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Effects of zinc and carnosine on aggregation kinetics of Amyloid-β40 peptide. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101333. [PMID: 36105613 PMCID: PMC9464885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and amyloid formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is closely associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The physiological environment wherein Aβ aggregation happens is crowded with a large variety of metal ions including Zn2+. In this study, we investigated the role of Zn2+ in regulating the aggregation kinetics of Aβ40 peptide. Our results show that Zn2+ can shift a typical single sigmoidal aggregation kinetics of Aβ40 to a biphasic aggregation process. Zn2+ aids in initiating the rapid self-assembly of monomers to form oligomeric intermediates, which further grow into amyloid fibrils in the first aggregation phase. The presence of Zn2+ also retards the appearance of the second aggregation phase in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, our results show that a natural dipeptide, carnosine, can greatly alleviate the effect of Zn2+ on Aβ aggregation kinetics, most likely by coordinating with the metal ion to form chelates. These results suggest a potential in vivo protective effect of carnosine against the cytotoxicity of Aβ by suppressing Zn2+-induced rapid formation of Aβ oligomers. Zn2+ shifts a typical single sigmoidal aggregation kinetics of Aβ40 to a biphasic process. Zn2+ facilitates the rapid formation oligomers in the first aggregation phase. Zn2+ retards the second aggregation phase in a concentration dependent manner. Carnosine greatly reduces the effect of Zn2+ on Aβ aggregation by coordinating with Zn2+.
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Efthymakis K, Neri M. The role of Zinc L-Carnosine in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal disease in humans: a review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101954. [PMID: 35659631 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc L-carnosine is a pharmaceutical compound with direct mucosal cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory action through its antioxidative effects, cytokine modulation and membrane-stabilizing properties. Chemically, it is not an anti-secretory, antacid or raft-forming agent; its properties are mainly mediated by its higher affinity for damaged mucosa that permits the release of zinc locally by ligand exchange. Beneficial effects on various types of mucosal damage have been described in vitro and in vivo, in both animals and humans. It has been shown to promote repair of mucosal injury in human studies and has been widely used for the treatment of peptic ulcers, chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and esophagitis. More recently, the therapeutic applications of Zinc L-carnosine have been extended to the prevention and cure of various types of intestinal damage, including ulcerative colitis, iatrogenic ulcers after operative endoscopy, hemorrhoidal disease and impaired intestinal permeability. This review concentrates mainly on the current and future applications of zinc L-carnosine in gastrointestinal disease, and may be of use to gastroenterologists and endoscopists. It describes the therapeutic principles and benefits of this interesting molecule and discusses the potential future fields of interest for clinical use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Efthymakis
- Digestive Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Neri
- Digestive Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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3
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Pietroletti R, Giuliani A, Buonanno A, Mattei A, Fiasca F, Gallo G. Efficacy and Tolerability of a New Formulation in Rectal Ointment Based on Zn-L-Carnosine (Proctilor®) in the Treatment of Haemorrhoidal Disease. Front Surg 2022; 9:818887. [PMID: 35402488 PMCID: PMC8993583 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.818887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhoidal disease (HD) shows high prevalence in western countries, reaching 4.4% per year in the US. Topical preparations are the first-line treatments, which are readily available as “over-the-counter” (OTC) products, often containing a nonstandardised mixture of “natural” remedies, or anaesthetics or cortisol;those latter are not free from undesirable effects. The Zinc-L-Carnosine is a cytoprotective compound, promoting mucosal repair in the gastrointestinal tract and also in mucosal repair, following radiation injuries to the rectum as well as in ulcerative colitis. Our aim was to study the efficacy of Zinc-L-Carnosine in relieving acute symptoms of HD, testing a preparation in the rectal ointment, Proctilor®, in patients complaining of bleeding or thrombosed piles. In a multicentre open trial, 21 patients older than 18 years of age were enrolled. The symptoms of HD were graded according to the Haemorrhoidal Disease Symptoms Score (HDSS) in association with the Short Health Scale (SHS) to assess the influence of HD on quality of life. The pain was assessed with the VAS score, bowel habit by means of the Bristol scale. The patients were evaluated at enrolment (T0) and 2 (T1) and 4 (T2) weeks of treatment with Proctilor® rectal ointment. There were 10 men and 11 women; mean age, 49 years. Pain, bleeding, and thrombosis were all significantly reduced after treatment; the mean VAS score decreased from 4.71 ± 3.05 at T0 to.52 ± 0.87 and.05 ± 0.22 at T1 and T2, respectively; (mean ± SD; p < 0.001 in both cases). Similarly, the HDSS score showed to be significantly reduced between T0, T1 (8.05 ± 4.55 vs. 1.14 ± 1.01), and T2 (8.05 ± 4.55 vs. 24 ± 0.44) (mean ± SD; p < 0.001 in both cases). Quality of life showed to be improved as the SHS score decreased significantly with treatment (7.90 ± 4.17 at T0 vs. 4.24 ± 0.44 at T1 vs. 4.05 ± 0.22 at T2; mean ± SD; p < 0.001 in both cases). The Bristol score of defecation remained substantially unchanged. No side effects or discontinuation of treatment were reported. Results of our investigation suggest a role of Proctilor® rectal ointment in treating symptomatic HD with good results and an excellent safety profile. However, our preliminary results encourage further studies on a larger number of patients to confirm the role of Zinc-L-Carnosine in the rectal ointment for the topical treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pietroletti
- Surgical Coloproctology University of L'Aquila—Hospital Val Vibrata, Sant'Omero, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renato Pietroletti
| | - Antonio Giuliani
- General Surgery University of L'Aquila—Hospital San Salvatore, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alberto Buonanno
- General Surgery ASREM-AREA 5, Hospital San Benedetto del Tronto, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Antonella Mattei
- Public Health Section—Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabiana Fiasca
- Public Health Section—Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gaetano Gallo
- Department of Surgery University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Kavanagh O, Elmes R, O’Sullivan F, Farragher J, Robinson S, Walker G. Investigating Structural Property Relationships to Enable Repurposing of Pharmaceuticals as Zinc Ionophores. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2032. [PMID: 34959313 PMCID: PMC8704213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of zinc in biology has gained greater recognition in recent years due to its essential contributions to the function of many endogenous enzymes. Disruption of zinc homeostasis may be useful in treating pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's, and for antiviral purposes. Despite the growth of knowledge and increased interest in zinc, little is known about the structure and function of zinc ionophores. In this study we analyse the Cambridge Structural Database and solution complexation studies found in the literature to identify key functional groups which may confer zinc ionophorism. Pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and amino acids with these functionalities were selected to enable us to explore the translatability of ionophoric activity from in vitro assays to cellular systems. We find that although certain species may complex to zinc in the solid and solution states, and may carry ions across simple membrane systems, this does not necessarily translate into ionophoric activity. We propose that the CSD can help refine key functionalities but that ionophoric activity must be confirmed in cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Kavanagh
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- School of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Elmes
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O’Sullivan
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Farragher
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Shane Robinson
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Sciences, T45 P663 Cork, Ireland
| | - Gavin Walker
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
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Al-Zubaydi F, Gao D, Kakkar D, Li S, Adler D, Holloway J, Szekely Z, Gu Z, Chan N, Kumar S, Love S, Sinko PJ. Breast intraductal nanoformulations for treating ductal carcinoma in situ I: Exploring metal-ion complexation to slow ciclopirox release, enhance mammary persistence and efficacy. J Control Release 2020; 323:71-82. [PMID: 32302762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) represents a significant fraction (~20-25%) of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and, if left untreated, a significant fraction of patients will progress to invasive disease. Surgery is the only treatment option. Ciclopirox (CPX), an FDA-approved antifungal drug, has exhibited promising antitumor activity by down-regulating the expression of vital antiapoptotic cellular proteins and inhibiting the genetic expression of several oncogenic pathways. In this study, the feasibility of using nanoscale delivery systems to control release and prolong mammary tissue persistence of a lipophilic metal complex of CPX and Zinc (CPXZn) after intraductal administration was investigated. METHODS CPX and CPX-Zn nanosuspensions (NSs) were prepared using an evaporative nanoprecipitation-ultra-sonication method. Flash nanoprecipitation was used to prepare PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with CPXZn. Our established orthotopic DCIS rat model was used to evaluate efficacy. Briefly, two days after 13762 Mat B III cell intraductal inoculation, rats were divided into treatment groups and a single intraductal injection of CPX NS, CPX-Zn NS or CPX-Zn NPs was administered. In the first study arm, the efficacy of CPX NS (1, 3, 5 mg/duct) was evaluated. In the second arm, the in vivo efficacy of CPX NS, CPX-Zn NS and CPX-Zn loaded NPs was evaluated and compared at equivalent CPX doses. The mammary persistence of CPX from CPX NS, CPX-Zn NS, and CPX-Zn PLGA NPs was also assessed. RESULTS CPX-Zn complex was successfully synthesized and characterized by several spectral analyses. CPX release was slowed from the CPX-Zn NS and further slowed by incorporating CPX-Zn into PLGA NPs as compared to the CPX NS with release half times following the order: CPX NS < CPX-Zn NS << CPX-Zn NP. Intraductal CPX NS administration was dose and time dependent in suppressing tumor initiation suggesting prolonged mammary exposure may improve efficacy. In the second arm, mammary tissue persistence of CPX followed the rank order CPX NS < CPX-Zn NS << CPX-Zn NP at 6 h and 48 h post-administration. Prolonged mammary CPX exposure was highly correlated to improved efficacy. Prolonged CPX tissue persistence, attributed to slower release from the zinc complex and the PLGA NPs, resulted in a 5-fold dose reduction compared to the CPX NS. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrate that slowing drug release in the mammary duct after intraductal administration overcomes the rapid ductal clearance of CPX, prolongs mammary tissue persistence, improves efficacy against DCIS lesions in vivo, and requires 5-fold less CPX to achieve equivalent efficacy. The studies also provide a strategic path forward for developing a locally administered drug delivery system for treating DCIS, for which no primary chemotherapy option is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Al-Zubaydi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Dayuan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Dipti Kakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Shike Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Derek Adler
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center, 41 Gordon Road Suite D, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Jennifer Holloway
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Zichao Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nancy Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Shicha Kumar
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Susan Love
- Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 16133 Ventura Suite 1000, Encino, California 91436, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Adami LNG, de Lima BT, Andretta RR, Bertolla RP, Nichi M. Carnosine treatment during human semen processing by discontinuous density gradient. Andrologia 2019; 52:e13497. [PMID: 31793048 DOI: 10.1111/and.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of carnosine added during human semen processing. Semen samples from 34 patients were submitted to processing by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation without (control) or with different concentrations of carnosine supplementation as follows: (a) 20 mM of carnosine supplementation on the layers of Percoll; and (b) 50 mM carnosine supplementation. Sperm samples were then washed with human tubal fluid medium and evaluated according to sperm kinetics and functional assessment. For statistical analysis, data were evaluated by a general linear model or a Friedman test, whenever appropriate. The 50 mM carnosine supplementation led to improved sperm mitochondrial activity when compared to untreated samples. Motility variables, such as percentage of motile and progressively motile spermatozoa, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity and linearity, showed an improvement after semen processing irrespective of carnosine supplementation. Both concentrations of carnosine increased the beat-cross frequency (BCF) when compared to samples before processing. We conclude that carnosine supplementation in semen samples benefits sperm mitochondrial activity and BCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Nayara Gallego Adami
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tuani de Lima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rhayza Roberta Andretta
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pimenta Bertolla
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Nichi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Aliès B, Borghesani V, Noël S, Sayen S, Guillon E, Testemale D, Faller P, Hureau C. Mutations of Histidine 13 to Arginine and Arginine 5 to Glycine Are Responsible for Different Coordination Sites of Zinc(II) to Human and Murine Peptides. Chemistry 2018; 24:14233-14241. [PMID: 29978925 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Because mice and rats do not naturally develop Alzheimer's disease, genetically modified animals are required to study this pathology. This striking difference in terms of disease onset could be due to three alterations in the murine sequence (R5G, Y10F and H13R) of the amyloid-β peptide with respect to the human counterpart. Whether the metal-ion binding properties of the murine peptide are at the origin of such different amyloidogenicity of the two peptides is still an open question. Herein, the main zinc binding site to the murine amyloid-β at physiological pH has been determined through the combination of several spectroscopic and analytical methods applied to a series of six peptides with one or two of the key mutations. These results have been compared with the zinc binding site encountered in the human peptide. A coordination mechanism that demonstrates the importance of the H13R and R5G mutations in the different zinc environments present in the murine and human peptides is proposed. The nature of the minor zinc species present at physiological pH is also suggested for both peptides. Finally, the biological relevance and fallouts of the differences determined in zinc binding to human versus murine amyloid-β are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aliès
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Current address: Université de Bordeaux, ChemBioPharm INSERM U1212 CNRS UMR 5320, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sabrina Noël
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephanie Sayen
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Emmanuel Guillon
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Denis Testemale
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000, Grenoble, France.,BM30B/FAME, ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Faller
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Current address: Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Institut Le Bel, 67008, Strasbourg, France
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Liu ZY, Xie WB, Ru Li M, Teng N, Liang X, Zhang ZQ. Effects of polaprezinc on gastric mucosal damage and neurotransmitters in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced vomiting. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2436-2444. [PMID: 29756515 PMCID: PMC6023045 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518771492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of polaprezinc (PZ) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)- or cisplatin (DDP)-induced gastric mucosal injury and on a rat model of neurotransmitter-mediated vomiting. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were divided at random into Control, CTX, DDP, PZ+CTX, and PZ+DDP groups. After 20 days, brain tissues and sera were analyzed for the levels of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of stomach, intestine, and brain tissues were examined using light microscopy. Results The levels of DA, 5-HT, and NF-κB in brain and serum samples of rats treated with CTX or DDP were significantly increased compared with those of rats in the Control group. There was a significant decrease in these values in the PZ group. Moreover, PZ reduced damage to brain tissue caused by CTX or DDP. Conclusions PZ decreased the levels of DA, 5-HT, and NF-κB in blood and brain tissues caused by CTX or DDP and reduced the chemotherapy-induced damage to the small intestine, stomach, and brain. These findings can be translated to the clinic to enhance the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang Liu
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Bo Xie
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Ming Ru Li
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Nan Teng
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Qiang Zhang
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ooi TC, Chan KM, Sharif R. Zinc L-carnosine suppresses inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages cell line via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:259-267. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1344987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theng Choon Ooi
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Razinah Sharif
- Programme of Nutritional Sciences, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Ooi TC, Chan KM, Sharif R. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Genomic Stability Enhancement Effects of Zinc l-carnosine: A Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Agent? Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:201-210. [PMID: 28094570 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1265132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide, and the incidence and mortality rates of cancer are expected to rise tremendously in the near future. Despite a better understanding of cancer biology and advancement in cancer management, current strategies in cancer treatment remain costly and ineffective. Hence, instead of putting more efforts to search for new cancer cures, attention has now been shifted to the development of cancer chemopreventive agents as a preventive measure for cancer formation. It is well known that neoplastic transformation of cells is multifactorial, and the occurrence of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and genomic instability events has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of cells. Zinc l-carnosine (ZnC), which is clinically used as gastric ulcer treatment in Japan, has been suggested to have the potential in preventing cancer development. Multiple studies have revealed that ZnC possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic stability enhancement effects. Thus, this review provides some mechanistic insight into the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic stability enhancement effects of ZnC in relevance to its chemopreventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theng Choon Ooi
- a Biomedical Science Programme , School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- b Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Programme , School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Razinah Sharif
- c Programme of Nutritional Sciences , School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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11
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Pavlin M, Rossetti G, De Vivo M, Carloni P. Carnosine and Homocarnosine Degradation Mechanisms by the Human Carnosinase Enzyme CN1: Insights from Multiscale Simulations. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2772-84. [PMID: 27105448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous dipeptide l-carnosine, and its derivative homocarnosine, prevent and reduce several pathologies like amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Their beneficial action is severely hampered because of the hydrolysis by carnosinase enzymes, in particular the human carnosinase, hCN1. This belongs to the metallopeptidase M20 family, where a cocatalytic active site is formed by two Zn(2+) ions, bridged by a hydroxide anion. The protein may exist as a monomer and as a dimer in vivo. Here we used hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations based on the dimeric apoenzyme's structural information to predict the Michaelis complexes with l-carnosine and its derivative homocarnosine. On the basis of our calculations, we suggest that (i) l-carnosine degradation occurs through a nucleophilic attack of a Zn(2+)-coordinated bridging moiety for both monomer and dimer. This mechanistic hypothesis for hCN1 catalysis differs from previous proposals, while it is in agreement with available experimental data. (ii) The experimentally measured higher affinity of homocarnosine for the enzyme relative to l-carnosine might be explained, at least in part, by more extensive interactions inside the monomeric and dimeric hCN1's active site. (iii) Hydrogen bonds at the binding site, present in the dimer but absent in the monomer, might play a role in the experimentally observed higher activity of the dimeric form. Investigations of the enzymatic reaction are required to establish or disprove this hypothesis. Our results may serve as a basis for the design of potent hCN1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Pavlin
- Laboratory for Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences (GRS), Forschungszentrum Jülich-RWTH Aachen , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Computational Biomedicine Section (INM-9), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), and Institute of Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine Section (INM-9), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), and Institute of Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Computational Biomedicine Section (INM-9), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), and Institute of Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Laboratory for Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences (GRS), Forschungszentrum Jülich-RWTH Aachen , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Computational Biomedicine Section (INM-9), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), and Institute of Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
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12
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Wojnarowicz A, Sharma PS, Sosnowska M, Lisowski W, Huynh TP, Pszona M, Borowicz P, D'Souza F, Kutner W. An electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer for selective carnosine sensing with impedimetric capacity. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1156-1165. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional monomers are designed for the development of a polymer with molecular cavities selective for the carnosine dipeptide recognition and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Sosnowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC PAS)
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Texas
| | | | - Tan-Phat Huynh
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC PAS)
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Texas
| | - Maria Pszona
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC PAS)
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Paweł Borowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC PAS)
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Electron Technology
- 02-668 Warsaw
| | | | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC PAS)
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- School of Sciences
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13
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Theoretical and experimental investigation of carnosine and its oxygenated adducts. The reaction with the nickel ion. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Bhattacharyya S, Sarkar A, Dey SK, Mukherjee A. Effect of glucosamine conjugation to zinc(II) complexes of a bis-pyrazole ligand: syntheses, characterization and anticancer activity. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 140:131-42. [PMID: 25113858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-1yl)acetic acid (bdmpza) ligand was conjugated with tert-butyl-N-(2-aminoethyl) carbonate, methyl-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoate and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine hydrochloride via amide coupling method to form three ligands L1-L3 which were then reacted with Zn(II) salts to form four zinc complexes (1-4). The complexes were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FT-IR, CHN analyses. Complexes 1, 2 and 4 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that Zn(II) salts could selectively remove the acetyl group from anomeric position leaving everything else intact. The cytotoxicity studies of the ligand and the complexes showed that the conjugation to acetylated glucosamine enhances cytotoxic ability although the complexes become more hydrophilic. Cytotoxicity studies in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa WT) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) showed that the acetylated glucosamine conjugation to the bis-pyrazole ligated Zn(II) complex led to 2-4 fold increase in cytotoxicity (IC50 values ca. 57-80μM) against HeLa WT and MCF-7 cell lines. The Zn(II) complex bearing the acetylated glucosamine inhibits the cell cycle in the G2/M phase of MCF-7 cell line. ICP-MS data shows more accumulation of Zn(II) inside the cell upon use of complex 4 as compared to Zn(II) salts or the other presented complexes. Further studies suggest that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes in the presence of complex 4 and caspase-7 is activated by Zn(II) salts but the activation is much more by complex 4 and hence there is apoptosis and dose dependent chromatin condensation/nuclear fragmentation as observed by microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India.
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15
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Ditte Z, Ditte P, Labudova M, Simko V, Iuliano F, Zatovicova M, Csaderova L, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J. Carnosine inhibits carbonic anhydrase IX-mediated extracellular acidosis and suppresses growth of HeLa tumor xenografts. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:358. [PMID: 24886661 PMCID: PMC4061103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane enzyme that is present in many types of solid tumors. Expression of CA IX is driven predominantly by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and helps to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis under hypoxic conditions, resulting in acidification of the tumor microenvironment. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an anti-tumorigenic agent that inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CA IX in carnosine-mediated antitumor activity and whether the underlying mechanism involves transcriptional and translational modulation of HIF-1α and CA IX and/or altered CA IX function. METHODS The effect of carnosine was studied using two-dimensional cell monolayers of several cell lines with endogenous CA IX expression as well as Madin Darby canine kidney transfectants, three-dimensional HeLa spheroids, and an in vivo model of HeLa xenografts in nude mice. mRNA and protein expression and protein localization were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Cell viability was measured by a flow cytometric assay. Expression of HIF-1α and CA IX in tumors was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Real-time measurement of pH was performed using a sensor dish reader. Binding of CA IX to specific antibodies and metabolon partners was investigated by competitive ELISA and proximity ligation assays, respectively. RESULTS Carnosine increased the expression levels of HIF-1α and HIF targets and increased the extracellular pH, suggesting an inhibitory effect on CA IX-mediated acidosis. Moreover, carnosine significantly inhibited the growth of three-dimensional spheroids and tumor xenografts compared with untreated controls. Competitive ELISA showed that carnosine disrupted binding between CA IX and antibodies specific for its catalytic domain. This finding was supported by reduced formation of the functional metabolon of CA IX and anion exchanger 2 in the presence of carnosine. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that interaction of carnosine with CA IX leads to conformational changes of CA IX and impaired formation of its metabolon, which in turn disrupts CA IX function. These findings suggest that carnosine could be a promising anticancer drug through its ability to attenuate the activity of CA IX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.
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16
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Sakae K, Agata T, Kamide R, Yanagisawa H. Effects of L-carnosine and its zinc complex (Polaprezinc) on pressure ulcer healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28:609-16. [PMID: 23835365 DOI: 10.1177/0884533613493333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-carnosine (CAR) is an endogenous dipeptide. We aimed to determine the effects of CAR and its zinc complex polaprezinc (PLZ) on pressure ulcer healing in institutionalized long-term care patients. METHODS This study was a nonrandomized controlled trial with a maximum 4-week follow-up. Forty-two patients with stage II-IV pressure ulcers for 4 or more weeks were allocated to 1 of 3 groups in order of recruitment: the control group (n = 14) was untreated, the PLZ group (n = 10) orally received 150 mg/d PLZ (containing 116 mg CAR and 34 mg zinc), and the CAR group (n = 18) orally received 116 mg/d CAR. Pressure ulcer severity was measured weekly using the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) score. RESULTS At baseline, no significant differences were found among groups in demographic and nutrition parameters and pressure ulcer characteristics (severity, size, and staging). After 4 weeks, the rate of pressure ulcer healing, assessed by the mean weekly improvement in PUSH score, was significantly greater in the CAR (1.6 ± 0.2, P = .02) and PLZ groups (1.8 ± 0.2, P = .009) than in the control group (0.8 ± 0.2). The difference between the CAR and PLZ groups was not significant (P = .73). Actual dietary intakes over this period did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CAR and PLZ may almost equally accelerate pressure ulcer healing during 4 weeks. The results need confirmation by randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Sakae
- Hiroyuki Yanagisawa, Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
An environmentally benign new synthetic method of zinc(II) complexes without the use of organic solvents and alkali was developed, and several types of zinc(II) complexes in high yields were prepared by mixing solid ligands with solid Zn(OH)(2) or ZnO.
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18
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Azuma N, Ikoma T, Osaka A, Tanaka J. Effects of hyaluronic acid on the rheological properties of zinc carboxylate gels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Ueda E, Yoshikawa Y, Kishimoto N, Tadokoro M, Sakurai H, Kajiwara N, Kojima Y. New Bioactive Zinc(II) Complexes with Peptides and Their Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure, and In Vitro Insulinomimetic Activity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Mineo P, Vitalini D, La Mendola D, Rizzarelli E, Scamporrino E, Vecchio G. Electrospray mass spectrometric studies of L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) complexes with copper(II) or zinc ions in aqueous solution. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:722-729. [PMID: 11921252 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for the speciation of supramolecular assemblies formed between equimolar amounts of carnosine and copper or zinc ions in dilute aqueous solutions. In the case of pure carnosine and carnosine/copper systems, the effect of pH changes, in the range 2-9, on the complexes surviving in solution was also explored. ESI data, besides supporting previous reported results on the formation of dimeric carnosine/copper and carnosine/zinc complexes, allowed a more complete speciation of the examined systems, bringing to light the existence of bis-complex species and, in the zinc case, the formation of oligomeric species. The data obtained for the systems investigated show that ESI-MS is not only a reliable and fast technique for the analysis of the metal/ligand systems, but also an interesting tool to obtain stoichiometric information on metal complexes formed in very low concentration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mineo
- Istituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Materiali Polimerci, CNR, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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21
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Abstract
The zinc(II)-L-carnosine system was investigated at different pH and metal/ligand ratios by Raman and IR spectroscopy. The Raman and IR spectra present some marker bands useful to identify the sites involved in metal chelation at a specific pH value. In particular, the neutral imidazole group gives rise to some Raman bands, such as the nu C(4)===C(5) band, that change in wave number, depending on whether the imidazole ring takes the tautomeric form I or II. Even if tautomer I is predominant in the free ligand, metal coordination can upset tautomeric preference and N(tau)- and N(pi)-ligated complexes can be identified. Although weak compared to those of aromatic residues, these Raman marker bands may be useful in analyzing metal-histidine interaction in peptides and proteins. On the basis of the vibrational results, conclusions can be drawn on the species existing in the system. Depending on the available nitrogen atoms, various complexes can be formed and the prevalent form of the species depends mainly on the pH. At basic pH carnosine gives rise to two different neutral complexes: a water-insoluble polymeric species, [ZnH(-1)L](0)(n), and a dimer, [Zn(2)H(-2)L(2)](0). The first is predominant and involves the tautomeric I form of the imidazole ring in metal chelation; the second contains tautomer II and increases its percentage by going from a 2 to 0.25 metal/ligand ratio. Conversely, the dimeric species dominates at pH 7, whereas two charged species, [ZnHL](2+) and [ZnL](+), are formed under slightly acidic conditions. In the [ZnHL](2+) complex the imidazole ring takes part in the Zn(II) coordination in the tautomeric I form, whereas in [ZnL](+) the ring is protonated and not bound to the Zn(II) ion. In addition, the curve fitting analysis of the 1700-1530 cm(-1) Raman region was helpful in indicating the predominant species at each pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Torreggiani
- Centro di Studio Interfacoltà sulla Spettroscopia Raman, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 8/2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Elguero J, Katritzky AR, Denisko OV. Prototropic Tautomerism of Heterocycles: Heteroaromatic Tautomerism—General Overview and Methodology. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(00)76003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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23
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Furuta S, Suzuki M, Toyama S, Miwa M, Sano H. Tissue distribution of polaprezinc in rats determined by the double tracer method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:453-61. [PMID: 10704111 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of polaprezinc (an insoluble zinc complex of L-carnosine) in rats was studied by the double tracer method using [U-14C-histidine]-, 65Zn-polaprezinc. The 65Zn-radioactivity was measured with an auto-gamma counter, and the 14C containing 65Zn was converted to an absolute count according to the calibration curve for quenching with a liquid scintillation counter with the spill-over method. After the administration of 14C-, 65Zn-polaprezinc to rats, the excretion ratio and time courses in the tissues of the 14C-and 65Zn-radioactivity were different each other. We found that polaprezinc was metabolized as endogenous amino acid or zinc after dissociation in the body. The zinc concentration in plasma reached its maximum at 1 h and decreased slowly, returning to the endogenous level at 11 h after the administration of non-labeled polaprezinc. The concentrations of zinc in liver, kidney, testis, prostate, and cerebrum remained rather constant. The replacement ratios of 65Zn to zinc in the tissues at its maximum percentage were 40% in plasma, 16-20% in liver, kidney, blood, and prostate. The low replacement ratios in testis and cerebrum (2-3%) suggested that zinc uptakes in testis and brain were regulated by the blood-testis-barrier and blood-brain-barrier, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furuta
- Central Research Laboratories Zeria Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Saitama, Japan
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24
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Hiraishi H, Sasai T, Oinuma T, Shimada T, Sugaya H, Terano A. Polaprezinc protects gastric mucosal cells from noxious agents through antioxidant properties in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:261-9. [PMID: 10102958 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polaprezinc has been shown to exert an anti-oxidant property in a tube experiment, protect gastric mucosa from experimental ulcerations in vivo, and accelerate the healing of gastric ulcer in humans. AIM To examine a possible protective effect of polaprezinc on oxidant-mediated injury in primary monolayer cultures of rat gastric fundic mucosa. METHODS Cytotoxicity was quantified by measuring 51Cr release. Whether or not polaprezinc exerts an antioxidant property was investigated by determining the effect of this agent on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury. The effects of polaprezinc on superoxide (O2-. ) generation as well as on ethanol (EtOH)-induced injury were also examined. Generation of O2-. was assessed by the reduction in cytochrome c. RESULTS H2O2 caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in 51Cr release. The dose-response curve of 51Cr release by H2O2 shifted to the right in the presence of polaprezinc. Polaprezinc, at submillimolar concentrations, prevented H2O2-induced 51Cr release. EtOH also caused a dose-dependent increase in 51Cr release, which was prevented by the addition of polaprezinc. The incubation of cells with EtOH caused an increase in cytochrome c reduction, as the concentrations of EtOH increased. Polaprezinc inhibited EtOH-induced cytochrome c reduction. Protection by polaprezinc was microscopically associated with the prevention of monolayer disruption. CONCLUSIONS Polaprezinc is antioxidative and directly protects gastric mucosal cells from noxious agents through its antioxidant properties in vitro. This finding may provide the theoretical basis for the usage of an antiulcer drug with antioxidant properties for the treatment of gastric inflammation, such as that induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hiraishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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25
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Furuta S, Toyama S, Miwa M, Sano H. Disposition of polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine complex) in rat gastrointestinal tract and effect of cimetidine on its adhesion to gastric tissues. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:632-6. [PMID: 8583362 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of polaprezinc in the rat gastrointestinal tract was studied by a double tracer method using [14C]- and [65Zn]polaprezinc. At 0.5 h after oral administration of [14C]-,[65Zn]polaprezinc to rats, the 14C-radioactivity in the gastric contents was comparable with the 65Zn-radioactivity. However, a significant difference was observed in the time course of changes in gastric contents between 14C- and 65Zn-radioactivity over 1 h after administration, indicating that polaprezinc existed in complex form at 0.5 h after administration and was dissociated to L-carnosine and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract as a function of time. The adhesion of zinc to stomach mucosa after oral administration of polaprezinc to rats was significantly increased by treatment with cimetidine. These results suggest that the adhesion of zinc to gastric tissues is increased by inhibiting the dissociation of polaprezinc, and that H2-receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine, may increase anti-ulcer effects of polaprezinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furuta
- Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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26
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Förster M, Vahrenkamp H. Zinc Complexes of Histidine-Containing Di- and Tripeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19951280603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Furuta S, Toyama S, Miwa M, Itabashi T, Sano H, Yoneta T. Residence time of polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine complex) in the rat stomach and adhesiveness to ulcerous sites. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 67:271-8. [PMID: 7650862 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.67.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polaprezinc, an insoluble zinc complex of L-carnosine, exhibits anti-ulcer effects by acting directly on mucosal lesions. The disposition of polaprezinc in the stomach was studied to clarify the usefulness of its structure as an insoluble complex. The time courses of 14C-radioactivity in the gastric contents and gastric tissues were parallel to those of 65Zn after oral administration of a mixture of 14C-polaprezinc and 65Zn-polaprezinc (14C-, 65Zn-polaprezinc) to rats. The gastric contents of 14C-polaprezinc and 65Zn-polaprezinc were greater than those of 14C-L-carnosine and 65ZnSO4. Mean residence times (MRT) of 14C-polaprezinc and 65Zn-polaprezinc in the stomach were almost the same (ca. 2 hr), and they were double those of 14C-L-carnosine and 65ZnSO4. In gastric tissues, the area under the concentration curves (AUC0-8 hr) of 14C-polaprezinc and 65Zn-polaprezinc were 1.7 times greater than those of 14C-L-carnosine and 65ZnSO4, respectively. After administration of 14C-, 65Zn-polaprezinc to rats with acetic acid-induced ulcers, 14C and 65Zn-radioactivities in the ulcerous sites were very similar and greater than those of 14C-, 65Zn-polaprezinc dissolved in acid. In conclusion, polaprezinc is retained in the stomach longer and adheres to the ulcerous sites more than zinc or L-carnosine. The characteristics of this compound may arise from its insolubility and contribute to its strong pharmacological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furuta
- Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Furuta S, Toyama S, Sano H. Absorption mechanism of polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine complex) by an everted sac method. Xenobiotica 1994; 24:1085-94. [PMID: 7701850 DOI: 10.3109/00498259409038668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The absorption mechanism of polaprezinc (zinc-carnosine chelate compound) was studied in rat by an everted gut sac method. The rates of transport and accumulation of 14C-L-carnosine were proportional to the mucosal concentration of L-carnosine, whereas the rates of transport and accumulation of 65ZnCl2 had become saturated. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) = 4.41 mM and maximal rate (Vmax) = 71.83 nmol/min/g for zinc transport and, similarly, Km = 6.21 mM and Vmax = 92.51 mumol/30 min/g for accumulation. 2. The addition of ouabain, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and low temperatures reduced the rate of zinc uptake, indicating that zinc transport was considered to be a carrier-mediated process based on Na+,K(+)-ATPase-dependent mechanisms. 3. The concentration of zinc in the gut of the non-fasted rat was greater than that of the fasted rat, suggesting different rates of transport and accumulation. It is suggested that zinc intestinal uptake in rat is regulated by zinc content in the gut. 4. A pharmacokinetic model for transport and accumulation of zinc saturation from the lumen side to the gut was designed, and the calculated values obtained by simultaneous multiline fitting of transport and accumulation of zinc data were in good agreement with the observed values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furuta
- Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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