1
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He X, Chen Y, Beltran DG, Kelly M, Ma B, Lawrie J, Wang F, Dodds E, Zhang L, Guo J, Niu W. Functional genetic encoding of sulfotyrosine in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4820. [PMID: 32973160 PMCID: PMC7515910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine O-sulfation (PTS) plays a crucial role in extracellular biomolecular interactions that dictate various cellular processes. It also involves in the development of many human diseases. Regardless of recent progress, our current understanding of PTS is still in its infancy. To promote and facilitate relevant studies, a generally applicable method is needed to enable efficient expression of sulfoproteins with defined sulfation sites in live mammalian cells. Here we report the engineering, in vitro biochemical characterization, structural study, and in vivo functional verification of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase mutant for the genetic encoding of sulfotyrosine in mammalian cells. We further apply this chemical biology tool to cell-based studies on the role of a sulfation site in the activation of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by its ligand. Our work will not only facilitate cellular studies of PTS, but also paves the way for economical production of sulfated proteins as therapeutic agents in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan He
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Daisy Guiza Beltran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Maia Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Justin Lawrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
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2
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Ju T, Hu D, Xiang SH, Guo J. Sulfotyrosine dipeptide: Synthesis and evaluation as HIV-entry inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:105-11. [PMID: 27475281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the worldwide AIDS pandemic. Due to the lack of prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine, drug treatment of the infected patients becomes essential to reduce the viral load and to slow down progression of the disease. Because of drug resistance, finding new antiviral agents is necessary for AIDS drug therapies. The interaction of gp120 and co-receptor (CCR5/CXCR4) mediates the entry of HIV-1 into host cells, which has been increasingly exploited in recent years as the target for new antiviral agents. A conserved co-receptor binding site on gp120 that recognizes sulfotyrosine (sTyr) residues represents a structural target to design novel HIV entry inhibitors. In this work, we developed an efficient synthesis of sulfotyrosine dipeptide and evaluated it as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Duoyi Hu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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3
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1835-8. [PMID: 26696445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine O-sulfation is a common protein post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes, including leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Many peptides with therapeutic potential contain one or more sulfotyrosine residues. We report a one-step synthesis for Fmoc-fluorosulfated tyrosine. An efficient Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthetic strategy is then introduced for incorporating the fluorosulfated tyrosine residue into peptides of interest. Standard simultaneous peptide-resin cleavage and removal of the acid-labile side-chain protecting groups affords the crude peptides containing fluorosulfated tyrosine. Basic ethylene glycol, serving both as solvent and reactant, transforms the fluorosulfated tyrosine peptides into sulfotyrosine peptides in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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4
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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5
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Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26196117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins plays critical roles in regulating structure, stability, localization, and function. Sulfation of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine residues to form sulfotyrosine (sTyr) is a widespread modification of extracellular and integral membrane proteins, influencing the activities of these proteins in cellular adhesion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses, and pathogen infection. Tyrosine sulfation commonly occurs in sequences containing clusters of tyrosine residues and is incomplete at each site, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of sulfoforms. Purification of individual sulfoforms is typically impractical. Therefore, the most promising approach to elucidate the influence of sulfation at each site is to prepare homogeneously sulfated proteins (or peptides) synthetically. This Account describes our recent progress in both development of such synthetic approaches and application of the resulting sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins to characterize the functional consequences of tyrosine sulfation. Initial synthetic studies used a cassette-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach in which the side chain sulfate ester was protected to enable it to withstand Fmoc-based SPPS conditions. Subsequently, to address the need for efficient access to multiple sulfoforms of the same peptide, we developed a divergent solid-phase synthetic approach utilizing orthogonally side chain protected tyrosine residues. Using this methodology, we have carried out orthogonal deprotection and sulfation of up to three tyrosine residues within a given sequence, allowing access to all eight sulfoforms of a given target from a single solid-phase synthesis. With homogeneously sulfated peptides in hand, we have been able to probe the influence of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Several of these studies focused on sulfated fragments of chemokine receptors, key mediators of leukocyte trafficking and inflammation. For the receptor CCR3, we showed that tyrosine sulfation enhances affinity and selectivity for binding to chemokine ligands, and we determined the structural basis of these affinity enhancements by NMR spectroscopy. Using a library of CCR5 sulfopeptides, we demonstrated the critical importance of sulfation at one specific site for supporting HIV-1 infection. Demonstrating the feasibility of producing homogeneously tyrosine-sulfated proteins, in addition to smaller peptides, we have used SPPS and native chemical ligation methods to synthesize the leech-derived antithrombotic protein hirudin P6, containing both tyrosine sulfation and glycosylation. Sulfation greatly enhanced inhibitory activity against thrombin, whereas addition of glycans to the sulfated protein decreased inhibition, indicating functional interplay between different post-translational modifications. In addition, the success of the ligation approach suggests that larger sulfoproteins could potentially be obtained by ligation of synthetic sulfopeptides to expressed proteins, using intein-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Krishnamurthy VR, Sardar MYR, Ying Y, Song X, Haller C, Dai E, Wang X, Hanjaya-Putra D, Sun L, Morikis V, Simon SI, Woods RJ, Cummings RD, Chaikof EL. Glycopeptide analogues of PSGL-1 inhibit P-selectin in vitro and in vivo. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6387. [PMID: 25824568 PMCID: PMC4423566 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of P-selectin/PSGL-1 interactions holds significant potential for treatment of disorders of innate immunity, thrombosis, and cancer. Current inhibitors remain limited due to low binding affinity or by the recognized disadvantages inherent to chronic administration of antibody therapeutics. Here we report an efficient approach for generating glycosulfopeptide mimics of N-terminal PSGL-1 through development of a stereoselective route for multi-gram scale synthesis of the C2 O-glycan building block and replacement of hydrolytically labile tyrosine sulfates with isosteric sulfonate analogs. Library screening afforded a compound of exceptional stability, GSnP-6, that binds to human P-selectin with nanomolar affinity (Kd ~ 22 nM). Molecular dynamics simulation defines the origin of this affinity in terms of a number of critical structural contributions. GSnP-6 potently blocks P-selectin/PSGL-1 interactions in vitro and in vivo and represents a promising candidate for the treatment of diseases driven by acute and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R Krishnamurthy
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mohammed Y R Sardar
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu Ying
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Carolyn Haller
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Erbin Dai
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Vasilios Morikis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- 1] Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA [2] School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- 1] Department of Surgery, Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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7
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Schnur E, Noah E, Ayzenshtat I, Sargsyan H, Inui T, Ding FX, Arshava B, Sagi Y, Kessler N, Levy R, Scherf T, Naider F, Anglister J. The conformation and orientation of a 27-residue CCR5 peptide in a ternary complex with HIV-1 gp120 and a CD4-mimic peptide. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:778-97. [PMID: 21763489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120/CD4 complex involves its amino-terminal domain (Nt-CCR5) and requires sulfation of two to four tyrosine residues in Nt-CCR5. The conformation of a 27-residue Nt-CCR5 peptide, sulfated at Y10 and Y14, was studied both in its free form and in a ternary complex with deglycosylated gp120 and a CD4-mimic peptide. NMR experiments revealed a helical conformation at the center of Nt-CCR5(1-27), which is induced upon gp120 binding, as well as a helical propensity for the free peptide. A well-defined structure for the bound peptide was determined for residues 7-23, increasing by 2-fold the length of Nt-CCR5's known structure. Two-dimensional saturation transfer experiments and measurement of relaxation times highlighted Nt-CCR5 residues Y3, V5, P8-T16, E18, I23 and possibly D2 as the main binding determinant. A calculated docking model for Nt-CCR5(1-27) suggests that residues 2-22 of Nt-CCR5 interact with the bases of V3 and C4, while the C-terminal segment of Nt-CCR5(1-27) points toward the target cell membrane, reflecting an Nt-CCR5 orientation that differs by 180° from that of a previous model. A gp120 site that could accommodate (CCR5)Y3 in a sulfated form has been identified. The present model attributes a structural basis for binding interactions to all gp120 residues previously implicated in Nt-CCR5 binding. Moreover, the strong interaction of sulfated (CCR5)Tyr14 with (gp120)Arg440 revealed by the model and the previously found correlation between E322 and R440 mutations shed light on the role of these residues in HIV-1 phenotype conversion, furthering our understanding of CCR5 recognition by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Schnur
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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8
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Dervillez X, Klaukien V, Dürr R, Koch J, Kreutz A, Haarmann T, Stoll M, Lee D, Carlomagno T, Schnierle B, Möbius K, Königs C, Griesinger C, Dietrich U. Peptide ligands selected with CD4-induced epitopes on native dualtropic HIV-1 envelope proteins mimic extracellular coreceptor domains and bind to HIV-1 gp120 independently of coreceptor usage. J Virol 2010; 84:10131-8. [PMID: 20660187 PMCID: PMC2937783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00165-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During HIV-1 entry, binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cellular CD4 receptor triggers conformational changes resulting in exposure of new epitopes, the highly conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes that are essential for subsequent binding to chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4. Due to their functional conservation, CD4i epitopes represent attractive viral targets for HIV-1 entry inhibition. The aim of the present study was to select peptide ligands for CD4i epitopes on native dualtropic (R5X4) HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins by phage display. Using CD4-activated retroviral particles carrying Env from the R5X4 HIV-1 89.6 strain as the target, we performed screenings of random peptide phage libraries under stringent selection conditions. Selected peptides showed partial identity with amino acids in the extracellular domains of CCR5/CXCR4, including motifs rich in tyrosines and aspartates at the N terminus known to be important for gp120 binding. A synthetic peptide derivative (XD3) corresponding to the most frequently selected phages was optimized for Env binding on peptide arrays. Interestingly, the optimized peptide could bind specifically to gp120 derived from HIV-1 strains with different coreceptor usage, competed with binding of CD4i-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17b, and interfered with entry of both a CCR5 (R5)-tropic and a CXCR4 (X4)-tropic Env pseudotyped virus. This peptide ligand therefore points at unique properties of CD4i epitopes shared by gp120 with different coreceptor usage and could thus serve to provide new insight into the conserved structural details essential for coreceptor binding for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dervillez
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Volker Klaukien
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürr
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kreutz
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Stoll
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Donghan Lee
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Carlomagno
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schnierle
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Kalle Möbius
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Königs
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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9
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Taylor SW, Sun C, Hsieh A, Andon NL, Ghosh SS. A Sulfated, Phosphorylated 7 kDa Secreted Peptide Characterized by Direct Analysis of Cell Culture Media. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:795-802. [DOI: 10.1021/pr7006686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Taylor
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Chengzao Sun
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Amy Hsieh
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Nancy L. Andon
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Soumitra S. Ghosh
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
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10
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Seibert C, Sakmar TP. Toward a framework for sulfoproteomics: Synthesis and characterization of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides. Biopolymers 2007; 90:459-77. [PMID: 17680702 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in secreted and transmembrane proteins and a key modulator of extracellular protein-protein interactions. Several proteins known to be tyrosine sulfated play important roles in physiological processes, and in some cases a direct link between protein function and tyrosine sulfation has been established. In blood coagulation, tyrosine sulfation of factor VIII is required for efficient binding of von Willebrand factor; in leukocyte adhesion, tyrosine sulfation of the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 mediates high-affinity binding to P-selectin; and in leukocyte chemotaxis, tyrosine sulfation of chemokine receptors is required for optimal interaction with chemokine ligands. Furthermore, tyrosine sulfation has been implicated in several infectious diseases. In particular, tyrosine sulfation of the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 is required for viral entry into host cells and tyrosine sulfation of the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines is crucial for erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite plasmodium vivax. Despite increasing interest in tyrosine sulfation in recent years, the sulfoproteome still remains largely unexplored. To date, only a relatively small number of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides and proteins have been identified, and a specific role for tyrosine sulfation has not been established for most of these. Here, we provide an overview of the biology and enzymology of tyrosine sulfation and discuss recent developments in preparative and analytical methods that are central to sulfoproteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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11
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Bahyrycz A, Matsubayashi Y, Ogawa M, Sakagami Y, Konopińska D. Further analogues of plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK-alpha) and their biological evaluation. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:589-92. [PMID: 15736141 DOI: 10.1002/psc.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK-alpha), a sulfated growth factor of structure H-Tyr(SO3H)-Ile-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gln-OH universally found in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture. In studies on the structure/activity relationship of PSK-alpha the synthesis was performed of a series of a further 23 analogues modified in position 1, 3 or 4 as well as simultaneously in positions 1 and 3 of the peptide chain. Peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method according to the Fmoc procedure on a Wang-resin. Free peptides were released from the resin by 95% TFA in the presence of EDT. All peptides were tested by competitive binding assay to the carrot membrane using 3H-labelled PSK-alpha according to the test of Matsubayashi et al. Among these peptide analogues, [H-Phe(4-Cl)1]-PSK-alpha (IV), [H-Phe(4-I)1]-PSK-alpha (VII), and [Phe(4-Cl)3]-PSK-alpha (XI) retained 30% PSK-alpha activity. Analogue [Tyr(PO3H2)3]-PSK-alpha (IX) showed 10% of PSK-alpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bahyrycz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, Poland
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Amano Y, Shinohara H, Sakagami Y, Matsubayashi Y. Ion-selective enrichment of tyrosine-sulfated peptides from complex protein digests. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:124-31. [PMID: 16157287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel procedure for concentrating sulfated peptides, as a front end to mass spectrometric analysis, based on ion-selective interaction of sulfate ions with anion exchangers. Ions with a higher charge and smaller solvated ion radius, such as sulfate ions, have higher retention in an ion exchanger due to their greater degree of coulombic interactions. We tested the effectiveness of this approach for enrichment and identification of sulfated peptides using a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin spiked with model sulfated peptide (molar ratio 20:1) and using a tryptic digest of bovine fibrinogen. Sulfated peptides are identified by mass spectrometry in which both the molecular ion and its specific fragment ion produced by facile loss of SO(3) are detected. In both experiments, sulfated peptides were strongly retained on the anion exchanger and were eluted by higher concentrations of competing ion with minimal contamination of nonsulfated peptides. Using this procedure, we determined that the 13-amino acid C-terminal peptide of the minor gamma'-chain of bovine fibrinogen contains sulfated tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Amano
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Japan
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Maynard HD, Hubbell JA. Discovery of a sulfated tetrapeptide that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:451-9. [PMID: 16701826 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that mimic the sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin and bind to heparin-binding growth factors would serve as important building blocks for synthetic biomaterials, e.g. to create a growth factor reservoir within a matrix. Peptide-based heparin mimetics would be particularly attractive, given the ease of peptide synthesis and modification. A sulfated tetrapeptide that fits this description and binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was discovered using a rationally-designed combinatorial approach. A approximately 6600 member library of tetrapeptides, designed to include heparin functionality, was synthesized by solid-phase Fmoc chemistry. The library was analyzed on-resin for VEGF binding using a fluorescence assay that employed a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-modified VEGF(165). The beads were ranked according to fluorescent signal and SY(SO(3))DY(SO(3)) was identified as the top binder. The binding affinity of the peptide for VEGF(165) was ascertained by surface plasmon resonance and compared with the heparin mimic suramin; the peptide binds to VEGF(165) 100-fold stronger than the sulfonated compound. These results suggest that the identified peptide may be useful in biomaterial applications where binding of VEGF is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Maynard
- Department of Materials Science and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Baudinette RV, Boontheung P, Musgrave IF, Wabnitz PA, Maselli VM, Skinner J, Alewood PF, Brinkworth CS, Bowie JH. An immunomodulator used to protect young in the pouch of the Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. FEBS J 2005; 272:433-43. [PMID: 15654881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2004.04483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eugenin [pGluGlnAspTyr(SO(3))ValPheMetHisProPhe-NH(2)] has been isolated from the pouches of female Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) carrying young in the early lactation period. The sequence of eugenin has been determined using a combination of positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. This compound bears some structural resemblance to the mammalian neuropeptide cholecystokinin 8 [AspTyr(SO(3))MetGlyTrpMetAspPhe-NH(2)] and to the amphibian caerulein peptides [caerulein: pGluGlnAspTyr(SO(3))ThrGlyTrpMetAspPhe-NH(2)]. Eugenin has been synthesized by a route which causes only minor hydrolysis of the sulfate group when the peptide is removed from the resin support. Biological activity tests with eugenin indicate that it contracts smooth muscle at a concentration of 10(-9) M, and enhances the proliferation of splenocytes at 10(-7) M, probably via activation of CCK(2) receptors. The activity of eugenin on splenocytes suggests that it is an immunomodulator peptide which plays a role in the protection of pouch young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell V Baudinette
- Department of Environmental Biology, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005
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15
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Total chemical synthesis of large CCK isoforms using a thioester segment condensation approach. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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De Cristofaro R, De Filippis V. Interaction of the 268-282 region of glycoprotein Ibalpha with the heparin-binding site of thrombin inhibits the enzyme activation of factor VIII. Biochem J 2003; 373:593-601. [PMID: 12689334 PMCID: PMC1223494 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activation of factor VIII (FVIII) by thrombin plays a fundamental role in the amplification of the coagulation cascade and takes place through specific proteolytic cleavages at Arg(372), Arg(740) and Arg(1689). Full FVIII activation requires cleavage at Arg(372), a process involving the alpha-thrombin exosite-II; referred to as heparin-binding site (HBS). The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha; 1-282 fragment) binding to thrombin HBS on FVIII activation. Similar experiments were also performed using a synthetic peptide modelled on the 268-282 sequence of GpIbalpha, and sulphated successfully at all tyrosine residues present along its sequence, at positions 276, 278 and 279. Both GpIbalpha 1-282 and the sulphated GpIb 268-282 peptides induced a progressive decrease (up to 70%) in activated FVIII generation, assessed by coagulation and FXa-generation assays. Furthermore, SDS/PAGE and Western-blot experiments showed that the specific appearance of the 44 kDa A2 domain on cleavage of the FVIII Arg(372)-Ser(373) peptide bond was delayed significantly in the presence of either GpIbalpha 1-282 or GpIb 268-282 peptide. Moreover, the effect of the latter on thrombin-mediated hydrolysis of a peptide having the sequence 341-376 of FVIII was investigated using reverse-phase HPLC. The k (cat)/ K (m) values of the FVIII 341-376 peptide hydrolysis by thrombin decreased linearly as a function of the GpIbalpha 268-282 peptide concentration, according to a competitive inhibition effect. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the sulphated 268-282 region of GpIbalpha binds to thrombin HBS, and is responsible for the inhibition of the Arg(372)-Ser(373) bond cleavage and activation of FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Cristofaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemostasis Research Center, Catholic University School of Medicine, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Kubiak TM, Larsen MJ, Burton KJ, Bannow CA, Martin RA, Zantello MR, Lowery DE. Cloning and functional expression of the first Drosophila melanogaster sulfakinin receptor DSK-R1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:313-20. [PMID: 11846406 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Described in this report is a successful cloning and characterization of a functionally active Drosophila sulfakinin receptor designated DSK-R1. When expressed in mammalian cells, DSK-R1 was activated by a sulfated, Met(7-->Leu(7)-substituted analog of drosulfakinin-1, FDDY(SO(3)H)GHLRF-NH(2) ([Leu(7)]-DSK-1S). The interaction of [Leu(7)]-DSK-1S with DSK-R1 led to a dose-dependent intracellular calcium increase with an EC(50) in the low nanomolar range. The observed Ca(2+) signal predominantly resulted from activation of pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive signaling pathways pointing most likely to G(q/11) involvement in coupling to the activated receptor. The unsulfated [Leu(7)]-DSK-1 was ca. 3000-fold less potent than its sulfated counterpart which stresses the importance of the sulfate moiety for the biological activity of drosulfakinin. The DSK-R1 was specific for the insect sulfakinin since two related vertebrate sulfated peptides, human CCK-8 and gastrin-II, were found inactive when tested at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. To our knowledge, the cloned DSK-R1 receptor is the first functionally active Drosophila sulfakinin receptor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Kubiak
- Animal Health Discovery Research, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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Kitagawa K, Aida C, Fujiwara H, Yagami T, Futaki S. Facile solid-phase synthesis of sulfated tyrosine-containing peptides: Part II. Total synthesis of human big gastrin-II and its C-terminal glycine-extended peptide (G34-Gly sulfate) by the solid-phase segment condensation approach. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:958-63. [PMID: 11515585 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of the fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase segment condensation approach to the preparation of sulfated peptides was investigated through the synthesis of human big gastrin-II, a 34-residue sulfated tyrosine [Tyr(SO3H)]-containing peptide. Highly acid-sensitive 2-chlorotrityl resin (Clt resin) was exclusively employed as an anchor-resin for the preparation of the three peptide segments having the C-terminal Pro residue as well as of the Tyr(SO3H)-containing resin-bound segment. By using the PyBOP-mediated coupling protocol [PyBOP=benzotriazolyloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphatel, we successively condensed each segment and constructed the 34-residue peptide-resin without any difficulty. The final acid treatment of the fully protected peptide-resin at low temperature (90% aqueous TFA, 0 degree C for 8 h), which can detach a Tyr(SO3H)-containing peptide from the resin and remove the protecting groups concurrently with minimum deterioration of the sulfate, afforded a crude sulfated peptide. After one-step HPLC purification, a highly homogeneous human big gastrin-II was easily obtained in 14% yield from the protected peptide-resin. The sulfate form of the C-terminal glycine-extended gastrin (G34-Gly sulfate), a posttranslational processing intermediate of gastrin-II, was also successfully prepared with the segment condensation approach (11% yield). These results demonstrated the usefulness of the segment condensation protocol for preparing large Tyr(SO3H)-containing peptides.
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Durieux P, Fernandez-Carneado J, Tuchscherer G. Synthesis of biotinylated glycosulfopeptides by chemoselective ligation. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Ueki M, Watanabe S, Ishii Y, Okunaka O, Uchino K, Saitoh T, Higashi K, Nakashima H, Yamamoto N, Ogawara H. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of nonatyrosine N- and O1-9-decasulfate. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:477-86. [PMID: 11249139 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop a potent and effective anti-HIV compound with a definite polyanionic structure, synthesis of oligotyrosine sulfates by oligomerization with simultaneous sulfation of tyrosine was tried. One component was successfully isolated from the mixture containing many products as its sodium salt (Y-ART-4) and was identified as the salt of nonatyrosine N- and O1-9-decasulfate, NaO3S-[Tyr(SO3Na)]9-ONa. Anti-HIV activity of Y-ART-4, determined from the protection it provided against HIV-induced cytopathic effects, was almost the same with that of dextran sulfate and curdlan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ueki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Science University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Yagami T, Kitagawa K, Aida C, Fujiwara H, Futaki S. Stabilization of a tyrosine O-sulfate residue by a cationic functional group: formation of a conjugate acid-base pair. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2000; 56:239-49. [PMID: 11083063 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated tyrosine [Tyr(SO3H)]-containing peptides showed characteristic peak patterns in their liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) spectra. Protonated molecules were desulfated more easily than their deprotonated counterparts. Therefore, the stabilities of the Tyr(SO3H) residues were well-reflected by peak patterns in their positive-ion spectra. These intrinsic peak patterns were investigated by comparing the behavior of each Tyr(SO3H) residue in acidic solution. As the peptide chain was lengthened and the number of cationic functional groups increased, the peak representing the [MH]+ of a Tyr(SO3H)-containing peptide became more prominent than that representing the desulfated [MH-SO3]+. These alterations in peptide structure also increased the stability of the Tyr(SO3H) residue in acidic solution. Based on the desulfation mechanism of an aryl monosulfate, we predicted that intramolecular cationic functional groups would stabilize Tyr(SO3H) residues by forming conjugate acid-base pairs (or salt bridges) both in the gaseous phase and in acidic solution. In accordance with this theory, Arg residues would take primary responsibility for this self-stabilization within Tyr(SO3H)-containing peptides. Moreover, a long peptide backbone was expected to have a weak protective effect against desulfation of the [MH]+ in the gaseous phase. Tyr(SO3H) residues were also stabilized by adding an external basic peptide containing multiple Arg residues. Formation of such intermolecular acid-base pairs was demonstrated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) which detected conjugated peptide ions. The energetically favorable formation of conjugate acid-base pairs prompted by Tyr(SO3H) residues might be a driving force for protein folding and protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yagami
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Koeller KM, Smith ME, Wong CH. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of PSGL-1 glycopeptides: sulfation on tyrosine affects glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of the O-glycan. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1017-25. [PMID: 10882013 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PSGL-1 is the primary glycoprotein ligand for P-selectin during the inflammatory response. Interestingly, the N-terminal sequence, containing both a site of tyrosine sulfation and an O-glycan, has been shown to bind to P-selectin with an affinity similar to full-length PSGL-1. To further characterize this system, the synthesis of glycopeptides from PSGL-1 was undertaken. The synthesis involved both solution- and solid-phase synthesis, as well as enzymatic transformations. During the synthesis, notable reactivity differences of the glycosyltransferases toward sulfated and unsulfated versions of the same glycopeptides were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Koeller
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Loughnan M, Bond T, Atkins A, Cuevas J, Adams DJ, Broxton NM, Livett BG, Down JG, Jones A, Alewood PF, Lewis RJ. alpha-conotoxin EpI, a novel sulfated peptide from Conus episcopatus that selectively targets neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:15667-74. [PMID: 9624161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized alpha-conotoxin EpI, a novel sulfated peptide from the venom of the molluscivorous snail, Conus episcopatus. The peptide was classified as an alpha-conotoxin based on sequence, disulfide connectivity, and pharmacological target. EpI has homology to sequences of previously described alpha-conotoxins, particularly PnIA, PnIB, and ImI. However, EpI differs from previously reported conotoxins in that it has a sulfotyrosine residue, identified by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. Native EpI was shown to coelute with synthetic EpI. The peptide sequence is consistent with most, but not all, recognized criteria for predicting tyrosine sulfation sites in proteins and peptides. The activities of synthetic EpI and its unsulfated analogue [Tyr15]EpI were similar. Both peptides caused competitive inhibition of nicotine action on bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors) but had no effect on the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm (muscle nicotinic ACh receptors). Both EpI and [Tyr15]EpI partly inhibited acetylcholine-evoked currents in isolated parasympathetic neurons of rat intracardiac ganglia. These results indicate that EpI and [Tyr15]EpI selectively inhibit alpha3beta2 and alpha3 beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loughnan
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Queensland 4067, Australia
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Guy CA, Fields GB. Trifluoroacetic acid cleavage and deprotection of resin-bound peptides following synthesis by Fmoc chemistry. Methods Enzymol 1997; 289:67-83. [PMID: 9353718 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)89044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Guy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0392, USA
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Kitagawa K, Aida C, Fujiwara H, Yagami T, Futaki S. Efficient solid-phase synthesis of sulfated tyrosine-containing peptides using 2-chlorotrityl resin: Facile synthesis of gastrin/cholecystokinin peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(96)02401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Yagami T, Kitagawa K, Futaki S. Liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry of peptides containing multiple tyrosine-O-sulfates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1995; 9:1335-1341. [PMID: 8534883 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of peptides containing multiple tyrosine-O-sulfates in liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) has been investigated. In the positive-ion spectra of the peptides containing two tyrosine-O-sulfates, Cionin and CCK-associated C-terminal nonapeptide (CAP-9), the completely desulfated [M+H-2SO3]+ ions formed the base peaks, accompanying the significantly less-intense [M+H]+ and [M+H-SO3]+ ions. In the negative-ion spectra of these peptides, the [M-H]- and [M-H-SO3]- ions gave prominent peaks with significantly weaker [M-H-2SO3]- ions. In the case of a peptide containing three tyrosine-O-sulfates, [Tyr(SO3H).1]CAP-9, the completely desulfated [M+H-3SO3]+ ion again formed the base peak in the positive-ion spectrum. On the other hand, the sulfated tyrosine-containing [M+H]+, [M+H-SO3]+, and [M+H-2SO3]+ ions were of negligible abundance compared to the spectra of peptides containing two tyrosine-O-sulfates. We observed an intriguing 'ladder fragmentation pattern' in the negative-ion spectrum of this triply-sulfated peptide. The ladder consisted of the [M-H]-, [M-H-SO3]-, and [M-H-2SO3]- ions, but without the completely desulfated [M-H-3SO3]- ion. These characteristic fragmentation patterns of sulfated tyrosine-containing peptides were considered to bear a close correlation with the inherent acid-lability of a tyrosine-O-sulfate in solution. A possible mechanism has been proposed to explain the fragmentation patterns in the gaseous phase, in which a proton plays a decisive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yagami
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Kitagawa K, Futaki S, Yagami T, Sumi S, Inoue K. Solid-phase synthesis of cionin, a protochordate-derived octapeptide related to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family of peptides, and its mono-tyrosine-sulfate-containing derivatives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 43:190-200. [PMID: 8200739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cionin, a protochordate-derived octapeptide amide related to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family of peptides, contains two consecutive tyrosine sulfate residues. In order to gain insight into the role of the respective tyrosine sulfate residue in biological activity, cionin and its derivatives in which one of the two tyrosine sulfate residues was replaced by tyrosine, were prepared by two Fmoc-based solid-phase approaches. In approach (1) Fmoc-Tyr(SO3Na)-OH was employed as a building block to assemble the Tyr(SO3Na)-containing peptide-resin, and a global deprotection/cleavage was conducted with 90% aqueous TFA in the presence of m-cresol and 2-methylindole at 4 degrees C. In approach (2) the Tyr(Msib) [Msib = p-(methylsulfinyl)benzyl] derivative was used for the peptide-chain assembly to achieve sulfation on the selective Tyr residue. Partially protected peptide with the Msib/Msz protecting groups [Msz = p-(methylsulfinyl)benzyloxycarbonyl], obtained after peptide-resin cleavage, was treated with DMF-SO3 complex in the presence of ethanedithiol to achieve the sulfation of free Tyr residue and the reduction of the Msib/Msz groups to TFA-labile Mtb/Mtz groups [Mtb = p-(methylthio)benzyl, Mtz = p-(methylthio)benzyloxycarbonyl]. Final deprotection of the Mtb/Mtz groups with 90% aqueous TFA in the presence of m-cresol and 2-methylindole gave the desired cionin derivative, which contains the tyrosine sulfate residue at the selective position. Yields obtained with approach (2) were considerably higher than those obtained with approach (1). Cionin and mono-Tyr(SO3H)-containing derivatives were assayed on exocrine pancreas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitagawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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