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Nájera-Longoria RJ, Leal-Berumen I, Rangel-Ledezma YS, Licón-Trillo A, Moreno-Brito V, González-Rodríguez E, Conchas-Ramírez M, Alcalá-Sánchez IG. Early-Life Metabolic Traits and Physical Fitness in Tarahumara, Mennonite, and Mestizo Adolescents from Northern Mexico. Nutrients 2023; 15:3208. [PMID: 37513626 PMCID: PMC10385102 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO identifies high BMI, high blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose as chronic disease risk factors, whereas physical fitness is identified as a protective behavioral factor. This study responds to the rising interest in assessing metabolic factors and physical activity within young populations of Mestizo, Tarahumara, and Mennonite from Chihuahua Mexico, due to its strong relationship with disease development and low well-being. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 teenagers from rural towns in Northern Mexico, and relationships between physical fitness and cardio-metabolic risk related to anthropometric, glycolipid, and vascular function factors were assessed. ANOVA-tested differences among ethnic groups using physical fitness as a grouping variable and measures of cardio-metabolic risks were used as dependent variables. A stepwise regression analysis allowed us to identify the best predictors for physical fitness. Clinical risk factors were analyzed by ethnic group and sex. No differences were found among ethnic groups in physical fitness and cardio-metabolic health risks; sex differentiated higher health risks related to behavioral factors, since young women showed lower physical fitness across ethnicities. Clinically, the Mestizo sample showed higher numbers of individuals with one risk factor. Mennonites showed a high frequency of anthropometric and fitness health risks with low glycolipid and vascular risks. Tarahumara had fewer risk factors as compared with both Mestizo and Mennonite. Rural populations are harder to reach, both for health assessment and intervention; health professionals must work close to local community organizations to gain access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl J Nájera-Longoria
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Irene Leal-Berumen
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Yunuen S Rangel-Ledezma
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Angel Licón-Trillo
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | - Verónica Moreno-Brito
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Conchas-Ramírez
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
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2
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Anderson C, Potts L. Physical health conditions of the Amish and intervening social mechanisms: an exhaustive narrative review. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1952-1978. [PMID: 34410871 PMCID: PMC8857275 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2021.1968351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As an ethnic religion, the Amish are of interest to population health researchers due to a distinctive health profile arising from ethnic attributes, including a closed genetic pool and shared culture that shapes lifestyle practices. Amish-focused health research both furthers our knowledge of health conditions by comparing Amish with non-Amish and assists health practitioners in serving this rapidly growing population. Amish health research, now representing approximately a quarter of all Amish-focused publications, is in need of review, to the end of strengthening this knowledge body's coherence, clarifying research directions, and identifying knowledge gaps, lapses, and stagnations. Herein, we synthesize and discuss Amish physical health conditions research, both the population's distinctive health profile and mechanisms shaping this profile. Specifically, we summarize research addressing BMI, physical activity, and body image; diet and supplements; cancer; cardiovascular conditions; communicable diseases; immunity; sleep; genetic disorders; tobacco and alcohol use; periodontal conditions; traumatic injuries; natural treatments for burns; fertility; and sexually transmitted diseases. In reflection, we raise questions about the nature of intervening mechanisms shaping the Amish health profile, the strange omission of several common independent variables commonly used when studying other ethnic groups' health, several recurring methodological complications, and public health policy considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Anderson
- Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Lindsey Potts
- Occupational Therapy, Maryville University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Button BLG, Martin G, Clark AF, Graat M, Gilliland JA. Examining Factors of Accelerometer-Measured Sedentary Time in a Sample of Rural Canadian Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7110232. [PMID: 33212897 PMCID: PMC7698431 DOI: 10.3390/children7110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine potential child-level and day-level factors of accelerometer-measured sedentary time in a sample of rural Canadian children. Children (n = 86) from rural Northwestern Ontario participated in this study. Children’s sedentary times were identified and logged using an accelerometer. Child-level data (socio-demographic, household, and environment) came from surveys of children and their parents and a passively logging global positioning unit. Day-level data on day type (weekday/weekend) and weather (temperature, precipitation) were based on the dates of data collection and meteorological data came from the closest Environment Canada weather station. Cross-classified regression models were used to assess the relationship between child-level and day-level correlates of sedentary time. Boys were less sedentary than girls (b = −30.53 p = 0.01). For each one-year age increase, children’s sedentary time increased (b = 12.79 p < 0.01). This study indicates a difference in sedentary time based on a child’s age and gender. However, family, environmental, and weather characteristics did not influence sedentary time in this sample. Health practitioners who deliver care for northern rural youth can provide targeted health advice regarding sedentary time and consider gender and age to be risk factors for these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton L. G. Button
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (G.M.); (A.F.C.); (M.G.); (J.A.G.)
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111; Fax: +1-519-661-3750
| | - Gina Martin
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (G.M.); (A.F.C.); (M.G.); (J.A.G.)
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Andrew F. Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (G.M.); (A.F.C.); (M.G.); (J.A.G.)
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Megan Graat
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (G.M.); (A.F.C.); (M.G.); (J.A.G.)
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Jason A. Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (G.M.); (A.F.C.); (M.G.); (J.A.G.)
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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4
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Divine A, Blanchard C, Naylor PJ, Benoit C, Symons Downs D, Rhodes RE. Effect of housework on physical activity during transitions to parenthood. Women Health 2020; 61:50-65. [PMID: 33190626 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1844357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transition to parenthood is associated with declines in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increases in light PA (LPA). One potential mechanism for this change in PA that occur at the onset of parenthood is housework. We examined housework load and PA levels of three cohorts of couples across 12 months recruited from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada between January 2007 and December 2011. Participants (N = 314; 102 not expecting a child, 136 expecting first-child, 76 expecting second child) completed baseline demographics and 7-day accelerometry, followed by assessments at 6 and 12 months. Hierarchical linear regression assessed the association between PA, housework, and perceptions of partner's workload. New fathers' but not new mothers' housework was positively related to their LPA at 12 months. Perceptions of partners' workload were positively related to new mothers LPA, and negatively related to new fathers MVPA at 12 months. Mediation analysis determined if perceived behavioral control accounts for the relationship between the discrepancy in housework between partners' PA. Results suggest that if a woman perceives their partner to do more housework their own PA increases, whereas for men their PA decreases. These findings highlight the importance of the division of housework on PA for both mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Divine
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
| | - Chris Blanchard
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Cecilia Benoit
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
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Akram F, Gragnoli C, Raheja UK, Snitker S, Lowry CA, Sterns-Yoder KA, Hoisington AJ, Brenner LA, Saunders E, Stiller JW, Ryan KA, Rohan KJ, Mitchell BD, Postolache TT. Seasonal affective disorder and seasonal changes in weight and sleep duration are inversely associated with plasma adiponectin levels. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 122:97-104. [PMID: 31981963 PMCID: PMC7024547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overlapping pathways between mood and metabolic regulation have increasingly been reported. Although impaired regulation of adiponectin, a major metabolism-regulating hormone, has been implicated in major depressive disorder, its role in seasonal changes in mood and seasonal affective disorder-winter type (SAD), a disorder characterized by onset of mood impairment and metabolic dysregulation (e.g., carbohydrate craving and weight gain) in fall/winter and spontaneous alleviation in spring/summer, has not been previously studied. We studied a convenience sample of 636 Old Order Amish (mean (± SD), 53.6 (±14.8) years; 50.1% males), a population with self-imposed restriction on network electric light at home, and low prevalence of total SAD (t-SAD = syndromal + subsyndromal). We calculated the global seasonality score (GSS), estimated SAD and subsyndromal-SAD after obtaining Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaires (SPAQs), and measured overnight fasting plasma adiponectin levels. We then tested associations between plasma adiponectin levels and GSS, t-SAD, winter-summer difference in self-reported sleep duration, and self-reported seasonal weight change, by using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and linear regression analysis after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. Participants with t-SAD (N = 14; 2.2%) had significantly lower plasma adiponectin levels (mean ± SEM, 8.76 ± 1.56 μg/mL) than those without t-SAD (mean ± SEM, 11.93 ± 0.22 μg/mL) (p = 0.035). In addition, there was significant negative association between adiponectin levels and winter-summer difference in self-reported sleep duration (p = 0.025) and between adiponectin levels and self-reported seasonal change in weight (p = 0.006). There was no significant association between GSS and adiponectin levels (p = 0.88). To our knowledge, this is the first study testing the association of SAD with adiponectin levels. Replication and extension of our findings longitudinally and, then, interventionally, may implicate low adiponectin as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Akram
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudia Gragnoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bios Biotech Multi-Diagnostic Health Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Uttam K. Raheja
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Soren Snitker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Amish Research Clinic of the University of Maryland, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kelly A. Sterns-Yoder
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J. Hoisington
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Systems Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - Lisa A. Brenner
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erika Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John W. Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA,Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly J. Rohan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA,Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teodor T. Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA,Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Mitchell BD, Kalra G, Ryan KA, Zhang M, Sztalryd C, Steinle NI, Taylor SI, Snitker S, Lewis JP, Miller M, Shuldiner AR, Xu H. Increased usual physical activity is associated with a blunting of the triglyceride response to a high-fat meal. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:109-114. [PMID: 30553757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined as a prolonged or elevated rise in triglycerides that accompanies fat feeding, is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and associated comorbidities. The impact of PPL on coronary heart disease risk is underscored by the preponderance of each day spent in the postprandial state. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated cross-sectionally the association between usual (ie, noninterventional) physical activity and the 6-hour triglyceride response to a standardized high-fat meal. METHODS The high-fat meal intervention was carried out in 671 apparently healthy individuals as part of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study. Triglyceride levels were measured in the fasting state and during 6 hours after administration of a standardized fat challenge. We defined PPL response as the triglyceride area under the fat load curve (AUC) and measured physical activity using accelerometers that were worn continuously over a 7-day period. RESULTS Physical activity levels decreased with increasing age and were higher in men than women (both P < .001). The triglyceride AUC increased with increasing age in both men and women (both P < .001) and was also higher in men than in women (age-adjusted P = 9.2 × 10-12). Higher physical activity levels were associated with a lower triglyceride AUC (P = .003), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and fasting low-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the protective benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health may operate, at least in part, through reduction of the PPL triglyceride response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton D Mitchell
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gurmannat Kalra
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Man Zhang
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nanette I Steinle
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Simeon I Taylor
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Soren Snitker
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joshua P Lewis
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Huichun Xu
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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7
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Abstract
The Amish are a relatively isolated group with cultural and religious customs that differ significantly from the mainstream American population. Functioning as tight-knit communities with strong conservative Christian beliefs, the Amish maintain a culture based on intentional separateness from the outside world. Key aspects of Amish life include distinct clothing and behaviors, a unique language, an agrarian lifestyle, limited formal education, nonviolence/nonaggression, and a general lack of modern technology, as exemplified by the use of the traditional horse-and-buggy. The Amish have distinct health care practices, beliefs, and goals, and because of differing genetics and lifestyle, also have a distinct constellation of health and disease characteristics. This article reviews the core beliefs, community and lifestyle, health care beliefs and practices, and health characteristics of this unique and medically challenging population. Generalizable strategies for providing culturally competent care for any such ethnically, socially, or medically unique community are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E R Weller
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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8
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Setayeshgar S, Ekwaru JP, Maximova K, Majumdar SR, Storey KE, McGavock J, Veugelers PJ. Dietary intake and prospective changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:39-45. [PMID: 27959641 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Only few studies examined the effect of diet on prospective changes in cardiometabolic (CM) risk factors in children and youth despite its importance for understanding the role of diet early in life for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. To test the hypothesis that dietary intake is associated with prospective changes in CM risk factors, we analyzed longitudinal observations made over a period of 2 years among 448 students (aged 10-17 years) from 14 schools in Canada. We applied mixed effect regression to examine the associations of dietary intake at baseline with changes in body mass index, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and insulin sensitivity score between baseline and follow-up while adjusting for age, sex, and physical activity. Dietary fat at baseline was associated with increases in SBP and DBP z scores (per 10 g increase in dietary fat per day: β = 0.03; p < 0.05) and WC (β = 0.31 cm; p < 0.05) between baseline and follow-up. Every additional gram of sodium intake at baseline was associated with an increase in DBP z score of 0.04 (p < 0.05) between baseline and follow-up. Intake of sugar, vegetables and fruit, and fibre were not associated with changes in CM risk factors in a statistically significant manner. Our findings suggest that a reduction in the consumption of total dietary fat and sodium may contribute to the prevention of excess body weight and hypertension in children and youth, and their cardiometabolic sequelae later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Setayeshgar
- a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - John Paul Ekwaru
- a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Katerina Maximova
- b School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-268 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sumit R Majumdar
- c Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 5-112 Clinical Sciences, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - Kate E Storey
- a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Jonathan McGavock
- d Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 511 JBRC, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Paul J Veugelers
- a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada
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Fisher A, Smith L, van Jaarsveld CH, Sawyer A, Wardle J. Are children's activity levels determined by their genes or environment? A systematic review of twin studies. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:548-53. [PMID: 26844116 PMCID: PMC4721400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The importance of physical activity to paediatric health warrants investigation into its determinants. Objective measurement allows a robust examination of genetic and environmental influences on physical activity. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on the extent of genetic and environmental influence on children's objectively-measured activity levels from twin studies. DATA SOURCES AND SEARCH TERMS Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Health and Psychosocial Instruments and all Ovid Databases. Search terms: "accelerometer" OR "actometer" OR "motion sensor" OR "heart rate monitor" OR "physical activity energy expenditure" AND "twin". Limited to Human, English language and children (0-18 years). RESULTS Seven sets of analyses were included in the review. Six analyses examined children's daily-life activity and found that the shared environment had a strong influence on activity levels (weighted mean 60%), with a smaller contribution from genetic factors (weighted mean 21%). Two analyses examined short-term, self-directed activity in a standard environment and found a smaller shared environment effect (weighted mean 25%) and a larger genetic estimate (weighted mean 45%). CONCLUSIONS Although genetic influences may be expressed when children have brief opportunities for autonomous activity, activity levels in daily-life are predominantly explained by environmental factors. Future research should aim to identify key environmental drivers of childhood activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Smith
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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10
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Brooke HL, Corder K, Atkin AJ, van Sluijs EMF. A systematic literature review with meta-analyses of within- and between-day differences in objectively measured physical activity in school-aged children. Sports Med 2015; 44:1427-38. [PMID: 24981243 PMCID: PMC4171592 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeting specific time periods of the day or week may enhance physical activity (PA) interventions in youth. The most prudent time segments to target are currently unclear. Objectives To systematically review the literature describing differences in young people’s objectively measured PA on weekdays vs. weekends, in school vs. out of school, weekends vs. out of school and lesson time vs. break time. Methods Electronic databases were searched for English-language, cross-sectional studies of school-aged children (4–18 years) reporting time-segment-specific accelerometer-measured PA from 01/1990 to 01/2013. We meta-analysed standardised mean differences (SMD) between time segments for mean accelerometer counts per minute (TPA) and minutes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). SMD is reported in units of standard deviation; 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 represent small, moderate and large effects. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression (potential effect modifiers: age, sex and study setting). Results Of the 54 included studies, 37 were eligible for meta-analyses. Children were more active on weekdays than weekends [pooled SMD (95 % CI) TPA 0.14 (0.08; 0.20), MVPA 0.42 (0.35; 0.49)]. On school days, TPA was lower in school than out of school; however, marginally more MVPA was accumulated in school [TPA −0.24 (−0.40; −0.08), MVPA 0.17 (−0.03; 0.38)]. TPA was slightly lower on weekends than out of school on school days, but a greater absolute volume of MVPA was performed on weekends [TPA −0.10 (−0.19; −0.01), MVPA 1.02 (0.82; 1.23)]. Heterogeneity between studies was high (I2 73.3–96.3 %), with 20.3–53.1 % of variance between studies attributable to potential moderating factors. Conclusions School-aged children are more active on weekdays than weekend days. The outcome measure influences the conclusions for other comparisons. Findings support the tailoring of intervention strategies to specific time periods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0215-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Brooke
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) and MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Patient activity after TKA depends on patient-specific parameters. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472:3933-40. [PMID: 25053290 PMCID: PMC4397766 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients expect an improvement of walking ability and an increase in activity levels after TKA. Unfortunately, few studies report qualitative and quantitative activity improvements after TKA. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate quantity and quality of physical activity before and after TKA with an accelerometer, and to compare activity level with that of an age-matched control group without lower-extremity disorders. (2) Improvement in measured steps per day after TKA and the ability to meet physical activity guidelines were evaluated. (3) The influence of patient-specific and implant parameters were assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS An accelerometer was used to measure activity in 97 patients who were assessed before TKA and 1 year after TKA. The measurements included the total number of steps, moderate to vigorous activity defined as at least 100 steps per minute, and time spent lying, sitting/standing, or walking. We then calculated the proportion of patients who met the 10,000 steps per day guideline recommendation and determined factors that predicted failure to meet that goal. Thirty-nine age-matched control subjects without lower-extremity disorders were selected and underwent the same assessments using the accelerometer for comparison with patients 1 year after TKA. RESULTS Measured steps per day improved from a mean of 5278 (SD, 2999) preoperatively to 6473 (SD, 3654) postoperatively (effect size, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.35; p < 0.001). Moderate to vigorous steps per day improved from a mean of 1150 (SD, 982) to 1935 (SD, 1728; p < 0.001). Times spent in lying, sitting, or standing position or during walking did not change after TKA. For all measured parameters, activity of the patients after TKA was considerably less than that of the age-matched control subjects, who walked a mean of 13,375 (SD, 4614) steps per day (p < 0.001), performed a mean of 6562 (SD, 3401) vigorous steps per day (p < 0.001), and spent a mean of 2.9 hours (SD, 1.1) per day walking (p < 0.001). Only 16 patients (16.5%) met physical activity guidelines after TKA. BMI (p = 0.017), sex (p = 0.027), and comorbidities (American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade, p = 0.042) were independent factors associated with steps per day after TKA. CONCLUSIONS One year after TKA, patients had increased walking and moderate to vigorous steps. However, only 16.5% achieved the guideline recommendations for walking activity. BMI, sex, and comorbidities are patient factors that are associated with activity after TKA. Even with improvements in walking, activity level after TKA remains less than that seen for age-matched control subjects. Surgeons should be aware of this when counseling patients undergoing TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study. See the Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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12
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Schaefer L, Plotnikoff RC, Majumdar SR, Mollard R, Woo M, Sadman R, Rinaldi RL, Boulé N, Torrance B, Ball GDC, Veugelers P, Wozny P, McCargar L, Downs S, Lewanczuk R, Gleddie D, McGavock J. Outdoor time is associated with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. J Pediatr 2014; 165:516-21. [PMID: 25043155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether time spent outdoors was associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and related health benefits in youth. STUDY DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study of 306 youth aged 13.6 ± 1.4 years. The exposure of interest was self-reported time spent outdoors after school, stratified into three categories: none, some, and most/all of the time. The main outcome of interest was accelerometer-derived MVPA (Actical: 1500 to >6500 counts/min). Secondary outcomes included sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, overweight status, and blood pressure. RESULTS Among the 306 youth studied, those who reported spending most/all of their after-school time outdoors (n = 120) participated in more MVPA (61.0 ± 24.3 vs 39.9 ± 19.1 min/day; adjusted P < .001), were more likely to achieve the recommended minimum 60 min/day of MVPA (aOR 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.4), spent less time in sedentary activities (539 ± 97 min/day vs 610 ± 146 min/day; adjusted P < .001), and had higher cardiorespiratory fitness (49 ± 5 vs 45 ± 6 mL/kg/min; adjusted P < .001) than youth who reported no time outdoors (n = 52). No differences in overweight/obesity or blood pressure were observed across the groups. CONCLUSIONS Time spent outdoors is positively associated with MVPA and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth and negatively associated with sedentary behavior. Experimental trials are needed to determine whether strategies designed to increase time spent outdoors exert a positive influence on physical activity and fitness levels in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Schaefer
- Faculty of Education, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sumit R Majumdar
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Mollard
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meaghan Woo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rashik Sadman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Randi Lynn Rinaldi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Normand Boulé
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Geoff D C Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Veugelers
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Wozny
- Black Gold School District, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda McCargar
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shauna Downs
- Menzies Center for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Lewanczuk
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Douglas Gleddie
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan McGavock
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Abstract
Most organisms display endogenously produced ∼ 24-hour fluctuations in physiology and behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that is hierarchically expressed throughout the brain and body, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serving as the master circadian oscillator at the top of the hierarchy. Appropriate circadian regulation is important for many homeostatic functions including energy regulation. Multiple genes involved in nutrient metabolism display rhythmic oscillations, and metabolically related hormones such as glucagon, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone are released in a circadian fashion. Mice harboring mutations in circadian clock genes alter feeding behavior, endocrine signaling, and dietary fat absorption. Moreover, misalignment between behavioral and molecular circadian clocks can result in obesity in both rodents and humans. Importantly, circadian rhythms are most potently synchronized to the external environment by light information and exposure to light at night potentially disrupts circadian system function. Since the advent of electric lights around the turn of the 20th century, exposure to artificial and irregular light schedules has become commonplace. The increase in exposure to light at night parallels the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders. In this review, we propose that exposure to light at night alters metabolic function through disruption of the circadian system. We first provide an introduction to the circadian system, with a specific emphasis on the effects of light on circadian rhythms. Next we address interactions between the circadian system and metabolism. Finally, we review current experimental and epidemiological work directly associating exposure to light at night and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Fonken
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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14
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Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Benoit C, Levy-Milne R, Jean Naylor P, Symons Downs D, Warburton DE. Belief-level markers of physical activity among young adult couples: Comparisons across couples without children and new parents. Psychol Health 2014; 29:1320-40. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.929687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Metcalf KM, Singhvi A, Tsalikian E, Tansey MJ, Zimmerman MB, Esliger DW, Janz KF. Effects of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity on overnight and next-day hypoglycemia in active adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1272-8. [PMID: 24574352 PMCID: PMC3994939 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity (PA) provides many benefits to adolescents with type 1 diabetes; however, these individuals tend to have lower fitness and PA levels than their disease-free counterparts. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute temporal associations between moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and hypoglycemia (continuous glucose monitor [CGM] reading ≤70 mg/dL). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nineteen participants (53% females) 14-20 years old with type 1 diabetes were recruited. Participant fitness was evaluated via indirect calorimetry using a maximal exercise test; body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. An accelerometer was worn continuously (3-5 days) and acceleration data used to estimate MVPA (minutes per day). Blood glucose values were simultaneously tracked using CGM. Controlling for sex, percent body fat (%BF), fitness, and concurrent MVPA, the likelihood of nighttime and next-day hypoglycemia due to MVPA was examined using logistic regression. RESULTS Participants were of average fitness (females: 43.9 mL/kg/min; males: 49.8 mL/kg/min) and adiposity (females: 26.2%; males: 19.2%); 63.2% met the U.S. federal guideline of accumulating 60 min/day of MVPA. Hypoglycemia was 31% more likely in those who accumulated 30 min/day more MVPA in the previous afternoon than those with less (95% CI 1.05-1.63; P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that participating in afternoon MVPA increases the risk of overnight and next-day hypoglycemia, independent of sex, %BF, fitness, and concurrent MVPA. While promoting PA as a healthy behavior, it is important to educate adolescents with type 1 diabetes on prevention of hypoglycemia following PA.
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Hobin E, So J, Rosella L, Comte M, Manske S, McGavock J. Trajectories of objectively measured physical activity among secondary students in Canada in the context of a province-wide physical education policy: a longitudinal analysis. J Obes 2014; 2014:958645. [PMID: 24672714 PMCID: PMC3942104 DOI: 10.1155/2014/958645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower levels of physical activity are associated with childhood obesity. School physical education (PE) policies have been identified as critical to improve child and adolescent physical activity levels but there has been little evaluation of such policies. In the province of Manitoba, Canada, the government implemented a mandatory PE policy in secondary schools designed to increase the daily physical activity levels of adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal changes in and the factors associated with the physical activity trajectories of adolescents in Manitoba during their tenure as secondary school students in the context of this school PE policy. The results found, despite the PE policy, a grade-related decline in the physical activity trajectories of adolescents; however, the decline in physical activity was attenuated among adolescents with low and moderate baseline physical activity compared to adolescents with high baseline physical activity and among adolescents who attended schools in neighbourhoods of low compared to high socioeconomic status. There are several possible explanations for these findings, including the influence of the PE policy on the PA patterns of adolescent subpopulations that tend to be at higher risk for inactivity in both childhood and adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hobin
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V2
- *Erin Hobin:
| | - Jannice So
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V2
| | - Laura Rosella
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V2
| | - Melisa Comte
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Steve Manske
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jonathan McGavock
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3P4
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1143-211. [PMID: 23798298 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene-environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co-twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer-term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Rich C, Geraci M, Griffiths L, Sera F, Dezateux C, Cortina-Borja M. Quality control methods in accelerometer data processing: defining minimum wear time. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67206. [PMID: 23826236 PMCID: PMC3691227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When using accelerometers to measure physical activity, researchers need to determine whether subjects have worn their device for a sufficient period to be included in analyses. We propose a minimum wear criterion using population-based accelerometer data, and explore the influence of gender and the purposeful inclusion of children with weekend data on reliability. METHODS Accelerometer data obtained during the age seven sweep of the UK Millennium Cohort Study were analysed. Children were asked to wear an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer for seven days. Reliability coefficients(r) of mean daily counts/minute were calculated using the Spearman-Brown formula based on the intraclass correlation coefficient. An r of 1.0 indicates that all the variation is between- rather than within-children and that measurement is 100% reliable. An r of 0.8 is often regarded as acceptable reliability. Analyses were repeated on data from children who met different minimum daily wear times (one to 10 hours) and wear days (one to seven days). Analyses were conducted for all children, separately for boys and girls, and separately for children with and without weekend data. RESULTS At least one hour of wear time data was obtained from 7,704 singletons. Reliability increased as the minimum number of days and the daily wear time increased. A high reliability (r = 0.86) and sample size (n = 6,528) was achieved when children with ≥ two days lasting ≥10 hours/day were included in analyses. Reliability coefficients were similar for both genders. Purposeful sampling of children with weekend data resulted in comparable reliabilities to those calculated independent of weekend wear. CONCLUSION Quality control procedures should be undertaken before analysing accelerometer data in large-scale studies. Using data from children with ≥ two days lasting ≥10 hours/day should provide reliable estimates of physical activity. It's unnecessary to include only children with accelerometer data collected during weekends in analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Rich
- Medical Research Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Physical activity and sedentary behavior across 12 months in cohort samples of couples without children, expecting their first child, and expecting their second child. J Behav Med 2013; 37:533-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-013-9508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hairston KG, Ducharme JL, Treuth MS, Hsueh WC, Jastreboff AM, Ryan KA, Shi X, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR, Snitker S. Comparison of BMI and physical activity between old order Amish children and non-Amish children. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:873-8. [PMID: 23093661 PMCID: PMC3609522 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Old Order Amish (OOA) is a conservative Christian sect of European origin living in Pennsylvania. Diabetes is rare in adult OOA despite a mean BMI rivaling that in the general U.S. non-Hispanic white population. The current study examines childhood factors that may contribute to the low prevalence of diabetes in the OOA by comparing OOA children aged 8-19 years with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data and children from Maryland's Eastern Shore (ES), a nearby, non-Amish, rural community. We hypothesized that pediatric overweight is less common in OOA children, that physical activity (PA) and BMI are inversely correlated, and that OOA children are more physically active than ES children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We obtained anthropometric data in 270 OOA children and 229 ES children (166 non-Hispanic white, 60 non-Hispanic black, 3 Hispanic). PA was measured by hip-worn accelerometers in all ES children and in 198 OOA children. Instrumentation in 43 OOA children was identical to ES children. RESULTS OOA children were approximately 3.3 times less likely than non-Hispanic white ES children and NHANES estimates to be overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Time spent in moderate/vigorous PA (MVPA) was inversely correlated to BMI z-score (r = -0.24, P = 0.0006). PA levels did not differ by ethnicity within the ES group, but OOA children spent an additional 34 min/day in light activity (442 ± 56 vs. 408 ± 75, P = 0.005) and, impressively, an additional 53 min/day in MVPA (106 ± 54 vs. 53 ± 32, P < 0.0001) compared with ES children. In both groups, boys were more active than girls but OOA girls were easily more active than ES boys. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed all three hypotheses. Together with our previous data, the study implies that the OOA tend to gain their excess weight relatively late in life and that OOA children are very physically active, both of which may provide some long-term protection against diabetes.
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Fisher K, Newbold KB, Eyles J, Elliott S. Mental health in a Canadian Old Order Mennonite community. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.53a073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smart cities, healthy kids: the association between neighbourhood design and children's physical activity and time spent sedentary. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618084 DOI: 10.1007/bf03403831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether, and to what extent, a relation exists between neighbourhood design and children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Saskatoon. METHODS Three neighbourhood designs were assessed: 1) core neighbourhoods developed before 1930 that follow a grid pattern, 2) fractured-grid pattern neighbourhoods that were developed between the 1930s and mid-1960s, and 3) curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods that were developed between the mid-1960s through to 1998. Children aged 10-14 years (N=455; mean age 11.7 years), grouped by the neighbourhoods they resided in, had their physical activity and sedentary behaviour objectively measured by accelerometry for 7 days. ANCOVA and MANCOVA (multivariate analysis of covariance) models were used to assess group differences (p<0.05). RESULTS Group differences were apparent on weekdays but not on weekend days. When age, sex and family income had been controlled for, children living in fractured-grid neighbourhoods had, on average, 83 and 55 fewer accelerometer counts per minute on weekdays than the children in the core and curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods, respectively. Further analyses showed that the children in the fractured-grid neighbourhoods accumulated 15 and 9 fewer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day and had a greater time spent in sedentary behaviour (23 and 17 minutes) than those in core and curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods, respectively. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in Saskatoon there is a relation between neighbourhood design and children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours. Further work is needed to tease out which features of the built environments have the greatest impact on these important lifestyle behaviours. This information, offered in the context of ongoing development of neighbourhoods, as we see in Saskatoon, is critical to an evidence-informed approach to urban development and planning.
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Katz ML, Ferketich AK, Broder-Oldach B, Harley A, Reiter PL, Paskett ED, Bloomfield CD. Physical activity among Amish and non-Amish adults living in Ohio Appalachia. J Community Health 2012; 37:434-40. [PMID: 21858689 PMCID: PMC3625537 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand the behavioral lifestyle factors that may contribute to lower cancer incidence rates among the Amish population, this study evaluated differences in physical activity (PA) levels between Amish and non-Amish adults living in Ohio Appalachia. Amish (n = 134) and non-Amish (n = 154) adults completed face-to-face interviews as part of a cancer-related lifestyle study. Self-report of PA level was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and by a diary of steps/day (pedometer: Digi-Walker SW-200). Total metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) minutes was calculated from the IPAQ and average number of steps/day from a pedometer diary. Amish males walked more steps/day (mean ± standard error (SE): 11,447 ± 611 vs. 7,605 ± 643; P < 0.001) and had a higher IPAQ score (MET min/week) (mean ± SE: 8,354 ± 701 vs. 5,547 ± 690; P < 0.01) than non-Amish males. In addition, Amish farmers walked significantly more steps/day than Amish non-farmers (mean ± SE: 15,278 ± 1,297 vs. 10,742 ± 671; P < 0.01). There was a trend for Amish females to walk more steps/day (mean ± SE: 7,750 ± 477 vs. 6,547 ± 437; P = 0.06) and to have higher IPAQ scores (mean ± SE: 4,966 ± 503 vs. 3,702 ± 450; P = 0.06) compared to non-Amish females. Two measures of PA demonstrated a higher PA level among Amish males, especially farmers, and a trend for higher PA level among Amish females. Higher levels of PA warrants further investigation as one factor potentially contributing to lower cancer incidence rates documented among the Amish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Katz
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1590 North High Street, Suite 525, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
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Saunders T. Potential contributors to the canadian pediatric obesity epidemic. ISRN PEDIATRICS 2011; 2011:917684. [PMID: 22389790 PMCID: PMC3263586 DOI: 10.5402/2011/917684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a group, Canadian children and youth are heavier than at any time in the recent past. However, to date there has been no critical examination of the factors which are likely to have contributed to these deleterious trends. A review of the evidence suggests that there is robust evidence supporting the role of reduced sleep, increased sedentary time, increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, and secular increases in adult obesity as contributing factors to the current epidemic of childhood obesity. There is moderate evidence that these trends are related to changes in either total energy intake or physical activity, while there is very little evidence supporting the role of maternal age, breastfeeding, exposure to endocrine disrupters, or inadequate calcium intake. These findings suggest that targeting sleep, sedentary time, and sugar-sweetened beverage intake in Canadian children and youth may help to prevent future weight gain at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Saunders
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L1
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Abstract
There is concern that interventions that use physical activity to prevent obesity in children might be undermined by an 'Activitystat', which exerts an effect to maintain a low set point for physical activity. The present critique summarises evidence from systematic reviews of interventions, from empirical tests of the Activitystat hypothesis, from studies on the heritability of physical activity in childhood and the physical activity of children of and adolescents across a wide range of physical and cultural environments. This body of evidence is inconsistent with the Activitystat hypothesis in its current form, and suggests that the emphasis on physical activity in obesity prevention interventions in children should be increased, not reduced.
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Fisher A, van Jaarsveld CHM, Llewellyn CH, Wardle J. Environmental influences on children's physical activity: quantitative estimates using a twin design. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10110. [PMID: 20422046 PMCID: PMC2858042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twin studies offer a 'natural experiment' that can estimate the magnitude of environmental and genetic effects on a target phenotype. We hypothesised that fidgetiness and enjoyment of activity would be heritable but that objectively-measured daily activity would show a strong shared environmental effect. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a sample of 9-12 year-old same-sex twin pairs (234 individuals; 57 MZ, 60 DZ pairs) we assessed three dimensions of physical activity: i) objectively-measured physical activity using accelerometry, ii) 'fidgetiness' using a standard psychometric scale, and iii) enjoyment of physical activity from both parent ratings and children's self-reports. Shared environment effects explained the majority (73%) of the variance in objectively-measured total physical activity (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.63-0.81) with a smaller unshared environmental effect (27%; CI: 0.19-0.37) and no significant genetic effect. In contrast, fidgetiness was primarily under genetic control, with additive genetic effects explaining 75% (CI: 62-84%) of the variance, as was parent's report of children's enjoyment of low 74% (CI: 61-82%), medium 80% (CI: 71-86%), and high impact activity (85%; CI: 78-90%), and children's expressed activity preferences (60%, CI: 42-72%). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our hypothesis, the shared environment was the dominant influence on children's day-to-day activity levels. This finding gives a strong impetus to research into the specific environmental characteristics influencing children's activity, and supports the value of interventions focused on home or school environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fisher
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare H. Llewellyn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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