of all these components were improved to have better treatment effects. The results of target network pharmacological analysis indicated that PTGS1, PTGS2, ABCB1, SLC6A4, CHRM2, ESR1, ESR2, CDK2, TNF and IL-6 are 10 key targets for WTD against RA. The regulatory effects of WTD on the expression of PTGS2 and TNF were further verified. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the key mechanism of WTD against RA is to reduce inflammation and regulate the immune response. CONCLUSION These results indicated that this strategy could better understand the in vivo process and mechanism of WTD under the pathological state. Furthermore, this strategy is also appropriate for other TCM.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacokinetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/blood
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/chemistry
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects
- Mice
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Enyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Materials, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China; Changchun Sunnytech Co.,Ltd., 130061, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
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Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Substance Generated Newly in Paeoniae Radix Alba Extract Fermented with Plant-Derived Lactobacillus brevis 174A. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071071. [PMID: 34356304 PMCID: PMC8300999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of medicinal herbs can be a significant technique to obtain bioactive compounds. Paeoniae Radix (PR) used in the present study is a well-known herbal medicine that exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. The aim of this study is to explore the possibility that a bioactive compound is newly generated in PR extract by fermentation with a plant-derived lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus brevis 174A. We determined the anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The PR extract fermented with Lactobacillus brevis 174A markedly increased the total phenolic content, decreased intracellular ROS levels, inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO). It also suppressed inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-ɑ, while simultaneously downregulating the gene expressions of iNOS, IL-6, TNF-ɑ, and IL-1β compared to the unfermented PR extract. Furthermore, the bioactive compound newly generated from the fermentation was identified as pyrogallol. It inhibits the inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that fermentation of the herbal extract used as a medium together with the plant-derived lactic acid bacterial strain may be a practical strategy to produce medicines and supplements for healthcare.
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11
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Tian X, Xu Z, Hu P, Yu Y, Li Z, Ma Y, Chen M, Sun Z, Liu F, Li J, Huang C. Determination of the antidiabetic chemical basis of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by integrating hepatic disposition in vivo and hepatic gluconeogenese inhibition in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113215. [PMID: 32768636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) has been an herb clinically used to treat diabetes, but the chemical basis of its antidiabetic effects has remained unclear. AIM OF THIS STUDY Based on the efficacy of herbal medicine resulting from the cooperative response of the effective compounds in the target organs with sufficient exposure, the in vivo hepatic disposition and in vitro hepatic gluconeogenesis inhibition were integrated to elucidate the chemical basis for the antidiabetic effect of orally administered PCC from a target organ, liver, perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS With a developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS method, three alkaloids and five metabolites were determined in the portal vein plasma, liver, and systemic plasma of rats orally administered PCC. The inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by the eight compounds was evaluated in primary hepatocytes. RESULTS The in vivo results showed that magnoflorine was present at the highest concentration among the target constituents in the plasma, where berberine showed a low concentration. In contrast, berberine showed the highest concentration in the liver, and its five metabolites exhibited substantial hepatic accumulation. This discrepancy was strongly associated with the hepatic disposition of the compounds. The hepatic disposition prevented the transfer of 96.1% of the phellodendrine, 71.1% of the berberine and 47.5% of the magnoflorine from the portal vein plasma to the systemic plasma, which corresponded to their hepatic distribution and hepatic metabolism. In vitro, berberine, M1, M4 and M5 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited hepatic glucose production. By integrating the hepatic exposure and inhibitory activity data, we estimated that berberine contributed the most (74%) to the total glucose production inhibition of the orally administered PCC decoction, followed by M4 (14%), M1 (11%) and M5 (1%). CONCLUSION This study was the first to comprehensively describe the pharmacokinetic profiles and hepatic disposition of alkaloids in PCC, and concluded that berberine and its metabolites contributed the most to the total hepatic gluconeogenesis inhibition by orally administered PCC. These results reveal the chemical basis for the antidiabetic effect of orally administered PCC decoction, providing scientific evidence to support the clinical usage of PCC in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanjie Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingya Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Zhou YX, Gong XH, Zhang H, Peng C. A review on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110505. [PMID: 32682112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing pharmacological evidence supports that paeoniflorin, a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside isolated from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao in Chinese), has a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticonvulsive, analgesic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidepressant-like, antitumoral, and immune-regulatory activities; as well as enhancing cognition and attenuating learning impairment. In addition to pharmacodynamic studies, information on pharmacokinetics is also significant for the further development and utilization of paeoniflorin. The present review focuses on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of paeoniflorin, especially main pharmacological activities of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immune function. According to the findings obtained both in vitro and in vivo, a broad application prospect has been opened for paeoniflorin. However, further studies are needed to clarity the direct molecular mechanisms and key targets underlying the beneficial effects of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Library, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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13
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Gong X, Li X, Bo A, Shi RY, Li QY, Lei LJ, Zhang L, Li MH. The interactions between gut microbiota and bioactive ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104824. [PMID: 32344049 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the interaction between the bioactive ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and gut microbiota has been a focus of many studies. When TCM enters the digestive tract, some bioactive ingredients are not absorbed into the gut well thus leading to low bioavailability. Ingredients of TCM are metabolised, or biotransformed by gut microbiota, thereby producing new bioactive molecules, and promote medicine absorption into the circulation. At the same time, the ingredients of TCM effect the composition and structure of gut microbiota, thereby influencing the remote function of diseased organs / tissues through the systemic action of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarise the gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, and organic acids, along with a discussion on the metabolites formed and the biotransformation pathways involving various enzymes. We also highlight the importance of bioactive ingredients of TCM in regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xue Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ru-Yu Shi
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qin-Yu Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lu-Jing Lei
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.
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14
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Lin L, Luo L, Zhong M, Xie T, Liu Y, Li H, Ni J. Gut microbiota: a new angle for traditional herbal medicine research. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17457-17472. [PMID: 35519900 PMCID: PMC9064575 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Herbal Medicine (THM) has been used for thousands of years, and is popular worldwide due to its effectiveness in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Liyu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards
- Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanning 530022
- China
| | - Tanggui Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards
- Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanning 530022
- China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Material Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
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15
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Xie Y, Zhou X, Pei H, Chen MC, Sun ZL, Xue YR, Tian XT, Huang CG. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and hepatic disposition of xanthones and saponins on Zhimu treatments for exploratively interpreting the discrepancy between the herbal safety and timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1923-1934. [PMID: 29795136 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Timosaponin A3, a saponin in Zhimu, elicited hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress. However, the clinical medication of Zhimu has been historically regarded as safe, probably associated with the antioxidants it contains. However, the related information on the in vivo levels of timosaponin A3 and antioxidants remained unclear on Zhimu treatments. Therefore, a combination of the in vitro metabolism, including microbiota-mediated and liver-mediated metabolism, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and hepatic disposition, was conducted for three xanthones (neomangiferin, mangiferin, and norathyriol) and three saponins (timosaponin B2, timosaponin B3, and timosaponin A3) on Zhimu treatments. Consequently, following oral administration of Zhimu decoction to rats, those saponins and xanthones were all observed in the plasma with severe liver first-pass effect, where mangiferin was of the maximum exposure. Despite the ignorable content in the herb, timosaponin A3 elicited sizable hepatic exposure as the microbiota-mediated metabolite of saponins in Zhimu. The similar phenomenon also occurred to norathyriol, the microbiota-mediated metabolite of xanthones. However, the major prototypes in Zhimu were of limited hepatic exposure. We deduced the hepatic collection of norathyriol, maximum circulating levels of mangiferin, and timosaponin B2 and mangiferin interaction may directly or indirectly contribute to the whole anti-oxidation of Zhimu, and then resisted the timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study exploratively interpreted the discrepancy between herbal safety and timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. However, given the considerable levels and slow eliminated rate of timosaponin A3 in the liver, more attention should be paid to the safety on the continuous clinical medication of Zhimu in the future.
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16
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Zhu LJ, Sun SS, Hu YX, Liu YF. Metabolism studies of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180759. [PMID: 30473826 PMCID: PMC6227959 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To explore metabolism mechanism of paeoniflorin in the liver and further understand intact metabolism process of paeoniflorin, a rapid, convenient and effective assay is described using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The strategy was confirmed in the following primary processes: firstly, different concentration of paeoniflorin, rat liver microsomes, coenzymes and different incubated conditions were optimized to build a biotransformation model of rat liver microsomes in vitro by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD); secondly, the metabolites of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes were detected and screened using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS by comparing the total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the experimental group with those of control groups; finally, the molecular formulae and corresponding chemical structures of paeoniflorin metabolites were identified by comparing the MS and MS/MS spectra with the self-constructed database and simulation software. Based on this analytical strategy, 20 metabolites of paeoniflorin were found and 6 metabolites (including four new compounds) were tentatively identified. It was shown that hydrolysis and oxidation were the major metabolic pathways of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes, and the main metabolic sites were the structures of pinane and the ester bond. These findings were significant for a better understanding of the metabolism of paeoniflorin in rat liver microsomes and the proposed metabolic pathways of paeoniflorin might provide fundamental support for the further research in the pharmacological mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR).
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - S. S. Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. X. Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. F. Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
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17
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Studies on the metabolism of paeoniflorin in human intestinal microflora by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:63-71. [PMID: 29631252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-FT-ICR MS and HPLC-ESI-QTOF MS2) based on chemical profiling method was established to study the metabolites of paeoniflorin in human intestinal microflora (HIM). By virtue of the high resolution, high speed of HPLC and the accurate mass measurement of FT-ICR MS and QTOF MS2, 31 metabolites in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) layer were detected, and the structures of 16 metabolites were identified. Among them, 13 metabolites (including two new compounds) were found for the first time in HIM transformation in vitro. The results indicated that metabolic pathways of paeoniflorin in HIM contained extensive metabolic reactions. The hydrolysis, oxidization and conjugation were major metabolic pathways, and the glycosidic linkage, ester bond, benzene ring and pinane of the structure were metabolic sites. These results would contribute to better understanding the metabolic mechanism of paeoniflorin, thereby to in-depth study and development of paeoniflorin in medicine.
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18
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Wang ZQ, Shen J, Li P, Liu SS, Yi F, Liu HB, Wu FR, He CN, Chen FH, Xiao PG. Research on Quality Markers of Moutan Cortex : Quality Evaluation and Quality Standards of Moutan Cortex. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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New analytical method for determination of epimer metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of Paeoniflorin by UPLC-TOF-MS following picolinoyl derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Xu J, Chen HB, Li SL. Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of the Interplay Between Herbal Medicines and Gut Microbiota. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1140-1185. [PMID: 28052344 DOI: 10.1002/med.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) are much appreciated for their significant contribution to human survival and reproduction by remedial and prophylactic management of diseases. Defining the scientific basis of HMs will substantiate their value and promote their modernization. Ever-increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in HM therapy by complicated interplay with HM components. This interplay includes such activities as: gut microbiota biotransforming HM chemicals into metabolites that harbor different bioavailability and bioactivity/toxicity from their precursors; HM chemicals improving the composition of gut microbiota, consequently ameliorating its dysfunction as well as associated pathological conditions; and gut microbiota mediating the interactions (synergistic and antagonistic) between the multiple chemicals in HMs. More advanced experimental designs are recommended for future study, such as overall chemical characterization of gut microbiota-metabolized HMs, direct microbial analysis of HM-targeted gut microbiota, and precise gut microbiota research model development. The outcomes of such research can further elucidate the interactions between HMs and gut microbiota, thereby opening a new window for defining the scientific basis of HMs and for guiding HM-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China
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21
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Tian X, Gao Y, Xu Z, Lian S, Ma Y, Guo X, Hu P, Li Z, Huang C. Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin and its metabolite-Norathyriol, Part 1: Systemic evaluation of hepatic first-pass effect in vitro and in vivo. Biofactors 2016; 42:533-544. [PMID: 27130074 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mangiferin (MGF), a glucoside of xanthone existing in phytomedicines and food, is increasingly attracting attention on diabetes treatment, while the underlying mechanism leading to its low oral bioavailability is unclear. Norathyriol (NTR), an active metabolite with hypoglycemic activity and its exposure after MGF dosing remains unclear. Hence, a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was established and validated to determine MGF and NTR and applied in the PK study in rats. Correspondingly, the in vitro experiments on temperature-dependent uptake, and MGF metabolism in hepatocyte and enterobacteria samples were performed. Results revealed that hepatic first-pass effect slightly contributed to the poor bioavailability of MGF, based on the MGF exposure in portal vein plasma was nearly similar to that in systemic plasma, and the MGF accumulation in the liver was limited, so was that of NTR. Correspondingly, the in vitro study revealed the MGF uptake was mainly dependent on poor passive transport, possibly leading to its limited hepatic metabolism and accumulation. Moreover, the NTR exposure remained considerably low (Cmax < 3 ng/mL, AUCNTR /AUCMGF < 3%) in plasma after single MGF dosing, corresponding to its tiny proportion (0.1%) of MGF in MGF-incubated enterobacteria samples. However, given the low generation and elimination rates of NTR, NTR might accumulate in plasma and exert effects after repeated MGF dosing, although requires further study. This work is the first systemic study on PK profiles of MGF and NTR in vitro and in vivo, which is important for the interpretation on the poor bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of MGF. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):533-544, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Tian
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Xu
- College of life and environmental sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lian
- Department of pharmacy ,Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Ma
- Department of pharmacy ,Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Hu
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Integrated identification, qualification and quantification strategy for pharmacokinetic profile study of Guizhi Fuling capsule in healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31364. [PMID: 27527657 PMCID: PMC4985661 DOI: 10.1038/srep31364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guizhi Fuling capsule (GZFL), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, is widely used in China to relieve pain from dysmenorrhea and is now in a Phase II clinical trial in the USA. Due to the low exposure of the five main medicative ingredients (amygdalin, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, paeoniflorin and paeonol) of GZFL in human, a strategy was built to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the possible metabolites of GZFL and to describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of GZFL in human. In this strategy, LC-Q-TOF/MS was used to identify and structurally elucidate the possible metabolites of GZFL in vivo; and a time-based metabolite-confirming step (TBMCs) was used to confirm uncertain metabolites. The simultaneously quantitation results by LC-MS/MS showed low exposure of the five medicative ingredients. According to the strategy we built, a total of 36 metabolites were found and structurally elucidated. The simultaneously semi-quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS showed that obvious time-concentration curves could be established for 12 of the metabolites, and most of them showed a relatively higher exposure. This study provides a better understanding of the metabolic processes of GZFL in human.
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Xiong S, Wang Y. Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin from total glucosides of paeony in Sprague-Dawley rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1766-1771. [PMID: 27121586 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is a well-known monoterpene glucoside in the herbal drug that exhibits a number of biological activities. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of paeoniflorin from total glucosides of paeony in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are still unclear. It is essential to investigate the in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin from total glucosides of paeony in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and SHR. The in vivo pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using DAS 2.0 software and the in vitro metabolic characteristics were measured using rat hepatic microsomes. The concentration of paeoniflorin in biological samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method, which showed good precision and stability. The plasma concentration-time profiles of paeoniflorin following oral administration of total glucosides of paeony showed a single peak and there were significant differences in the mean values of AUC(0-t) , AUC(0-∞) , CLz /F and Tmax between SD and SHR (p < 0.05). The metabolic rate of paeoniflorin from total glucosides of paeony was slower in SHR than in SD rats (p < 0.05). The results might be useful in further applications of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xiong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China.
| | - Yuyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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Cheng C, Lin JZ, Li L, Yang JL, Jia WW, Huang YH, Du FF, Wang FQ, Li MJ, Li YF, Xu F, Zhang NT, Olaleye OE, Sun Y, Li J, Sun CH, Zhang GP, Li C. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) after intravenous dosing of antiseptic XueBiJing injection in human subjects and rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:530-44. [PMID: 26838074 PMCID: PMC4820793 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) are believed to be pharmacologically important for the antiseptic herbal injection XueBiJing. This study was designed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides. METHODS Systemic exposure to Chishao monoterpene glycosides was assessed in human subjects receiving an intravenous infusion and multiple infusions of XueBiJing injection, followed by assessment of the pharmacokinetics of the major circulating compounds. Supportive rat studies were also performed. Membrane permeability and plasma-protein binding were assessed in vitro. RESULTS A total of 18 monoterpene glycosides were detected in XueBiJing injection (content levels, 0.001-2.47 mmol/L), and paeoniflorin accounted for 85.5% of the total dose of monoterpene glycosides detected. In human subjects, unchanged paeoniflorin exhibited considerable levels of systemic exposure with elimination half-lives of 1.2-1.3 h; no significant metabolite was detected. Oxypaeoniflorin and albiflorin exhibited low exposure levels, and the remaining minor monoterpene glycosides were negligible or undetected. Glomerular-filtration-based renal excretion was the major elimination pathway of paeoniflorin, which was poorly bound to plasma protein. In rats, the systemic exposure level of paeoniflorin increased proportionally as the dose was increased. Rat lung, heart, and liver exposure levels of paeoniflorin were lower than the plasma level, with the exception of the kidney level, which was 4.3-fold greater than the plasma level; brain penetration was limited by the poor membrane permeability. CONCLUSION Due to its significant systemic exposure and appropriate pharmacokinetic profile, as well as previously reported antiseptic properties, paeoniflorin is a promising XueBiJing constituent of therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jia-zhen Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun-ling Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-wei Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-hong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Fei-fei Du
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng-qing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei-juan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan-fen Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Na-ting Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Olajide E. Olaleye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Now in Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-hai Sun
- Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Gui-ping Zhang
- Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Tang D, Yu Y, Zheng X, Wu J, Li Y, Wu X, Du Q, Yin X. Comparative investigation of in vitro biotransformation of 14 components in Ginkgo biloba extract in normal, diabetes and diabetic nephropathy rat intestinal bacteria matrix. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Li Y, Wu P, Ning Y, Yan X, Zhu T, Ma C, Liu A. Sedative and hypnotic effect of freeze-dried paeoniflorin and Sini San freeze-dried powder in pentobarbital sodium-induced mice. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Liang WJ, Geng CA, Zhang XM, Chen H, Yang CY, Rong GQ, Zhao Y, Xu HB, Wang H, Zhou NJ, Ma YB, Huang XY, Chen JJ. (±)-Paeoveitol, a Pair of New Norditerpene Enantiomers from Paeonia veitchii. Org Lett 2013; 16:424-7. [PMID: 24380565 DOI: 10.1021/ol403315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Yan Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Qing Rong
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Ning-Jia Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
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28
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Ding HY, Lin HC, Teng CM, Wu YC. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies on ChinesePaeoniaSpecies. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Liang J, Xu F, Zhang YZ, Huang S, Zang XY, Zhao X, Zhang L, Shang MY, Yang DH, Wang X, Cai SQ. The profiling and identification of the absorbed constituents and metabolites of Paeoniae Radix Rubra decoction in rat plasma and urine by the HPLC–DAD–ESI-IT-TOF-MSn technique: A novel strategy for the systematic screening and identification of absorbed constituents and metabolites from traditional Chinese medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:108-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Qi P, Li Z, Chen M, Sun Z, Huang C. Metabolism and tissue distribution study of Vaccaria seeds (Wang-Bu-Liu-Xing) in benign prostatic hyperplasia model rat: toward an in-depth study for its bioactive components. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:218-30. [PMID: 23973757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccaria seeds (Wang-Bu-Liu-Xing), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used as an emperor herb of many ancient formulas to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in clinic. However, its metabolism and tissue distribution, especially in the target tissue, had not been investigated so far. Based on the hypothesis that the components which exert effect against BPH of Vaccaria seeds would be measureable in target tissue (prostate), in vivo metabolism and tissue distribution of Vaccaria seeds in rats were profiled using a specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS). As a result, 19 major constituents in the Vaccaria seeds decoction and 19 constituents in rat plasma, feces and tissues after oral administration of Vaccaria seeds decoction were identified. Accurate mass measurement for molecular ions and characteristic fragment ions could represent reliable identification criteria for these compounds. Two prototypes were detected in prostate. An in vitro metabolism analysis of them was studied after incubation with rat intestinal flora and rat liver microsome (RLM) in this paper, which is helpful for further investigation of the potential effect of these two components. The result of this study provided meaningful information for further pharmacology research on Vaccaria seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 HaiKe Road, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
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31
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Chen ZW, Tong L, Li SM, Li DX, Zhang Y, Zhou SP, Zhu YH, Sun H. Identification of metabolites of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract in rat bile, plasma and urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:14-25. [PMID: 29403865 PMCID: PMC5761054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF/MS) was developed to identify the absorbed parent components and metabolites in rat bile, plasma and urine after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract (RPAE). A total of 65 compounds were detected in rat bile, plasma and urine samples, including 11 parent compounds and 54 metabolites. The results indicated that glucuronidation, hydroxylation and methylation were the major metabolic pathways of the components of RPAE. Furthermore, the results of this work demonstrated that UPLC–Q-TOF/MS combined with MetaboLynx™ software and mass defect filtering (MDF) could provide unique high throughput capabilities for drug metabolism study, with excellent MS mass accuracy and enhanced MSE data acquisition. With the MSE technique, both precursor and fragment mass spectra can be simultaneously acquired by alternating between high and low collision energy during a single chromatographic run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China.,Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dong-Xiang Li
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China.,Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhu
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China
| | - He Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Tasly R&D Institute, Tianjin Tasly Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300402, China.,Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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32
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Martey ONK, Shi X, He X. Advance in Pre-Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Paeoniflorin, a Major Monoterpene Glucoside from the Root of <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.47a1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Peng ZH, Wang JJ, Du P, Chen Y. Identification of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of triptolide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:624-30. [PMID: 22824635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a major active constituent of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has multiple pharmacological activities. In this work, a rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface has been developed for identification of triptolide and some of its metabolites in rat urine after oral administration of a single dose (0.6 mg/kg) of triptolide to healthy rats, as well as some metabolites in vitro after incubation with rat liver microsome (RLM) and rat intestinal flora, respectively. All samples were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water (70:30, v/v) and detected by an on-line MS(n) detector. Identification and structural elucidation of the selected metabolites were performed by comparing their full scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug. In this paper we identified ten metabolites in rat urine, four metabolites in RLM incubation solution and one metabolite in rat intestinal flora incubation solution, after drug administration. The metabolic reactions of triptolide that we observed in vivo were hydrolysis reaction, hydroxylation reaction, and the conjugate reaction with sulfate, glucuronide and GSH, respectively. The in vitro metabolic reactions of triptolide observed were hydrolysis and hydroxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-hong Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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35
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Jiang F, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wei S, Wei Z, Li R, Zhu Y, Sun Z, Xiao X. Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Rubra in normal rats and the acute cholestasis hepatitis rats. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:415-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Yan Z, Chen Y, Li T, Zhang J, Yang X. Identification of metabolites of Si-Ni-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, in rat plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/triple-quadrupole spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 885-886:73-82. [PMID: 22226767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Si-Ni-San (SNS) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) in treating various diseases. However, the in vivo integrated metabolism of its multiple components remains unknown. In this paper, a liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and triple-quadrupole spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS/MS) method was developed for detection and identification of SNS metabolites in rat plasma and urine at a normal clinical dosage. Accurate structural elucidation was performed using MS/MS, UV data and n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Based on the proposed strategy, 36 absorbed compounds and 29 metabolites in plasma and 33 metabolites in urine were detected by a highly sensitive MRM method. Our results indicated that phase II reactions (e.g., methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation) were the main metabolic pathways of gallic acid and flavanones, while phase I reactions (e.g., hydroxylation) were the major metabolic reaction for triterpenoid saponins. The metabolite profile analysis of SNS provided a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo metabolic fates of constituents in SNS. Moreover, the results in this work demonstrated the present strategy based on the combination of chromatographic, spectrophotometric, mass-spectrometric, and software prediction to detect and identify metabolites was effective and reliable. And such a strategy may also be extended to investigate the metabolism of other TCMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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37
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Isolation, identification and antiviral activities of metabolites of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Liu H, Wang K, Tang Y, Sun Z, Jian L, Li Z, Wu B, Huang C. Structure elucidation of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of mangiferin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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He CN, Peng Y, Zhang YC, Xu LJ, Gu J, Xiao PG. Phytochemical and biological studies of paeoniaceae. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:805-38. [PMID: 20397219 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Nian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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40
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Cheng Y, Peng C, Wen F, Zhang H. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of typical constituents in white peony root and sulfur fumigated white peony root after oral administration to mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:167-173. [PMID: 20051256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM White peony root and sulfur fumigated white peony root are produced by different processing methods from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall, but the two traditional Chinese medicines are used under the same common name white peony root. In order to clarify the influence of sulfur fumigation on pharmacokinetics of the main monoterpene glucoside components in white peony root, an investigation was carried out to compare the pharmacokinetics of sodium paeoniflorin sulfonate (1) and paeoniflorin (2), benzoylpaeoniflorin sulfonate (3) and benzoylpaeoniflorin (4), as well as 1 in sulfur fumigated white peony root extract (SWPE) and 2 in white peony root extract (WPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed to determine the plasma concentrations of the four analytes. Kunming species of mice were orally administered the four compounds and the two extracts with approximately the same dose. RESULTS It was found that C(max) and AUC of 1 and 3 were increased (P<0.05), and the T(max) and t(1/2) were prolonged (P<0.05) by comparison with that of 2. Similar results were also observed for the pharmacokinetics parameters of 1 in SWPE and 2 in WPE. However, benzoylpaeoniflorin (4) was not detected in plasma collected at certain intervals after administered orally to mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that sulfonation of the monoterpene components could improve the bioavailability and delay the absorption of them in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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41
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Chen H, Huang J, Li J. Characterization of metabolites of worenine in rat biological samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Yamakawa JI, Ishigaki Y, Takano F, Takahashi T, Yoshida J, Moriya J, Takata T, Tatsuno T, Sasaki K, Ohta T, Takegami T, Yoshizaki F. The Kampo medicines Orengedokuto, Bofutsushosan and Boiogito have different activities to regulate gene expressions in differentiated rat white adipocytes: comprehensive analysis of genetic profiles. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 31:2083-9. [PMID: 18981578 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three Kampo medicines, Boiogito (BOT), Bofutsushosan (BTS) and Orengedokuto (OGT), used for obese patients were investigated for their effects on adipogenesis in cultured rat white adipocytes. Administration of the three extracts suppressed adipogenesis in concentration-dependent manners (1-100 microg/ml) without any cytotoxicity. Changes in mRNA expression levels were analyzed using a Rat 230 2.0 Affymetrix GeneChip microarray system. DNA microarray analysis (total probe set: 31099) using cDNAs prepared from adipocytes revealed that BOT, BTS and OGT increased the expression of 133-150 genes and decreased the expression of 42-110 genes by > or =2-fold. We identified 329 downregulated genes and 189 upregulated genes among a total set of 514 probes (overlap: 4). Overall, genes related to cellular movement, cell death, cell growth/differentiation and immune responses were the most downregulated, while those related to lipid metabolism and cell signaling were the most upregulated. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were conducted to confirm the microarray results. Analysis of the clustering profiles of the microarray results revealed that BOT and BTS changed the expression levels of similar genes mainly involved in small molecule biochemistry and cell differentiation, while OGT altered 10 genes related to lipid metabolism, in contrast to the effects of BOT and BTS. We also measured mRNA expression levels of seven selected genes highly contributing to the lipid metabolism by using semiquantitative RT-PCR assay, that were acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACACA), AE binding protein 1 (AEBP1), patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 8 (PNPLA8), secretoglobin (SCGB1A1), adrenergic (ADRB3), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), monoglyceride lipase (MGLL). Beta-actin (ACTB) gene was used as an endogenous internal standard. The present findings indicate that these three herbal extracts have the potential to prevent adipogenesis in rat white adipocytes through different mechanisms via modulation of gene expression levels.
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Chen Y, Song W, Peng ZH, Ge BY, Han FM. Identification of metabolites of tectoridin in-vivo and in-vitro by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:709-16. [PMID: 18498706 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) was used to investigate the in-vivo and in-vitro metabolism of tectoridin. After oral administration of a single dose (100 mg kg(-1)) of tectoridin to healthy rats, faeces and urine samples were collected for 0-48 h and 0-24 h, respectively. Tectoridin was also incubated with rat intestinal flora and rat liver microsomes. Samples from in-vivo and in-vitro metabolism studies were purified using a C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, then separated using a reverse-phase C(18) column with methanol/ water (30:70, v/v, adjusted to pH 10.0 with ammonia water) as mobile phase and detected by an on-line MS(n) system. The structure of the metabolites was elucidated by comparing their molecular weights, retention times and full-scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug. The results revealed six metabolites of tectoridin in urine (tectorigenin, hydrogenated tectorigenin, mono-hydroxylated tectorigenin, di-hydroxylated tectorigenin, glucuronide-conjugated tectorigenin and sulfate-conjugated tectorigenin); three metabolites in faeces (tectorigenin, di-hydroxylated tectorigenin and sulfateconjugated tectorigenin); one metabolite in the intestinal flora incubation mixture (tectorigenin), and four in the liver microsomal incubation mixture (tectorigenin, hydrogenated tectorigenin, mono-hydroxylated tectorigenin and di-hydroxylated tectorigenin). Except for tectorigenin, all other metabolites of tectoridin are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei University, 430062, P. R. China
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Li X, Huo C, Wang Q, Zhang X, Sheng X, Zhang L. Microbial metabolism of loganin by intestinal bacteria and identification of new metabolites in rat. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:367-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li X, Huo C, Wang Q, Zhang X, Sheng X, Zhang L. Identification of new metabolites of morroniside produced by rat intestinal bacteria and HPLC-PDA analysis of metabolites in vivo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:268-74. [PMID: 17707607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Morroniside, the most abundant iridoid glycoside of traditional Chinese medicines Fructus Corni, was shown to prevent diabetic angiopathies. During the course of our studies on its metabolism by intestinal bacteria, two metabolites (mor-1 and mor-2) were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then identified as nitrogen-containing compounds along with the known aglycones on the basis of mass spectrometry (MS), and by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Mor-1 and mor-2 were proved to be new compounds. The structures of the metabolites of morroniside detected in rat urine, bile, feces and contents of intestine after oral administration of morroniside proved to be identical with those of the microbial metabolites mor-1 and mor-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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Chen H, Chen Y, Du P, Han F. Structural elucidation of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of anisodine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:773-8. [PMID: 17433600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMSn) was employed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of anisodine. Feces, urine and plasma samples were collected after ingestion of 20 mg anisodine to healthy rats. Feces and urine samples were cleaned up by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction procedures (C18 cartridges), respectively. Methanol was added to plasma samples to precipitate plasma proteins. Anisodine was incubated with homogenized liver and intestinal flora of rats in vitro, respectively, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. LC-MSn was used for the separation and identification of the metabolites using C18 column with mobile phase of methanol/0.01% triethylamine solution (2 mM, adjusted to pH 3.5 with formic acid) (60:40, v/v). The results revealed that five metabolites (norscopine, scopine, alpha-hydroxytropic acid, noranisodine and hydroxyanisodine) and the parent drug existed in feces. Three new metabolites (dimethoxyanisodine, tetrahydroxyanisodine and trihydroxy-methoxyanisodine) were identified in urine. Four metabolites (norscopine, scopine, hydroxyanisodine and anisodine N-oxide) and the parent drug were detected in plasma. Two hydrolyzed metabolites (scopine and alpha-hydroxytropic acid) were found in rat intestinal flora incubation mixture, and two metabolites (aponoranisodine and anisodine N-oxide) were identified in homogenized liver incubation mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixia Chen
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Chen Y, Du P, Han F, Chen H. Characterization of in vivo and in vitro Metabolic Pathway of Anisodamine by Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701386538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- a Hubei Province Key Lab of Bio‐Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Hubei University , Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Du
- a Hubei Province Key Lab of Bio‐Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Hubei University , Wuhan, China
| | - Fengmei Han
- a Hubei Province Key Lab of Bio‐Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Hubei University , Wuhan, China
| | - Huaixia Chen
- b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University , Wuhan, China
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Chen HX, Chen Y, Du P, Han FM. LC–MS for Identification and Elucidation of the Structure of In-Vivo and In-Vitro Metabolites of Atropine. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu ZQ, Jiang ZH, Liu L, Hu M. Mechanisms responsible for poor oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin: Role of intestinal disposition and interactions with sinomenine. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2768-80. [PMID: 17063398 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the intestinal disposition mechanisms of paeoniflorin, a bioactive glucoside, and to investigate the mechanisms by which sinomenine increases paeoniflorin bioavailability. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-pass "four-site" rat intestinal perfusion model and a cultured Caco-2 cell model were employed. RESULTS In both model systems, paeoniflorin permeability was poor. In the perfusion model, maximal absorption and metabolism of paeoniflorin occurred in duodenum and jejunum, which were significantly decreased by a glucosidase inhibitor gluconolactone (20 mM). On the other hand, paeoniflorin absorption in terminal ileum increased significantly but its metabolism did not in the presence of sinomenine and cyclosporine A. In the Caco-2 cell model, paeoniflorin was transported 48-fold slower than its aglycone (paeoniflorigenin). Absorptive transport of paeoniflorin was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by sinomenine (38%), verapamil (27%), and cyclosporine A (41%), whereas its secretory transport was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by sinomenine (50%), verapamil (35%) and cyclosporine A (37%). In contrast, MRP inhibitors MK-571 and leukotriene C4 did not affect transport of paeoniflorin. Lastly, sinomenine was also shown to significantly increase the absorptive transport of digoxin (a prototypical p-glycoprotein substrate) and to significantly decrease its secretory transport. CONCLUSIONS Poor permeation, p-gp-mediated efflux, and hydrolysis via a glucosidase contributed to the poor bioavailability of paeoniflorin. Sinomenine (an inhibitor of the p-gp-mediated digoxin efflux) increased paeoniflorin's bioavailability via the inhibition of p-gp-mediated paeoniflorin efflux in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qiu Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Zhang B, He XL, Ding Y, Du GH. Gaultherin, a natural salicylate derivative from Gaultheria yunnanensis: Towards a better non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 530:166-71. [PMID: 16375889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the major factors limiting the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is gastrointestinal toxicity. Gaultherin, 2-[(6-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] benzoic acid methyl ester, a natural salicylate derivative extracted from Gaultheria yunnanensis, has been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and lack gastric ulcerogenic effect compared to aspirin in our primary study. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of gaultherin, which may rely on its active metabolite, and the mechanism responsible for the non-ulcerogenic property. The results showed that gaultherin (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the abdominal contractions in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of gaultherin was demonstrated in the croton oil-induced ear edema model in mice. The results showed that gaultherin and equimolar dose of aspirin produced comparable inhibitory effects. The study of the metabolism characters of gaultherin in mice and rats indicated that gaultherin could be metabolically converted to salicylate, which produced the pharmacological effects, and provided effective concentrations for an extended period. In vitro metabolism experiment showed that gaultherin was metabolized by beta-glycosidase produced by human intestinal bacteria and esterases in intestine, blood and liver successively to release salicylate finally. The study suggested gaultherin did not cause gastric ulcer for the reason that it released salicylate in intestine slowly, not in stomach and it left the cyclooxygenase-1 unaffected, which was the source of cytoprotective prostaglandins in gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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