1
|
Moutapam-Ngamby-Adriaansen Y, Maillot F, Labarthe F, Lioger B. Blood cytopenias as manifestations of inherited metabolic diseases: a narrative review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:65. [PMID: 38355710 PMCID: PMC10865644 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited Metabolic Diseases (IMD) encompass a diverse group of rare genetic conditions that, despite their individual rarity, collectively affect a substantial proportion, estimated at as much as 1 in 784 live births. Among their wide-ranging clinical manifestations, cytopenia stands out as a prominent feature. Consequently, IMD should be considered a potential diagnosis when evaluating patients presenting with cytopenia. However, it is essential to note that the existing scientific literature pertaining to the link between IMD and cytopenia is limited, primarily comprising case reports and case series. This paucity of data may contribute to the inadequate recognition of the association between IMD and cytopenia, potentially leading to underdiagnosis. In this review, we synthesize our findings from a literature analysis along with our clinical expertise to offer a comprehensive insight into the clinical presentation of IMD cases associated with cytopenia. Furthermore, we introduce a structured diagnostic approach underpinned by decision-making algorithms, with the aim of enhancing the early identification and management of IMD-related cytopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Moutapam-Ngamby-Adriaansen
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHRU de Tours, Tours Cedex 1, France.
- Service de Médecine Interne Et Polyvalente, 2, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Mail Pierre Charlot, 41000, Blois, France.
| | - François Maillot
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHRU de Tours, Tours Cedex 1, France
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism ToTeM, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Clocheville, 49 Bd Béranger, 37000, Tours, France
- INSERM U1253, iBrain, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000, Tours, France
- INSERM U1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000, Tours, France
| | - François Labarthe
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism ToTeM, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Clocheville, 49 Bd Béranger, 37000, Tours, France
- INSERM U1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000, Tours, France
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Bertrand Lioger
- Service de Médecine Interne Et Polyvalente, 2, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Mail Pierre Charlot, 41000, Blois, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gueta I, Perach Ovadia Y, Markovits N, Schacham YN, Epsztein A, Loebstein R. Is Pyroglutamic Acid a Prognostic Factor Among Patients with Suspected Infection? A Prospective Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10128. [PMID: 32576856 PMCID: PMC7311518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamic acid (PGA) is a compound that accumulates during oxidative stress and hence, elevated levels may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with infection or sepsis. To examine this hypothesis, patients presenting with acute infection were recruited in the emergency department and prospectively followed for 30 days. Sport urine samples were quantified for PGA. Outcomes were mortality and composite outcome of death or organ failure. Thirty two (32%) patients had qSOFA≥2. Median urine PGA was 22.9 (IQR 17.64, 33.53) µmol/mmol creatinine. Four patients demonstrated PGA values ≥ 63 µmol/mmol creatinine. Univariate analysis showed that PGA concentration ≥ 75th percentile (i.e. 33.53 µmol/mmol creatinine) was associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality (p = 0.041) with similar trend for PGA ≥ 63 µmol/mmol creatinine (p = 0.04). However, multivariate analysis showed that PGA was not associated with worse outcomes, whereas heart rate was associated with both composite outcomes (HR 1.0, p = 0.008 and HR 1.02, p = 0.001 for composite outcome with 30 days and in-hospital mortality, respectively). Among low risk patients, high PGA levels were consistently associated with worse outcomes. In conclusion, urine PGA concentration was not associated with worse outcomes among septic patients. Nevertheless, future studies should evaluate this association in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itai Gueta
- The institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Department of Medicine A, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | | - Noa Markovits
- The institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehoshua N Schacham
- The institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Epsztein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ronen Loebstein
- The institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoshitsuki K, Molinelli AR, Inaba H, Rubnitz JE, Barker PJ. Metabolic Acidosis in a Pediatric Patient with Leukemia and Fungal Infection. Clin Chem 2020; 66:518-522. [PMID: 32232459 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keito Hoshitsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Alejandro R Molinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeffrey E Rubnitz
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Patricia J Barker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi S, Xu D, Li Q, Xie N, Xia J, Huo Q, Li P, Chen Q, Huang S. Metabonomics screening of serum identifies pyroglutamate as a diagnostic biomarker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:89-95. [PMID: 28842175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A key step in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is to differentiate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) from simple steatosis (SS). METHOD Serum samples were collected from three groups: NASH patients (N=21), SS patients (N=38) and healthy controls (N=31). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to analyse the metabolic profile of the serum samples. The acquired data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify novel metabolites. The potential biomarkers were quantitatively determined and their diagnostic power was further validated. RESULTS A total of 56 metabolites were capable of distinguishing NASH from SS samples based on the OPLS-DA model. Pyroglutamate was found to be the most promising factor in distinguishing the NASH from SS groups. With an optimal cut-off value of 4.82mmol/L, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of NASH were 72% and 85%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of the pyroglutamate levels of NASH versus SS patients was more than those of tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin and interleukin-8. CONCLUSION These data suggest that pyroglutamate may be a new and useful biomarker for the diagnosis of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Depeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiaoliang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Ni Xie
- Shenzhen Second Hospital, The First Affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Shenzhen Second Hospital, The First Affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qin Huo
- Shenzhen Second Hospital, The First Affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, 410006 Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pretorius CJ, Reade MC, Warnholtz C, McWhinney B, Phua MM, Lipman J, Ungerer JPJ. Pyroglutamate (5-oxoproline) measured with hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) tandem mass spectrometry in acutely ill patients. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:72-77. [PMID: 28089749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroglutamic acid (PGA) is challenging to quantify in plasma and is a rare cause of metabolic acidosis that is associated with inherited disorders or acquired after exposure to drugs. METHOD We developed a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with a short analysis time. We established a reference interval and then measured PGA in acutely ill patients to investigate associations with clinical, pharmaceutical and laboratory parameters. RESULTS The assay limit of the blank was 0.14μmol/L and was linear to 5000μmol/L with good precision. In-source formation of PGA from glutamate and glutamine was avoided by chromatographic separation. The PGA in controls had a reference interval of 22.6 to 47.8μmol/L. The median PGA concentration in acutely ill patients was similar (P=0.21), but 18 individuals were above the reference interval with concentrations up to 250μmol/L. We detected an association between PGA concentration and antibiotic and acetaminophen administration as well as renal impairment and severity of illness. Elevations of PGA in this unselected cohort were small compared to those reported in patients with pyroglutamic acidosis. CONCLUSION The method is suitable for routine clinical use. We confirmed several expected associations with PGA in an acutely ill population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carel J Pretorius
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Michael C Reade
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Burns Trauma & Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Joint Health Command, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris Warnholtz
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett McWhinney
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Meng Mei Phua
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Burns Trauma & Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacobus P J Ungerer
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gomez-Ospina N, Scott AI, Oh GJ, Potter D, Goel VV, Destino L, Baugh N, Enns GM, Niemi AK, Cowan TM. Expanding the phenotype of hawkinsinuria: new insights from response to N-acetyl-L-cysteine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:821-829. [PMID: 27488560 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hawkinsinuria is a rare disorder of tyrosine metabolism that can manifest with metabolic acidosis and growth arrest around the time of weaning off breast milk, typically followed by spontaneous resolution of symptoms around 1 year of age. The urinary metabolites hawkinsin, quinolacetic acid, and pyroglutamic acid can aid in identifying this condition, although their relationship to the clinical manifestations is not known. Herein we describe clinical and laboratory findings in two fraternal twins with hawkinsinuria who presented with failure to thrive and metabolic acidosis. Close clinical follow-up and laboratory testing revealed previously unrecognized hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and anemia, along with the characteristic urinary metabolites, including massive pyroglutamic aciduria. Treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) restored normal growth and normalized or improved most biochemical parameters. The dramatic response to NAC therapy supports the idea that glutathione depletion plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hawkinsinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA.
| | - Anna I Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gia J Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Donald Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Veena V Goel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Lauren Destino
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Nancy Baugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Anna-Kaisa Niemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H 315, Stanford, CA, 94305-5208, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Signolet I, Chenouard R, Oca F, Barth M, Reynier P, Denis MC, Simard G. Recurrent Isolated Neonatal Hemolytic Anemia: Think About Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2015-4324. [PMID: 27581854 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic anemia (HA) of the newborn should be considered in cases of rapidly developing, severe, or persistent hyperbilirubinemia. Several causes of corpuscular hemolysis have been described, among which red blood cell enzyme defects are of particular concern. We report a rare case of red blood cell enzyme defect in a male infant, who presented during his first months of life with recurrent and isolated neonatal hemolysis. All main causes were ruled out. At 6.5 months of age, the patient presented with gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization; fortuitously, urine organic acid chromatography revealed a large peak of 5-oxoproline. Before the association between HA and 5-oxoprolinuria was noted, glutathione synthetase deficiency was suspected and confirmed by a low glutathione synthetase concentration and a collapse of glutathione synthetase activity in erythrocytes. Moreover, molecular diagnosis revealed 2 mutations in the glutathione synthetase gene: a previously reported missense mutation (c.[656A>G]; p.[Asp219Gly]) and a mutation not yet described in the binding site of the enzyme (c.[902T>C]; p.[Leu301Pro]). However, 15 days later, a control sample revealed no signs of 5-oxoprolinuria and the clinical history discovered administration of acetaminophen in the 48 hours before hospitalization. Thus, in this patient, acetaminophen exposure allowed the diagnosis of a mild form of glutathione synthetase deficiency, characterized by isolated HA. Early diagnosis is important because treatment with bicarbonate, vitamins C and E, and elimination of trigger factors are recommended to improve long-term outcomes. Glutathione synthetase deficiency should be screened for in cases of unexplained newborn HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Signolet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Rachel Chenouard
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Florine Oca
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | | | - Gilles Simard
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Transient 5-oxoprolinuria: unusually high anion gap acidosis in an infant. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:1685-8. [PMID: 26122794 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transient 5-oxoprolinuria is a phenomenon that is well recognised in adults. We illustrate an unusual paediatric case of transient 5-oxoprolinuria presenting during an episode of severe sepsis with concomitant paracetamol use. The 15-month-old patient had an extremely high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Adequate resuscitation failed to correct the biochemical disturbance, and high levels of 5-oxoproline were identified. A combination of haemofiltration, replenishment of glutathione stores with N-acetylcysteine and cessation of paracetamol administration resulted in the resolution of the acidosis. Subsequent testing following treatment of the sepsis revealed no ongoing 5-oxoprolinuria. CONCLUSION Transient 5-oxoprolinuria has been previously reported in the adult population during episodes of severe sepsis and various pharmaceutical interventions. This case illustrates that it is a phenomenon that should be considered in paediatric patients where a very high anion gap metabolic acidosis exists that cannot be explained by the biochemical indices. WHAT IS KNOWN • 5-oxoprolinuria in the paediatric population is usually secondary to an inborn error of metabolism. • Transient 5-oxoprolinuria is well recognised in adults during episodes of severe glutathione depletion. WHAT IS NEW • Transient 5-oxoprolinuria is a phenomenon rarely reported in the paediatric population. • It highlights the importance of investigating a high anion gap such that unusual diagnoses are not missed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Berger P, Ferlay C, Poiron L, Chillet P. Acidose métabolique à trou anionique élevé dans un contexte d’intoxication chronique au paracétamol (acétaminophène). TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Pyroglutamic acidemia is an uncommon metabolic disorder, which is usually diagnosed at early ages. The mechanism of action is thought to be glutathione depletion, and its clinical manifestations consist of hemolytic anemia, mental retardation, ataxia, and chronic metabolic acidosis. However, an acquired form has been described in adult patients, who usually present with confusion, respiratory distress, and high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). It is also associated with many conditions, including chronic acetaminophen consumption. A 68-year-old white male, with chronic acetaminophen use presented to our service on multiple occasions with severe HAGMA. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and required mechanical ventilation and aggressive supportive measures. After ruling out the most frequent etiologies for his acid-base disorder and considering the long history of Tylenol ingestion, his 5-oxiproline (pyroglutamic acid) levels were sent to diagnose pyroglutamic acidemia. Clinicians need to be aware of this cause for metabolic acidosis since it might be a more common metabolic disturbance in compromised patients than would be expected. Subjects with HAGMA that cannot be explained by common causes should be tested for the presence of 5-oxoproline. Discontinuation of the offending drug is therapeutic.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abkur TM, Mohammed W, Ali M, Casserly L. Acetaminophen-induced anion gap metabolic acidosis secondary to 5-oxoproline: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:409. [PMID: 25479831 PMCID: PMC4295266 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid), an organic acid intermediate of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, is a rare cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Acetaminophen and several other drugs have been implicated in the development of transient 5-oxoprolinemia in adults. We believe that reporting all cases of 5-oxoprolinemia will contribute to a better understanding of this disease. Here, we report the case of a patient who developed transient 5-oxoprolinemia following therapeutic acetaminophen use. Case presentation A 75-year-old Caucasian woman was initially admitted for treatment of an infected hip prosthesis and subsequently developed transient high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Our patient received 40g of acetaminophen over a 10-day period. After the more common causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis were excluded, a urinary organic acid screen revealed a markedly increased level of 5-oxoproline. The acidosis resolved completely after discontinuation of the acetaminophen. Conclusion 5-oxoproline acidosis is an uncommon cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis; however, it is likely that it is under-diagnosed as awareness of the condition remains low and testing can only be performed at specialized laboratories. The diagnosis should be suspected in cases of anion gap metabolic acidosis, particularly in patients with recent acetaminophen use in combination with sepsis, malnutrition, liver disease, pregnancy or renal failure. This case has particular interest in medicine, especially for the specialties of nephrology and orthopedics. We hope that it will add more information to the literature about this rare condition.
Collapse
|
12
|
Geenen S, Yates JWT, Kenna JG, Bois FY, Wilson ID, Westerhoff HV. Multiscale modelling approach combining a kinetic model of glutathione metabolism with PBPK models of paracetamol and the potential glutathione-depletion biomarkers ophthalmic acid and 5-oxoproline in humans and rats. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:877-88. [PMID: 23632663 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib20245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A key role of the antioxidant glutathione is detoxification of chemically reactive electrophilic drug metabolites within the liver. Therefore glutathione depletion can have severe toxic consequences. Ophthalmic acid and 5-oxoproline are metabolites involved in glutathione metabolism, which can be measured readily in the blood and urine and have been proposed as candidate biomarkers of hepatic glutathione content. However, currently it is unclear whether their concentrations in plasma exhibit a robust correlation with hepatic glutathione content. To explore this important question, we have developed a novel approach which combines a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of metabolism and disposition of paracetamol (acetaminophen) with a previously developed mathematical systems model of hepatic glutathione homeostasis. Paracetamol is metabolised to reactive intermediates which deplete glutathione and cause toxicity when given at high doses. Our model correctly predicted that hepatic glutathione depletion following paracetamol administration resulted in elevated concentrations of 5-oxoproline and ophthalmic acid in blood and of 5-oxoproline in urine. However, we also found from the model that concentrations of both of the compounds were likely to be influenced by prolonged administration of paracetamol and by the concentrations of intracellular metabolites such as methionine. We conclude that care must be taken when extrapolating from concentrations of these biomarkers to hepatic glutathione status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Geenen
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emmett M. Acetaminophen toxicity and 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid): a tale of two cycles, one an ATP-depleting futile cycle and the other a useful cycle. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 9:191-200. [PMID: 24235282 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.07730713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The acquired form of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) metabolic acidosis was first described in 1989 and its relationship to chronic acetaminophen ingestion was proposed the next year. Since then, this cause of chronic anion gap metabolic acidosis has been increasingly recognized. Many cases go unrecognized because an assay for 5-oxoproline is not widely available. Most cases occur in malnourished, chronically ill women with a history of chronic acetaminophen ingestion. Acetaminophen levels are very rarely in the toxic range; rather, they are usually therapeutic or low. The disorder generally resolves with cessation of acetaminophen and administration of intravenous fluids. Methionine or N-acetyl cysteine may accelerate resolution and methionine is protective in a rodent model. The disorder has been attributed to glutathione depletion and activation of a key enzyme in the γ-glutamyl cycle. However, the specific metabolic derangements that cause the 5-oxoproline accumulation remain unclear. An ATP-depleting futile 5-oxoproline cycle can explain the accumulation of 5-oxoproline after chronic acetaminophen ingestion. This cycle is activated by the depletion of both glutathione and cysteine. This explanation contributes to our understanding of acetaminophen-induced 5-oxoproline metabolic acidosis and the beneficial role of N-acetyl cysteine therapy. The ATP-depleting futile 5-oxoproline cycle may also play a role in the energy depletions that occur in other acetaminophen-related toxic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Emmett
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liss DB, Paden MS, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME. What is the clinical significance of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) in high anion gap metabolic acidosis following paracetamol (acetaminophen) exposure? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:817-27. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.844822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
Milosevic S, Tran K, O'Brien B. A rare cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Intern Med J 2013; 43:100-1. [PMID: 23324093 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Liu Y, Turdi S, Park T, Morris NJ, Deshaies Y, Xu A, Sweeney G. Adiponectin corrects high-fat diet-induced disturbances in muscle metabolomic profile and whole-body glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2013; 62:743-52. [PMID: 23238294 PMCID: PMC3581202 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide here a detailed and comprehensive analysis of skeletal muscle metabolomic profiles in response to adiponectin in adiponectin knockout (AdKO) mice after high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies showed that adiponectin administration corrected HFD-induced defects in post/basal insulin stimulated R(d) and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Lipidomic profiling of skeletal muscle from HFD-fed mice indicated elevated triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol species (16:0-18:1, 18:1, and 18:0-18:2) as well as acetyl coA, all of which were mitigated by adiponectin. HFD induced elevated levels of various ceramides, but these were not significantly altered by adiponectin. Adiponectin corrected the altered branched-chain amino acid metabolism caused by HFD and corrected increases across a range of glycerolipids, fatty acids, and various lysolipids. Adiponectin also reversed induction of the pentose phosphate pathway by HFD. Analysis of muscle mitochondrial structure indicated that adiponectin treatment corrected HFD-induced pathological changes. In summary, we show an unbiased comprehensive metabolomic profile of skeletal muscle from AdKO mice subjected to HFD with or without adiponectin and relate these to changes in whole-body glucose handling, insulin signaling, and mitochondrial structure and function. Our data revealed a key signature of relatively normalized muscle metabolism across multiple metabolic pathways with adiponectin supplementation under the HFD condition.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adiponectin/genetics
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/etiology
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/pathology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/blood
- Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subat Turdi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taesik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Gary Sweeney,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Verma R, Polsani KR, Wilt J, Loehrke ME. 5-Oxoprolinuria as a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:489-91. [PMID: 21988557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
18
|
Profound metabolic acidosis from pyroglutamic acidemia: an underappreciated cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. CAN J EMERG MED 2011; 12:449-52. [PMID: 20925168 DOI: 10.1017/s148180350001263x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The workup of the emergency patient with a raised anion gap metabolic acidosis includes assessment of the components of “MUDPILES” (methanol; uremia; diabetic ketoacidosis; paraldehyde; isoniazid, iron or inborn errors of metabolism; lactic acid; ethylene glycol; salicylates). This approach is usually sufficient for the majority of cases in the emergency department; however, there are many other etiologies not addressed in this mnemonic. Organic acids including 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) are rare but important causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis. We present the case of a patient with profound metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap, due to pyroglutamic acid in the setting of malnutrition and chronic ingestion of acetaminophen.
Collapse
|
19
|
Shah AD, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Understanding lactic acidosis in paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:20-8. [PMID: 21143497 PMCID: PMC3018022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most commonly taken drugs in overdose in many areas of the world, and the most common cause of acute liver failure in both the UK and USA. Paracetamol poisoning can result in lactic acidosis in two different scenarios. First, early in the course of poisoning and before the onset of hepatotoxicity in patients with massive ingestion; a lactic acidosis is usually associated with coma. Experimental evidence from studies in whole animals, perfused liver slices and cell cultures has shown that the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone imine, inhibits electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and thus inhibits aerobic respiration. This occurs only at very high concentrations of paracetamol, and precedes cellular injury by several hours. The second scenario in which lactic acidosis can occur is later in the course of paracetamol poisoning as a consequence of established liver failure. In these patients lactate is elevated primarily because of reduced hepatic clearance, but in shocked patients there may also be a contribution of peripheral anaerobic respiration because of tissue hypoperfusion. In patients admitted to a liver unit with paracetamol hepatotoxicity, the post-resuscitation arterial lactate concentration has been shown to be a strong predictor of mortality, and is included in the modified King's College criteria for consideration of liver transplantation. We would therefore recommend that post-resuscitation lactate is measured in all patients with a severe paracetamol overdose resulting in either reduced conscious level or hepatic failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop D Shah
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reddi AS, Kunadi AR. Recurrent anion gap metabolic acidosis in a woman with vertebral disc disease. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 29:962.e3-8. [PMID: 20971602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alluru S Reddi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bowron A, Cooke L, Scott J, Stone J. Paracetamol-induced 5-oxoprolinuira and high anion gap metabolic acidosis in a child on a ketogenic diet. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45:446-7. [PMID: 18583640 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2008.008031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Neale
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Derriford Hospital Plymouth and
| | | | - Jinny Jeffery
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Derriford Hospital Plymouth and
| | - Ruth M Ayling
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Derriford Hospital Plymouth and
| |
Collapse
|