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Emmert MY, Bonatti J, Caliskan E, Gaudino M, Grabenwöger M, Grapow MT, Heinisch PP, Kieser-Prieur T, Kim KB, Kiss A, Mouriquhe F, Mach M, Margariti A, Pepper J, Perrault LP, Podesser BK, Puskas J, Taggart DP, Yadava OP, Winkler B. Consensus statement-graft treatment in cardiovascular bypass graft surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1285685. [PMID: 38476377 PMCID: PMC10927966 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1285685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is and continues to be the preferred revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease. Graft selection has been shown to influence the outcomes following CABG. During the last almost 60 years saphenous vein grafts (SVG) together with the internal mammary artery have become the standard of care for patients undergoing CABG surgery. While there is little doubt about the benefits, the patency rates are constantly under debate. Despite its acknowledged limitations in terms of long-term patency due to intimal hyperplasia, the saphenous vein is still the most often used graft. Although reendothelialization occurs early postoperatively, the process of intimal hyperplasia remains irreversible. This is due in part to the persistence of high shear forces, the chronic localized inflammatory response, and the partial dysfunctionality of the regenerated endothelium. "No-Touch" harvesting techniques, specific storage solutions, pressure controlled graft flushing and external stenting are important and established methods aiming to overcome the process of intimal hyperplasia at different time levels. Still despite the known evidence these methods are not standard everywhere. The use of arterial grafts is another strategy to address the inferior SVG patency rates and to perform CABG with total arterial revascularization. Composite grafting, pharmacological agents as well as latest minimal invasive techniques aim in the same direction. To give guide and set standards all graft related topics for CABG are presented in this expert opinion document on graft treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Bonatti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Etem Caliskan
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin Grabenwöger
- Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery KFL, Vienna Health Network, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul Phillip Heinisch
- German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Kieser-Prieur
- LIBIN Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ki-Bong Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Mach
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrianna Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Pepper
- Cardiology and Aortic Centre, Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Puskas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, United States
| | - David P. Taggart
- Nuffield Dept Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bernhard Winkler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery KFL, Vienna Health Network, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karld Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular Research Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
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Russu E, Arbanasi EM, Chirila TV, Muresan AV. Therapeutic strategies based on non-ionizing radiation to prevent venous neointimal hyperplasia: the relevance for stenosed arteriovenous fistula, and the role of vascular compliance. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1356671. [PMID: 38374996 PMCID: PMC10875031 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1356671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We have reviewed the development and current status of therapies based on exposure to non-ionizing radiation (with a photon energy less than 10 eV) aimed at suppressing the venous neointimal hyperplasia, and consequentially at avoiding stenosis in arteriovenous grafts. Due to the drawbacks associated with the medical use of ionizing radiation, prominently the radiation-induced cardiovascular disease, the availability of procedures using non-ionizing radiation is becoming a noteworthy objective for the current research. Further, the focus of the review was the use of such procedures for improving the vascular access function and assuring the clinical success of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients. Following a brief discussion of the physical principles underlying radiotherapy, the current methods based on non-ionizing radiation, either in use or under development, were described in detail. There are currently five such techniques, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), far-infrared therapy, photochemical tissue passivation (PTP), Alucent vascular scaffolding, and adventitial photocrosslinking. The last three are contingent on the mechanical stiffening achievable by the exogenous photochemical crosslinking of tissular collagen, a process that leads to the decrease of venous compliance. As there are conflicting opinions on the role of compliance mismatch between arterial and venous conduits in a graft, this aspect was also considered in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Russu
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Emil-Marian Arbanasi
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Traian V. Chirila
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
- Queensland Eye Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Muresan
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
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Gemelli M, Addonizio M, Geatti V, Gallo M, Dixon LK, Slaughter MS, Gerosa G. Techniques and Technologies to Improve Vein Graft Patency in Coronary Surgery. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38249082 PMCID: PMC10801616 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vein grafts are the most used conduits in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), even though many studies have suggested their lower patency compared to arterial alternatives. We have reviewed the techniques and technologies that have been investigated over the years with the aim of improving the quality of these conduits. We found that preoperative and postoperative optimal medical therapy and no-touch harvesting techniques have the strongest evidence for optimizing vein graft patency. On the other hand, the use of venous external support, endoscopic harvesting, vein preservation solution and anastomosis, and graft configuration need further investigation. We have also analyzed strategies to treat vein graft failure: when feasible, re-doing the CABG and native vessel primary coronary intervention (PCI) are the best options, followed by percutaneous procedures targeting the failed grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gemelli
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.A.); (V.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Mariangela Addonizio
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.A.); (V.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Veronica Geatti
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.A.); (V.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Michele Gallo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.G.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Lauren K. Dixon
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London WC2A 3PE, UK;
| | - Mark S. Slaughter
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.G.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.A.); (V.G.); (G.G.)
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Kim D, Goo B, Shi H, Coffey P, Veerapaneni P, Chouhaita R, Cyriac N, Aboud G, Cave S, Greenway J, Mundkur R, Ahmadieh S, Harb R, Ogbi M, Fulton DJ, Huo Y, Zhang W, Long X, Guha A, Kim HW, Shi Y, Rice RD, Gallo DR, Patel V, Lee R, Weintraub NL. Integrative multiomics analysis of neointima proliferation in human saphenous vein: implications for bypass graft disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567053. [PMID: 38014255 PMCID: PMC10680765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human saphenous veins (SV) are widely used as grafts in coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery but often fail due to neointima proliferation (NP). NP involves complex interplay between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and fibroblasts. Little is known, however, regarding the transcriptomic and proteomic dynamics of NP. Here, we performed multi-omics analysis in an ex vivo tissue culture model of NP in human SV procured for CABG surgery. Methods and results Histological examination demonstrated significant elastin degradation and NP (indicated by increased neointima area and neointima/media ratio) in SV subjected to tissue culture. Analysis of data from 73 patients suggest that the process of SV adaptation and NP may differ according to sex and body mass index. RNA sequencing confirmed upregulation of pro-inflammatory and proliferation-related genes during NP and identified novel processes, including increased cellular stress and DNA damage responses, which may reflect tissue trauma associated with SV harvesting. Proteomic analysis identified upregulated extracellular matrix-related and coagulation/thrombosis proteins and downregulated metabolic proteins. Spatial transcriptomics detected transdifferentiating VSMC in the intima on the day of harvesting and highlighted dynamic alterations in fibroblast and VSMC phenotype and behavior during NP. Specifically, we identified new cell subpopulations contributing to NP, including SPP1 + , LGALS3 + VSMC and MMP2 + , MMP14 + fibroblasts. Conclusion Dynamic alterations of gene and protein expression occur during NP in human SV. Identification of the human-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms may provide novel insight into SV bypass graft disease.
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Yao G, Li H, Zuo X, Wang C, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Wang X. Oscillatory shear stress promotes vein graft intimal hyperplasia via NADPH oxidase-related pathways. Front Surg 2023; 10:1073557. [PMID: 36860953 PMCID: PMC9968757 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1073557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled intimal hyperplasia (IH) after autologous saphenous vein grafting triggers a high restenosis rate; however, its association with the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-related pathways is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanism of oscillatory shear stress (OSS) on grafted vein IH. Methods Thirty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control, high-OSS (HOSS), and low-OSS (LOSS) groups, and the vein grafts were harvested after 4 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining assays were used to observe morphological and structural changes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect α-SMA, PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the tissues. Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of pathway-related proteins (NOX1, NOX2, AKT, p-AKT, and BIRC5), PCNA, BCL-2, BAX, and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 in tissues. Results Blood flow velocity was lower in the LOSS group than in the HOSS group, while vessel diameter did not change significantly. Shear rate was elevated in both HOSS and LOSS groups but was higher in the HOSS group. Additionally, vessel diameter increased with time in the HOSS and LOSS groups, whereas flow velocity did not. Intimal hyperplasia was significantly lower in the LOSS group than in the HOSS group. IH was dominated by smooth muscle fibers in the grafted veins and collagen fibers in the media. OSS restriction significantly reduced the α-SMA, PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels. Moreover, ROS production and the expression of NOX1, NOX2, p-AKT, BIRC5, PCNA, BCL-2, BAX, and cleaved caspase-3 were phase-reduced in LOSS compared to the levels in the HOSS group. Total AKT was not differentially expressed among the three groups. Conclusion OSS promotes the proliferation, migration, and survival of subendothelial vascular smooth muscle cells in grafted veins, which may be related to the regulation of downstream p-AKT/BIRC5 levels through the increased production of ROS by NOX. Drugs inhibiting this pathway might be used to prolong vein graft survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Emergency, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyi Zuo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunkai Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yelei Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Correspondence: Xuehu Wang
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Ni Z, Lyu L, Gong H, Du L, Wen Z, Jiang H, Yang H, Hu Y, Zhang B, Xu Q, Guo X, Chen T. Multilineage commitment of Sca-1 + cells in reshaping vein grafts. Theranostics 2023; 13:2154-2175. [PMID: 37153747 PMCID: PMC10157743 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vein graft failure remains a significant clinical problem. Similar to other vascular diseases, stenosis of vein grafts is caused by several cell lines; however, the sources of these cells remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the cellular sources that reshape vein grafts. By analyzing transcriptomics data and constructing inducible lineage-tracing mouse models, we investigated the cellular components of vein grafts and their fates. The sc-RNAseq data suggested that Sca-1+ cells were vital players in vein grafts and might serve as progenitors for multilineage commitment. By generating a vein graft model in which the venae cavae from C57BL/6J wild-type mice were transplanted adjacent to the carotid arteries of Sca-1(Ly6a)-CreERT2; Rosa26-tdTomato mice, we demonstrated that the recipient Sca-1+ cells dominated reendothelialization and the formation of adventitial microvessels, especially at the perianastomotic regions. In turn, using chimeric mouse models, we confirmed that the Sca-1+ cells that participated in reendothelialization and the formation of adventitial microvessels all had a non-bone-marrow origin, whereas bone-marrow-derived Sca-1+ cells differentiated into inflammatory cells in vein grafts. Furthermore, using a parabiosis mouse model, we confirmed that non-bone-marrow-derived circulatory Sca-1+ cells were vital for the formation of adventitial microvessels, whereas Sca-1+ cells derived from local carotid arteries were the source of endothelium restoration. Using another mouse model in which venae cavae from Sca-1 (Ly6a)-CreERT2; Rosa26-tdTomato mice were transplanted adjacent to the carotid arteries of C57BL/6J wild-type mice, we confirmed that the donor Sca-1+ cells were mainly responsible for smooth muscle cells commitment in the neointima, particularly at the middle bodies of vein grafts. In addition, we provided evidence that knockdown/knockout of Pdgfrα in Sca-1+ cells decreased the cell potential to generate SMCs in vitro and decreased number of intimal SMCs in vein grafts. Our findings provided cell atlases of vein grafts, which demonstrated that recipient carotid arteries, donor veins, non-bone-marrow circulation, and the bone marrow provided diverse Sca-1+ cells/progenitors that participated in the reshaping of vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Ni
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Du
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuoshi Wen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of kidney disease center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of kidney disease center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bohuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Qingbo Xu, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500, Fax: +86 571 4008306430 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Xiaogang Guo, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Ting Chen, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 15067127900 Mailing Address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Qingbo Xu, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500, Fax: +86 571 4008306430 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Xiaogang Guo, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Ting Chen, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 15067127900 Mailing Address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Qingbo Xu, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500, Fax: +86 571 4008306430 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Xiaogang Guo, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 571-87236500 Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China. Or Ting Chen, MD. PhD. , Tel: +86 15067127900 Mailing Address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Hangzhou, China
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Ladak SS, McQueen LW, Layton GR, Aujla H, Adebayo A, Zakkar M. The Role of Endothelial Cells in the Onset, Development and Modulation of Vein Graft Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3066. [PMID: 36231026 PMCID: PMC9561968 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells comprise the intimal layer of the vasculature, playing a crucial role in facilitating and regulating aspects such nutrient transport, vascular homeostasis, and inflammatory response. Given the importance of these cells in maintaining a healthy haemodynamic environment, dysfunction of the endothelium is central to a host of vascular diseases and is a key predictor of cardiovascular risk. Of note, endothelial dysfunction is believed to be a key driver for vein graft disease-a pathology in which vein grafts utilised in coronary artery bypass graft surgery develop intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis, resulting in poor long-term patency rates. Activation and denudation of the endothelium following surgical trauma and implantation of the graft encourage a host of immune, inflammatory, and cellular differentiation responses that risk driving the graft to failure. This review aims to provide an overview of the current working knowledge regarding the role of endothelial cells in the onset, development, and modulation of vein graft disease, as well as addressing current surgical and medical management approaches which aim to beneficially modulate endothelial function and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mustafa Zakkar
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Science Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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Alfaro S, Acuña V, Ceriani R, Cavieres MF, Weinstein-Oppenheimer CR, Campos-Estrada C. Involvement of Inflammation and Its Resolution in Disease and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810719. [PMID: 36142625 PMCID: PMC9505300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the response to and survival from injuries and/or infections. It occurs in two phases: initiation and resolution; however, when these events do not resolve and persist over time, the inflammatory response becomes chronic, prompting diseases that affect several systems and organs, such as the vasculature and the skin. Here, we reviewed inflammation that occurs in selected infectious and sterile pathologies. Thus, the immune processes induced by bacterial sepsis as well as T. cruzi and SARS-CoV-2 infections are shown. In addition, vaccine adjuvants as well as atherosclerosis are revised as examples of sterile-mediated inflammation. An example of the consequences of a lack of inflammation resolution is given through the revision of wound healing and chronic wounds. Then, we revised the resolution of the latter through advanced therapies represented by cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches, showing how they contribute to control chronic inflammation and therefore wound healing. Finally, new pharmacological insights into the management of chronic inflammation addressing the resolution of inflammation based on pro-resolving mediators, such as lipoxin, maresin, and resolvins, examining their biosynthesis, biological properties, and pharmacokinetic and pharmaceuticals limitations, are given. We conclude that resolution pharmacology and advanced therapies are promising tools to restore the inflammation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alfaro
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Vania Acuña
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Ricardo Ceriani
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - María Fernanda Cavieres
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Caroline Ruth Weinstein-Oppenheimer
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.R.W.-O.); (C.C.-E.); Tel.: +56-32-2508419 (C.R.W.-O.); +56-32-2508140 (C.C.-E.)
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.R.W.-O.); (C.C.-E.); Tel.: +56-32-2508419 (C.R.W.-O.); +56-32-2508140 (C.C.-E.)
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9
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Chen C, Lu T, Wu Z, Xie X, Liu Y, Huang C, Liu Y. A proteomics analysis of neointima formation on decellularized vascular grafts reveals regenerative alterations in protein signature running head: Proteomics analysis of neointima formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:894956. [PMID: 36406232 PMCID: PMC9673820 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.894956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neointima formation contributes to vascular grafts stenosis and thrombosis. It is a complex reaction that plays a significant role in the performance of vascular grafts. Despite its critical implications, little is known about the mechanisms underlying neointima formation. This study compares neointima proteome in different stages and plasma samples. Methods: Heterogenous acellular native arteries were implanted as abdominal aortic interposition grafts in a rabbit model. Grafts were harvested at 0.5, 1, 4, 6, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-surgery for histological and proteomic analysis of the neointima. Results: Histological examination showed a transformed morphological pattern and components, including serum proteins, inflammatory cells, and regenerative cells. Proteomics analysis of the neointima showed distinct characteristics after 14 days of implantation compared to early implantation. Early changes in the neointima samples were proteins involved in acute inflammation and thrombosis, followed by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. A total of 110 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in later samples of neointima compared to early controls. The enriched pathways were mainly protein digestion and adsorption, focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ECM-receptor interaction in the late stage. All distributions of proteins in the neointima are different compared to plasma. Conclusion: The biological processes of neointima formation at different stages identified with proteome found developmental characteristics of vascular structure on a decellularized small vascular graft, and significant differences were identified by proteomics in the neointima of early-stage and late-stage after implantation. In the acute unstable phase, the loose and uniform neointima was mainly composed of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells. However, in the relatively stable later stage, the most notable results were an up-regulation of ECM components. The present study demonstrates an interaction between biological matter and vascular graft, provides insights into biological process changes of neointima and facilitates the construction of a functional bioengineered small vascular graft for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongshi Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Xinlong Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Hunan Province for Cardiovascular Biomaterials, Changsha, China
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10
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Hu K, Guo Y, Li Y, Lu C, Cai C, Zhou S, Ke Z, Li Y, Wang W. Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the process of arteriovenous fistula failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:984472. [PMID: 36035909 PMCID: PMC9403606 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.984472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than half a century, arteriovenous fistula (AVFs) has been recognized as a lifeline for patients requiring hemodialysis (HD). With its higher long-term patency rate and lower probability of complications, AVF is strongly recommended by guidelines in different areas as the first choice for vascular access for HD patients, and its proportion of application is gradually increasing. Despite technological improvements and advances in the standards of postoperative care, many deficiencies are still encountered in the use of AVF related to its high incidence of failure due to unsuccessful maturation to adequately support HD and the development of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH), which narrows the AVF lumen. AVF failure is linked to the activation and migration of vascular cells and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, where complex interactions between cytokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory mediators lead to poor adaptive remodeling. Oxidative stress also plays a vital role in AVF failure, and a growing amount of data suggest a link between AVF failure and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of the pathophysiology of AVF failure. Furthermore, we focus on the relation between oxidative stress and AVF dysfunction. Finally, we discuss potential therapies for addressing AVF failure based on targeting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chanjun Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanqi Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shunchang Zhou
- Center of Experimental Animals, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunxiang Ke
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yiqing Li,
| | - Weici Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Weici Wang,
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11
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Szabo B, Gasz B, Fazekas LA, Varga A, Kiss-Papai L, Matolay O, Rezsabek Z, Al-Smadi MW, Nemeth N. Heterogeneous Maturation of Arterio-Venous Fistulas and Loop-Shaped Venous Interposition Grafts: A Histological and 3D Flow Simulation Comparison. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071508. [PMID: 35884813 PMCID: PMC9313372 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular graft maturation is associated with blood flow characteristics, such as velocity, pressure, vorticity, and wall shear stress (WSS). Many studies examined these factors separately. We aimed to examine the remodeling of arterio-venous fistulas (AVFs) and loop-shaped venous interposition grafts, together with 3D flow simulation. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into sham-operated, AVF, and loop-shaped venous graft (Loop) groups, using the femoral and superficial inferior epigastric vessels for anastomoses. Five weeks after surgery, the vessels were removed for histological evaluation, or plastic castings were made and scanned for 3D flow simulation. Remodeling of AVF and looped grafts was complete in 5 weeks. Histology showed heterogeneous morphology depending on the distribution of intraluminal pressure and WSS. In the Loop group, an asymmetrical WSS distribution coincided with the intima hyperplasia spots. The tunica media was enlarged only when both pressure and WSS were high. The 3D flow simulation correlated with the histological findings, identifying “hotspots” for intimal hyperplasia formation, suggesting a predictive value. These observations can be useful for microvascular research and for quality control in microsurgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Szabo
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
| | - Balazs Gasz
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (B.G.); (L.K.-P.)
| | - Laszlo Adam Fazekas
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
| | - Adam Varga
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
| | - Levente Kiss-Papai
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (B.G.); (L.K.-P.)
| | - Orsolya Matolay
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsofia Rezsabek
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
| | - Mohammad W. Al-Smadi
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
| | - Norbert Nemeth
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond u. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.S.); (L.A.F.); (A.V.); (Z.R.); (M.W.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-416-915
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12
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McQueen LW, Ladak SS, Zakkar M. Acute shear stress and vein graft disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 144:106173. [PMID: 35151879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The long saphenous vein is commonly used in cardiac surgery to bypass occluded coronary arteries. Its use is complicated by late stenosis and occlusion due to the development of intimal hyperplasia. It is accepted that intimal hyperplasia is a multifactorial inflammatory process that starts immediately after surgery. The role of acute changes in haemodynamic conditions when the vein is implanted into arterial circulation, especially shear stress, is not fully appreciated. This review provides an overview of intimal hyperplasia and the effect of acute shear stress changes on the activation of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam W McQueen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Science Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Shameem S Ladak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Science Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Mustafa Zakkar
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Science Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
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13
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Duran M, Tasbulak O, Alsancak Y. Association between SYNTAX II Score and late saphenous vein graft failure in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2021; 67:1093-1101. [PMID: 34669852 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a well-established treatment modality for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Syntax II Score has been established as novel scoring system with better prediction of postprocedural outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of SYNTAX II Score for predicting late saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure in patients undergoing isolated CABG. METHODS The records of 1,875 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG with at least one SVG were investigated. Those who underwent coronary angiography and SVGs angiography at least 1 year after the CABG were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of SVG failure. For each group, predictors of late SVG failure and subsequent clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS According to this study, the presence of hypertension, higher rates of repeat revascularization, and higher SYNTAX II Scores were found to be independent predictors of late SVG failure. In addition, the prognostic value of SYNTAX II Score was found to be significantly higher than anatomical SYNTAX Score in terms of predicting late SVG failure and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong association between SYNTAX II Score and late SVG failure in patients undergoing isolated CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Duran
- Konya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology - Konya, Türkiye
| | - Omer Tasbulak
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology - İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yakup Alsancak
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology - Konya, Türkiye
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14
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The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in vascular homeostasis and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2399-2418. [PMID: 32936305 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress due to flow and pulsatile stretch. The extracellular matrix maintains the structural integrity of the vessel wall and coordinates with a dynamic mechanical environment to provide cues to initiate intracellular signaling pathway(s), thereby changing cellular behaviors and functions. However, the precise role of matrix-cell interactions involved in mechanotransduction during vascular homeostasis and disease development remains to be fully determined. In this review, we introduce hemodynamics forces in blood vessels and the initial sensors of mechanical stimuli, including cell-cell junctional molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), multiple ion channels, and a variety of small GTPases. We then highlight the molecular mechanotransduction events in the vessel wall triggered by laminar shear stress (LSS) and disturbed shear stress (DSS) on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and cyclic stretch in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)-both of which activate several key transcription factors. Finally, we provide a recent overview of matrix-cell interactions and mechanotransduction centered on fibronectin in ECs and thrombospondin-1 in SMCs. The results of this review suggest that abnormal mechanical cues or altered responses to mechanical stimuli in EC and SMCs serve as the molecular basis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and aortic aneurysms. Collecting evidence and advancing knowledge on the mechanotransduction in the vessel wall can lead to a new direction of therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases.
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15
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Guo Y, Zhu F, Zhang X, Wu G, Fu P, Yang J. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition prevents venous adaptive remodeling via regulation of Eph-B4. Vascular 2021; 30:120-129. [PMID: 33706642 DOI: 10.1177/1708538121999854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vein graft adaptation (VGA) is a process that vein as a vascular graft conduits in arterial reconstructive surgery; VGA can lead to postoperative vein graft stenosis (VGS) and complications after coronary artery bypass graft and other peripheral artery bypass surgeries. VGA is characterized by vein graft loss the venous features without exhibiting arterial features; furthermore, the activation of ERK inhibited the maintenance of venous properties of the vein graft. We hypothesized that ERK inhibition can affect vein VGS through regulating the expression of EphB4. METHODS Rat vein transplantation model was established using wild-type and EphB4+/- Sprague-Dawley rats. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, Verhoeff, actin staining, and immunohistochemistry were applied to observe the structure of the vein grafts. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were isolated from the vein and vein grafts. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of p-ERK1/2 and EphB4, and immunofluorescence was applied to detect the expression and location of EphB4. Cell wound scratch assay and CCK8 assay were used to determine the migration and proliferation of VSMCs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA expression of EphB4. RESULTS Western blotting in vein sample and vein graft sample detected p-ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 expression in both EphB4+/+ and EphB4+/- rats. The expression of p-ERK was increased in vein graft compared to vein. Immunofluorescence in VSMCs form EphB4+/+ and EphB4+/- rats detected EphB4 expression in both cells, and the expression of EphB4 was increased in VSMCs form EphB4+/+ rats. SCH772984 reduces the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Inhibition of ERK suppressed the increase of vein graft wall thickness, and the expression of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and α-actin was decreased. Vein graft from EphB4+/- rats reduces the expression of EphB4, and SCH772984 suppressed the decrease of EphB4 in vivo. Vein graft from EphB4+/- rats increased the expression of EphB4, and SCH772984 suppressed the increase of EphB4 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of ERK1/2 suppressed the process of VGS by decreasing the proliferation of VSMCs. The ERK-inhibitor SCH772984 suppressed the level of VGS by extending the time of EphB4 expression during the process of VGA, thus maintaining the venousization of vein graft. The mechanism may be that the inhibitor SCH772984 suppresses the level of VGS by extending the time of EphB4 expression during the process of VGA. Therefore, our research provides a new target of VGS treatment by inhibiting the expression of ERK1/2 through the process of VGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangmin Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pinting Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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16
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Boire TC, Himmel LE, Yu F, Guth CM, Dollinger BR, Werfel TA, Balikov DA, Duvall CL. Effect of pore size and spacing on neovascularization of a biodegradble shape memory polymer perivascular wrap. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:272-288. [PMID: 32490564 PMCID: PMC8270373 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NH) is a main source of failures in arteriovenous fistulas and vascular grafts. Several studies have demonstrated the promise of perivascular wraps to reduce NH via promotion of adventitial neovascularization and providing mechanical support. Limited clinical success thus far may be due to inappropriate material selection (e.g., nondegradable, too stiff) and geometric design (e.g., pore size and spacing, diameter). The influence of pore size and spacing on implant neovascularization is investigated here for a new biodegradable, thermoresponsive shape memory polymer (SMP) perivascular wrap. Following an initial pilot, 21 mice were each implanted with six scaffolds: four candidate SMP macroporous designs (a-d), a nonporous SMP control (e), and microporous GORETEX (f). Mice were sacrificed after 4 (N = 5), 14 (N = 8), and 28 (N = 8) days. There was a statistically significant increase in neovascularization score between all macroporous groups compared to nonporous SMP (p < .023) and microporous GORETEX (p < .007) controls at Day 28. Wider-spaced, smaller-sized pore designs (223 μm-spaced, 640 μm-diameter Design c) induced the most robust angiogenic response, with greater microvessel number (p < .0114) and area (p < .0055) than nonporous SMPs and GORETEX at Day 28. This design also produced significantly greater microvessel density than nonporous SMPs (p = 0.0028) and a smaller-spaced, larger-sized pore (155 μm-spaced, 1,180 μm-sized Design b) design (p = .0013). Strong neovascularization is expected to reduce NH, motivating further investigation of this SMP wrap with controlled pore spacing and size in more advanced arteriovenous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Boire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren E Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christy M Guth
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan R Dollinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas A Werfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daniel A Balikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Cai Q, Liao W, Xue F, Wang X, Zhou W, Li Y, Zeng W. Selection of different endothelialization modes and different seed cells for tissue-engineered vascular graft. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2557-2568. [PMID: 33665496 PMCID: PMC7887299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have enormous potential for vascular replacement therapy. However, thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are important problems associated with TEVGs especially small diameter TEVGs (<6 mm) after transplantation. Endothelialization of TEVGs is a key point to prevent thrombosis. Here, we discuss different types of endothelialization and different seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Meanwhile, endothelial heterogeneity is also discussed. Based on it, we provide a new perspective for selecting suitable types of endothelialization and suitable seed cells to improve the long-term patency rate of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with different diameters and lengths. The material, diameter and length of tissue-engineered vascular graft are all key factors affecting its long-term patency. Endothelialization strategies should consider the different diameters and lengths of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cell heterogeneity and tissue heterogeneity should be considered in the application of seed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wanshan Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fangchao Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China.,Departments of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Longer Exposure to Left-to-Right Shunts Is a Risk Factor for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Patients with Trisomy 21. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8010019. [PMID: 33401418 PMCID: PMC7823486 DOI: 10.3390/children8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a study to determine whether patients born with Trisomy 21 and left-to-right shunts who develop pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) have a longer exposure to shunt physiology compared to those who do not develop PVS. We included patients seen at Boston Children’s Hospital between 15 August 2006 and 31 August 2017 born with Trisomy 21 and left-to-right shunts who developed PVS within 24 months of age. We conducted a retrospective 3:1 matched case–control study. The primary predictor was length of exposure to shunt as defined as date of birth to the first echocardiogram showing mild or no shunt. Case patients with PVS were more likely to have a longer exposure to shunt than patients in the control group (6 vs. 3 months, p-value 0.002). Additionally, PVS patients were also more likely to have their initial repair ≥ 4 months of age (81% vs. 42%, p-value 0.003) and have a gestational age ≤ 35 weeks (48% vs. 13%, p-value 0.003). Time exposed to shunts may be an important modifiable risk factor for PVS in patients with Trisomy 21.
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19
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Szabo B, Tanczos B, Varga A, Barath B, Ghanem S, Rezsabek Z, Al-Smadi MW, Nemeth N. Micro-Rheological Changes of Red Blood Cells in the Presence of an Arterio-Venous Fistula or a Loop-Shaped Venous Graft in the Rat. Front Physiol 2020; 11:616528. [PMID: 33391035 PMCID: PMC7775550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.616528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In case of kidney failure, hemodialysis is the primary kidney replacement technique. Several vascular access methods used for the therapy, one of which is the arterio-venous fistula (AVF). In the AVF, the blood flow is altered, which can elevate the mechanical stress on the red blood cells (RBCs). This can affect the RBC hemorheological properties, and it can further cause systemic changes. To lower the turbulence and shear stress, we performed a loop-shaped arterio-arterial venous interposition graft (loop-shaped graft) to compare its effect to the conventional AVF. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar were used (permission registration Nr.: 25/2016/UDCAW). The animals were randomly divided into sham-operated, AVF, and loop groups (n = 10/each). The superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) was used to create the AVF and the loop-shaped graft. Blood samples were taken before/after the surgery and at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative weeks. We measured hemorhelogical, hematological, and blood gas parameters. The microcirculation of the hind limbs was also monitored using Laser Doppler fluxmetry. Results: Hematocrit, RBC count, and hemoglobin decreased by the 1st postoperative week. The erythrocyte aggregation values significantly increased in the fistula group by the 5th week (6.43 ± 2.31 vs. 13.60; p < 0.0001; vs. before operation). At the postoperative 1st week in the loop group, the values showed a significant decrease in RBC deformability. During the maturation period, dominantly at the 5th week, all values were normalized. The operated hind limb’s skin microcirculation significantly increased in the sham and loop group by the 1st week (39 ± 10.57 vs. 73.93 ± 1.97 BFU, p < 0.01). This increase wasn’t observed in the fistula group probably due to a steal-effect. Conclusion: Unlike in the loop group, in the presence of the fistula, several rheological parameters have changed. The loop-shaped graft had only minimal impact on micro-rheological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Szabo
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bence Tanczos
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Varga
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Barath
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Souleiman Ghanem
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Rezsabek
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Walid Al-Smadi
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Norbert Nemeth
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Abstract
Objective To elucidate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the atherosclerotic process in saphenous vein grafts by determining urotensin-II (U-II) levels in harvested saphenous veins of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who underwent CABG were divided into two groups: Group I (eight non-diabetic patients; CAD group) and Group II (13 patients; DM+CAD group). All patients underwent coronary angiography prior to surgery and Gensini score was used to determine the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Saphenous vein samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and U-II, then damage score, H-Score, and vein layer thicknesses were calculated and statistically evaluated. Results In light microscopic evaluation, significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of endothelial cells damage, internal elastic lamina degradation, and tunica media vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) damage (P<0.001). U-II immunoreactivity was increased in tunica adventitia in the DM+CAD group (P=0.002). The increase in foam cells was directly proportional to the thickening of the subendothelial layer, and this increased U-II immunoreactivity. Gensini score was higher in the DM+CAD group than in the CAD group (P=0.002). Conclusion Our results show that saphenous vein grafts are already atherosclerotic before they are grafted in CAD patients. This disease is more severe in diabetic CAD patients and these changes can be detected using U-II immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erin Tüysüz
- Mersin City Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Mersin Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Leyla Bahar
- Mersin University Vocational School Department of Medical Services and Techniques Mersin Turkey Department of Medical Services and Techniques of Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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21
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Lawson JH, Niklason LE, Roy-Chaudhury P. Challenges and novel therapies for vascular access in haemodialysis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:586-602. [PMID: 32839580 PMCID: PMC8108319 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in standards of care have extended the life expectancy of patients with kidney failure. However, options for chronic vascular access for haemodialysis - an essential part of kidney replacement therapy - have remained unchanged for decades. The high morbidity and mortality associated with current vascular access complications highlights an unmet clinical need for novel techniques in vascular access and is driving innovation in vascular access care. The development of devices, biological approaches and novel access techniques has led to new approaches to controlling fistula geometry and manipulating the underlying cellular and molecular pathways of the vascular endothelium, and influencing fistula maturation and formation through the use of external mechanical methods. Innovations in arteriovenous graft materials range from small modifications to the graft lumen to the creation of completely novel bioengineered grafts. Steps have even been taken to create new devices for the treatment of patients with central vein stenosis. However, these emerging therapies face difficult hurdles, and truly creative approaches to vascular access need resources that include well-designed clinical trials, frequent interaction with regulators, interventionalist education and sufficient funding. In addition, the heterogeneity of patients with kidney failure suggests it is unlikely that a 'one-size-fits-all' approach for effective vascular access will be feasible in the current environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Lawson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Humacyte, Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Humacyte, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- WG (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, USA
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22
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Antonyshyn JA, D'''''Costa KA, Santerre JP. Advancing tissue-engineered vascular grafts via their endothelialization and mechanical conditioning. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 61:555-576. [PMID: 32909708 DOI: 10.23736/s0021-9509.20.11582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has garnered significant attention for its potential to address the predominant modes of failure of small diameter vascular prostheses, namely mid-graft thrombosis and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia. In this review, we described two main features underpinning the promise of tissue-engineered vascular grafts: the incorporation of an antithrombogenic endothelium, and the generation of a structurally and biomechanically mimetic extracellular matrix. From the early attempts at the in-vitro endothelialization of vascular prostheses in the 1970s through to the ongoing clinical trials of fully tissue-engineered vascular grafts, the historical advancements and unresolved challenges that characterize the current state-of-the-art are summarized in a manner that establishes a guide for the development of an effective vascular prosthesis for small diameter arterial reconstruction. The importance of endothelial cell purity and their arterial specification for the prevention of both diffuse neointimal hyperplasia and the accelerated development of atherosclerotic lesions is delineated. Additionally, the need for an extracellular matrix that recapitulates both the composition and structure of native elastic arteries to facilitate the protracted stability and patency of an engineered vasoactive conduit is described. Finally, the capacity of alternative sources of cells and mechanical conditioning to overcome these technical barriers to the clinical translation of an effective small diameter vascular prosthesis is discussed. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the historical development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts, highlighting specific areas warranting further research, and commentating on the outlook of a clinically feasible and therapeutically efficacious vascular prosthesis for small diameter arterial reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Antonyshyn
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katya A D'''''Costa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada - .,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Reduction in MicroRNA-4488 Expression Induces NFκB Translocation in Venous Endothelial Cells Under Arterial Flow. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:61-71. [PMID: 32902737 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-06944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the molecular interactions among inflammatory responses that damage venous endothelial cells (vECs) during venous-to-arterial flow transition in vein graft diseases. Because arterial flow triggers excessive autophagy and inflammation in vECs, this study aimed to investigate the mediator of inflammation and methods to prevent vEC damage. METHODS Arterial laminar shear stress (ALSS; 12 dynes/cm2) was applied to vECs via in vitro and ex vivo perfusion systems. Inflammation in vECs was measured using inflammatory protein markers, NFκB translocation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-2 and NFκB promoter assays. The involvement of microRNA-4488 (miR-4488) was measured and confirmed by altering the specific miR using a miR-4488 mimic or inhibitor. The potential anti-inflammatory drugs and/or nitric oxide (NO) donor L-arginine (L-Arg) to prevent damage to vECs under ALSS was investigated. RESULTS ALSS triggered reactive oxygen species production, excessive autophagy, COX-2 protein expression, and NFκB translocation during vEC inflammation. Reduction in miR-4488 expression was detected in inflamed vECs treated with LPS, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) TNFα, and ALSS. Transfection of miR-4488 mimic (50 nM) prior to ALSS application inhibited the accumulation of inflammatory proteins as well as the translocation of NFκB. Combined treatment of vECs with COX-2-specific inhibitor (SC-236) and L-Arg alleviated the ALSS-induced inflammatory responses. Protective effects of the combined treatment on vECs against ALSS-induced damage were abolished by the application of miR-4488 inhibitor. CONCLUSION We showed that ALSS triggered the COX-2/NFκB pathway to induce vEC inflammation with a reduction in miR-4488. Combination of SC-236 and L-Arg prevented ALSS-induced vEC damage, thus, shows high potential for preventing vein graft diseases.
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Wan S, Cao H, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Li C, Li N, Cao C, Hua Z, Li Z. Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs Associated with Vein Graft Restenosis in Rats. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2019.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Intimal hyperplasia is the main cause of restenosis of vein grafts after venous transplantation. MicroRNAs are considered to play a role in vein graft restenosis; however, the expression profile of microRNAs in neointima has not been reported in detail. We wanted to
investigate the differentially expressed microRNAs in the restenosis of vein grafts in rats.Methods: We established a rat model for vein transplantation to explore the pathogenic roles of microRNAs during intimal hyperplasia. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to confirm intimal
hyperplasia in the vein grafts. Changes in microRNA expression in the vein grafts were detected 3 and 14 days after surgery by sequencing, reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bioinformatics analyses for functional annotation.Results: We detected
711 newly predicted microRNAs among all the comparisons. Among these comparisons, 437 differentially expressed microRNAs were detected in the postoperative day 3 group versus the control group, 265 were detected in the postoperative day 14 group versus the control group, and 158 were detected
in the postoperative day 14 group versus the postoperative day 3 group. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of target genes that mediate Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton signaling.Conclusion:
Our results provide insight into the pathogenesis of restenosis and will help develop novel targets in the prevention and treatment of vein graft restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Wan
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubo Zhao
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaming Guo
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Hua
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Yang C, Shu C, Wang L, Li X, He H, Li J, Zhu J, Yang Y, Dardik A. EphB4 signaling maintains the contractile phenotype of adult venous smooth muscle cells. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:4522-4531. [PMID: 32913525 PMCID: PMC7476139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous vein grafting remains the gold standard for surgical bypass grafts. However, vein bypasses still have significant incidence of failure. Ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EphB4), the embryonic venous determinant, may modulate vein graft adaptation. Although EphB4 is expressed in venous endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), it is not known whether EphB4 is functional in human SMCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human adult venous SMCs were obtained from the inferior vena cava of an adult human liver donor. Primary SMCs were stimulated with EphrinB2/Fc or transfected with an EphB4-expression vector (GV219-EphB4). Expression of SMC phenotype markers, migration, and proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Activation of EphB4 with EphrinB2/Fc increased the mRNA and protein expression of the venous SMC contractile markers alpha actin, calponin-1, SM22, and MYH11, while decreasing the expression of the synthetic marker osteopontin. EphrinB2/Fc treatment inhibited SMC migration, but not proliferation. In addition, overexpression of EphB4 increased mRNA expression of SMC contractile markers, while decreasing expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-9. CONCLUSIONS EphB4 was present and functional in adult human venous SMCs. Stimulation of EphB4 increased expression of contractile SMC phenotypic markers and decreased SMC migration in vitro, functioning to retain the contractile phenotype of SMCs. EphB4 activation, therefore, recapitulates changes observed during vein graft adaptation to the arterial environment in vivo. EphB4 represents a new strategy to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia during vein graft adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzi Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Lunchang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieting Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- Vascular Disease Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yibo Yang
- Department of Sport Surgery and Sport Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s HospitalChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Alan Dardik
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Steger CM, Hartmann A, Rieker RJ. Molecular differences between arterial and venous grafts in the first year after coronary artery bypass grafting. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:405-419. [PMID: 32705339 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite commonly used for coronary artery bypass surgery, saphenous vein (SV) grafts have significantly lower patency rates in comparison to internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts, which might be due to the structural characteristics of the vessel wall but also due to differences in oxidative stress adaptation and molecular signaling and regulation. This human post mortem study included a total of 150 human bypass grafts (75 SV grafts and 75 ITA grafts) obtained from 60 patients divided into five groups due to the time period of implantation: group 1: baseline group without grafting; group 2: 1 day; group 3: > 1 day-1 week; group 4: > 1 week-1 month; group 5: > 1 month-1 year. Pieces of 3 mm length were fixed with formaldehyde, dehydrated, wax embedded, cut into sections of 3 µm thickness, and histologically and immunohistochemically examined. Over the whole time period, we observed a lower neointima formation and a better preserved media in ITA grafts with a higher percentage of TNF-α, PDGFR-α, and VEGF-A in nearly all vessel wall layers, a higher amount of MMP-7, MMP-9, EGFR, and bFGF positive cells in SV grafts and a timely different peak not only between ITA and SV grafts but also within the various vessel wall layers of both graft types. Since most of the examined growth factors, growth factor receptors and cytokines are regulated by MAPKs, our results suggest an activation of different pathways in both vessel graft types immediately after bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Maria Steger
- Department of Pathology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Affiliation of the Innsbruck Medical University, Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria.
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Rieker
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Kim AS, Conte MS. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in cardiovascular disease, diagnosis, and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:170-179. [PMID: 32697951 PMCID: PMC10980506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is the key aggravator in many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, aneurysm, injury/reperfusion, thrombosis, and neointimal hyperplasia following surgical or percutaneous interventions. Resolution is an active process orchestrated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) which tamp down acute inflammatory signals, promote healing and facilitate a return to homeostasis. SPMs are endogenously derived from poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and their biologic activity is mediated via specific G-protein coupled receptor binding. The potency of SPM in regulating the inflammatory response has encouraged investigation into their therapeutic and diagnostic use in cardiovascular pathologies. Herein we describe the translational groundwork which has established the synthesis and interactions of SPM in cardiovascular and hematologic cells, the therapeutic effects of SPM in animal models of cardiovascular disease, and some early technologies that harness and attempt to optimize SPM delivery and "resolution pharmacology". Further studies are required to precisely determine the mechanisms of resolution in the cardiovascular system and to determine the clinical settings in which SPM can be utilized to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Kim
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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28
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van Haaften EE, Wissing TB, Kurniawan NA, Smits AIPM, Bouten CVC. Human In Vitro Model Mimicking Material-Driven Vascular Regeneration Reveals How Cyclic Stretch and Shear Stress Differentially Modulate Inflammation and Matrix Deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900249. [PMID: 32390338 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resorbable synthetic scaffolds designed to regenerate living tissues and organs inside the body have emerged as a clinically attractive technology to replace diseased blood vessels. However, mismatches between scaffold design and in vivo hemodynamic loading (i.e., cyclic stretch and shear stress) can result in aberrant inflammation and adverse tissue remodeling, leading to premature graft failure. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, a human in vitro model is presented that mimics the transient local inflammatory and biomechanical environments that drive scaffold-guided tissue regeneration. The model is based on the coculture of human (myo)fibroblasts and macrophages in a bioreactor platform that decouples cyclic stretch and shear stress. Using a resorbable supramolecular elastomer as the scaffold material, it is revealed that cyclic stretch initially reduces proinflammatory cytokine secretion and, especially when combined with shear stress, stimulates IL-10 secretion. Moreover, cyclic stretch stimulates downstream (myo)fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition. In turn, shear stress attenuates cyclic-stretch-induced matrix growth by enhancing MMP-1/TIMP-1-mediated collagen remodeling, and synergistically alters (myo)fibroblast phenotype when combined with cyclic stretch. The findings suggest that shear stress acts as a stabilizing factor in cyclic stretch-induced tissue formation and highlight the distinct roles of hemodynamic loads in the design of resorbable vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline E van Haaften
- Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.,Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar B Wissing
- Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.,Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.,Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Anthal I P M Smits
- Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.,Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands.,Dr. E. E. van Haaften, Dr. T. B. Wissing, Dr. N. A. Kurniawan, Dr. A. I. P. M. Smits, Prof. C. V. C. Bouten, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, the Netherlands
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29
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Guida G, Ward AO, Bruno VD, George SJ, Caputo M, Angelini GD, Zakkar M. Saphenous vein graft disease, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. A review of the literature. J Card Surg 2020; 35:1314-1321. [PMID: 32353909 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saphenous vein remains the most frequently used conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, despite reported unsatisfactory long-term patency rates. Understanding the pathophysiology of vein graft failure and attempting to improve its longevity has been a significant area of research for more than three decades. This article aims to review the current understanding of the pathophysiology and potential new intervention strategies. METHODS A search of three databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, was undertaken for the terms "pathophysiology," "prevention," and "treatment" plus the term "vein graft failure." RESULTS Saphenous graft failure is commonly the consequence of four different pathophysiological mechanisms, early acute thrombosis, vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and late accelerated atherosclerosis. Different methods have been proposed to inhibit or attenuate these pathological processes including modified surgical technique, topical pretreatment, external graft support, and postoperative pharmacological interventions. Once graft failure occurs, the available treatments are either surgical reintervention, angioplasty, or conservative medical management reserved for patients not eligible for either procedure. CONCLUSION Despite the extensive amount of research performed, the pathophysiology of saphenous vein graft is still not completely understood. Surgical and pharmacological interventions have improved early patency and different strategies for prevention seem to offer some hope in improving long-term patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Guida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex O Ward
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vito D Bruno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J George
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mustafa Zakkar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Sciences Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England
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Zhang J, Shi J, Ma H, Liu L, He L, Qin C, Zhang D, Guo Y, Gong R. The placental growth factor attenuates intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts by improving endothelial dysfunction. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 868:172856. [PMID: 31836533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saphenous vein grafts (SVG) patency is limited by intimal hyperplasia (IH) caused by endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the effect of placental growth factor (PlGF) on the endothelial function of SVG. In rat models of external jugular vein-carotid artery graft treated with PlGF or saline hydrogel, PlGF inhibited vein graft IH (day 28: 12.0 ± 1.9 vs. 61.7 ± 13.1 μm, P < 0.001), promoted microvessel proliferation (day 14: 33.3% 3+ vs. 50.0% 2+, P = 0.03), and increased nitric oxide (NO) production (P < 0.05 on days 1/3/5) and NO synthase (NOS) expression by immunohistochemistry. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured under hypoxia and treated or not with PlGF, PlGF restored the survival (50 ng/ml PlGF, 48 h: 91.7 ± 0.6% vs. 84.9 ± 0.5%, P < 0.01), migration (by Matrigel assay), and tube formation ability (junctions, tubules, and tubule total length; all P < 0.01) of HUVECs after hypoxia. PlGF increased NO production through increased eNOS expression (P < 0.05), without changes in iNOS expression. The mRNA expression of eNOS decreased after the addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (P < 0.05). PlGF promoted the protein expression of eNOS by up-regulating AKT, and the AKT and eNOS protein levels were decreased after adding LY294002 (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, PlGF is a candidate for the inhibition of IH in SVG after coronary artery bypass graft. The effects of PlGF are mediated by the upregulation of the eNOS mRNA and protein through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PlGF promotes the secretion of NO by endothelial cells and thereby reduces the occurrence and development of IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li He
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chaoyi Qin
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dengshen Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yingqiang Guo
- Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Renrong Gong
- Anesthesia Surgery Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Sadaghianloo N, Contenti J, Dardik A, Mazure NM. Role of Hypoxia and Metabolism in the Development of Neointimal Hyperplasia in Arteriovenous Fistulas. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215387. [PMID: 31671790 PMCID: PMC6862436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, their vascular access is both their lifeline and their Achilles heel. Despite being recommended as primary vascular access, the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) shows sub-optimal results, with about 50% of patients needing a revision during the year following creation. After the AVF is created, the venous wall must adapt to new environment. While hemodynamic changes are responsible for the adaptation of the extracellular matrix and activation of the endothelium, surgical dissection and mobilization of the vein disrupt the vasa vasorum, causing wall ischemia and oxidative stress. As a consequence, migration and proliferation of vascular cells participate in venous wall thickening by a mechanism of neointimal hyperplasia (NH). When aggressive, NH causes stenosis and AVF dysfunction. In this review we show how hypoxia, metabolism, and flow parameters are intricate mechanisms responsible for the development of NH and stenosis during AVF maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvana Sadaghianloo
- Centre de Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice CEDEX 03, France.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Julie Contenti
- Centre de Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice CEDEX 03, France.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Alan Dardik
- Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- Centre de Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, 06204 Nice CEDEX 03, France.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France.
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Donadoni F, Bonfanti M, Pichardo-Almarza C, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Dardik A, Díaz-Zuccarini V. An in silico study of the influence of vessel wall deformation on neointimal hyperplasia progression in peripheral bypass grafts. Med Eng Phys 2019; 74:137-145. [PMID: 31540730 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) is a major obstacle to graft patency in the peripheral arteries. A complex interaction of biomechanical factors contribute to NIH development and progression, and although haemodynamic markers such as wall shear stress have been linked to the disease, these have so far been insufficient to fully capture its behaviour. Using a computational model linking computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of blood flow with a biochemical model representing NIH growth mechanisms, we analyse the effect of compliance mismatch, due to the presence of surgical stitches and/or to the change in distensibility between artery and vein graft, on the haemodynamics in the lumen and, subsequently, on NIH progression. The model enabled to simulate NIH at proximal and distal anastomoses of three patient-specific end-to-side saphenous vein grafts under two compliance-mismatch configurations, and a rigid wall case for comparison, obtaining values of stenosis similar to those observed in the computed tomography (CT) scans. The maximum difference in time-averaged wall shear stress between the rigid and compliant models was 3.4 Pa, and differences in estimation of NIH progression were only observed in one patient. The impact of compliance on the haemodynamic-driven development of NIH was small in the patient-specific cases considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Donadoni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Mirko Bonfanti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Cesar Pichardo-Almarza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Shervanthi Homer-Vanniasinkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, LS1 3EX, UK; Division of Surgery, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Alan Dardik
- The Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vanessa Díaz-Zuccarini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, W1W 7TS, UK.
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Higashijima Y, Kanki Y. Molecular mechanistic insights: The emerging role of SOXF transcription factors in tumorigenesis and development. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:39-48. [PMID: 31536760 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and progress of next-generation sequencers incorporated with classical biochemical analyses have drastically produced novel insights into transcription factors, including Sry-like high-mobility group box (SOX) factors. In addition to their primary functions in binding to and activating specific downstream genes, transcription factors also participate in the dedifferentiation or direct reprogramming of somatic cells to undifferentiated cells or specific lineage cells. Since the discovery of SOX factors, members of the SOXF (SOX7, SOX17, and SOX18) family have been identified to play broad roles, especially with regard to cardiovascular development. More recently, SOXF factors have been recognized as crucial players in determining the cell fate and in the regulation of cancer cells. Here, we provide an overview of research on the mechanism by which SOXF factors regulate development and cancer, and discuss their potential as new targets for cancer drugs while offering insight into novel mechanistic transcriptional regulation during cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Higashijima
- Department of Bioinformational Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kanki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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34
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Saphenous vein grafts in contemporary coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:155-169. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Lu H, Sun L, Chen W, Zhou Y, Liu K, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Tian H. Sirtuin 3 Therapy Attenuates Aging Expression, Oxidative Stress Parameters, and Neointimal Hyperplasia Formation in Vein Grafts. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 64:303-317. [PMID: 31394214 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vein graft (VG) failure due to neointimal hyperplasia remains an important and unresolved problem in cardiovascular surgery. Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) is associated with oxidative stress and lifespan. We aimed to measure SIRT3 expression in the veins of humans and rats during aging, explore the inhibitory effects of SIRT3 on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in VGs, and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS SIRT3 mRNA and protein levels in saphenous veins of young and older humans and in veins of young and old rats were measured by quantitative real-time polymerized chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. Young and old male rats were randomized to the control (control), graft (graft), adenovirus-encoding green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP), and adenovirus encoding SIRT3 (Ad-SIRT3) groups. At 7 days after operation, the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT3 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The mRNA levels and enzyme activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and enzymatic activity assay kits, and total nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by biochemical assay kits. Histomorphometric analysis of VGs and immunohistochemical staining for proliferative activity were performed at 4 weeks after operation. The hemodynamic parameters of the VGs were also measured by ultrasonic examination. RESULTS SIRT3 mRNA and protein levels were lower in older human and rat veins than in younger human and rat veins. Ad-SIRT3 treatment significantly increased the expression and concentration of SIRT3, MnSOD, CAT, eNOS, and NO in VGs at 7 days after operation. Ad-SIRT3 gene transfer reduced the neointimal thickness and neointimal area/media area ratio in the VGs of the Ad-SIRT3 groups compared with the graft and Ad-GFP groups, especially in old rats. Proliferative activity was lower in the Ad-SIRT3 groups than in the other groups. The hemodynamic parameters of VGs were obviously improved in the Ad-SIRT3 groups. CONCLUSIONS SIRT3 expression decreases in the veins of humans and rats during aging. Furthermore, SIRT3 overexpression can significantly reduce VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in VGs. Local intravenous delivery of adenovirus encoding SIRT3 may be a promising gene therapy for preventing VG failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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36
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Arora S, Yim EKF, Toh YC. Environmental Specification of Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Endothelial Cells Toward Arterial and Venous Subtypes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31259171 PMCID: PMC6587665 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are required for a multitude of cardiovascular clinical applications, such as revascularization of ischemic tissues or endothelialization of tissue engineered grafts. Patient derived primary ECs are limited in number, have donor variabilities and their in vitro phenotypes and functions can deteriorate over time. This necessitates the exploration of alternative EC sources. Although there has been a recent surge in the use of pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells (PSC-ECs) for various cardiovascular clinical applications, current differentiation protocols yield a heterogeneous EC population, where their specification into arterial or venous subtypes is undefined. Since arterial and venous ECs are phenotypically and functionally different, inappropriate matching of exogenous ECs to host sites can potentially affect clinical efficacy, as exemplified by venous graft mismatch when placed into an arterial environment. Therefore, there is a need to design and employ environmental cues that can effectively modulate PSC-ECs into a more homogeneous arterial or venous phenotype for better adaptation to the host environment, which will in turn contribute to better application efficacy. In this review, we will first give an overview of the developmental and functional differences between arterial and venous ECs. This provides the foundation for our subsequent discussion on the different bioengineering strategies that have been investigated to varying extent in providing biochemical and biophysical environmental cues to mature PSC-ECs into arterial or venous subtypes. The ability to efficiently leverage on a combination of biochemical and biophysical environmental cues to modulate intrinsic arterio-venous specification programs in ECs will greatly facilitate future translational applications of PSC-ECs. Since the development and maintenance of arterial and venous ECs in vivo occur in disparate physio-chemical microenvironments, it is conceivable that the application of these environmental factors in customized combinations or magnitudes can be used to selectively mature PSC-ECs into an arterial or venous subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seep Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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37
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Uchida D, Saito Y, Kikuchi S, Yoshida Y, Hirata S, Sasajima T, Azuma N. Development of gene therapy with a cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element decoy oligodeoxynucleotide to prevent vascular intimal hyperplasia. J Vasc Surg 2019; 71:229-241. [PMID: 31204215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the main cause of therapeutic failure after vascular and endovascular surgery. However, there is currently no targeted therapy for the treatment of IH. We recently reported that the inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) activation is important in vein graft IH. We focused on a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) therapeutic strategy for suppressing IH as a clinical application. The objective of this study was to confirm the therapeutic effect of a CRE decoy ODN in an animal model as a novel therapy for preventing intimal hyperplasia as the first step of the preclinical study of our strategy. METHODS We designed two phosphorothioate CREs and two scramble decoy ODNs and screened them using a CREB transcription assay to check their ability to bind to a CRE sequence. We chose a CRE decoy ODN with high first-binding ability and transfected it into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. Proliferation and migration were assessed using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assays and modified Boyden chamber assays. We examined CRE activity using a luciferase reporter gene assay. We assessed the expression of messenger RNAs by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a wire-injury mouse model (C57BL6, n = 6), CRE decoy ODN was transfected into the injured vessel wall using an ultrasound-sonoporation method in vivo. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3) and four and a half LIM domains 5 (FHL5) expression of pregrafting vein remnants were assessed by immunohistologic analyses. RESULTS Compared with scramble decoy ODN, the selected CRE decoy ODN could significantly decrease CRE activity (mean ± standard error of the mean: 0.20 ± 0.03 vs 1.00 ± 0.16, n = 6; P < .05) as shown by a luciferase reporter gene assay, VSMC proliferation (0.73 ± 0.04 vs 0.89 ± 0.02, n = 6; P < .05) and migration (96.4 ± 6.1 vs 311.4 ± 19.1 migrated VSMCs/well, n = 6; P < .05) after 24-hour transfection. The CRE decoy ODN significantly suppressed the formation of IH at injured vessel walls in an animal model, as analyzed by pathologic staining (0.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.56 ± 0.08, area of the intima/area of the artery vs the control after 21 days' transfection, n = 6; P < .05). Furthermore, MAPKAPK3 and FHL5, which are CREB activators, were significantly expressed in pregrafting vein remnants in diabetes mellitus patients. CONCLUSIONS CREB-CRE signaling is an important mechanism of IH formation, and CRE decoy therapy can help preventing IH. This study is the first part of the preclinical study of our strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CREB-Binding Protein/genetics
- CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- LIM Domain Proteins/genetics
- LIM Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- Vascular System Injuries/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Uchida
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Saito
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasajima
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Nishio H, Masumoto H, Sakamoto K, Yamazaki K, Ikeda T, Minatoya K. MicroRNA-145-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles attenuate venous intimal hyperplasia in a rabbit model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:2242-2251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Yang X, Gao Z, Liu H, Wu W. Biodegrading highly porous elastomeric graft regenerates muscular and innervated carotid artery-Comparative study with vein graft. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1095-1108. [PMID: 30942530 DOI: 10.1002/term.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the superiorities of fast degrading elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/polycaprolactone (PCL) grafts over autologous vein grafts in the reconstruction of carotid artery, thus providing more suitable vascular grafts for carotid artery replacement. We fabricated small arterial grafts from microporous tubes of PGS reinforced with PCL nanofibers on the outer surface. As control, autologous jugular veins were harvested as vein grafts. Both types of grafts were interpositioned in rat carotid arteries and evaluated at 1 year postoperatively. PGS/PCL grafts remodelled into "neoarteries" (regenerated arteries) with smooth and even vessel wall approximate to native carotid arteries. In contrast, dilated vessel cavity and thickening vessel wall presented in neoarteries remoulded from vein. Histologically, neoarteries from both groups mimic arterial tissue architecture with a confluent endothelium and media and adventita-like layers, whereas PGS/PCL neoarteries presented well-organized muscular component and elastic fibres, which contributed more flexibility and elasticity. Different from vein grafts, PGS/PCL neoarteries acquired reinnervation and displayed apparent vascular function of contraction and relaxation, as was confirmed with responsiveness to various vasoactivators, which suggests that vascular cells within neoarteries express functional phenotypes and potential of autonomic reactivity that carotid arteries owned. To conclude, according to the requirement of strong flexibility, innervation from sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves which can response the carbon dioxide and blood pressure, the muscular remodelling and innervation possessed promising possibility of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military region, Urumchi, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military region, Urumchi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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40
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Björkman P, Kokkonen T, Albäck A, Venermo M. Drug-Coated versus Plain Balloon Angioplasty in Bypass Vein Grafts (the DRECOREST I-Study). Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 55:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Arora S, Lam AJY, Cheung C, Yim EKF, Toh YC. Determination of critical shear stress for maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells towards an arterial subtype. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1164-1175. [PMID: 30597522 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hPSC-ECs) present an attractive alternative to primary EC sources for vascular grafting. However, there is a need to mature them towards either an arterial or venous subtype. A vital environmental factor involved in the arteriovenous specification of ECs during early embryonic development is fluid shear stress; therefore, there have been attempts to employ adult arterial shear stress conditions to mature hPSC-ECs. However, hPSC-ECs are naïve to fluid shear stress, and their shear responses are still not well understood. Here, we used a multiplex microfluidic platform to systematically investigate the dose-time shear responses on hPSC-EC morphology and arterial-venous phenotypes over a range of magnitudes coincidental with physiological levels of embryonic and adult vasculatures. The device comprised of six parallel cell culture chambers that were individually linked to flow-setting resistance channels, allowing us to simultaneously apply shear stress ranging from 0.4 to 15 dyne/cm 2 . We found that hPSC-ECs required up to 40 hr of shear exposure to elicit a stable phenotypic change. Cell alignment was visible at shear stress <1 dyne/cm 2 , which was independent of shear stress magnitude and duration of exposure. We discovered that the arterial markers NOTCH1 and EphrinB2 exhibited a dose-dependent increase in a similar manner beyond a threshold level of 3.8 dyne/cm 2 , whereas the venous markers COUP-TFII and EphB4 expression remained relatively constant across different magnitudes. These findings indicated that hPSC-ECs were sensitive to relatively low magnitudes of shear stress, and a critical level of ~4 dyne/cm 2 was sufficient to preferentially enhance their maturation into an arterial phenotype for future vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seep Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adele Jing Ying Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Wu B, Werlin EC, Chen M, Mottola G, Chatterjee A, Lance KD, Bernards DA, Sansbury BE, Spite M, Desai TA, Conte MS. Perivascular delivery of resolvin D1 inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in a rabbit vein graft model. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:188S-200S.e4. [PMID: 30064835 PMCID: PMC6252159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.05.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is a key driver of excessive neointimal hyperplasia within vein grafts. Recent work demonstrates that specialized proresolving lipid mediators biosynthesized from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as resolvin D1 (RvD1), actively orchestrate the process of inflammation resolution. We investigated the effects of local perivascular delivery of RvD1 in a rabbit vein graft model. METHODS Ipsilateral jugular veins were implanted as carotid interposition grafts through an anastomotic cuff technique in New Zealand white rabbits (3-4 kg; N = 80). RvD1 (1 μg) was delivered to the vein bypass grafts in a perivascular fashion, using either 25% Pluronic F127 gel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo) or a thin bilayered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) film. No treatment (bypass only) and vehicle-loaded Pluronic gels or PLGA films served as controls. Delivery of RvD1 to venous tissue was evaluated 3 days later by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total leukocyte infiltration, macrophage infiltration, and cell proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Elastin and trichrome staining was performed on grafts harvested at 28 days after bypass to evaluate neointimal hyperplasia and vein graft remodeling. RESULTS Perivascular treatments did not influence rates of graft thrombosis (23%), major wound complications (4%), or death (3%). Leukocyte (CD45) and macrophage (RAM11) infiltration was significantly reduced in the RvD1 treatment groups vs controls at 3 days (60%-72% reduction; P < .01). Cellular proliferation (Ki67 index) was also significantly lower in RvD1-treated vs control grafts at 3 days (40%-50% reduction; P < .01). Treatment of vein grafts with RvD1-loaded gels reduced neointimal thickness at 28 days by 61% vs bypass only (P < .001) and by 63% vs vehicle gel (P < .001). RvD1-loaded PLGA films reduced neointimal formation at 28 days by 50% vs bypass only (P < .001). RvD1 treatment was also associated with reduced collagen deposition in vein grafts at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS Local perivascular delivery of RvD1 attenuates vein graft hyperplasia without associated toxicity in a rabbit carotid bypass model. This effect appears to be mediated by both reduced leukocyte recruitment and decreased cell proliferation within the graft. Perivascular PLGA films may also impart protection through biomechanical scaffolding in this venous arterialization model. Our studies provide further support for the potential therapeutic role of specialized proresolving lipid mediators such as D-series resolvins in modulating vascular injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Wu
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Evan C Werlin
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Mian Chen
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Giorgio Mottola
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Anuran Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Kevin D Lance
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Daniel A Bernards
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael S Conte
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
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43
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Gao J, Liu Y, Li YM. Review of risk factors, treatment, and prevention of saphenous vein graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4907-4919. [PMID: 30178686 PMCID: PMC6300967 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518792445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saphenous vein graft disease (SVGD) is a type of vascular disease that may develop after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). SVGD seriously affects the short-term and long-term effects of CABG and increases the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. It is very important to identify patients at greatest risk and carry out prevention and treatment measures to determine the risk factors for SVGD. Many factors contribute to SVGD when the vein is grafted into an arterial environment, such as surgery-related factors, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and others. In this review, we discuss the risk factors for SVGD, current surgical and pharmacologic therapies with which to manage SVGD, and the prevention of SVGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- 1 Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Dongli District, Tianjin, P. R. China.,2 Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Jinnan District, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liu
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Jinnan District, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- 1 Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Dongli District, Tianjin, P. R. China
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44
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Conte MS, Desai TA, Wu B, Schaller M, Werlin E. Pro-resolving lipid mediators in vascular disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3727-3735. [PMID: 30168805 PMCID: PMC6118638 DOI: 10.1172/jci97947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of commonly occurring vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm, and deep vein thrombosis - conditions that are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Surgical or catheter-based procedures performed on affected blood vessels induce acute-on-chronic inflammatory responses. The resolution of vascular inflammation is an important driver of vessel wall remodeling and functional recovery in these clinical settings. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids orchestrate key cellular processes driving resolution and a return to homeostasis. The identification of their potent effects in classic animal models of sterile inflammation triggered interest in their vascular properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that SPMs are locally synthesized in vascular tissues, have direct effects on vascular cells and their interactions with leukocytes, and play a protective role in the injury response. Early translational work has established the potential for SPMs as vascular therapeutics, and as candidate biomarkers in vascular disease. Further investigations are needed to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of resolution in the vasculature, to improve tools for clinical measurement, and to better define the potential for "resolution therapeutics" in vascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tejal A. Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bian Wu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melinda Schaller
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Evan Werlin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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45
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de Vries MR, Quax PHA. Inflammation in Vein Graft Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29417051 PMCID: PMC5787541 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bypass surgery is one of the most frequently used strategies to revascularize tissues downstream occlusive atherosclerotic lesions. For venous bypass surgery the great saphenous vein is the most commonly used vessel. Unfortunately, graft efficacy is low due to the development of vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis. Moreover, failure of grafts leads to significant adverse outcomes and even mortality. The last couple of decades not much has changed in the treatment of vein graft disease (VGD). However, insight is the cellular and molecular mechanisms of VGD has increased. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on VGD and the role of inflammation in this. We discuss vein graft pathophysiology including hemodynamic changes, the role of vessel wall constitutions and vascular remodeling. We show that profound systemic and local inflammatory responses, including inflammation of the perivascular fat, involve both the innate and adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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46
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Wang XW, Zhang C, Lee KC, He XJ, Lu ZQ, Huang C, Wu QC. Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of microRNA-21 Sponge Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia in Rat Vein Grafts. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1309-1319. [PMID: 29104497 PMCID: PMC5666529 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Vein graft failure due to neointimal hyperplasia remains an important and unresolved complication of cardiovascular surgery. microRNA-21 (miR-21) plays a major role in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and phenotype transformation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether adenovirus-mediated miR-21 sponge gene therapy was able to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in rat vein grafts. Methods:Adenovirus-mediated miR-21 sponge was used to inhibit VSMC proliferation in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo. To improve efficiency of delivery gene transfer to the vein grafts, 20% poloxamer F-127 gel was used to increase virus contact time and 0.25% trypsin to increase virus penetration. Morphometric analyses and cellular proliferation were assessed for neointimal hyperplasia and VSMC proliferation. Results:miR-21 sponge can significantly decrease the expression of miR-21 and proliferation in cultured VSMCs. Cellular proliferation rates were significantly reduced in miR-21 sponge-treated grafts compared with controls at 28 days after bypass surgery (14.6±9.4 vs 34.9±10.8%, P=0.0032). miR-21 sponge gene transfer therapy reduced the intimal/media area ratio in vein grafts compared with the controls (1.38±0.08 vs. 0.6±0.10, P<0.0001). miR-21 sponge treatment also improved vein graft hemodynamics. We further identified that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a potential target gene that was involved in the miR-21-mediated effect on neointimal hyperplasia in vein grafts. Conclusions:Adenovirus-mediated miR-21 sponge gene therapy effectively reduced neointimal formation in vein grafts. These results suggest that there is potential for miR-21 sponge to be used to prevent vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Chuen Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang-Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Qian Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qing-Chen Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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47
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Wu B, Mottola G, Schaller M, Upchurch GR, Conte MS. Resolution of vascular injury: Specialized lipid mediators and their evolving therapeutic implications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:72-82. [PMID: 28765077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute vascular injury occurs in a number of important clinical contexts, including spontaneous disease-related events (e.g. plaque rupture, thrombosis) and therapeutic interventions such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery. Endothelial cell (EC) disruption exposes the underlying matrix, leading to a rapid deposition of platelets, coagulation proteins, and leukocytes. A thrombo-inflammatory response ensues characterized by leukocyte recruitment, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, and the elaboration of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and growth factors within the vessel wall. A resolution phase of vascular injury may be described in which leukocyte efflux, clearance of debris, and re-endothelialization occurs. VSMC migration and proliferation leads to the development of a thickened neointima that may lead to lumen compromise. Subsequent remodeling involves matrix protein deposition, and return of EC and VSMC to quiescence. Recent studies suggest that specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) modulate key aspects of this response, and may constitute an endogenous homeostatic pathway in the vasculature. SPM exert direct effects on vascular cells that counteract inflammatory signals, reduce leukocyte adhesion, and inhibit VSMC migration and proliferation. These effects appear to be largely G-protein coupled receptor-dependent. Across a range of animal models of vascular injury, including balloon angioplasty, bypass grafting, and experimental aneurysm formation, SPM accelerate repair and reduce lesion formation. With bioactivity in the pM-nM range, a lack of discernible cytotoxicity, and a spectrum of vasculo-protective properties, SPM represent a novel class of vascular therapeutics. This review summarizes current research in this field, including a consideration of critical next steps and challenges in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Wu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Giorgio Mottola
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melinda Schaller
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gilbert R Upchurch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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48
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Li H, Chai S, Dai L, Gu C. Collagen External Scaffolds Mitigate Intimal Hyperplasia and Improve Remodeling of Vein Grafts in a Rabbit Arteriovenous Graft Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7473437. [PMID: 28503573 PMCID: PMC5414509 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7473437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. The aim of this study was to test the effects of collagen external scaffold (CES) in intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts and explore its underlying mechanisms. Methods. Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into no-graft group, graft group, and CES group. The rabbit arteriovenous graft model was established. In CES group, the vein graft was wrapped around with CES. The hemodynamic parameters of vein grafts were measured intraoperatively and 4 weeks after operation by ultrasonic examination. Histological characteristics of vein grafts were also evaluated 4 weeks later. The mRNA and protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), active cleaved-caspase-3 (ClvCasp-3), and smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) were measured 4 weeks later by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Results. CES significantly improved the hemodynamic stability of vein grafts, with higher blood velocity and blood flow. Similarly, CES also markedly mitigated intimal hyperplasia and inhibited dilatation of vein grafts. In CES group, the upexpression of PCNA and ClvCasp-3 and the downexpression of SM22α were inhibited. Conclusion. CES exerts beneficial effects in mitigating intimal hyperplasia and improving remodeling of autogenous vein grafts, which may be associated with reducing the proliferation and apoptosis and preserving the phenotype of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shoudong Chai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longsheng Dai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxiong Gu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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49
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Isaji T, Hashimoto T, Yamamoto K, Santana JM, Yatsula B, Hu H, Bai H, Jianming G, Kudze T, Nishibe T, Dardik A. Improving the Outcome of Vein Grafts: Should Vascular Surgeons Turn Veins into Arteries? Ann Vasc Dis 2017; 10:8-16. [PMID: 29034014 PMCID: PMC5579803 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.17-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autogenous vein grafts remain the gold standard conduit for arterial bypass, particularly for the treatment of critical limb ischemia. Vein graft adaptation to the arterial environment, i.e., adequate dilation and wall thickening, contributes to the superior performance of vein grafts. However, abnormal venous wall remodeling with excessive neointimal hyperplasia commonly causes vein graft failure. Since the PREVENT trials failed to improve vein graft outcomes, new strategies focus on the adaptive response of the venous endothelial cells to the post-surgical arterial environment. Eph-B4, the determinant of venous endothelium during embryonic development, remains expressed and functional in adult venous tissue. After surgery, vein grafts lose their venous identity, with loss of Eph-B4 expression; however, arterial identity is not gained, consistent with loss of all vessel identity. In mouse vein grafts, stimulation of venous Eph-B4 signaling promotes retention of venous identity in endothelial cells and is associated with vein graft walls that are not thickened. Eph-B4 regulates downstream signaling pathways of relevance to vascular biology, including caveolin-1, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Regulation of the Eph-B4 signaling pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to prevent vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Isaji
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kota Yamamoto
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeans M Santana
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Haidi Hu
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hualong Bai
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guo Jianming
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tambudzai Kudze
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Toshiya Nishibe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan Dardik
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate the Phenotype of Smooth Muscle Cells to Limit Intimal Hyperplasia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 30:111-8. [PMID: 26650931 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-015-6630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play important roles in the reduction of inflammation in multiple disease models. However, their role in vein graft (VG) remodeling is undefined. We aimed to investigate the effect of EVs from adipose MSCs (ADMSC-EVs) on VG intimal hyperplasia and to explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS After generation and characterization of control-EVs and ADMSC-EVs in vitro, we investigated their effect on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. Next, we established a mouse model of VG transplantation. Mice underwent surgery and received control-EVs or ADMSC-EVs by intraperitoneal injection every other day for 20 days. VG remodeling was evaluated after 4 weeks. We also assessed the effect of ADMSC-EVs on macrophage migration and inflammatory cytokine expression. RESULTS Significant inhibitory effects of ADMSC-EVs on in vitro VSMC proliferation (p < 0.05) and migration (p < 0.05) were observed compared with control-EVs. The extent of intimal hyperplasia was significantly decreased in ADMSC-EV-treated mice compared with control-EV-treated mice (26 ± 8.4 vs. 45 ± 9.0 μm, p < 0.05). A reduced presence of macrophages was observed in ADMSC-EV-treated mice (p < 0.05). Significantly decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was also found in the ADMSC-EV-treated group (both p < 0.05). In addition, phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2, and p38 in VGs was decreased in the ADMSC-EV-treated group. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that ADMSC-EVs exert an inhibitory effect on VG neointima formation by regulating VSMC proliferation and migration, macrophage migration, inflammatory cytokine expression, and the related signaling pathways.
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