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Jofré-Saldía E, Festa RR, Villalobos-Gorigoitía Á, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Ojeda ÁH, Cancino-López J, Gea-García GM. Block strength training based on age-related functional consequences in older women. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0323501. [PMID: 40445966 PMCID: PMC12124495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0323501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Strength training is a form of healthy ageing in older women. Although recommendations currently exist, some are very broad or fail to cover the needs of aging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of blocks strength training based on age-related functional consequences on functional performance in older adult women. 82 community-dwelling older women (70.17 ± 6.04 y) were randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 40) or control (n = 42) group. Experimental group performed a Block Strength Training (BST) program based on strength, power, and muscular endurance, and different level of effort for 9 weeks, and control maintained daily routine with physical activity recommendations. Functional performance was assessed using absolute handgrip strength [AHS], timed up and go [TUG], two-minutes step test [2MST], five times stand-to-sit test [5-SST], 6-m walking speed test [6-WS] pre-post intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA (Time*Group) and effect size (partial eta-squared, ŋP2) with a significance level of p < 0.05. BST improved functional performance in the protocols of AHS (21.51 vs. 23.07-kg; + 7%), TUG (8.22 vs. 7.29-sec; + 11%), 2MST (78.76 vs. 97.18-steps; + 23%), 5-SST (12.68 vs. 9.43-sec; + 26%), and 6-WS (1.16 vs. 1.36- m·s-1; + 17%) compared to control (19.31 vs. 19.66-kg; 8.94 vs. 9.26-sec; 62.68 vs. 63.73-steps; 13.99 vs. 14.25-sec; 1.06 vs. 1.06-m·s-1, respectively) in a Time*Group interaction effect (p < 0.01; ŋP2 > 0.11). This BST is effective in improving overall functional performance and thus reducing the risk of physical frailty in community-dwelling older women. These findings strengthen the approach to exercise programming over recommendations, moving toward effective precision dosing for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Jofré-Saldía
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebastián, Región Metropolina, Chile
| | | | - Álvaro Villalobos-Gorigoitía
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Instituto del Deporte y Bienestar, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino-López
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gemma María Gea-García
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
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Peña JC, Sánchez-Guette L, Lombo C, Pinto E, Collazos C, Tovar B, Bonilla DA, Cardozo LA, Tellez LA. Characterization of Load Components in Resistance Training Programs for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Scoping Review. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:153. [PMID: 40423289 DOI: 10.3390/sports13050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2025] [Revised: 03/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) has been shown to produce beneficial effects, including on quality of life, renal function, physical fitness, and survival rates in kidney transplant for 24 recipients. However, the optimal periodization of load components for this population remains unclear, as no consensus has been established. This study aimed to characterize the load components of RT programs in kidney transplant recipients. A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The literature search was performed up to October 2024 in MEDLINE/PubMed, the Web of Science Core Collection, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus. Only studies that included RT as part of the intervention were considered. The RT variables analyzed included intervention duration, weekly frequency, session duration, number and types of exercises, intensity, number of sets, rest time between sets, progressive overload, and execution velocity. A total of 645 studies were identified, of which 15 met the eligibility criteria and were selected for analysis. The primary strategy for intensity control was based on the percentage of one-repetition maximum (%1RM), with training zones ranging from 30% to 80%. The number of sets varied from two to eight, while repetitions ranged from 10 to 20. The rest intervals between sets lasted between one and five minutes. The most highly implemented type of resistance involved the use of dumbbells, body weight, and elastic bands. A high degree of heterogeneity was identified in load periodization parameters, highlighting a lack of consensus in exercise prescription for this population. However, this review established general criteria that can serve as a reference for exercise professionals to develop more structured and effective training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan C Peña
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training, School of Heath and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111061, Colombia
- Science and Technologies of Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | | | - Camilo Lombo
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training, School of Heath and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111061, Colombia
| | - Edith Pinto
- Asociación Colombiana de Deportistas Trasplantados (ACODET), Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Carlos Collazos
- Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Grupo de Ciencias Básicas y Laboratorios, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | - Blanca Tovar
- Research Group GUANACO, School of Heath and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111061, Colombia
| | - Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Hologenomiks Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Monteria 230002, Colombia
| | - Luis A Cardozo
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training, School of Heath and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111061, Colombia
| | - Luis Andres Tellez
- Research Group ESCALA, Corporación Unificada Nacional de Educación Superior, Bogotá 111311, Colombia
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Neves PP, Marques DL, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Ferraz R, Marques MC, Alves AR. Impact of Re-Warm-Up During Resistance Training: Analysis of Mechanical and Physiological Variables. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:142. [PMID: 40423278 DOI: 10.3390/sports13050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the effects of re-warm-up versus no re-warm-up before squats or bench presses on mechanical, physiological, and psychophysiological responses in recreationally trained men. Methods: Twenty-two participants (22.8 ± 3.3 years) completed four randomized sessions involving different re-warm-up and exercise sequences. Measurements included heart rate, blood lactate, tympanic temperature, and perceived exertion. Key performance metrics, such as mean propulsive velocity, peak velocity, power, velocity loss, and effort index, were analyzed. Results: Findings revealed that re-warming up before squats (W + BP + RW + SQ) significantly enhanced propulsive velocity and power compared to no re-warm-up (W + BP + SQ) (p ≤ 0.05; d = 0.45-0.62). However, re-warming up before the bench press (W + SQ + RW + BP) did not improve mechanical performance compared to the standard sequence (W + SQ + BP) (p > 0.05; d = 0.10-0.38). Notably, velocity loss and effort index were higher in the third bench press set under the W + SQ + BP condition (p ≤ 0.05; d = 0.53-0.60). No significant differences in physiological or psychophysiological responses were found between conditions. Conclusions: Overall, re-warm-up effectively improved squat mechanical performance when performed after the bench press but had a minimal impact on the bench press when performed after squats. These findings suggest that re-warming up before lower-body exercises may enhance mechanical performance, while its benefits may be less pronounced for upper-body exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P Neves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diogo L Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Alves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Contento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Hickmott LM, Butcher SJ, Chilibeck PD. Conceptualizing a load and volume autoregulation integrated velocity model to minimize neuromuscular fatigue and maximize neuromuscular adaptations in resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2025; 125:1221-1255. [PMID: 39864040 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-025-05709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) load and volume are considered crucial variables to appropriately prescribe and manage for eliciting the targeted acute responses (i.e., minimizing neuromuscular fatigue) and chronic adaptations (i.e., maximizing neuromuscular adaptations). In traditional RT contexts, load and volume are generally pre-prescribed; thereby, potentially yielding sub-optimal outcomes. A RT concept that individualizes programming is autoregulation: a systematic two-step feedback process involving, (1) monitoring performance and its constituents (fitness, fatigue, and readiness) across multiple time frames (short-, moderate-, and long-term); and (2) adjusting programming (i.e., load and volume) to elicit the targeted goals (i.e., responses and adaptations). A growing body of load and volume autoregulation research has accelerated recently, with several meta-analyses suggesting that autoregulation may provide a small advantage over traditional RT. Nonetheless, the existing literature has typically conceptualized these current autoregulation methods as standalone practices, which has limited their extensive utility in research and applied settings. The primary purpose of this review was three-fold. Initially, we synthesized the current methods of load and volume autoregulation, while disseminating each method's main advantages and limitations. Second, we conceptualized a theoretical Integrated Velocity Model (IVM) that integrates the current methods for a more holistic perspective of autoregulation that may potentially augment its benefits. Lastly, we illustrated how the IVM may be compared to the current methods for future directions and how it may be implemented for practical applications. We hope that this review assists to contextualize a novel autoregulation framework to help inform future investigations for researchers and practices for RT professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landyn M Hickmott
- College of Medicine, Health Sciences Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Scotty J Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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López-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Poveda FL, Masía MD, Heredia-Elvar JR, González-Gálvez N. Moderate intensity continuous training, combined moderate-intensity continuous training vs combined high-intensity interval training in adults with hypertension: Randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2025; 59:101960. [PMID: 39961274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite all efforts to treat hypertension, it is still responsible for 10.8 million deaths annually. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous moderate-intensity training, strength training combined with continuous moderate-intensity training and strength training combined with high-intensity interval training in adults with high blood pressure. METHODS A 12-week randomized control trial was performed. A total of 100 volunteers, 51 women and 49 men with hypertension participated. The sample was randomly assigned into three intervention groups and one control group. RESULTS All intervention groups significantly improved their hemodynamic parameters, body composition, lipid profile, glucose, and physical fitness as compared to the control group. Both combined training groups showed greater improvements than the moderate-intensity continuous training group. However, the strength group combined with the moderate-intensity continuous group showed the greatest benefits in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, of -13.4 mmHg, -6.8 mmHg and -8.9 mmHg respectively, abdominal circumference, upper and lower limb strength and VO₂peak, versus the continuous moderate-intensity group; it also achieved greater reductions in systolic and mean blood pressure, up to -6.8 mmHg and 4.3 mmHg respectively, than the strength group combined with the high intensity interval group. CONCLUSION Performing a strength training program combined with continuous moderate intensity training, 2 days per week for 12 weeks, produces significant improvements in cardiometabolic biomarkers, body composition, and physical condition of adults with hypertension, with these adaptations being superior to those produced by continuous moderate-intensity training and strength training combined with high-intensity intervallic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López-Ruiz
- Facultad del Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Forelli F, Marine P, Moiroux-Sahraoui A, Mazeas J, Thoelen M, Swinnen B, Bizzini M, Van Melick N, Rambaud A. Velocity-based training in mid- and late-stage rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a narrative review and practical guidelines. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2025; 11:e002503. [PMID: 40297302 PMCID: PMC12035418 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is critical for strength development and physical recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Traditional percentage-based training (PBT) methods, which often focus on maximal strength and training to failure, are not able to objectify rapid force development. Velocity-based training (VBT), using movement velocity as a metric for training intensity, offers a promising alternative. This article promotes the use of VBT in ACLR rehabilitation, emphasising its potential to enhance neuromuscular recovery and return-to-sport outcomes. A narrative review of current literature focuses on mid- and late-stage rehabilitation to examine how VBT can address PBT limitations and improve functional recovery and sports performance. VBT provides several advantages, including real-time feedback, individualised load adjustments and better alignment with daily physiological variations. It facilitates the accurate training load prescriptions, enhances motivation and reduces unnecessary fatigue. Monitoring load-velocity profiles and velocity-loss thresholds enables more effective strength and hypertrophy adaptations without reaching muscular failure. In midstage rehabilitation, VBT not only helps to restore muscle strength and hypertrophy using submaximal loads and individualised velocity profiles but also addresses unwanted neuroplasticity following ACLR by providing augmented feedback and facilitating an external focus. In late-stage rehabilitation, VBT focuses on improving explosive strength and power, crucial for sports performance. Despite its benefits, VBT application in rehabilitation is limited by a lack of data on injured populations and specific exercises, such as open-chain single-joint movements. Integrating VBT allows practitioners to enhance traditional rehabilitation protocols, potentially leading to better clinical outcomes and providing a more personalised rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Forelli
- HE-Arc Santé, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
- Orthopedic Surgery, Ramsay General Health Group, Domont, France
| | | | - Ayrton Moiroux-Sahraoui
- Orthopedic Surgery, Ramsay General Health Group, Domont, France
- Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, France
| | - Jean Mazeas
- Orthopedic Surgery, Ramsay General Health Group, Domont, France
- Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, France
| | - Mathias Thoelen
- Physical Therapy, Anna TopSupport, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Swinnen
- Integrated Performance Training, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicky Van Melick
- Sports and Orthopedics Research Center, Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Rambaud
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Univ Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
- Physiotherapy Clinic of the Sport Center, La Talaudière, France
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7
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Pareja-Blanco F. Training at Different Velocity Zones: Does It Really Matter? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025:1-5. [PMID: 40268281 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2025-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 02/13/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE "If we could measure the velocity of movements daily and obtain immediate feedback, this would possibly be the best marker to determine whether the loading intensity is appropriate." With this visionary statement made approximately 35 years ago, Juan José González-Badillo laid the foundation for what is now recognized as "velocity-based training" (VBT). VBT is based on the strong correlation between relative load and movement velocity (ie, the "load-velocity relationship"). The load-velocity relationship-the core concept behind VBT-demonstrates, through its high degree of shared variance (R2 ≥ 95%), that it is impossible to manipulate one variable without directly impacting the other (eg, moving heavier relative loads at higher velocities). Nevertheless, a controversial point in the literature challenges this fundamental principle, introducing the subjective theory of "velocity-training zones." The purpose of this commentary is to address this issue by reaffirming the elementary principle of VBT: Due to mechanical constraints, establishing distinct velocity zones is unfeasible and unrealistic. CONCLUSION The primary objective of any resistance-training program is to increase force application against a given absolute load. Consistent with the near-perfect load-velocity relationship, this positive effect will undoubtedly enhance force production at both portions of the force-velocity spectrum (light-load/high-velocity and heavy-load/low-velocity portions). The rationale and logic supporting this argument are extensively detailed and discussed throughout this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Riscart-López J, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Colomina-Clemens F, Crespo-García E, de Castro-Maqueda G, Rosety-Rodríguez MÁ, León-Prados JA, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of Different Ranges of Loads on Physical Performance Using Velocity-Based Resistance Training. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:121. [PMID: 40278747 PMCID: PMC12031267 DOI: 10.3390/sports13040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The range of loads is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest relative load (i.e., %1RM) used throughout a resistance training program. However, the optimal range of loads has not been studied yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different ranges of load (from 50 to 85% 1RM (R50-85), from 55 to 75% 1RM (R55-75), and from 60 to 70% 1RM (R60-70) on physical performance using velocity-based resistance training (VBT). (2) Methods: Thirty-eight men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 23.3 ± 3.6 years, body mass: 76.5 ± 8.3 kg, and height: 1.77 ± 0.04 m) were randomly assigned to R50-85, R55-75 and R60-70 groups and followed an 8-week VBT intervention using the full squat (SQ) exercise. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM) and total volume (240 repetitions). Pre- and post-training measurements included the following: in the SQ exercise, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pre-tests and post-tests (AV), and the average velocity for those loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s-1 at Pre-training tests. Moreover, countermovement jump (CMJ) height and 10 m (T10), 20 m (T20), and 10-20 m (T10-20) running sprint times were measured. (3) Results: Significant group x time interactions were observed in AV (p ≤ 0.01), where R50-85 obtained significantly greater gains than R60-70 (p ≤ 0.05). All groups attained significant increases in 1RM, AV, AV > 1, AV < 1, and CMJ (p ≤ 0.001-0.005). Significant improvements were observed in running sprint for R60-70 in T10-20 and R60-70 in T20 and T10-20 (p ≤ 0.05), but not for R50-85. (4) Conclusions: Different ranges of loads induce distinct strength adaptions. Greater ranges of loads resulted in greater strength gains in the entire load-velocity spectrum. However, in high-velocity actions, such as sprinting, significant enhancements were observed only for smaller ranges of loads. Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals could use a range of loads according to the time-related criterion (i.e., proximity or number of future competitions), enabling better adaptation and increasing physical performance at a specific time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riscart-López
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.R.-L.); (J.A.L.-P.); (F.P.-B.)
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.S.-V.); (F.C.-C.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Fernando Colomina-Clemens
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.S.-V.); (F.C.-C.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Esteban Crespo-García
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.S.-V.); (F.C.-C.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Guillermo de Castro-Maqueda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | | | - Juan Antonio León-Prados
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.R.-L.); (J.A.L.-P.); (F.P.-B.)
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.S.-V.); (F.C.-C.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.R.-L.); (J.A.L.-P.); (F.P.-B.)
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.S.-V.); (F.C.-C.); (E.C.-G.)
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9
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Pecci J, Sañudo B, Ramirez-Campillo R, Saez de Villarreal E. Influence of Resistance Training Variables and the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Biceps Femoris Architectural Adaptations in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2025:19417381251331607. [PMID: 40230340 PMCID: PMC11999990 DOI: 10.1177/19417381251331607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Manipulation of resistance training variables influences the structural and functional adaptations of muscle, having a great impact on sport performance and hamstring injury prevention. OBJECTIVE To analyze how the main resistance training variables affect the biceps femoris long head architecture in soccer players. DATA SOURCES Five databases were searched from inception to January 2024. STUDY SELECTION Studies that included training intervention groups and measured muscle architecture adaptations before and after the training program in soccer players were included. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION Muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle were extracted from included studies as main outcomes. RESULTS Six studies and 12 training groups (168 participants) were analyzed. The effects of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) against soccer interventions, volume of training, and frequency of training as independent variables were analyzed. NHE significantly improved biceps femoris long head fascicle length (P = 0.01). Training twice a week did not show significant differences compared with training once a week. Higher volumes of training (ie, >290 repetitions) in a period of 6 to 12 weeks with 57 repetitions per week demonstrated significant effects. CONCLUSION NHE lengthens the fascicle, especially if a sufficient volume (ie, >290 repetitions) and 2 days per week are performed. It is still unknown how the programming of some fundamental variables such as intensity, degree of effort, or exercise selection affects the muscle architecture of the biceps femoris long head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pecci
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Sport Sciences and Human Performance Laboratories, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
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10
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Grek M, Testa M, Toussaint JF, Renfree A, Desgorces FD. Current methods for the exercise dose equalization in resistance training drive to markedly different session-induced efforts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2025; 65:486-492. [PMID: 39570643 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.16428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects comparison of resistance exercises may require equalizing the exercise-induced dose, this is currently done by using methods based on total weight lifted or on sets performed until failure. Dose equalization of resistance training sessions by these methods was analyzed in the present study. METHODS Twelve trained participants performed five bench-press sessions with a similar relative endpoint determined by the inability to complete a set of 50% of the maximum repetitions number (MNR). Sessions were performed at 50 or 85% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) with sets until failure or sets prescribing 50% of MNR. The last session was performed with a reduced recovery pause to match the exercise density (total weight lifted/pause duration) of a previous session. RESULTS Sessions resulted in different total weight lifted (3158±1592 kg at 85% of 1-RM vs. 5330±1967 at 50%, P<0.001) and number of sets until failure (5.1±1.9 at 85% of 1-RM vs. 2.9±1.1 at 50%, P<0.001). Matching of sessions' density suppressed the differences in the number of sets performed (P=0.50). CONCLUSIONS Protocols' equalization based on the total weight lifted is likely to result in exercise volumes close to maximums when performed with heavy loads, whereas equalization based on sets to failure could induce a sets number close to the maximum when performed with light loads. Current methods for protocols equalization rely on gross values of exercise volume without considering maximums, that can result in markedly unbalanced efforts and biased results. Prescribing each exercise volume according to its maximum might optimize the training protocols' equalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Grek
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Francois Toussaint
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
- CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Renfree
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - François-Denis Desgorces
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France -
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PSMS, Reims, France
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11
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Zhang X, Weakley J, Li H, Li Z, García-Ramos A. Superset Versus Traditional Resistance Training Prescriptions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Exploring Acute and Chronic Effects on Mechanical, Metabolic, and Perceptual Variables. Sports Med 2025; 55:953-975. [PMID: 39903375 PMCID: PMC12011898 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supersets are a time-efficient resistance training (RT) method that involve the sequencing of two exercises with little or no rest between them. However, despite their common implementation during RT, a comprehensive and quantitative review is still lacking. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the acute and chronic effects of superset and traditional set prescriptions on mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual variables. We also aimed to conduct subgroup analyses to determine the effect of different types of supersets (agonist-antagonist, similar biomechanical, and alternate peripheral supersets). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and EBSCO databases from inception to 10 February 2024. Studies written in English and meeting our inclusion criteria were included. Pooled meta-analysis and subgroup meta-analysis were performed using a random-effects model. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 313 participants were included. Although there was considerable variance in certain outcomes, our estimated effects suggested that, compared with traditional set prescription, supersets allow for (1) a similar total number of repetitions [standardized mean differences (SMD) = - 0.03; p = 0.92] and volume load (SMD = 0.05; p = 0.86) with a shorter session duration and increased training efficiency (SMD = 1.74; p = 0.01); (2) higher blood lactate concentration during (SMD = 0.94; p = 0.03) and after (SMD = 1.13; p < 0.01) RT; (3) higher energy cost during RT (SMD = 1.93; p = 0.04); (4) similar creatine kinase concentration after RT (SMD = 0.22; p = 0.36), surface electromyography (SMD = 0.01; p = 0.98), acute muscle swelling (SMD = - 0.28; p = 0.36) and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SMD = 0.08; p = 0.71], diastolic blood pressure [SMD = - 0.05; p = 0.85], and mean arterial pressure [SMD = - 0.03; p = 0.88]); (5) higher rating of perceived exertion (SMD = 0.77; p = 0.02) and similar perceived recovery (SMD = 0.32; p = 0.33); and (6) similar chronic adaptations in maximal strength (SMD = 0.10; p = 0.36), strength endurance (SMD = 0.07; p = 0.81), and muscle hypertrophy (SMD = - 0.05; p = 0.87). The subgroup analysis revealed that utilizing agonist-antagonist supersets leads to a significant increase in the number of repetitions that are able to be completed compared with traditional sets (SMD = 0.68; p = 0.01). Similar biomechanical supersets led to less volume load (SMD = - 1.08; p < 0.01) compared with traditional sets. CONCLUSIONS Supersets provide a time-efficient alternative to traditional RT, reducing session duration without compromising training volume, muscle activation, perceived recovery, or chronic adaptations in maximal strength, strength endurance, and muscle hypertrophy. Thus, supersets can be effectively implemented by athletes with busy schedules and RT enthusiasts whose main barrier to exercise is time. However, it should be noted that supersets generally induce higher internal loads, more severe muscle damage, and increased perceived exertion, potentially necessitating extended recovery times between sessions. Additionally, superset RT may have a similar potential to traditional RT in eliciting post-exercise hypotension. Regarding different types of supersets, agonist-antagonist supersets are more suitable for maintaining training volume, while similar biomechanical supersets concentrate stimulation on the same muscle group, compromising volume load. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol for this review was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) in December 2023 (CRD42023491533).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Hansen Li
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhaoqian Li
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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12
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Cheng W, Li R, Yan R, Liu R, Gao Z. Acute Effects of Rest Redistribution Training on Physical and Physiological Responses in Anxious Female College Students. Life (Basel) 2025; 15:555. [PMID: 40283110 PMCID: PMC12028506 DOI: 10.3390/life15040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study compares the immediate effects of Rest Redistribution Training (RR) and Traditional Set Structure Training (TS) on vertical jump performance, heart rate variability (HRV), and perceived exertion (RPE) in anxious female college students. (2) Methods: In a randomized experimental design, 14 anxious female college students (ages 18-25, screened via Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) with scores ≥50) underwent a familiarization session followed by two trials involving either a RR or TS conditioning routine. Vertical jump, HRV, and RPE were measured pre- and post-session, and during training, respectively. (3) Results: Both protocols induced significant decrements in squat jump (SJs) and countermovement jump (CMJs) metrics (p < 0.05), but no statistically significant between-group differences emerged (p > 0.05; SJ height: d = 0.059, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.05]; CMJ peak power: d = 0.253, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.02]). TS induced significant decreases in time-domain HRV indices (SDNN: d = 0.888, 95% CI [1.07, 16.13; RMSSD: d = 1.511, 95% CI [8.87, 27.63]) and high-frequency power (HF: d = 0.788, 95% CI [2.73, 379.71]), whereas RR preserved these indices. RR significantly reduced RPE compared to TS (p < 0.05; barbell bench press: d = 1.132, 95% CI [0.28, 1.48]; leg press: d = 0.784, 95% CI [0.01, 1.31]). (4) Conclusions: RR and TS protocols induced comparable decrements in vertical jump performance among untrained anxious female college students under equivalent loads; however, RR demonstrated superior autonomic regulation, reduced perceived fatigue, and equivalent performance outcomes, highlighting its potential as a low-stress alternative to traditional resistance training for anxiety-prone populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Cheng
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Ran Li
- School of Sport and Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (R.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Runsheng Yan
- School of Sport and Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (R.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruoya Liu
- School of Sport and Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (R.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Zeyu Gao
- Dezhou Education Bureau, Dezhou 252000, China;
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13
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Zhao H, Kurokawa T, Tajima M, Liu Z, Okada J. Perceived exertion reflects fatigue conditions during power-aimed resistance training. Int J Sports Med 2025. [PMID: 39993431 DOI: 10.1055/a-2545-5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Fatigue is an inevitable part of resistance training, making its monitoring crucial to prevent performance decline. This study evaluated the validity of ratings of perceived exertion as a measure of fatigue during power bench press exercises. Fourteen sub-elite male athletes completed three bench press tasks with varying volumes (low, medium, and high) at 65% of their one-repetition maximum. The rating of perceived exertion, a spectral fatigue index, and velocity loss were measured across all conditions. Significant effects were observed for the overall ratings of perceived exertion, average velocity loss, and average spectral fatigue index (all p<0.001). As tasks progressed, the rating of perceived exertion and the spectral fatigue index increased significantly (p<0.001), while the velocity loss was not significant under the low-volume condition. Significant correlations were found between the rating of perceived exertion and the spectral fatigue index (r=0.547, p<0.001), the velocity loss and the spectral fatigue index (r=0.603, p<0.001), and the rating of perceived exertion and the velocity loss (r=0.667, p<0.001). The findings suggest that both the rating of perceived exertion and the velocity loss are valid measures of fatigue in power bench press exercises. However, the rating of perceived exertion is a more practical option due to its simplicity and accessibility. Furthermore, the rating of perceived exertion can act as a substitute for velocity when measurement tools are unavailable. It should be noted that velocity alone may not fully capture fatigue in low-repetition power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanye Zhao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda Daigaku, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda Daigaku, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tajima
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda Daigaku, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Zijian Liu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda Daigaku, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda Daigaku, Tokorozawa, Japan
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14
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Qin X, Liu B, García-Ramos A. Gauging proximity to failure in the bench press: generalized velocity-based vs. %1RM-repetitions-to-failure approaches. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2025; 17:60. [PMID: 40133968 PMCID: PMC11934800 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-025-01098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the accuracy of three generalized approaches for estimating proximity to failure during the Smith machine bench press: (i) the relationship between relative load (%1RM) and maximum repetitions performed to failure (%1RM-RTF), (ii) the relationship between maximum repetitions to failure and fastest set velocity (RTF-velocity), and (iii) the relationship between repetitions left in reserve (RIR) and lifting velocity (RIR-velocity). METHODS Nineteen physically active men (22.9 ± 2.7 years old) with at least two years of resistance training experience participated. Their 1-repetition maximum (1RM = 86.8 ± 16.7 kg) was determined during the first session. In the second session, participants performed single sets to failure at 60% and 80% 1RM, with proximity to failure (2RIR and 4RIR) estimated using each approach. RESULTS The RIR-velocity relationship was the only approach that did not significantly deviate from the intended RIR (errors = -0.4 to 0.6 repetitions). In contrast, both the %1RM-RTF and RTF-velocity relationships overestimated the intended RIR at 60%1RM for both 2RIR (2.9 and 5.8 repetitions, respectively) and 4RIR (2.8 and 5.7 repetitions, respectively), while no significant differences were observed at 80%1RM (errors = -0.6 to 0.9 repetitions). The RIR-velocity relationship generally demonstrated the lowest absolute errors compared to the actual RIR (1.3 ± 0.7 repetitions), with greater differences compared to the other two approaches at lighter loads and closer proximities to failure. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of individual relationships, the general RIR-velocity relationship should be used by coaches to control the proximity to failure of their athletes during the bench press exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Qin
- Department of Sport Science Research Institute, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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15
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Martín-Olmedo JJ, Miras-Moreno S, Cuadra-Montes K, García-Ramos A, Ruiz JR, Jurado-Fasoli L. Malate or Not? Acute Effects of L-Citrulline Versus Citrulline Malate on Neuromuscular Performance in Young, Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2025; 35:89-98. [PMID: 39662304 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation seems to improve resistance training performance; yet, whether malate has additive ergogenic effects when combined with CIT is unknown. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial aimed to compare the acute effects of CIT versus citrulline malate (CMA) supplementation on neuromuscular performance and exertion and emotional perceptions in young, trained men and women. 43 (21 women; 24.2 ± 3.7 years) participants ingested a placebo, CIT (5.3 g of CIT), or CMA (5.3 g of CIT, 2.7 g of malate) 45 min before three experimental sessions in a counterbalanced manner. We evaluated the upper and lower limb maximal neuromuscular and ballistic performance through the two-point method and countermovement jump. Strength-endurance was assessed across three sets of 10 repetitions in the squat and bench press exercises. Exertion and emotional perceptions were evaluated before and after the assessment and during the strength-endurance assessment. CIT and CMA supplementation did not enhance maximal neuromuscular performance (all p ≥ .061, ηp2≤.066), or ballistic strength (all p ≥ .348, ηp2≤.025). Neither CIT nor CMA supplementation improved strength-endurance as observed in the total number of repetitions (all p ≥ .590, ηp2≤.013), repetitions before reaching velocity loss threshold (all p ≥ .623, ηp2≤.010), mean velocity (all p ≥ .792, ηp2≤.004), mean velocity decline (all p ≥ .293, ηp2≤.029), and mean velocity maintenance (all p ≥ .393 ηp2≤.022), or exertion and emotional perceptions (both p ≥ .306, ηp2≤.028). In conclusion, CIT and CMA supplementation may not increase the neuromuscular performance during low- to moderate-volume resistance training sessions in young, trained adults. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT05183893).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Martín-Olmedo
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Kevin Cuadra-Montes
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA - Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, España
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Flewwelling LD, Hannaian SJ, Cao V, Chaillou T, Churchward-Venne TA, Cheng AJ. What are the potential mechanisms of fatigue-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy with low-load resistance exercise training? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2025; 328:C1001-C1014. [PMID: 39726254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00266.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
High-load resistance exercise (>60% of 1-repetition maximum) is a well-known stimulus to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy with chronic training. However, studies have intriguingly shown that low-load resistance exercise training (RET) (≤60% of 1-repetition maximum) can lead to similar increases in skeletal muscle hypertrophy as compared with high-load RET. This has raised questions about the underlying mechanisms for eliciting the hypertrophic response with low-load RET. A key characteristic of low-load RET is performing resistance exercise to, or close to, task failure, thereby inducing muscle fatigue. The primary aim of this evidence-based narrative review is to explore whether muscle fatigue may act as an indirect or direct mechanism contributing to skeletal muscle hypertrophy during low-load RET. It has been proposed that muscle fatigue could indirectly stimulate muscle hypertrophy through increased muscle fiber recruitment, mechanical tension, ultrastructural muscle damage, the secretion of anabolic hormones, and/or alterations in the expression of specific proteins involved in muscle mass regulation (e.g., myostatin). Alternatively, it has been proposed that fatigue could directly stimulate muscle hypertrophy through the accumulation of metabolic by-products (e.g., lactate), and/or inflammation and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the existing literature eluding to the role of muscle fatigue as a stimulus for low-load RET-induced muscle hypertrophy and provides suggested avenues for future research to elucidate how muscle fatigue could mediate skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Flewwelling
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Victor Cao
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology & Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Ramírez-Munera M, Arcusa R, López-Román FJ, Ávila-Gandía V, Pérez-Piñero S, Muñoz-Carrillo JC, Luque-Rubia AJ, Marhuenda J. Relationship Between Anthropometric Profile, Body Composition, and Physical Performance in Spanish Professional Female Soccer Players at Pre-Season Onset: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2025; 10:79. [PMID: 40137331 PMCID: PMC11943354 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Revised: 02/21/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Body composition plays a key role in both anaerobic and aerobic performance in professional soccer. However, its relationship with physical performance in female players remains underexplored. Assessing these parameters at the beginning of the pre-season provides valuable insights for optimizing player readiness. This study investigates the correlation between anthropometric profile, body composition, and physical performance in professional female soccer players at pre-season onset. Additionally, it analyzes positional differences and their relation to the specific physical demands of women's soccer. Methods: A cross-sectional study of thirty-four female soccer players (age: 23.06 ± 4.29 years, height: 164.15 ± 5.84 cm, weight: 58.39 ± 6.62 kg, and ∑6 skinfolds: 74.57 ± 18.48 mm) who performed anthropometric measurements, the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) on the first day of the pre-season. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test assessed positional differences, while Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients evaluated relationships between anthropometric variables and performance outcomes. Results: Very high positive correlations were found between body and muscle mass with the power variables in CMJ and WAnT (r = 0.70-0.89; p < 0.001). An almost perfect correlation was observed between body mass and peak power in WAnT (r = 0.904; p < 0.001). In contrast, fat mass showed moderate negative correlations with jump height and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo IR1 distance) (r = 0.30-0.49; p < 0.04). Significant differences were observed in the mean (757.60 ± 95.59 W) and peak power (773.59 ± 101.88 W) of CMJ pre-WAnT, with goalkeepers showing higher values compared to defenders and midfielders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Body composition significantly influences athletic performance, showing positive correlations of muscle and body mass with anaerobic power and capacity. In contrast, fat mass showed negative correlations with explosive strength, recovery, and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ramírez-Munera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.M.)
| | - Raúl Arcusa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (S.P.-P.); (J.C.M.-C.); (A.J.L.-R.)
- Primary Care Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (S.P.-P.); (J.C.M.-C.); (A.J.L.-R.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (S.P.-P.); (J.C.M.-C.); (A.J.L.-R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (S.P.-P.); (J.C.M.-C.); (A.J.L.-R.)
| | - Antonio Jesús Luque-Rubia
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.); (S.P.-P.); (J.C.M.-C.); (A.J.L.-R.)
| | - Javier Marhuenda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.M.)
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18
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Martínez-Rubio C, Baena-Raya A, Quidel-Catrilelbún MEL, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Pérez-Castilla A. Delineating the Role of Inter-Repetition Interval in the Relationship between Maximum Repetitions to Failure or Repetitions in Reserve and Movement Velocity. Sports Health 2025:19417381251315119. [PMID: 39962333 PMCID: PMC11833798 DOI: 10.1177/19417381251315119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximum repetitions to failure (RTF) and repetitions in reserve (RIR) can be estimated through fastest mean velocity (MVfastest) and mean velocity (MV), respectively. However, the impact of inter-repetition intervals (IRI) on these relationships in free-weight back squat and bench press exercises is unclear. HYPOTHESIS The IRI would affect RTF-MVfastest and RIR-MV relationships, with a higher goodness-of-fit using self-selected IRI (SSIRI) compared with 0 seconds (IRI0) and 3 seconds (IRI3). STUDY DESIGN Crossover study design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Eighteen male participants completed 1 session per IRI configuration, consisting of 3 single sets of RTF (65%-75%-85% of the 1-repetition maximum) during the free-weight back squat and bench press exercises. RESULTS Individualized RTF-MVfastest and RIR-MV relationships were stronger than generalized (median R2 = 0.98 vs 0.65 and 0.84 vs 0.40, respectively). The goodness-of-fit of the relationships was stronger for SSIRI than for IRI0 during back squat (P < .01) and comparable between IRIs during bench press (P ≥ .28). During back squat, MVfastest values were higher for IRI0 than for IRI3 and SSIRI (eighth-fifteenth repetitions; P ≤ .07), whereas during the bench press, they were higher for IRI0 than for IRI3 (eleventh-fifteenth repetitions; P ≥ .28). Overall, MV values associated with each RIR were higher for IRI0 than for SSIRI (10 out of 18 comparisons) during back squat, and for IRI0 than for IRI3 and SSIRI (16 and 14 out of 18 comparisons) during bench press. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of standardizing the IRI during set-to-failure to establish RTF-MVfastest and RIR-MV relationships, with SSIRI recommended as a more accurate and effective procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This information may provide practitioners with a valuable tool to objectively quantify the level of effort being exerted during resistance training sets by measuring movement velocity in free-weight exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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19
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Maté-Muñoz JL, Maicas-Pérez L, Aparicio-García I, Hernández-Lougedo J, De Sousa-De Sousa L, Hontoria-Galán M, Hermosilla-Perona F, Barba-Ruiz M, García-Fernández P, Heredia-Elvar JR. Are Perceived Effort Scales (OMNI-RES) Appropriate for Defining and Controlling Strength Training Intensity? Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:57. [PMID: 39997988 PMCID: PMC11860584 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most significant challenges for exercise professionals in designing strength training programs is determining the intensity or effort level of each set performed. One of the most studied methodologies has been the use of Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scales. This study aims to analyze the application of the OMNI-RES scale for monitoring training intensity across different relative loads and fatigue levels in various training protocols. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants completed nine exercise sessions, with one week separating each session. The first session involved a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the bench press (BP) to identify the load-velocity relationship. Subsequently, each participant randomly performed two maximum repetition (MNR) protocols at 60% and 90% of 1RM, and two protocols with a 30% velocity loss (VL) at 60% of 1RM and a 10% VL at 90% of 1RM. These sessions were repeated one week later. RESULTS significant differences were found between the four bench press protocols regarding the number of repetitions and the percentage of velocity loss per set (p < 0.001). However, the RPE of the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM was significantly higher than the other protocols. Moreover, the RPE for the protocol at 60% of 1RM with a 30% VL was similar to that at 90% of 1RM with a 10% VL (p = 1.000). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, percentage VL at 1 m·s-1, and the effort index were significantly higher in the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM compared to all other protocols (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The most important finding of this study is that the OMNI-RES scale may not be a reliable indicator of exercise intensity. This is because the highest values on the scale were observed at the lowest relative intensity (60% 1RM) during the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) protocol, corresponding to the maximum volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (L.D.S.-D.S.)
| | - Luis Maicas-Pérez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
| | - Iñigo Aparicio-García
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria—HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis De Sousa-De Sousa
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (L.D.S.-D.S.)
| | - Mónica Hontoria-Galán
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermosilla-Perona
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
| | - Manuel Barba-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (L.D.S.-D.S.)
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-P.); (I.A.-G.); (M.H.-G.); (F.H.-P.); (M.B.-R.); (J.R.H.-E.)
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20
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Janicijevic D, Cuevas-Aburto J, Jukic I, Gu Y, García-Ramos A. Cluster Versus Rest-Redistribution Training: Similar Improvements in Neuromuscular Capacities in Female Team-Sport Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:200-206. [PMID: 39662303 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study's purpose was to investigate the midterm effects of alternative set configurations (cluster [CL] and rest redistribution [RR]) on lower- and upper-body neuromuscular capacities in female athletes. METHOD Twenty team-sport female athletes were randomly assigned to a CL (n = 10) or RR (n = 10) training group. The study protocol comprised 2 pretests, 12 training sessions, and a posttest. Both groups engaged in identical exercises (squat and bench press), load intensity (75% of 1-repetition maximum), and volume (18 repetitions per exercise). The distinction between the groups lay in the total session rest time: The CL group had 23 minutes (3 sets of 6 repetitions with 30 s of intraset rest every 2 repetitions and 3 min of interset rest), whereas the RR group had 17 minutes (9 sets of 2 repetitions with 45 s of interset rest). Countermovement-jump height and load-velocity relationship variables (load-intercept, velocity-intercept, and area under the load-velocity relationship line) were assessed during the squat and bench-press exercises. RESULTS All dependent variables revealed greater values at posttest compared with pretest (P ≤ .040; averaged Hedges g = 0.35 for CL and 0.60 for RR), but time × group interactions never reached statistical significance (P ≥ .144). Likewise, the comparison of the magnitude of changes between the 2 groups revealed only trivial differences, except for a small greater change in bench-press area under the load-velocity relationship line for RRG (Hedges g = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS RR is a more efficient strategy than CL for inducing strength gains in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ZJ, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, ZJ, China
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jesualdo Cuevas-Aburto
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ZJ, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, ZJ, China
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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21
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Washif JA, Pyne DB. Optimal Support for Elite Sprinters Using a Minimal, Adequate, and Accurate Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:321-327. [PMID: 39265975 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-performance sport, the support provided by sport scientists and other staff can be a valuable resource for coaches and athletes. PURPOSE We propose and detail here the approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" sport-science support to ensure that programs of work and solutions are both economical and effective. METHODS Our support provision advocates for utilization of "minimal" resources (employing the least amount of time, tools, and funding) necessary to achieve the desired outcomes. We strive for "adequate" information that fulfills specific objectives without excess and with the requirement that methods and data used are "accurate" (valid and reliable). To illustrate the principles of this approach, we outline a real-world example of supporting 100-m track (athletics) sprinters preparing and competing in an international competition. The provision of performance support emphasizes an integrated approach, combining knowledge and insights from multiple sport-science disciplines. The key facets managed under this approach are (1) neuromuscular readiness, (2) wellness monitoring, (3) movement observation, (4) motivation, (5) biomechanics and performance analysis, and (6) qualitative feedback. These facets are based on the specific performance determinants and influencing factors of an event (100-m dash). CONCLUSIONS Application of this quantitative and qualitative approach can enhance the ability to make informed decisions. Nevertheless, the approach must be planned, evaluated, and refined on a regular basis to enable effective decision making in sport-science support. The 3-element approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" should be codesigned and supported by the athletes, coaches, and staff to ensure successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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22
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Justo-Álvarez A, García-López J, Sabido R, García-Valverde A. Validity of a New Portable Sensor to Measure Velocity-Based Resistance Training. Methods Protoc 2025; 8:9. [PMID: 39846695 PMCID: PMC11755614 DOI: 10.3390/mps8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the concurrent validity of the Vitruve linear encoder compared to the T-Force device for measuring mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV) during the free-weight bench press exercise. Thirteen resistance-trained men participated in three sessions, during which MPV and PV were recorded simultaneously by both devices. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, and effect size calculations, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The results showed discrepancies between the Vitruve and T-Force devices across different intensity levels. Specifically, the Vitruve device generally reported higher MPV and lower PV values, particularly at moderate and low intensities. Vitruve was deemed useful for MPV measurements, especially at velocities below 0.65 m/s during free-weight bench press exercises. In conclusion, the Vitruve device overestimated MPV and underestimated PV at moderate and low loads (>0.65 m·s-1), with the discrepancies increasing as velocity rose. It can provide valuable data for monitoring and assessing resistance training programs focused on MPV at heavier loads (<0.65 m·s-1). Researchers and practitioners should take these findings into account when incorporating the Vitruve into velocity-based strength training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan García-López
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Adrián García-Valverde
- Faculty of Health Science, International University Isabel I of Castile, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
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23
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Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Páez-Maldonado J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Cano-Castillo C, Piqueras-Sanchiz F, González-Badillo JJ, Sáez de Villarreal E, Pareja-Blanco F. Acute Responses to Different Velocity-Loss Thresholds During Squat Training With and Without Blood-Flow Restriction. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:80-90. [PMID: 39637847 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the acute effects on mechanical, metabolic, neuromuscular, and muscle contractile responses to different velocity-loss (VL) thresholds (20% and 40%) under distinct blood-flow conditions (free [FF] vs restricted [BFR]) in full squat (SQ). METHODS Twenty strength-trained men performed 4 SQ protocols with 60% 1-repetition maximum that differed in the VL within the set and in the blood-flow condition (FF20: FF with 20% VL; FF40: FF with 40% VL; BFR20: BFR with 20% VL; and BFR40: BFR with 40% VL). The level of BFR was 50% of the arterial occlusion pressure. Before and after the SQ protocols, the following tests were performed: (1) tensiomyography, (2) blood lactate, (3) countermovement jump, (4) maximal voluntary isometric SQ contraction, and (5) performance with the load that elicited a 1 m·s-1 at baseline measurements in SQ. RESULTS No "BFR × VL" interactions were observed. BFR protocols resulted in fewer repetitions and lower increases in lactate concentration than FF protocols. The 40% VL protocols completed more repetitions but resulted in lower mechanical performance and electromyography median frequency during the exercise than the 20% VL protocols. At postexercise, the 40% VL protocols also experienced greater blood lactate concentrations, higher alterations in tensiomyography-derived variables, and accentuated impairments in SQ and countermovement-jump performances. The 20% VL protocols showed an increased electromyography median frequency at postexercise maximal voluntary isometric contraction. CONCLUSIONS Despite BFR-accelerated fatigue development during exercise, a given VL magnitude induced similar impairments in the distinct performance indicators assessed, regardless of the blood-flow condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Páez-Maldonado
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- University of Osuna (Center Attached to the University of Seville), Osuna, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Cano-Castillo
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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24
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Serrano-Ramón JM, García-Luna MA, Hernández-Sánchez S, Cortell-Tormo JM, García-Jaén M. Effects of Blood flow Restriction and Load on Mean Propulsive Velocity and Subjective Perceived Exertion During Squat and Bench Press Exercises. Sports Health 2025; 17:135-143. [PMID: 38544405 PMCID: PMC11569684 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241236808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different percentages of blood flow restriction (BFR) and loads on mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and subjective perceived exertion during squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) exercises. HYPOTHESIS Higher percentages of BFR will positively affect dependent variables, increasing MPV and reducing perceived exertion. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Eight healthy young male athletes took part. Two sets of 6 repetitions at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 4 repetitions at 80% 1RM, and 2 sets of 2 repetitions at 90% 1RM were performed randomly; 5-minute recoveries were applied in all sets. The varying arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) applied randomly was 0% (Control [CON]), 80%, and 100%. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in MPV were found during the BP exercise at any percentage of BFR at any percentage 1RM. During the SQ exercise, MPV results showed statistically significant increases of 5.46% (P = 0.04; ηp2 = 0.31) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM. The perceived exertion results for the BP exercise showed statistically significant reductions of -8.66% (P < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.06) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM. During the SQ exercise, the perceived exertion results showed significant reductions of -10.04% (P = 0.04; ηp2 = 0.40) between CON and 100% AOP at 80% 1RM; -5.47% (P = 0.02; ηp2 = 0.48) between CON and 80% AOP at 90% 1RM; and -11.83% (P < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.66) between CON and 100% AOP at 90% 1RM. CONCLUSION BFR percentages ~100% AOP at 90% 1RM improved acutely MPV (only in SQ exercises) and reduced acutely perceived exertion (in both exercises). These findings are important to consider when prescribing resistance training for healthy male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco A. García-Luna
- Area of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Translational Research Center of Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan M. Cortell-Tormo
- Area of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Jaén
- Area of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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25
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Páez-Maldonado JA, Cano C, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Wernbom M, Ortega-Becerra M, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of Training Volume in the Bench-Press Exercise Performed With Interrepetition Rest Periods on Strength Gains and Neuromuscular Adaptations. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:37-46. [PMID: 39481368 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of 3 training volumes in the bench-press exercise performed with interrepetition rest periods, matched for fatigue, on strength gains and neuromuscular adaptations. METHODS Forty-three resistance-trained men were randomized into 3 groups: low (LOW), moderate (MOD), and high (HIG) volume. The intensities increased from 70% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) over the 8-week training period. Each session consisted of only 1 set with short interrepetition rest periods. LOW performed only 3 repetitions per session (8-wk total: 48 repetitions); MOD completed 15, 12, 10, and 8 repetitions per session with 70%, 75%, 80%, and 85% 1RM, respectively (8-wk total: 180); and HIG performed 24, 21, 18, and 15 repetitions per session with 70%, 75%, 80%, and 85% 1RM, respectively (8-wk total: 312). Progressive loading and fatigue tests were conducted in the bench-press exercise before and after the training period. Electromyography (EMG) signals from the triceps brachii were registered during these tests. RESULTS HIG and MOD showed higher velocity loss than LOW (16% vs 12%). No significant group × time interaction was observed for any variable. All groups improved significantly in all strength-related variables, except for maximal unloaded velocity, where only MOD obtained significant gains. Only LOW and MOD induced significant improvements in EMG. MOD obtained the greatest effect sizes in almost all strength variables. CONCLUSIONS No significant differences were found in the performance gains obtained by each group despite the wide differences in the total volume accumulated by each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Páez-Maldonado
- University of Osuna, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Claro Cano
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Universitarios Cardenal Spínola-CEU, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manuel Ortega-Becerra
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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26
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Bittencourt D, de Oliveira RM, da Silva DG, Bergamasco JGA, Cesar MDC, Godoi Jacomassi D, de Camargo JBB, Kingsley JD, Libardi CA. Effects of individualized resistance training prescription with heart rate variability on muscle strength, muscle size and functional performance in older women. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1472702. [PMID: 39742158 PMCID: PMC11685108 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1472702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate whether individualizing autonomic recovery periods between resistance training (RT) sessions (IND) using heart rate variability (HRV), measured by the root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD), would lead to greater and more consistent improvements in muscle strength, muscle mass, and functional performance in older women compared to a fixed recovery protocol (FIX). Methods Twenty-one older women (age 66.0 ± 5.0 years old) were randomized into two different protocols (IND: n = 11; FIX: n = 10) and completed 7 weeks of RT. Measurements of RMSSD were performed within a five-day period to establish baseline values. The RMSSD values determined whether participants were recovered from the previous session. The assessments included muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), one-repetition maximum (1RM), peak torque (PT), rate of force development (RFD), chair stand (CS), timed up and go (TUG), 6-minutes walking (6MW), and maximum gait speed (MGS). Results There were no significant (P > 0.05) group vs. time interactions. There were significant main effects of time (P < 0.05) for CSA, 1RM, PT, TUG, CS, 6MW, and MGS, while no significant changes were observed for RFD (P > 0.05). Conclusion IND does not seem to enhance responses in muscle mass, strength, and functional performance compared FIX in healthy older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bittencourt
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ramon Martins de Oliveira
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Deivid Gomes da Silva
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Almeida Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Godoi Jacomassi
- DINÂMICA - Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Júlio Benvenutti Bueno de Camargo
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - J. Derek Kingsley
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
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Motlagh JG, Lipps DB. The Contribution of Muscular Fatigue and Shoulder Biomechanics to Shoulder Injury Incidence During the Bench Press Exercise: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:2147-2163. [PMID: 39808810 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Motlagh, JG and Lipps, DB. The contribution of muscular fatigue and shoulder biomechanics to shoulder injury incidence during the bench press exercise: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 38(12): 2147-2163, 2024-Participation in competitive powerlifting has rapidly grown over the past two decades. As a result, powerlifting-related injury incidence has likely increased proportionally. Consistent high-load training places excess strain on the multiple joints involved during the squat, bench press, and deadlift. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of all necessary considerations for evaluating the relationship between training methods, muscular fatigue, shoulder biomechanics, and shoulder injury risk in experienced powerlifters performing the bench press. Training methods such as velocity-based training, rate of perceived exertion/repetitions in reserve, and autoregulatory progressive resistance training should be prioritized over the repetitions until failure method to minimize the risk of overexertion. Despite the high risk of shoulder injury, these findings often lack robust insights into shoulder joint biomechanics during the bench press. Assessing shoulder joint angles and moments can provide valuable insight into an athlete's bench press form and technique to minimize injury risk. With a more robust methodology (e.g., motion capture, ultrasound imaging), alterations in shoulder biomechanics can be assessed during fatiguing training sessions, leading to more generalizable findings on the impact of sex, age, training experience, and bench press form on the shoulder injury risk. This research will improve individualized programming for peak powerlifting performance and optimal shoulder injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi G Motlagh
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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28
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Barranco-Gil D, Alejo LB, Revuelta C, Górriz M, Pagola I, Ozcoidi LM, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL. High-dose short-term creatine supplementation without beneficial effects in professional cyclists: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2340574. [PMID: 38606895 PMCID: PMC11018046 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2340574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence supports the ergogenic effects of creatine supplementation on muscle power/strength, but its effects on endurance performance remain unclear. We assessed the effects of high-dose short-term creatine supplementation in professional cyclists during a training camp. METHODS The study followed a double-blind, randomized parallel design. Twenty-three professional U23 cyclists (19 ± 1 years, maximum oxygen uptake: 73.0 ± 4.6 mL/kg/min) participated in a 6-day training camp. Participants were randomized to consume daily either a recovery drink (containing carbohydrates and protein) with a 20-g creatine supplement (creatine group, n = 11) or just the recovery drink (placebo group, n = 12). Training loads and dietary intake were monitored, and indicators of fatigue/recovery (Hooper index, countermovement jump height), body composition, and performance (10-second sprint, 3-, 6-, and 12-minute time trials, respectively, as well as critical power and W') were assessed as study outcomes. RESULTS The training camp resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) increase of training loads (+50% for total training time and + 61% for training stress score, compared with the preceding month) that in turn induced an increase in fatigue indicators (significant time effect [p < 0.001] for delayed-onset muscle soreness, fatigue, and total Hooper index) and a decrease in performance (significant time effect [p = 0.020] for critical power, which decreased by -3.8%). However, no significant group-by-time interaction effect was found for any of the study outcomes (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-dose short-term creatine supplementation seems to exert no consistent beneficial effects on recovery, body composition or performance indicators during a strenuous training period in professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia B. Alejo
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PAHERG), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Revuelta
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Itziar Pagola
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PAHERG), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PAHERG), Madrid, Spain
- University of Alcalá, Department of Systems Biology, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Bachero-Mena B, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Nakamura FY, Pareja-Blanco F. Impact of Generalized Versus Individualized Load-Velocity Equations on Velocity-Loss Magnitude in Bench-Press Exercise: Mixed-Model and Equivalence Analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1480-1490. [PMID: 39389570 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyzed the influence of 2 velocity-based training-load prescription strategies (general vs individual load-velocity equations) on the relationship between the magnitude of velocity loss (VL) and the percentage of repetitions completed in the bench-press exercise. METHODS Thirty-five subjects completed 6 sessions consisting of performing the maximum number of repetitions to failure against their 40%, 60%, and 80% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the Smith machine bench-press exercise using generalized and individualized equations to adjust the training load. RESULTS A close relationship and acceptable error were observed between percentage of repetitions completed and the percentage of VL reached for the 3 loading magnitudes and the 2 load-prescription strategies studied (R2 from .83 to .94; standard error of the estimate from 7% to 10%). A simple main effect was observed for load and VL thresholds but not for load-prescription strategies. No significant interaction effects were revealed. The 40% and 60% 1RM showed equivalence on data sets and the most regular variation, whereas the 80% 1-repetition maximum load showed no equivalence and more irregular variation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that VL is a useful variable to predict percentage of repetitions completed in the bench-press exercise, regardless of the strategy selected to adjust the relative load. However, caution should be taken when using heavy loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Department of Human Motricity and Sports Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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30
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Pecci J, Sañudo B, Sanchez-Trigo H, Reverte-Pagola G, Pareja-Galeano H. Quadriceps Architectural Adaptations in Team Sports Players: A Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:1029-1039. [PMID: 39025469 DOI: 10.1055/a-2369-5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Resistance training is the most effective strategy to modify muscle architecture, enhancing sport performance and reducing injury risk. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high loads (HL) versus lower loads (LL), maximal versus submaximal efforts, and high frequency (HF) versus low frequency (LF) on quadriceps architectural adaptations in team sports players. Five databases were searched. Vastus lateralis thickness, fascicle length and pennation angle, and rectus femoris thickness were analyzed as main outcomes. Overall, resistance training significantly improved muscle thickness and pennation angle, but not fascicle length. LL led to greater fascicle length adaptations in the vastus lateralis compared to HL (p=0.01), while no substantial differences were found for other load comparisons. Degree of effort and training frequency did not show meaningful differences (p>0.05). In conclusion, LL lengthen the fascicle to a greater extent than HL, and training with LL twice a week could maximize architectural adaptations, whereas the degree of effort does not appear to be a determinant variable on quadriceps architectural adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pecci
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Çetin O, Kaya S, Atasever G, Akyildiz Z. The validity and reliability of the jump power app for measuring vertical jump actions in professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28801. [PMID: 39567562 PMCID: PMC11579300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-78499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examines the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the Jump Power application by comparing it with the reliable and validated Optojump photoelectric cell system in measuring squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) in professional athletes. Twenty-two soccer players volunteered to participate in the research. The participants were the players of the U21 team in the 1st League. All athletes were subjected to SJ and CMJ tests. Jump Power app and Optojump data were acquired simultaneously during SJ and CMJ. Trial procedure was performed on three separate occasions (Session 1, Session 2, and Session 3), with 48 h intervals to examine the reliability of the data from session to session. For reliability analysis, coefficients of variation percent (%CV). Jump power app reliability values CV% is below 5%. In the validity analysis, significant differences were observed between the Optojump photoelectric cell system and the Jump Power App for SJ and CMJ. In conclusion, this study revealed that the Jump Power app is a reliable but not valid tool to measure vertical jumps in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Çetin
- Sports Science Department, Sports Science Faculty, Yalova University, YALOVA, Türkiye
| | - Selman Kaya
- Sports Science Department, Sports Science Faculty, Yalova University, YALOVA, Türkiye
| | - Gökhan Atasever
- Sports Science Department, Sports Science Faculty, Atatürk University, ERZURUM, Türkiye
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Department of Coaching Education, Afyon Kocatepe University, AFYONKARAHİSAR, Türkiye.
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Zhao H, Kurokawa T, Tajima M, Liu Z, Okada J. Can Perceived Exertion and Velocity Loss Serve as Indirect Indicators of Muscle Fatigue During Explosive Back Squat Exercise? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:238. [PMID: 39584891 PMCID: PMC11587135 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle fatigue is inevitable during resistance exercises, making its monitoring essential for maintaining athletic performance and reducing the risk of injury. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and velocity loss have been reported as reliable indicators of muscle fatigue during explosive resistance exercises. However, their validity has been assessed only indirectly. This study aimed to directly examine the validity of RPE and velocity loss as markers of muscle fatigue during explosive back squat (BS) exercises. Methods: Seventeen trained men performed three BS tasks with varying volumes (low, medium, high) at 65% of their one-repetition maximum. RPE, spectral fatigue index (SFI), and velocity loss were measured throughout the tasks. Results: Significant effects were observed across conditions for overall RPE (p < 0.001) and velocity loss (p < 0.001), while no significant effect was found for SFI. RPE and SFI increased significantly as the tasks progressed (p < 0.001), while velocity did not significantly decrease. Significant but weak correlations were found between RPE and SFI (r = 0.325, p < 0.001) and between velocity loss and SFI (r = 0.224, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that RPE and muscle fatigue levels increase correspondingly, indicating that RPE could serve as a practical, indirect fatigue marker for explosive BS exercises. However, velocity loss may not fully reflect muscle fatigue during lower-body explosive training and should not be used as the sole indicator. Additionally, caution is warranted when applying velocity-related parameters as indirect physiological markers for resistance exercises. The significant but weak correlations between RPE, velocity loss, and SFI suggest that assessing muscle fatigue in lower-body exercises remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanye Zhao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Takanori Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (T.K.); (M.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Masayoshi Tajima
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (T.K.); (M.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zijian Liu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (T.K.); (M.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Junichi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
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Corral-Pérez J, Marín-Galindo A, Costilla M, Casals C, Muñoz-López A, Sánchez-Sixto A, Sañudo B, Ponce-González JG. Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring muscle oxygenation during squat exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:805-813. [PMID: 39054175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring of changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise has increased in recent years. Tissue oxygenation, which is related to fatigue and muscle hypertrophy, is often measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of a non-portable NIRS (NIRO200Nx) during the full-squat exercise and recovery in young healthy men. DESIGN Twenty-five male participants (21.8 ± 2.6 years) were recruited for this original research. Each participant completed an 8-repetition test with a load that elicited a velocity of 1 m·s-1. The test was conducted twice, with a 48-hour washout period between sessions. METHODS The NIRS measured the changes of oxygenated-Hemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxygenated-Hemoglobin (HHb) and Tissue Oxygenation Index (TOI) in both Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis during rest, exercise, and recovery. Coefficient of Variation (CV), Standard Error Measurement (SEM) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the reliability of the data. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The results indicated that TOI had good to acceptable absolute reliability (CVTOI = 2.7-10.2 %). A good relative relativity for the overall test was found for Vastus Medialis O2Hb (ICC = 0.851), HHb (ICC = 0.852), and TOI (ICC = 0.864), and Vastus Lateralis O2Hb (ICC = 0.898), HHb (ICC = 0.899), and TOI (ICC = 0.897). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that NIRO200Nx is a reliable instrument for measuring muscle oxygen saturation through the TOI parameter in not-to-failure dynamic resistance exercises (1 set of 8 reps against ∼40 % 1 repetition maximum). Tissue oxygenation assessment could be a new way of individualizing exercise through dynamic resistance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Corral-Pérez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Alberto Marín-Galindo
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Manuel Costilla
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Cristina Casals
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Spain.
| | - Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
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Soler-López A, Moreno-Villanueva A, Gómez-Carmona CD, Pino-Ortega J. The Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Chronic Fatigue Among Male Professional Team Athletes: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6862. [PMID: 39517758 PMCID: PMC11548435 DOI: 10.3390/s24216862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes evidence on biomarker responses to physiological loads in professional male team sport athletes, providing insights into induced fatigue states. Structured searches across major databases yielded 28 studies examining various biomarkers in elite team sport players. Studies evaluated muscle damage markers, anabolic/catabolic hormones reflecting metabolic strain, inflammatory markers indicating immune activity and tissue damage, immunological markers tied to infection risk, and oxidative stress markers showing redox imbalances from excessive physiological load. Responses were examined in official matches and training across competitive seasons. The evidence shows that professional team sports induce significant alterations in all studied biomarkers, reflecting measurable physiological strain, muscle damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunosuppression during intensive exercise. These effects tend to be larger and more prolonged after official matches compared to training. Reported recovery time courses range from 24-h to several days post-exercise. Monitoring biomarkers enables quantifying cumulative fatigue and physiological adaptations to training/competition loads, helping to optimize performance while mitigating injury and overtraining. Key biomarkers include creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, testosterone/cortisol ratio, salivary immunoglobulin-A, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Further research should extend biomarker monitoring to cover psychological stress and affective states alongside physiological metrics for deeper insight into athlete wellness and readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soler-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
- Department of Music, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 44003 Teruel, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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35
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Alonso-Aubin DA, Hernández-Lougedo J, Cavero-Haro A, Martínez-Guardado I. Acute Effect of Fixed vs. Self-Selected Rest Interval Between Sets on Physiological and Performance-Related Responses. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:200. [PMID: 39449494 PMCID: PMC11503322 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the comparison between self-managed rest and fixed rest periods in subjects experienced in lower-limb strength training has been investigated, the results remain unclear due to controversies among some studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the role of self-managed rest versus fixed rest in athletic performance, mean propulsive velocity, velocity loss, muscle oxygen saturation, and rest time in trained subjects; Methods: Thirteen subjects with a minimum of one year of training experience (age (years): 26.31 ± 3.84; height (cm): 175.46 ± 5.61; weight (kg): 79.24 ± 6.83) were randomly assigned to two groups (self-selected rest group [SR] = 7 and fixed rest group [FR] = 6). The subjects underwent a session for evaluation (one maximum repetition (1RM) estimation, familiarization, and data collection) and another day for a traditional strength training session for the back squat, consisting of five sets of four repetitions at 80% of 1RM. One group took a fixed 2 min break, while the other group managed their breaks autonomously (resuming when they felt ready to perform the next set at maximum velocity). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was monitored using a linear position transducer, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy device; Results: Significant differences between the groups were found for the rest time between the first and second sets (SR 97.29 ± 23.70 seg vs. FR 120 ± 0.00 seg). However, no differences were found for MPV, velocity loss, or SmO2; Conclusions: Given the similarities in performance and physiological outcomes between fixed and self-selected rest conditions, both can be used equally depending on the preferences and training goals of coaches and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Alonso-Aubin
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance Research Group (STreNgthP), Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, C/Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.A.-A.); (J.H.-L.)
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance Research Group (STreNgthP), Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, C/Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.A.-A.); (J.H.-L.)
| | - Alberto Cavero-Haro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, C. Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle de Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cui W, Chen Y, Wang D. Research on the effect of post-activation potentiation under different velocity loss thresholds on boxer's punching ability. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1429550. [PMID: 39464236 PMCID: PMC11502376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1429550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of velocity-based training theory, with the objective of investigating the effects of post-activation potentiation (PAP) induced by different velocity loss (VL) thresholds (10% vs. 20%) on the punching ability of boxers. In addition, the aim was to determine the velocity loss thresholds and time nodes that produced the optimal activation effect. Twenty-four male elite boxers were randomly assigned to three groups: CON, 10 VL, and 20 VL. All subjects in the three groups underwent an activation intervention involving an 85% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, with 6-8 repetitions performed in the CON. The number of repetitions in the 20%VL and 10 VL was determined based on the velocity loss monitored by the GymAware PowerTool system. Four time points were selected for observation: the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th minutes. These were chosen to test the subjects' punching ability. The results demonstrated that activation training at different VL induced a post-activation potentiation in boxers, improving punching ability bilaterally and to a greater extent than in the CON. The dominant side demonstrated the greatest efficacy at the 12th minute under the 20% velocity loss threshold, while the non-dominant side exhibited the greatest efficacy at the 8th minute under the 10% velocity loss threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cui
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexin Wang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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37
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Varela-Olalla D, Del Campo-Vecino J, Balsalobre-Fernández C. Greater Neuromuscular and Perceptual Fatigue after Low versus High Loads in the Bench Press: A Preliminary Study Applying Frequentist and Bayesian Group Analyses with Subject-by-Subject Case Series Reports. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:186. [PMID: 39449480 PMCID: PMC11503448 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: This study investigated the differences in acute fatigue following resistance training performed with low versus high loads in the bench press (BP). Methods: Trained males (n = 5, 21.2 ± 2.77 years; 81.86 ± 6.67 kg; 177 ± 7.52 cm) undertook three protocols with 50%RM and three with 85%RM with volume equalized between protocols: muscular failure protocols (TF, RTP1 and 2), half-maximum repetition protocols (RTP3 and 4), and cluster set protocols (RTP5 and 6). Mechanical performance, lactate, and perceptual responses were analyzed during protocols and at post 0, 24, and 48 h using frequentist (p < 0.05) and Bayesian approaches. Results: Moderate to large (ES ≥ 0.3) and trivial to moderate (ES < 0.3) effects were observed at 0 and 24 h post-session, respectively, across all protocols. TF protocols, particularly RTP1, showed the greatest impairments when compared to the other RTP (ES ≥ 0.3). The Bayesian analysis supported the frequentist results, showing strong-decisive evidence for our data under the model that included protocols as predictors for mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual variables during protocols. Inter-individual variability in responses was observed in the neuromuscular tests, potentially related to the strength level and perceptual responses. Conclusions: In summary, TF generates greater fatigue, while reducing set volume to half of maximum repetitions or including intra-set rest that helps to mitigate fatigue symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.V.-O.); (J.D.C.-V.)
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González-Galán J, Herrera-Bermudo JC, González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D. Validity and Concordance of a Linear Position Transducer (Vitruve) for Measuring Movement Velocity during Resistance Training. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6444. [PMID: 39409484 PMCID: PMC11479257 DOI: 10.3390/s24196444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the intra-device agreement of a new linear position transducer (Vitruve, VT) and the inter-device agreement with a previously validated linear velocity transducer (T-Force System, TF) in different range of velocities. A group of 50 healthy, physically active men performed a progressive loading test during a bench press (BP) and full-squat (SQ) exercise with a simultaneous recording of two VT and one TF devices. The mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak of velocity (PV) were recorded for subsequent analysis. A set of statistics was used to determine the degree of agreement (Intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], Lin's concordance correlation coefficient [CCC], mean square deviation [MSD], and variance of the difference between measurements [VMD]) and the error magnitude (standard error of measurement [SEM], smallest detectable change [SDC], and maximum errors [ME]) between devices. The established velocity ranges were as follows: >1.20 m·s-1; 1.20-0.95 m·s-1; 0.95-0.70 m·s-1; 0.70-0.45 m·s-1; ≤0.45 m·s-1 for BP; and >1.50 m·s-1; 1.50-1.25 m·s-1; 1.25-1.00 m·s-1; 1.00-0.75 m·s-1; and ≤0.75 m·s-1 for SQ. For the MPV, the VT system showed high intra- and inter-device agreement and moderate error magnitude with pooled data in both exercises. However, the level of agreement decreased (ICC: 0.790-0.996; CCC: 0.663-0.992) and the error increased (ME: 2.8-13.4% 1RM; SEM: 0.035-0.01 m·s-1) as the velocity range increased. For the PV, the magnitude of error was very high in both exercises. In conclusion, our results suggest that the VT system should only be used at MPVs below 0.45 m·s-1 for BP and 0.75 m·s-1 for SQ in order to obtain an accurate and reliable measurement, preferably using the MPV variable instead of the PV. Therefore, it appears that the VT system may not be appropriate for objectively monitoring resistance training and assessing strength performance along the entire spectrum of load-velocity curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime González-Galán
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.C.H.-B.)
| | - José Carlos Herrera-Bermudo
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.C.H.-B.)
| | | | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (J.C.H.-B.)
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+i) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, 41005 Seville, Spain
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Dragutinovic B, Moser F, Notbohm HL, Ihalainen JK, Bloch W, Schumann M. Influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive phases on strength performance, neuromuscular fatigue, and perceived exertion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:919-933. [PMID: 39052822 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00198.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the study was to assess differences in strength performance, neuromuscular fatigue, and perceived exertion across phases of the menstrual cycle [MC; early follicular (eFP), late follicular (lFP), and mid-luteal phase (mLP)] and oral contraceptives [OCs; active pill phase (aPP) and nonactive pill phase (nPP)]. The secondary aim was to analyze the influence of fluctuating serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations on these parameters in naturally menstruating women. Thirty-four women (21 with a natural MC and 13 using OCs) completed three or two experimental sessions, respectively. Mean propulsive velocity (MPVmean) and total number of repetitions (REPtotal) were assessed during a power [3 × 8 at 60% 1RM (one-repetition maximum)] and hypertrophy squat loading (3 sets to failure at 70% 1RM), respectively. Changes in bench press and squat MPV at 60% 1RM in response to the loadings were used as surrogates for nonlocal and local fatigue, respectively. Total blood lactate accumulation (BLAA) and markers of perceived exertion were assessed in each session. No significant differences between any of the MC or OC phases were observed for MPVmean, REPtotal, nonlocal and local fatigue, and markers of perceived exertion (all P > 0.050). A higher intraindividual 17β-estradiol concentration was significantly associated with a lower MPVmean (P = 0.019). BLAA was significantly higher in the lFP than in the mLP (P = 0.019) and negatively associated with the intraindividual progesterone concentration (P = 0.005). Although 17β-estradiol may negatively influence the MPV, it appears that fluctuations of both sex hormones across the MC and OC phases are not prominent enough to induce significant or practically relevant changes in the assessed parameters.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although a high intraindividual 17β-estradiol concentration was associated with a lower movement velocity, markers of strength performance and surrogates for nonlocal and local fatigue remained unaffected by MC and OC phases. Blood lactate accumulation was significantly reduced in the mLP. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the impact of the MC phases varies greatly among individuals. Individuals with high fluctuations in sex hormone concentrations may experience relevant changes in the assessed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Dragutinovic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Moser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah L Notbohm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Therapy, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Rodiles-Guerrero L, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Páez-Maldonado J, Cano-Castillo C, Bachero-Mena B, Sánchez-Moreno M, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of Velocity Loss During Bench-Press Training With Light Relative Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1076-1086. [PMID: 39168458 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the effects of 4 bench-press (BP) training programs with different velocity-loss (VL) thresholds (0%, 15%, 25%, and 50%) on strength gains and neuromuscular adaptations. METHODS Forty-six resistance-trained men (22.8 [4.4] y) were randomly assigned into 4 groups that differed in the VL allowed within the set: 0% (VL0), 15% (VL15), 25% (VL25), and 50% (VL50). Training loads (40%-55% 1-repetition maximum), frequency (2 sessions/wk), number of sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) were identical for all groups. Participants completed the following tests before and after an 8-week (16-session) BP training program: (1) maximal isometric test, (2) progressive loading test, and (3) fatigue test in the BP exercise. During all tests, triceps brachii muscle electromyography was assessed. RESULTS After completing the resistance-training program, no significant group × time interactions were noticed for isometric and dynamic BP strength variables. The dose-response relationship exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship pattern, with VL25 showing the greatest effect sizes for almost all strength variables analyzed. The total number of repetitions performed during the training program increased as the VL magnitude increased. CONCLUSIONS The group that trained with high VL threshold (50%), which performed a total of 876 repetitions, did not experience additional strength gains compared with those experienced by the 0%, 15%, and 25% of VL groups, which performed significantly fewer repetitions (48, 357, and 547, respectively). These findings suggest that when light loads (40%-55% 1-repetition maximum) are used, low and moderate VL thresholds (0%-25%) provide a higher training efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro Jesús Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Páez-Maldonado
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- University of Osuna (center attached to the University of Seville), Osuna, Spain
| | - Clara Cano-Castillo
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Moreno
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Moreno-Villanueva A, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of linear position transducers and linear velocity transducers: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:1340-1369. [PMID: 34726576 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1988136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to summarise and analyse the evidence on the reliability and validity of linear tranducers (LTs) in exercises of different nature and different modes of execution. This systematic review was carried out under PRISMA guidelines, and was carried out using three databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus). Of the 351 initially found, 21 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The results reflected that linear position transducers (LPTs) were valid and reliable in monitoring movement velocity in non-plyometric exercises. However, precision and reliability were lower in execution protocols without isometric phase and in the execution of exercises in multiple planes of movement, with greater measurement errors at higher sampling frequencies. On the other hand, linear velocity transducers (LVTs) proved to be valid and reliable in measuring velocity during plyometric and non-plyometric exercises performed on the Smith machine, with less variation in measurement in the latter. Finally, the use of peak values is recommended, since they are less dependent on the technological errors of LTs. Therefore, the performance of non-plyometric exercises, carried out in the Smith machine and with an isometric phase in the execution of the movement, will help to minimise the technological error of the LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Fortes LDS, de Lima-Júnior D, Boullosa D, Roelands B, Ferreira MEC. High Cognitive Effort Prior to Velocity-Based Training Sessions Reduces Rate of Force Development but Not Maximum Strength Gains in Untrained Male Adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14717. [PMID: 39189630 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the chronic effect of high cognitive effort immediately before resistance exercise sessions on neuromuscular performance in untrained male adults. We used a mixed experimental design, with the group as between-participants factor and time as within-participants factor. Thirty-four participants were randomly assigned to two parallel groups: high cognitive effort (n = 17) and control (n = 17). Subjects in the control group were seated for 30 min before the resistance exercise sessions, while the high cognitive effort group completed incongruent trials of the Stroop task until subjective mental fatigue was present immediately before resistance exercise sessions. Participants attended 45 sessions over 15 weeks, consisting of three familiarizations, three baseline evaluations, 36 velocity-based training sessions, and three postexperiment evaluation sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) during the isometric mid-thigh pull, half back-squat 1-RM, and countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for the average RFD at 0-250 ms (p < 0.05), with greater improvements for the control group than for the high cognitive effort group. There was no group × time interaction for half back-squat 1-RM (p > 0.05). Also, there was no group × time interaction for CMJ (p > 0.05). In conclusion, repeated high cognitive effort immediately prior to resistance exercise sessions is a phenomenon that can induce greater early velocity loss and, consequently, impairs the improvements in RFD. However, this did not inhibit the increased performance for explosive strength and CMJ in male untrained adults. High cognitive effort before resistance exercise sessions should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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Dragutinovic B, Moser F, Feuerbacher JF, Schumann M. Non-Local Muscle Fatigue Impairs Mean Propulsive Velocity During Strength Loading in Strength-Trained Men. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:697-704. [PMID: 38306694 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2298455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the acute influence of a bench press (BP) loading on the explosive squat (SQ) performance and vice versa. Methods: Nineteen strength-trained men completed 2 experimental sessions consisting of either a SQ+BP loading or a BP+SQ loading with 3 × 5 + 3 × 3 repetitions at 80% of the 1-repetition maximum in a randomized order. SQ and BP mean propulsive velocity (MPV) were assessed during both loadings, at baseline (T0) as well as immediately after the first (T1) and second strength loading (T2). Results: Both BP and SQ MPV decreased between T0 and T1 in SQ+BP (-6.13 ± 6.13%, p = .014, g = 0.485 and -9.11 ± 7.23%, p < .001, g = 0.905, respectively) and BP+SQ (-15.15 ± 7.69%, p < .001, g = 1.316 and -7.18 ± 6.16%, p < .001, g = 0.724, respectively). Mean BP MPV was lower in set 2 to set 6 in SQ+BP when compared to BP+SQ (-7.90% - 9.88%, all p < .05, g = 0.523-0.808). Mean SQ MPV was lower in set 1 and set 4 in BP+SQ when compared to SQ+BP (-4.94% - 5.22%, all p < .001, g = 0.329-0.362). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the presence of non-local muscle fatigue affects the movement velocity. Therefore, if a training program aims to perform strength training exercises with maximal movement velocity, it is essential to carefully evaluate whether upper and lower body exercises should be carried out within close proximity.
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Díez-Fernández DM, Esteban-Simón A, Baena-Raya A, Pérez-Castilla A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Soriano-Maldonado A. Optimizing resistance training intensity in supportive care for survivors of breast cancer: velocity-based approach in the row exercise. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:617. [PMID: 39207478 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training mitigates side effects during and after cancer treatment. To provide a new approach for precisely and safely assessing and prescribing the intensity of resistance training in supportive cancer care, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the load-velocity relationship during the row exercise in women survivors of breast cancer. METHODS Twenty women survivors of breast cancer who had undergone surgery and had completed core breast cancer treatment within the previous 10 years completed an incremental loading test until the one repetition maximum (1RM) in the row exercise. The velocity was measured during the concentric phase of each repetition with a linear velocity transducer, and their relationship with the relative load was analyzed by linear and polynomial regression models. RESULTS A strong relationship was observed between movement velocity and relative load for all measured velocity variables using linear and polynomial regression models (R2 > 0.90; SEE < 6.00%1RM). The mean velocity and mean propulsive velocity of 1RM was 0.40 ± 0.03 m·s-1, whereas the peak velocity at 1RM was 0.64 ± 0.07 m·s1. CONCLUSION In women survivors of breast cancer, monitoring movement velocity during the row exercise can facilitate precise assessment and prescription of resistance training intensity in supportive cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain.
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain.
| | - Alba Esteban-Simón
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, S/N, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
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Paksoy Y, Kpobi D, Henschke J, Risch L, Engel T. A comparison of individual force decline profiles during a fatiguing eccentric trunk flexion and extension protocol: a pilot study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1431607. [PMID: 39234529 PMCID: PMC11371616 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1431607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Muscle fatigue, characterized by diminished force production and contraction sustainability, can impair muscle coordination and increase joint instability. Differing force profiles used in fatiguing tasks, such as prolonged eccentric trunk protocols, might provide insights into individualized strategies and resulting spinal stability. Thus, this study assessed individual differences in fatigue characteristics during an eccentric trunk flexion-extension protocol in a population of asymptomatic individuals. Methods Twelve participants (2 f/10 m, 29 ± 4 years, 78.4 ± 16.9 kg, 1.76 ± 0.10 m) performed an eccentric trunk flexion and extension protocol on an isokinetic dynamometer (45° flexion to 10° extension; 60°/s), with final analysis on 8 participants for trunk flexion and 11 for trunk extension due to data exclusions. Participants engaged in a maximal all-out (AO) task for 2 min. Each participant's torque output (Nm) was assessed on a repetition-by-repetition basis, and smoothened by a moving average of 5 repetitions. Individual time profiles for reaching fatigue thresholds (10%, 15%, 20% and 30% reduction of initial torque output), and inter subject variability (by coefficient of variation, CV in %) were assessed throughout the AO task. Further, percentage torque reduction and variability were assessed at mid (1-minute) and end (2-minute) of task. Results On average, for flexor and extensor muscles combined, participants reached a force reduction of 10% within 23.2 ± 19.1 s, of 15% within 44.9 ± 19.6 s, of 20% in 62.4 ± 26.3 s, and of 30% within 79.2 ± 21.8 s. The variability between individuals for the timepoint of reaching the defined torque thresholds was assessed by CV ranged between 23.4% and 103.8% for trunk flexor muscles, and between 28.4% and 56.5% for trunk extensor muscles. Discussion A reduction of up to 20% was seen on average for all participants within 1-minute of eccentric trunk flexion and extension. Different inter-individual force output profiles were seen throughout the AO protocol, potentially related to physiological, skill-based, technical, adaptational, and/or motivational factors. The increase in fatigue resulted in a reduction in variability among individuals. A 2-minute protocol effectively induced pronounced fatigue, offering insights into individual force profiles and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Paksoy
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Kpobi
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jakob Henschke
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lucie Risch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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van den Tillaar R, Bao Fredriksen A, Hegdahl Gundersen A, Nygaard Falch H. Sex differences in intra-set kinematics and electromyography during different maximum repetition sets in the barbell back squat? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308344. [PMID: 39110682 PMCID: PMC11305552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Barbell squats are commonly utilized in resistance training for rehabilitation, daily living enhancement, and improving sports performance. The current study investigated the kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters in the squat between sexes across different repetition ranges (1-, 3-, 6-, and 10-RM) among recreationally strength-trained subjects. A total of 26 subjects (13 men: age 25 ± 3.5 years, height 178.2 ± 5.8 cm, weight 82.3 ± 9.1 kg; 13 women: age 24 ± 4.1 years, height 165.4 ± 6.3 cm, weight 68.2 ± 8.7 kg) participated in the study. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The findings revealed no sex-specific differences in average barbell velocity across repetition ranges. However, the 1-RM showed a significantly lower average velocity compared to the final repetition of other repetition ranges (p<0.001), with the last repetition at 10-RM revealing a significantly higher velocity (p<0.001). Women had greater maximal angular hip extension velocity in the final repetitions of the 6- and 10-RM (p≤0.035, ηp2≤0.20), while both sexes displayed lower maximal angular knee extension velocity in the final repetition of the 10-RM (p = 0.028, ηp2 = 0.15). Moreover, men had lower EMG amplitude in the rectus femoris (3- and 10-RM), soleus, and lateral vastus (10-RM) compared to women (p≥0.011, ηp2≥0.26). It was concluded that 10-RM differed greatly in kinematics and EMG, suggesting different fatigue mechanisms compared to other repetition ranges with heavier loads. Furthermore, sex differences in EMG and angular hip extension velocity might imply sex-specific fatiguing mechanisms during high-repetition squats. These considerations could be important when prescribing training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bao Fredriksen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Páez-Maldonado J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Boullosa D, León-Prados JA, Wernbom M, Pareja-Blanco F. Acute Responses to Traditional and Cluster-Set Squat Training With and Without Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1401-1412. [PMID: 38780903 PMCID: PMC11286160 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Páez-Maldonado, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Boullosa, D, León-Prados, JA, Wernbom, M, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Acute responses to traditional and cluster-set squat training with and without blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1401-1412, 2024-To compare the acute responses to different set configurations (cluster [CLU] vs. traditional [TRA]) under distinct blood flow conditions (free vs. restricted) in full-squat (SQ). Twenty resistance-trained males performed 4 protocols that differed in the set configuration (TRA: continuous repetitions; vs. CLU: 30 seconds of rest every 2 repetitions) and in the blood flow condition (FF: free-flow; vs. blood flow restriction [BFR]: 50% of arterial occlusion pressure). The relative intensity (60% 1RM), volume (3 sets of 8 repetitions), and resting time (2 minutes) were equated. Mean propulsive force (MPF), velocity (MPV) and power (MPP), and electromyography (EMG) parameters were recorded during each repetition. Tensiomyography (TMG), blood lactate, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, in SQ, and movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m·s -1 velocity at baseline (V1-load) in SQ were assessed at pre- and post-exercise. The CLU protocols allowed a better maintenance of MPF, MPV, MPP, and EMG median frequency during the exercise compared to TRA (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05). The TRA protocols experienced greater impairments post-exercise in TMG- and EMG-derived variables (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05) and SQ and CMJ performance (clu-time interaction, p = 0.08 and p < 0.05, respectively), as well as higher blood lactate concentrations (clu-time interaction, p < 0.001) than CLU. Moreover, BFR displayed decreases in TMG variables (bfr-time interaction, p < 0.01), but BFR-CLU resulted in the greatest reduction in twitch contraction time ( p < 0.001). Cluster sets reduced fatigue during and after the training session and BFR exacerbated impairments in muscle mechanical properties; however, the combination of both could improve contraction speed after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Cornejo-Daza
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Páez-Maldonado
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Juan A. León-Prados
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Ribeiro G, De Aguiar RA, Tramontin AF, Martins EC, Caputo F. Fatigue and Performance Rates as Decision-Making Criteria in Pacing Control During CrossFit ®. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:1274-1290. [PMID: 38635574 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241247858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
We investigated fatigue and performance rates as decision-making criteria in pacing control during CrossFit®. Thirteen male regional-level competitors completed conditions of all-out (maximum physical work from beginning to end) and controlled-split (controlled physical work in the first two rounds but maximum work in the third round) pacing throughout the Fight Gone Bad workout separated by one week. We assessed benchmarks, countermovement jumps and ratings of fatigue after each round. Benchmarks were lower in round 1 (99 vs. 114, p < .001) but higher in rounds 2 (98 vs. 80, p < .001) and 3 (97 vs. 80, p < .001) for controlled-split compared with all-out pacing. Reductions in countermovement jumps were higher after rounds 1 (-12.6% vs. 1.6%, p < .001) and 2 (-12.7% vs. -4.0%, p = .014) but similar after round 3 (-13.2% vs. -11.3%, p = .571) for all-out compared with controlled-split pacing. Ratings of fatigue were higher after rounds 1 (7 vs. 5 a.u., p < .001) and 2 (8 vs. 7 a.u, p = .023) but similar after round 3 (9 vs. 9 a.u., p = .737) for all-out compared with controlled-split pacing. During all-out pacing, countermovement jump reductions after round 2 correlated with benchmark drops across rounds 1 and 2 (r = .78, p = .002) and rounds 1 and 3 (r = -.77, p = .002) and with benchmark workout changes between pacing strategies (r = -.58, p = .036), suggesting that the larger the countermovement jump reductions the higher the benchmark drops across rounds and workouts. Therefore, benchmarks, countermovement jumps and ratings of fatigue may assess exercise-induced fatigue as decision-making criteria to improve pacing strategy during workouts performed for as many repetitions as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves De Aguiar
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Artur Ferreira Tramontin
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Crozeta Martins
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Trowell DA, Carruthers Collins AG, Hendy AM, Drinkwater EJ, Kenneally-Dabrowski C. Validation of a commercially available mobile application for velocity-based resistance training. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17789. [PMID: 39071120 PMCID: PMC11283170 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Velocity-based training (VBT) is commonly used for programming and autoregulation of resistance training. Velocity may also be measured during resistance training to estimate one repetition maximum and monitor fatigue. This study quantifies the validity of Metric VBT, a mobile application that uses camera-vision for measuring barbell range of motion (RoM) and mean velocity during resistance exercises. Methods Twenty-four participants completed back squat and bench press repetitions across various loads. Five mobile devices were placed at varying angles (0, ±10, and ±20°) perpendicular to the participant. The validity of Metric VBT was assessed in comparison to Vicon motion analysis using precision and recall, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots. Proportional bias was assessed using linear regression. Results Metric VBT accurately detected over 95% of repetitions. It showed moderate to substantial agreement with the Vicon system for measuring RoM in both exercises. The average Limits of Agreement (LoA) for RoM across all camera positions were -5.45 to 4.94 cm for squats and -5.80 to 3.55 cm for bench presses. Metric VBT exhibited poor to moderate agreement with the Vicon system for measuring mean velocity. The average LoA for mean velocity were 0.03 to 0.25 m/s for squats and -5.80 to 3.55 m/s for bench presses. A proportional bias was observed, with bias increasing as repetition velocity increased. Conclusions Metric VBT's wide LoA for measuring RoM and mean velocity highlights significant accuracy concerns, exceeding acceptable levels for practical use. However, for users prioritizing repetition counts over precise RoM or mean velocity data, the application can still provide useful information for monitoring workout volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Anne Trowell
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus G. Carruthers Collins
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee M. Hendy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric James Drinkwater
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Kenneally-Dabrowski
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola E, Martínez-Roldán C, Maté-Muñoz JL, Guodemar-Pérez J, Sánchez-Calabuig MA, García-Fernández P, Hervás-Pérez JP, Hernández-Lougedo J. Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Subjects Performing High-Intensity Functional Training. Nutrients 2024; 16:2340. [PMID: 39064783 PMCID: PMC11280034 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-alanine, a non-essential amino acid found in the diet and produced through nucleotide catabolism, is significant for muscle performance due to its role in carnosine synthesis. This study aims to assess the impact of a 4-week β-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in individuals engaging in High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and its subsequent effect on sports performance, distinguishing between central fatigue from the CNS and peripheral fatigue from the muscular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study (a randomized controlled trial) comprised a total of 27 subjects, who were divided into two groups. Group A (the control group) was administered sucrose powder, while Group B (the experimental group) was given β-alanine powder. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. This study lasted four weeks, during which both groups participated in high-intensity interval training (HIFT) on the first day to induce fatigue and work close to their VO2 max. RESULTS Statistically significant changes were in the sports performance variables, specifically vertical jump and jumping power (p = 0.027). These changes were observed only in the group that had been supplemented with β-alanine. Nevertheless, no alterations were observed in any other variables, including fatigue, metabolic intensity of exercise, or perceived intensity (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A four-week β-alanine intake program demonstrated an improvement in the capacity of subjects, as evidenced by enhanced vertical jump and power performance. Nevertheless, it does result in discernible alterations in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Roldán
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (P.G.-F.)
| | - Jesús Guodemar-Pérez
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Aránzazu Sánchez-Calabuig
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (P.G.-F.)
| | - Juan Pablo Hervás-Pérez
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
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