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Takla SS, Shawky E, Mahgoub YA, Darwish RS. Tracking the effect of roasting and fermentation on the metabolites of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using UPLC-MS analysis combined with multivariate statistical analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:419. [PMID: 37986059 PMCID: PMC10662527 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roasting, honey-roasting and fermentation are the most common pre-processing procedures of licorice roots. They were shown to noticeably change the composition of extracts. In this work, the common alterations in licorice secondary metabolites by processing were interpreted. Comprehensive metabolic profiling of different studied samples was undergone. METHODS UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis coupled to various chemometric analysis models was implemented to unravel the effect of different pre-processing procedures on the chemical profile of licorice samples. RESULTS UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis designated 133 chromatographic peaks with saponins, flavonoids, chalcones and pterocarpans being the most abundant groups. Triterpene saponins dominated the secondary metabolites in the aqueous extracts, with fermented samples showing the highest relative amounts. Meanwhile the ethanol extracts showed significant amounts of chalcones. Melanoidins were only detected in roasted and honey roasted samples. Multivariate models indicated that roasting of samples induced a greater effect on the polar metabolites rather than nonpolar ones. Variable of importance (VIP) plot indicated that glycyrrhizin and its hydrolysis product glycyrrhetinic acid, trihdroxychalcone diglycoside, glabrone and glabridin are the main chemical features responsible for the discrimination of samples. CONCLUSION Coupling UPLC-MS/MS to multivariate analysis was a successful tool that unveiled the significant effect of different pre-processing methods on the chemical profile of processed and unprocessed licorice samples. Moreover, such coupling unraveled the discriminatory chemical compounds among tested samples that can be employed as markers for the processing procedure of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Takla
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin A Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Reham S Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Ota M, Makino T. History and the immunostimulatory effects of heat-processed licorice root products with or without honey. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115108. [PMID: 35189279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (licorice root) is usually used after stir-baked with honey. However, in Japanese traditional Kampo medicine, processed licorice root is prepared by roasting without honey. AIM OF THE STUDY We summarized our previous studies on the processed licorice root products to review the effectiveness of the processing for licorice root. MATERIALS AND METHODS We summarized our previous studies about processed licorice root. The first report was about investigating the successive literatures of traditional medicine in China and Japan about the processing of licorice root. Next was the report about chemically analyzing for prepared various kinds of processed licorice root samples. The last reports were evaluating in vitro effects of the extracts of these samples and heated honey on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) secretion in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS Before the Song dynasty in mainland China, the processing of licorice root for the internal usage had been roasted without any drug adjuvants. Then, clinicians had also used honey-roasted licorice to treat throat pain since the Song dynasty, and honey-roasted licorice has been used as the substitute to roasted licorice since the end of the Qing dynasty. While the descriptions using honey have been disappeared in 18th century in Japan. We found that the conversion between liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin or between liquiritin and isoliquiritin in licorice root by heating was accelerated by using honey as drug adjuvant. The inducible effect of G-CSF of licorice root was not augmented by roasting, but significantly augmented by stir-baked with honey. Heated honey also had this activity, and isomaltose contributed the appearance of this activity among the constituents in honey. The best activity was appeared when isomaltose was heated at 180 °C for 60 min or at 200 °C for 15-30 min, and the average molecular weight of the active product was 790 kDa. CONCLUSIONS By our previous studies, we believe that the processing method in China is better than that in Japan for licorice root, since the immunostimulatory effects are appeared in honey used as drug adjuvant when honey is heated. Among the ingredients of honey, isomaltose can be used as the marker compound to choose a conforming honey product for the processing of licorice root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ota
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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Jitrangsri K, Kamata K, Akiba M, Yajiri Y, Ishibashi M, Tatsuzaki J, Ishikawa T. Is 18α-Glycyrrhizin a real natural product? Improved preparation of 18α-Glycyrrhizin from 18β-Glycyrrhizin as a positive standard for HPLC analysis of licorice extracts. J Nat Med 2022; 76:367-378. [PMID: 35083719 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
18α-Glycyrrhizin is an epimer of 18β-glycyrrhizin, a major component of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), which is widely used as a traditional medicine. Whether 18α-glycyrrhizin is a real natural product has been debated in the long history of glycyrrhizin chemistry because 18β-glycyrrhizin is epimerizable to a more thermodynamically stable 18α-glycyrrhizin under aqueous alkali conditions. We improved the preparation of 18α-glycyrrhizin from 18β-glycyrrhizin by successive epimerization reactions of 18β-glycyrrhizin, trimethyl esterification of the resulting epimerized mixture, and alkaline hydrolysis of a purified 18α-glycyrrhizin trimethyl ester. Approaches to the possible presence of 18α-glycyrrhizin in licorice extracts by HPLC using synthetic 18α-glycyrrhizin as a positive standard strongly suggested that 18α-glycyrrhizin could naturally exist as a minor congener of glycyrrhizin derivatives in Glycyrrhiza species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritamorn Jitrangsri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kamata
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Mana Akiba
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yajiri
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Jin Tatsuzaki
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ishikawa
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan.
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Du K, Yang J, Yang L, Wang Z, Wang R, Shi Y. Chemical profiling and marker characterization of Huangqin decoction prepared with three types of peony root by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2558-2570. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- School of PharmacyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- School of PharmacyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
- The MOE key laboratory of Standardization of Chinese MedicinesInstitute of Chinese Materia MedicaShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE key laboratory of Standardization of Chinese MedicinesInstitute of Chinese Materia MedicaShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of PharmacyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- The MOE key laboratory of Standardization of Chinese MedicinesInstitute of Chinese Materia MedicaShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
- Institute of TCM International StandardizationShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China
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Bentz GL, Lowrey AJ, Horne DC, Nguyen V, Satterfield AR, Ross TD, Harrod AE, Uchakina ON, McKallip RJ. Using glycyrrhizic acid to target sumoylation processes during Epstein-Barr virus latency. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217578. [PMID: 31125383 PMCID: PMC6534330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular sumoylation processes are proposed targets for anti-viral and anti-cancer therapies. We reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) dysregulates cellular sumoylation processes, contributing to its oncogenic potential in EBV-associated malignancies. Ginkgolic acid and anacardic acid, known inhibitors of sumoylation, inhibit LMP1-induced protein sumoylation; however, both drugs have adverse effects in hosts. Here we test the effects of glycyrrhizic acid, a medicinal botanical extract with anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-viral properties, on cellular sumoylation processes. While glycyrrhizic acid is known to inhibit EBV penetration, its affect on cellular sumoylation processes remains to be documented. We hypothesized that glycyrrhizic acid inhibits cellular sumoylation processes and may be a viable treatment for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. Results showed that glycyrrhizic acid inhibited sumoylation processes (without affecting ubiquitination processes), limited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in multiple cell lines. Similar to ginkgolic acid; glycyrrhizic acid targeted the first step of the sumoylation process and resulted in low levels of spontaneous EBV reactivation. Glycyrrhizic acid did not affect induced reactivation of the virus, but the presence of the extract did reduce the ability of the produced virus to infect additional cells. Therefore, we propose that glycyrrhizic acid may be a potential therapeutic drug to augment the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L. Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela J. Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dustin C. Horne
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Austin R. Satterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tabithia D. Ross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abigail E. Harrod
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga N. Uchakina
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. McKallip
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
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Ota M, Xu F, Li YL, Shang MY, Makino T, Cai SQ. Comparison of chemical constituents among licorice, roasted licorice, and roasted licorice with honey. J Nat Med 2017; 72:80-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Yu SJ, Cho IA, Kang KR, Jung YR, Cho SS, Yoon G, Oh JS, You JS, Seo YS, Lee GJ, Lee SY, Kim DK, Kim CS, Kim SG, Jeong MA, Kim JS. Licochalcone-E induces caspase-dependent death of human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells through the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3662-3668. [PMID: 28521469 PMCID: PMC5431251 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate licochalcone-E (Lico-E)-induced apoptosis and the associated apoptotic signaling pathway in FaDu cells, a human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line. Treatment with Lico-E exhibited significant cytotoxicity on FaDu cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value of Lico-E in FaDu cells was ~50 µM. Treatment with Lico-E increased the number of dead FaDu cells. Furthermore, chromatin condensation, which is associated with apoptotic cell death, was observed in FaDu cells treated with Lico-E for 24 h. By contrast, Lico-E did not produce cytotoxicity or increase the number of dead cells when applied to human normal oral keratinocytes (hNOKs). Furthermore, chromatin condensation was not observed in hNOKs treated with Lico-E. Treatment with Lico-E increased the expression of Fas ligand and the cleaved form of caspase-8 in FaDu cells. Furthermore, treatment with Lico-E increased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors, including apoptosis regulator BAX, Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1, caspase-9 and tumor suppressor p53, while decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors, including apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-like protein 1 in FaDu cells. The expression of cleaved caspases-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase was significantly upregulated following treatment with Lico-E in FaDu cells, while Lico-E-induced apoptotic FaDu cell death was partially suppressed by treatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pan caspase inhibitor. Therefore, Lico-E-induced oral cancer (OC) cell-specific apoptosis is mediated by the death receptor-dependent extrinsic and mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. In conclusion, these data suggested that Lico-E exhibits potential chemopreventive effects and warrants further developed as a chemotherapeutic agent against OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Joun Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - In-A Cho
- Department of Biodental Engineering, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Rok Kang
- Department of Biodental Engineering, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Ra Jung
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Jeollanamdo 353-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Jeollanamdo 353-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seek You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Je Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Gwan Kim
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Jeong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon 259-13, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Pre-Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most popular medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional herbal remedy since ancient times (Blumenthal et al. in Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, 2000; Parvaiz et al. in Global J Pharmocol 8(1):8–13, 2014; Altay et al. in J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032, 2016). Many experimental, pharmacological and clinical studies show that liquorice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-hemorrhoid antihyperglycemic, antidiuretic, antinephritic, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and blood stopper activity.
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Anti-Cancer Effect of Quercetin in Xenograft Models with EBV-Associated Human Gastric Carcinoma. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101286. [PMID: 27681719 PMCID: PMC6274130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice extracts have been widely used in herbal and folk medications. Glycyrrhiza contains diverse range of biological compounds including triterpenes (glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glabridin, licoricidin, isoliquiritigenin). The flavonoids in licorice are known to have strong anti-cancer activities. Quercetin, the most abundant flavonoid, has been shown to have anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection can lead to serious malignancies, such as, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease and gastric carcinoma(GC), and (Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric carcinoma) EBVaGC is one of the most common EBV-associated cancers. In this study, the authors first examined the anti-cancer effects of quercetin and isoliquiritigenin in vivo xenograft animal models implanted with EBV(+) human gastric carcinoma (SNU719) or EBV(−) human gastric carcinoma (MKN74), and then explored the molecular mechanisms responsible for their anti-cancer activities. The results obtained showed that anti-cancer effect of quercetin was greater than isoliquiritigenin in mice injected with EBV(+) human gastric carcinoma (SNU719) cells. On the other hand, quercetin and isoliquiritigenin had similar anti-cancer effects in mice injected with EBV(−) human gastric carcinoma (MKN74) cells. Interestingly, quercetin inhibited EBV viral protein expressions, including EBNA-1 and LMP-2 proteins in tumor tissues from mice injected with EBV(+) human gastric carcinoma. Quercetin more effectively induced p53-dependent apoptosis than isoliquiritigenin in EBV(+) human gastric carcinoma, and this induction was correlated with increased expressions of the cleaved forms of caspase-3, -9, and Parp. In EBV(−)human gastric carcinoma (MKN74), both quercetin and isoliquiritigenin induced the expressions of p53, Bax, and Puma and the cleaved forms of caspase-3 and -9 and Parp at similar levels.
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Lee JH, Kim JE, Jang YJ, Lee CC, Lim TG, Jung SK, Lee E, Lim SS, Heo YS, Seo SG, Son JE, Kim JR, Lee CY, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Dehydroglyasperin C suppresses TPA-induced cell transformation through direct inhibition of MKK4 and PI3K. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:552-62. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology; Seoul National University; Pyeongchang Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Creative Food Science for Health; Korea Food Research Institute; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14456 USA
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Creative Food Science for Health; Korea Food Research Institute; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team; Korea Food Research Institute; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Hallym University; Chuncheon Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Heo
- Department of Chemistry; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Joe Eun Son
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14456 USA
- Department of Biochemistry; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah SA
| | - Hyong Joo Lee
- Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology; Seoul National University; Pyeongchang Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology; Seoul National University; Suwon Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology; Seoul National University; Pyeongchang Republic of Korea
- Institute on Aging; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Li W, Ning J, Hong R, Wu H. Major flavonoid constituents and short-term effects of Chun Mee tea in rats. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:93-98. [PMID: 28911450 PMCID: PMC9351756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chun Mee tea is a kind of green tea produced in China mainly for export purposes. Foam quantity is usually used as an index for evaluating the quality of Chun Mee tea. In the current study, we compared the concentrations of total saponin and flavonoids between foamy and low-foam Chun Mee tea. Our research confirmed that the total saponin and O-glycosylated flavonoid concentrations were related to the foam quantity of Chun Mee teas. We also studied the short-term safety effects of extract supplementation with foamy and low-foam Chun Mee tea in rats by routine blood tests and analysis of liver and kidney function, and blood lipids. Our results showed that both types of tea extract supplementations did not cause any observable adverse effects or impair either liver or kidney function. Additionally, this study confirmed the beneficial effects of Chun Mee tea extract supplementation on the decrease of total plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Weizhu Li
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingming Ning
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rihua Hong
- Rixing Tea Company Limited, Shitai, Anhui, China
| | - Hanping Wu
- Rixing Tea Company Limited, Shitai, Anhui, China
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Song NR, Kim JE, Park JS, Kim JR, Kang H, Lee E, Kang YG, Son JE, Seo SG, Heo YS, Lee KW. Licochalcone A, a polyphenol present in licorice, suppresses UV-induced COX-2 expression by targeting PI3K, MEK1, and B-Raf. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4453-70. [PMID: 25710724 PMCID: PMC4394430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice is a traditional botanical medicine, and has historically been commonly prescribed in Asia to treat various diseases. Glycyrrhizin (Gc), a triterpene compound, is the most abundant phytochemical constituent of licorice. However, high intake or long-term consumption of Gc has been associated with a number of side effects, including hypertension. However, the presence of alternative bioactive compounds in licorice with anti-carcinogenic effects has long been suspected. Licochalcone A (LicoA) is a prominent member of the chalcone family and can be isolated from licorice root. To date, there have been no reported studies on the suppressive effect of LicoA against solar ultraviolet (sUV)-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that LicoA, a major chalcone compound of licorice, effectively inhibits sUV-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 PGE2 generation through the inhibition of activator protein 1 AP-1 transcriptional activity, with an effect that is notably more potent than Gc. Western blotting analysis shows that LicoA suppresses sUV-induced phosphorylation of Akt/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2/p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK) in HaCaT cells. Moreover, LicoA directly suppresses the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1, and B-Raf, but not Raf-1 in cell-free assays, indicating that PI3K, MEK1, and B-Raf are direct molecular targets of LicoA. We also found that LicoA binds to PI3K and B-Raf in an ATP-competitive manner, although LicoA does not appear to compete with ATP for binding with MEK1. Collectively, these results provide insight into the biological action of LicoA, which may have potential for development as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Ry Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, 446-829, Korea.
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Heerim Kang
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
- Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, 446-829, Korea.
| | - Joe Eun Son
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
| | - Yong Seok Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea.
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea.
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TADA A, ISHIZUKI K, SUGIMOTO N, YOSHIMATSU K, KAWAHARA N, SUEMATSU T, ARIFUKU K, FUKAI T, TAMURA Y, OHTSUKI T, TAHARA M, YAMAZAKI T, AKIYAMA H. Determination of the Plant Origin of Licorice Oil Extract, a Natural Food Additive, by Principal Component Analysis Based on Chemical Components. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2015; 56:217-27. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.56.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kayo YOSHIMATSU
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Nobuo KAWAHARA
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
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14
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Kao TC, Wu CH, Yen GC. Bioactivity and potential health benefits of licorice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:542-53. [PMID: 24377378 DOI: 10.1021/jf404939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Licorice is an herbal plant named for its unique sweet flavor. It is widely used in the food and tobacco industries as a sweetener. Licorice is also used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and complementary medicine. Because the use of licorice has long been a part of TCM, the details of its therapeutic applications have been thoroughly established. In modern science, licorice is of interest because of its broad range of applications. Extracts of and compounds isolated from licorice have been well studied and biologically characterized. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical and functional activities of licorice as well as those of the extracts of and the isolated compounds from licorice, including agents with anti-inflammatory activity, cell-protective abilities, and chemopreventive effects. The side effects of licorice are also enumerated. A comparison of the activities of licorice described by modern science and TCM is also presented, revealing the correspondence of certain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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15
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Fukuda E, Uesawa Y, Baba M, Okada Y. Application of Mixture Analysis to Crude Materials from Natural Resources (IV)[1(a-c)]: Identification of Glycyrrhiza Species by Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (II). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify Glycyrrhiza species by chemical fingerprinting, the bark of the roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer and G. glabra Linné were analyzed using DART (Direct Analysis in Real Time)-MS. The characteristic peaks of each species were determined statistically by volcano plot. This summarizes the relationship between the p-values of a statistical test and the magnitude of the difference in values of the samples in the groups. In this experiment, peaks that had a p value <0.05 in the t test and ≥2 absolute difference were defined as characteristic. As a result, characteristic peaks of G. uralensis were found at m/z 299, 315, 341, and 369. In contrast, characteristic peaks of G. glabra were found at m/z 323, 325, 337, 339, and 391. In conclusion, we found several characteristic peaks to distinguish G. uralensis and G. glabra by DART-MS using volcano plot. This method can be applied to identify the Glycyrrhiza species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Fukuda
- Department of Natural Medicine and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204–8588, Japan
| | - Masaki Baba
- Department of Natural Medicine and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Okada
- Department of Natural Medicine and Phytochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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De AK, Datta S, Mukherjee A. Quantitative analysis of Glycyrrhizic acid from a polyherbal preparation using liquid chromatographic technique. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 3:210-5. [PMID: 23378941 PMCID: PMC3560126 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid has been used in Indian traditional medicine for ages. It is obtained from the root extract of Glycyrrhizaglabra. There is seasonal variation of Glycyrrhizic acid content in the roots of the plant. So a proper method for quantification of the same is necessary from the polyherbal preparation available in the market. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method have been developed for the quantitative estimation of glycyrrhizic acid from polyherbal preparation containing aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhizaglabra using a photodiode array detector. The identity confirmation was carried out using mass spectrometry. Baseline resolution of the glycyrrhizic acid peak was achieved on a reverse phase C18 column (125 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μ) using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 5.3 mM phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 v/v. Chromatograms were monitored at 252 nm.5.3 mM phosphate buffer was replaced with 0.5mM ammonium acetate buffer in the mobile phase when MS detector was used. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 12.4 to124 μg/ml with a correlation co-efficient of 0.999. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were 3.08 μg/ml and 10.27 μg/ml respectively. The average recovery from three spike levels was 99.93 ± 0.26%. Identity confirmation of the chromatographic peak was achieved by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and similar molecular ion peak was obtained for both sample and standard. The developed method is suitable for the routine analysis, stability testing and assay of glycyrrhizic acid from polyherbal preparations containing aqueous extracts of Glycyrrhizaglabra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. De
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sriparna Datta
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Wang M, Zhang M, Tang Q, Li X. Influence of honey-roasting on the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble active glycosides of licorice. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2012; 9:189-96. [PMID: 23983334 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), licorice is usually processed with honey and traditionally used in decoction form. However, the influence of honey-roasting on the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble active constituents of licorice has not been reported. The aim of the present study is to determine whether honey-roasting can modify the main pharmacological activities and the active constituents of licorice. According to licorice clinical application and processing method, the mainly related pharmacological activities of crude licorice, processed licorice and refined honey, such as enhancing immune function, relieving cough, eliminating phlegm and detoxication, were compared. The results showed that honey-roasting obviously reinforced the licorice activity of enhancing Pi-deficiency mice's immune function, and significantly weaken the licorice activity of relieving cough, removing phlegm and detoxication. However, honey didn't show the significant activity of relieving cough, removing phlegm and detoxication. The influence of honey-roasting on the chemical compositions in licorice slice and licorice decoction was investigated by using HPLC. The results showed that the content and the decocting quantity of mainly 5 active glycosides in licorice, i.e. liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, licuraside, isoliquiritin and glycyrrhizin, obviously changed after processing; glycyrrhizin and liquiritin obviously decomposed during honey-roasting. In conclusion, honey-roasting obviously modified the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble compositions of licorice. The modification was not cause by honey only. This finding may shed some light on understanding the differences in the therapeutic values of crude and processed licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China
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18
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Majima T, Yamada T, Tega E, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Tani T. Pharmaceutical evaluation of liquorice before and after roasting in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:589-95. [PMID: 15142335 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Liquorice has been used for allergic-inflammatory and liver disorders in both traditional Chinese and modern medicine. In traditional Chinese formulations, it is mainly roasted liquorice that has been used rather than un-roasted liquorice. We have compared the pharmaceutical characteristics of liquorice before and after roasting to clarify the pharmaceutical significance of the roasting. Although roasted liquorice contained less glycyrrhizin (an anti-allergic component) than un-roasted liquorice, the inhibitory potency of roasted liquorice extract (200 mg kg−1) on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated triphasic ear swelling in mice was much greater compared with un-roasted liquorice. To search for additional active ingredients, roasted liquorice extract was subjected to gel-chromatography to give an anti-allergic fraction (Fa) of molecular weight ranging from 15000 to 200000 or more, in which glycyrrhizin was not detected. By testing the activity of the various fractions, it was proved that the anti-allergic effect of roasted liquorice was due to glycyrrhizin, its metabolite glycyrrhetic acid, and the Fa fraction. The inhibitory potency of the Fa fraction (15 and 75 mg kg−1) prepared from roasted liquorice was stronger than that prepared from un-roasted liquorice. Therefore, a pharmaceutical implication of roasting the liquorice seems to be associated with an increase in the anti-allergic property of the Fa fraction. It is notable that oral administration of the high molecular mass fraction (Fa) significantly inhibited IgE-mediated ear swelling six days after challenge at doses as low as 3, 15 or 75 mg kg−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takami Majima
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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19
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Lee YM, Lim DY, Choi HJ, Jung JI, Chung WY, Park JHY. Induction of cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells by the dietary compound isoliquiritigenin. J Med Food 2009; 12:8-14. [PMID: 19298190 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid chalcone that is present in licorice, shallot, and bean sprouts, is known to have antitumorigenic activities. The present study examined whether ISL alters prostate cancer cell cycle progression. DU145 human and MatLyLu (MLL) rat prostate cancer cells were cultured with various concentrations of ISL. In both DU145 and MLL cells treated with ISL, the percentage of cells in the G1 phase increased, and the incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine decreased. ISL decreased the protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, whereas cyclin A and CDK2 expressions were unaltered in cells treated with ISL. The expression of the CDK inhibitor p27(KIP1) was increased in cells treated with 20 micromol/L ISL. In addition, treatment of cells with 20 micromol/L ISL for 24 hours led to G2/M cell cycle arrest. Cell division control (CDC) 2 protein levels remained unchanged. The protein levels of phospho-CDC2 (Tyr15) and cyclin B1 were increased, and the CDC25C level was decreased by ISL dose-dependently. We demonstrate that ISL promotes cell cycle arrest in DU145 and MLL cells, thereby providing insights into the mechanisms underlying its antitumorigenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Myeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Blockade of Nitroxidative Stress by Roasted Licorice Extracts in High Glucose-exposed Endothelial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52:344-54. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181888898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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The determination of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Zhi Gan Cao) root and the dried aqueous extract by LC–DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Hwang IK, Lim SS, Choi KH, Yoo KY, Shin HK, Kim EJ, Yoon-Park JH, Kang TC, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Kim DW, Moon WK, Won MH. Neuroprotective effects of roasted licorice, not raw form, on neuronal injury in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:959-65. [PMID: 16867245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe neuroprotective effects of raw and roasted licorice against hypoxia and ischemic damage. METHODS When elucidating the protective effects of raw and roasted licorice, we analyzed the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release using PC12 cells after hypoxia in an in vitro study and after transient forebrain ischemia in an in vivo study on Mongolian gerbils. RESULTS Raw and roasted licorice significantly reduced LDH release from PC12 cells exposed to an hypoxic chamber for 1 h. In the roasted licorice-treated group, the decrease of LDH release was more pronounced compared to that of the raw licorice-treated group. In roasted licorice-treated animals, approximately 66%-71% of CA1 pyramidal cells in the ischemic hippocampus were stained with cresyl violet compared to the control group. However, in the raw licorice-treated animals, no significant neuroprotection against ischemic damage was shown. In addition, ischemic animals in roasted licorice-treated group maintained the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity and protein levels compared to the control group, while in raw licorice-treated group SOD1 activity and protein levels were reduced significantly. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that non-polar compounds containing glycyrrhizin-degraded products, such as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide (GM), were increased in roasted licorice. CONCLUSION Roasted licorice had neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage by maintaining the SOD1 levels. In addition, the difference in protective ability between raw and roasted licorice may be associated with non-polar compounds, such as GA and GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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Kim JK, Oh SM, Kwon HS, Oh YS, Lim SS, Shin HK. Anti-inflammatory effect of roasted licorice extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1215-23. [PMID: 16716255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Licorice, the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata, is used by practitioners of alternative medicine to treat individuals with gastric or duodenal ulcers, bronchitis, cough, arthritis, adrenal insufficiency, and allergies. We investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of 4 licorice extracts: extracts of roasted licorice obtained by ethanol (rLE) or water extraction (rLW) and extracts of raw licorice obtained by ethanol (LE) or water extraction (LW). rLE demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity through its ability to reduce nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) production in the LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cell, RAW264.7. It also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression on the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further study indicated that LPS-induced degradation and phosphorylation of Ikappa-Balpha, along with DNA-binding of NF-kappaB, was significantly inhibited by rLE exposure in RAW264.7 cells. In the murine model, we found that in vivo exposure to rLE-induced an increase in the survival rate, reduced plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and increased IL-10 production in LPS-treated mice. Collectively, these data suggest that the use of rLE may be a useful therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyung Kim
- Food and Drug Preclinical Technology Innovation Center, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Yamamoto Y, Majima T, Saiki I, Tani T. Pharmaceutical evaluation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots cultivated in eastern Nei-Meng-Gu of China. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:1144-9. [PMID: 12913266 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the feasibility of medicinal use of the cultivated Glycyrrhiza resources, the equivalency between the G. uralensis roots cultivated in eastern Nei-Meng-Gu of China and medicinal licorice (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Gancao in Chinese and Kanzo in Japanese) was examined. The HPLC fingerprint including glycyrrhizin (GL) of the cultivated roots was similar to that of medicinal Gancao, but different from that of non-medicinal Xinjiang-Gancao (Shinkyo Kanzo in Japanese). Similarity between the cultivated roots and two medicinal Gancao was confirmed quantitatively by hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of HPLC-7-peak-area data. Moreover, the 4-year-old adventitious roots conformed to the five standards described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia XIV (JP XIV). The 4-year-old adventitious roots had similar pharmaceutical properties to those of medicinal Dongbei-Gancao (Tohoku Kanzo in Japanese) as determined by examining IgE-mediated triphasic skin reaction in mice and pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhetic acid, an anti-allergic metabolite of GL. The present pharmaceutical study suggests that the 4-year-old adventitious roots of G. uralensis cultivated in eastern Nei-Meng-Gu of China are comparable to medicinal Gancao conforming to the JP XIV, and may be a potential medicinal source to compensate for the insufficiency of wild Glycyrrhiza plants caused by collection restriction in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Abstract
Licorice root is one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine. In the United States, licorice products are most often used as flavoring and sweetening agents in food products. Constituents of licorice include triterpenoids, such as glycyrrhizin and its aglycone glycyrrhizic acid, various polyphenols, and polysaccharides. A number of pharmaceutical effects of licorice are known or suspected (anti-inflammatory, antivirus, antiulcer, anticarcinogenesis, and others). Licorice and its derivatives may protect against carcinogen-induced DNA damage and may be suppressive agents as well. Glycyrrhizic acid is an inhibitor of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, inhibits protein kinase C, and downregulates the epidermal growth factor receptor. Licorice polyphenols induce apoptosis in cancer cells. These and other activities of licorice are reviewed, and a rationale is suggested for combinations of agents in preventive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Wang
- American Health Foundation, New York, NY 10017, USA.
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