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Souza ABR, Cruz AD, Aguiar MF. Age estimation by volumetric analysis of teeth using cone beam computed tomography. Oral Radiol 2024; 40:436-444. [PMID: 38589600 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-024-00750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of using the pulp volume (Pv) to total volume (Tv) ratio (Pv:Tv), obtained from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of single-rooted teeth, for age estimation in a Brazilian population sample. METHODS After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, the study commenced by applying inclusion criteria to screen CBCT scans, resulting in a probability-based sample of participants aged 18 years and older (ranging from 18 to 82 years, with a mean age of 46.44 years). A total of 517 single-rooted teeth, including maxillary central incisors (CI), mandibular canines (C), and mandibular first premolars (FP), were chosen based on excellent agreement values (> 0.9). Pv and Tv measurements were conducted using semi-automatic segmentation with ITK-SNAP 3.8 software. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi software, with a significance level set at 5% (α = 0.05). RESULTS A strong negative correlation (r > -0.7) was observed between chronological age and the Pv:Tv ratio across all examined teeth. However, when conducting regression analysis with Pv:Tv data and chronological age as the independent variable, only the mandibular FP teeth exhibited a normal distribution. The resulting linear model demonstrated moderate predictive value (approximately 64%) in explaining the variance in chronological age, but caution should be exercised when interpreting these findings. CONCLUSIONS The method of measuring individual tooth volume using CBCT to estimate chronological age via Pv:Tv has been demonstrated as effective and reproducible within the Brazilian population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Raposo Souza
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Dibo Cruz
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, R. DR. Silvio Henrique Braune, 22 Centro, Nova Friburgo, RJ, CEP: 28625-650, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Freitas Aguiar
- Department of Specific Formation, Fluminense Federal University, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
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Herrera-Escudero TM, Toro DA, Parada-Sanchez MT. How teeth can be used to estimate sexual dimorphism? A scoping review. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 360:112061. [PMID: 38824866 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Teeth are biological structures with a high degree of hardness, density, calcification, and capacity to adapt to extrinsic factors at physical, biological, and physiological levels. Subsequently, they resist for a longer period in deteriorating environmental conditions. With dental analysis, it is possible to acquire biographical data about a person. The aim of this scoping review was to identify publications using human teeth tissues to estimate sexual dimorphism. METHODS The scoping review was carried out in the following databases: Jstor, Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, using ten search strategies in English and guaranteeing completeness and reproducibility of the phases stipulated in the PRISMA guide. RESULTS 143 studies on sexual dimorphism based on dental tissue traits were included, of which 40.6% (n = 58) were done in Asia and 27.2% (n = 39) in America. 80% of the studies (equivalent to 114 articles) focused their observations and measurements on the dental crown; 4.2% in enamel, dentin, and pulp together; 3.5% in dental pulp; 2.1% in the entire tooth; 2.8% in enamel, root, and the enamel-cementum junction, and only 0.7% in dentin and pulp. In addition, 92.3% of the studies used metric methods, while only 4.9% and 2.8% used biochemical and non-metric method respectively. CONCLUSION For sexual dimorphism establishment, enamel has been the most analyzed dental tissue in permanent canines and molars mainly. Likewise, the most widely and accurately used methods for this purpose are the metrics, with the odontometry as the most implemented (intraoral or by using dental plaster models, digital scanning or software) with prediction percentages ranging from 51% to 95.9%. In contrast to biochemical methods, that can achieve the highest precision (up to 100%), the non-metric methods, to a less extent, reported prediction percentages of 58%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Herrera-Escudero
- Grupo Estudios Biosociales del Cuerpo, EBSC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - David Arboleda Toro
- Grupo Estudios Biosociales del Cuerpo, EBSC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Monica T Parada-Sanchez
- Grupo Estudios Biosociales del Cuerpo, EBSC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Timme M, Viktorov J, Steffens L, Streeter A, Karch A, Schmeling A. Dental age assessment in the living: a comparison of two common stage classifications for assessing radiographic visibility of the root canals in mandibular third molars. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:499-507. [PMID: 37952073 PMCID: PMC10861756 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
After dentition is complete, degenerative tooth characteristics can be used for dental age assessment. Radiological assessment of the visibility of the root canals of the mandibular third molars in dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) is known to be one such suitable feature. Essentially, two different stage classifications are available for evaluating the visibility of the root canals of mandibular third molars in the DPR. The aim of this study was to determine if one method outperforms the other. Therefore, the 2010 method of Olze et al. was directly compared to the 2017 method of Lucas et al. in the 2020 modification of Al Qattan et al. To this end, 233 DPRs from 116 females and 117 males aged 20.0 to 40.9 years were evaluated by three independent experienced examiners. In addition, one examiner ran two independent evaluations. Correlation between age and stage was investigated, and the inter- and intra-rater reliability was estimated for both methods. Correlation between age and stage was higher with the Olze method (Spearman rho 0.388 [95% CI 0.309, 0.462], males and 0.283 [95% CI 0.216, 0.357], females) than the Lucas method (0.212 [95% CI 0.141, 0.284], males and 0.265 [95% CI 0.193, 0.340], females). The intra-rater repeatability of the Olze method (Krippendorff's α = 0.576 [95% CI 0.508, 0.644], males and α = 0.592 [95% CI 0.523, 0.661], females) was greater than that for the Lucas method (intra-rater α = 0.422 [95% CI 0.382, 0.502], males and α = 0.516 [95% CI 0.523, 0.661], females). Inter-rater reproducibility was also greater for the Olze method (α = 0.542 [95% CI 0.463, 0.620], males and α = 0.533 [95% CI 0.451, 0.615], females) compared to the Lucas method (α = 0.374 [95% CI 0.304, 0.443], males and α = 0.432 [95% CI 0.359, 0.505], females). The method of Olze et al. was found to present marginal advantages to the Lucas et al. method across all examinations and may be a more appropriate method for application in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Timme
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Jan Viktorov
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Laurin Steffens
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Adam Streeter
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - André Karch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmeling
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Song Y, Yang H, Ge Z, Du H, Li G. Age estimation based on 3D pulp segmentation of first molars from CBCT images using U-Net. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2023; 52:20230177. [PMID: 37427595 PMCID: PMC10552131 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20230177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To train a U-Net model to segment the intact pulp cavity of first molars and establish a reliable mathematical model for age estimation. METHODS We trained a U-Net model by 20 sets of cone-beam CT images and this model was able to segment the intact pulp cavity of first molars. Utilizing this model, 239 maxillary first molars and 234 mandibular first molars from 142 males and 135 females aged 15-69 years old were segmented and the intact pulp cavity volumes were calculated, followed by logarithmic regression analysis to establish the mathematical model with age as the dependent variable and pulp cavity volume as the independent variable. Another 256 first molars were collected to estimate ages with the established model. Mean absolute error and root mean square error between the actual and the estimated ages were used to assess the precision and accuracy of the model. RESULTS The dice similarity coefficient of the U-Net model was 95.6%. The established age estimation model was [Formula: see text] (V is the intact pulp cavity volume of the first molars). The coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error and root mean square error were 0.662, 6.72 years, and 8.26 years, respectively. CONCLUSION The trained U-Net model can accurately segment pulp cavity of the first molars from three-dimensional cone-beam CT images. The segmented pulp cavity volumes could be used to estimate the human ages with reasonable precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjing Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipu Ge
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Han Du
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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Ems G, Severino L, Nisolle JF, Nicaise C, Lambrichts I, LoMonaco M, Bronckaers A, Hontoir F, Vandeweerd JM. Volumetry of ovine incisors dental pulp for further regenerative therapy. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:770-777. [PMID: 37278128 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used for regenerative therapy. Dental pulp MSCs make extracted wisdom teeth a useful resource in humans. Preclinical validation of regenerative therapies requires large animal models such as the sheep. Since stem cells can be retrieved from the dental pulp of ovine incisors, the best age to extract a maximal volume of dental pulp needs to be defined. The objective of this ex vivo study was to quantify incisors dental pulp volume, in sheep of various age. Three jaws were dedicated to histology (one per age group); the others were imaged with a computed tomography scanner [3 years-old (n = 9), 4 (n = 3) and 6 (n = 5)]. The incisors dental pulp volume was measured after 3D reconstruction. Multiple linear regression showed that dental pulp volume of ovine incisors decreases with age (β-estimate = -3.3; p < 0.0001) and teeth position from the more central to the more lateral (β-estimate = -4.9; p = 0.0009). Weight was not a relevant variable in the regression model. The dental pulp volume ranged from 36.7 to 19.6 mm3 in 3-year-old sheep, from 23.6 to 11.3 in 4-year-old sheep, and from 19.4 to 11.5 in 6-year-old sheep. The pulp volume of the most central teeth (first intermediate) was significantly higher than the most lateral teeth (corner). Haematoxylin-Eosin-Safran of the whole incisors, and of isolated dental pulps demonstrated a similar morphology to that in humans. The first intermediate incisor of 3-year-old sheep should be selected preferentially in preclinical research to retrieve the highest volume of dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ems
- URVI (Unité de Recherche Vétérinaire Intégrée), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Leandra Severino
- URVI (Unité de Recherche Vétérinaire Intégrée), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Nisolle
- CHU UCL NAMUR (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Université Catholique de Louvain-Namur), Godinne, Belgium
| | - Charles Nicaise
- LNR (Laboratoire Neurodégénérescence et Régénération), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Cardio & organ systems, BIOMED, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melissa LoMonaco
- Cardio & organ systems, BIOMED, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Cardio & organ systems, BIOMED, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Fanny Hontoir
- URVI (Unité de Recherche Vétérinaire Intégrée), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Vandeweerd
- URVI (Unité de Recherche Vétérinaire Intégrée), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
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6
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Hatipoğlu FP, Arıcıoğlu B, Hatipoğlu Ö, Köse TE, Günaçar DN. Prediction of root canal lengths and pulp volume of the maxillary permanent first molar based on stature, crown diameters, and facial morphometry. Anat Sci Int 2023:10.1007/s12565-023-00727-5. [PMID: 37079264 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
This study purposed to develop statistical models to predict palatal (PRL), mesial (MRL), and distal (DRL) root canal length and pulp volume (PV) of the maxillary first permanent molar using stature, gender, mesiodistal (MD), and buccopalatal (BP) crown diameters and some facial morphometries. 57 individuals were included in the study. Cone beam computed tomography was used to measure root canal lengths and PV. The PV calculation was carried out using the software ITK-SNAP 3.4.0. PRL was positively correlated with BP, stature, middle facial height, interalar distance, and bicommissural distance (BCD) (p < 0.05). DRL was positively correlated with BP, MD, and stature (p < 0.05). MRL was positively correlated with BP, MD, stature, lower face height, bizygomatic distance, and BCD (p < 0.05). PV was negatively correlated with age and BCD (p < 0.05). Although all models have significant predictive power for the root lengths and PV, no model could explain variances greater than 30%. The highest and lowest predictive ability was obtained for PRL and DRL, respectively. While the most significant predictor was BP for PRL and DRL, it was the age for PV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banu Arıcıoğlu
- İstanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Endodontics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Hatipoğlu
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Niğde, Turkey.
| | - Taha Emre Köse
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Rize, Turkey
| | - Dilara Nil Günaçar
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Rize, Turkey
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7
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Ajmal MA, Roberts TS, Beshtawi KR, Raj AC, Sandeepa NC. Sexual dimorphism in odontometric parameters using cone beam CT: a systematic review. Head Face Med 2023; 19:6. [PMID: 36882815 PMCID: PMC9990232 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-023-00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether odontometric parameters using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) would aid in sex estimation by assessing sexual dimorphism of odontometric parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS The focused question was whether there is sexual dimorphism in linear and volumetric odontometric parameters when assessed using CBCT. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to conduct a systematic search until June 2022 in all major databases. Data were extracted regarding the population, size of the sample, age range, teeth analyzed, linear or volumetric measurements, accuracy, and conclusion. The quality of included studies was assessed using (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. RESULTS Out of the 3761 studies identified, twenty-nine full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, twenty-three articles (4215 participants) that provided data on odontometrics using CBCT were included in this systematic review. The odontological sex estimation were assessed either linear measurements (n = 13) or volumetric measurements (n = 8) or both (n = 2). Canines were analysed in maximum number of reports (n = 14), followed by incisors (n = 11), molars(n = 10) and premolars(n = 6). Most of the reports (n = 18) confirmed the existence of sexual dimorphism in odontometric parameters when assessed using CBCT. No significant differences in odontometrics between the sexes were noted in some reports (n = 5). The accuracy of sex estimation was assessed in eight investigations, which ranged from 47.8 to 92.3%. CONCLUSIONS Odontometrics of human permanent dentition using CBCT exhibit a certain degree of sexual dimorphism. Both linear and volumetric measurements of teeth can aid sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ajmal
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tina S Roberts
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of The Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Khaled R Beshtawi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of The Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - A C Raj
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahe, Puducherry, India
| | - N C Sandeepa
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Radiomics approach to the condylar head for legal age classification using cone-beam computed tomography: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280523. [PMID: 36656878 PMCID: PMC9851527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Legal age estimation of living individuals is a critically important issue, and radiomics is an emerging research field that extracts quantitative data from medical images. However, no reports have proposed age-related radiomics features of the condylar head or an age classification model using those features. This study aimed to introduce a radiomics approach for various classifications of legal age (18, 19, 20, and 21 years old) based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the mandibular condylar head, and to evaluate the usefulness of the radiomics features selected by machine learning models as imaging biomarkers. CBCT images from 85 subjects were divided into eight age groups for four legal age classifications: ≤17 and ≥18 years old groups (18-year age classification), ≤18 and ≥19 years old groups (19-year age classification), ≤19 and ≥20 years old groups (20-year age classification) and ≤20 and ≥21 years old groups (21-year age classification). The condylar heads were manually segmented by an expert. In total, 127 radiomics features were extracted from the segmented area of each condylar head. The random forest (RF) method was utilized to select features and develop the age classification model for four legal ages. After sorting features in descending order of importance, the top 10 extracted features were used. The 21-year age classification model showed the best performance, with an accuracy of 91.18%, sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 95.83%. Radiomics features of the condylar head using CBCT showed the possibility of age estimation, and the selected features were useful as imaging biomarkers.
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Yousefi F, Mohammadi Y, Ahmadvand M, Razaghi P. Dental age estimation using cone-beam computed tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Imaging Sci Dent 2023. [DOI: 10.5624/isd.20221226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Yousefi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Ahmadvand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parnian Razaghi
- Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Santos MA, Muinelo-Lorenzo J, Fernández-Alonso A, Cruz-Landeira A, Aroso C, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Age Estimation Using Maxillary Central Incisor Analysis on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Human Images. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13370. [PMID: 36293951 PMCID: PMC9603614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Forensic dentistry plays an important role in human identification, and dental age estimation is an important part of the process. Secondary dentin deposition throughout an individual's lifetime and consequent modification in teeth anatomy is an important parameter for age estimation procedures. The aim of the present study was to develop regression equations to determine age in adults by means of linear measurements and ratios on sagittal, coronal and axial slices of maxillary central incisors using cone bean computed tomography (CBCT). Multiplanar measurements of upper central incisors were taken for a sample of 373 CBCTs. Subsequently, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate linear regressions were performed for age estimation. The equations obtained from axial linear measurements and ratios presented a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of ±10.9 years (R2 = 0.49), and a SEE of ±10.8 years (R2 = 0.50), respectively. The equation obtained for multiplanar linear measurements presented a SEE of ±10.9 years (R2 = 0.52), while the equation for multiplanar ratios presented a SEE of ±10.7 years (R2 = 0.51). Thus, CBCT measurements on upper central incisors were found to be an acceptable method for age estimation. Horizontal measurements, especially pulp measurements, improve the accuracy of age estimate equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arminda Santos
- Department of Dental Science, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Muinelo-Lorenzo
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Alonso
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelines Cruz-Landeira
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Ginecology and Obstetrics, and Pediatrics, Medicine and Dentistry School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Aroso
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politénico e Universitario (CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - María Mercedes Suárez-Cunqueiro
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Lian X, Dai X, Yan Y, Lei H, Wang G, Li R, Wang Y, Zou H. Application of the ratio of the radiopaque calcified area to the dental follicle (RCA/DF) for dental age assessment on orthopantomograms. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 340:111443. [PMID: 36049248 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at exploring a new tooth development evaluation method for age assessment and investigating the dynamic alteration and potential trend of tooth development by orthopantomograms (OPGs), in order to provide references for tooth development prediction and forensic purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 132 OPGs of children aged 3-8 years were collected. The developmental stages of the permanent mandibular second molar (M2)were evaluated by experienced examiners according to the Nolla method and Mimics software, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the ratio of the radiopaque calcified area to the dental follicle (RCA/DF) in different stages, ages, sexes and quadrants were evaluated and compared via descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS There was a strong, positive correlation between the examiners' evaluation and mimics analysis results. With the age increased, the Nolla stage of M2 observed by OPGs increased, and the RCA/DF showed increased trends both in males and females. There were significant differences of the RCA/DF of the M2 at various ages. The tooth calcification development of female was 9.08% earlier than that of male between 3 and 8 years old. However, teeth of male seemed to develop faster than that of female during this period. There was no significant difference between left and right quadrant either according to the Nolla stage or RCA/DF. CONCLUSIONS The RCA/DF value obtained from OPGs of the developmental mandibular second permanent molars could be used as a reliable indicator for tooth maturity and age estimation in children aged 3-8 years. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Age assessment based on radiographs is considered as a reliable and efficient indicator for judging different types of malocclusion, making suitable orthodontic treatment plan, deciding the extraction time of retained deciduous teeth in clinic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiru Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China.
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Merdietio Boedi R, Shepherd S, Mânica S, Franco A. CBCT in dental age estimation: A systematic review and meta analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2022; 51:20210335. [PMID: 34995103 PMCID: PMC9499196 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the reproducibility of dental age estimation methods in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the correlation between dental (DA) and chronological (CA) ages. METHODS The scientific literature was searched in six databases (PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, SciELO, and OATD). Only observational studies were selected. Within each study, the outcomes of interest were (I) the quantified reproducibility of the method (κ statistics and Intraclass correlation coefficient); and (II) the correlation (r) between the dental and chronological ages. A random-effect three-level meta-analysis was conducted alongside moderator analysis based on methods, arch (maxillary/mandibular), population, and number of roots. RESULTS From 671 studies, 39 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with one study reporting two different methods. The methods used in the studies were divided into metric (n = 17), volumetric (n = 20), staging (n = 2), and atlas (n = 1). All studies reported high examiner reproducibility. Group 1 (metric and volumetric) provided a high inverse weighted r ([Formula: see text] = -0.71, CI [-0.79,-0.61]), and Group 2 (staging) provided a medium-weighted r ([Formula: see text] = 0.49, CI [0.44, 0.53]). Moderator analysis on Group one did not show statistically significant differences between methods, tooth position, arch, and number of roots. An exception was detected in the analysis based on population (Southeast Asia, [Formula: see text] = -0.89, CI [-0.94,-0.81]). CONCLUSION There is high evidence that CBCT methods are reproducible and reliable in dental age estimation. Quantitative metric and volumetric analysis demonstrated better performance in predicting chronological age than staging. Future studies exploring population-specific variability for age estimation with metric and volumetric CBCT analysis may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizky Merdietio Boedi
- Centre of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Dentistry, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Simon Shepherd
- Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Scheila Mânica
- Centre of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ademir Franco
- Centre of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Santosh KC, Pradeep N, Goel V, Ranjan R, Pandey E, Shukla PK, Nuagah SJ. Machine Learning Techniques for Human Age and Gender Identification Based on Teeth X-Ray Images. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:8302674. [PMID: 35028124 PMCID: PMC8752215 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8302674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of digital medical images is increasing with advanced computational power that has immensely contributed to developing more sophisticated machine learning techniques. Determination of age and gender of individuals was manually performed by forensic experts by their professional skills, which may take a few days to generate results. A fully automated system was developed that identifies the gender of humans and age based on digital images of teeth. Since teeth are a strong and unique part of the human body that exhibits least subject to risk in natural structure and remains unchanged for a longer duration, the process of identification of gender- and age-related information from human beings is systematically carried out by analyzing OPG (orthopantomogram) images. A total of 1142 digital X-ray images of teeth were obtained from dental colleges from the population of the middle-east part of Karnataka state in India. 80% of the digital images were considered for training purposes, and the remaining 20% of teeth images were for the testing cases. The proposed gender and age determination system finds its application widely in the forensic field to predict results quickly and accurately. The prediction system was carried out using Multiclass SVM (MSVM) classifier algorithm for age estimation and LIBSVM classifier for gender prediction, and 96% of accuracy was achieved from the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Santosh
- CS&E Department, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Nijalingappa Pradeep
- CS&E Department, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikas Goel
- Department of Information Technology, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR Meerut Road (NH-58), Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raju Ranjan
- School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ekta Pandey
- Applied Science Department, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Shukla
- Computer Science & Engineering Department, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Technological University of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal 462033, India
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14
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Age Estimation Based on Pulp–Tooth Volume Ratio of Anterior Teeth in Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Images in a Selected Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11219984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between chronological age and pulp–tooth volume ratio in anterior teeth using cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images and provide equations for age estimation based on pulp–tooth volume ratio. In this cross-sectional study, CBCT images of 312 anterior teeth of the maxilla and mandible were examineαd. The chronological age and the sex of the patients were recorded. Tooth volume and pulp volume of the anterior teeth were measured using Mimics software, and then tooth–pulp volume ratio was calculated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using chi-square test, independent T-test, Pearson’s correlation, and linear regression (α = 0.05). Finally, equations were made based on the results of the regression analysis for age estimation in general and for males and females. The age of the subjects ranged between 16 and 69 years (mean 40.6 ± 12.74). The pulp–tooth volume ratio of the maxillary teeth was generally higher than the mandibular teeth. A significant inverse relationship between age and pulp–tooth volume ratio was observed for all anterior teeth. (p < 0.05). The strongest correlation between age and pulp–tooth volume ratio was reported for mandibular central incisor (r = −0.58, p < 0.001) and the weakest was for mandibular lateral incisor (r = −0.36, p = 0.012). Age estimation was most accurate among females using the maxillary central incisors (p < 0.001) and among males using the mandibular central incisors and maxillary canines (p = 0.003). Pulp–tooth volume ratio of mandibular central incisors, maxillary lateral incisors, and maxillary canines in males and maxillary and mandibular central incisors, maxillary lateral incisors, and maxillary and mandibular canines in females can be used for age estimation.
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15
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Pham CV, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim HS. Age estimation based on 3D post-mortem computed tomography images of mandible and femur using convolutional neural networks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251388. [PMID: 33979376 PMCID: PMC8115850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age assessment has attracted increasing attention in the field of forensics. However, most existing works are laborious and requires domain-specific knowledge. Modern computing power makes it is possible to leverage massive amounts of data to produce more reliable results. Therefore, it is logical to use automated age estimation approaches to handle large datasets. In this study, a fully automated age prediction approach was proposed by assessing 3D mandible and femur scans using deep learning. A total of 814 post-mortem computed tomography scans from 619 men and 195 women, within the age range of 20-70, were collected from the National Forensic Service in South Korea. Multiple preprocessing steps were applied for each scan to normalize the image and perform intensity correction to create 3D voxels that represent these parts accurately. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by 10-fold cross-validation. The initial cross-validation results illustrated the potential of the proposed method as it achieved a mean absolute error of 5.15 years with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.80. The proposed approach is likely to be faster and potentially more reliable, which could be used for age assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Pham
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sookyoung Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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16
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Elgazzar FM, Elboraey MO, El-Sarnagawy GN. The accuracy of age estimation from pulp chamber/crown volume ratio of canines obtained by cone beam computed tomography images: an Egyptian study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-020-00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Globally, the need for an accurate and valid method for age estimation in adults still exists. The aging process is associated with secondary dentine deposition that reduces the volume of teeth pulp. Therefore, dental age could be recognized from the volume of pulp cavity. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and validity of pulp chamber/crown volume ratio of maxillary and mandibular canines in estimating age using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in a sample of the Egyptian population.
Results
There were significant strong negative correlations between age and each of the maxillary pulp chamber volume (PCV), mandibular PCV, maxillary pulp chamber/crown volume (PCV/CV) ratio, and mandibular PCV/CV ratio (p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected between both sexes regarding the mean maxillary and mandibular PCV and PCV/CV ratios (p > 0.05). The best fit regression model for age prediction was as follows: age (years) = 70.21 − 784.0x maxillary PCV/CV ratio − 1.66x maxillary PCV. The proposed model showed good power of prediction (R2 adjusted = 0.951). Additionally, the model was validated on an independent sample of 100 CBCT images with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.86 years.
Conclusion
The obtained valid regression formula in this study can serve as a reliable tool for age estimation in Egyptians. This formula should be further validated on a larger sample size of the Egyptian population that considers more steady age distribution.
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17
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Molina A, Bravo M, Fonseca GM, Márquez-Grant N, Martín-de-Las-Heras S. Dental age estimation based on pulp chamber/crown volume ratio measured on CBCT images in a Spanish population. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:359-364. [PMID: 32676887 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dental age estimation in living individuals is one of the most frequent requests undertaken by forensic odontologists. The aim of this study was to estimate the dental age by pulp/tooth volume ratio, as measured on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, in a Spanish population. This study included 313 teeth from 107 adult individuals, 56 females and 51 males with a mean age of 44 ± 14 years. The statistical analysis of the results took account of clustering (multiple teeth in individuals). Linear regression models were constructed on the relationship between pulp/tooth volume ratio and chronological age for each tooth type. The highest coefficient of determination (R2) value was provided by the upper incisors (36.6%), and the difference between chronological and estimated age was less than 5 years in 31.3% of the sample and less than 10 years for 65.7%. CBCT is an accurate imaging technique to measure dental volume with a relatively low radiation dose, and it can be used to assess dental age in living adult individuals. Volumetric changes in the pulp cavity with increasing age proved valuable to estimate dental age in this Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Molina
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Gabriel M Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación en Odontología Legal y Forense (CIO), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nicholas Márquez-Grant
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
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18
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Farias Gomes A, Sousa Melo SL, Nejaim Y, Groppo FC, Teixeira FB, Freitas DQ. Variations in pulp volume between normotensive and hypertensive individuals on CBCT imaging. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4069-4076. [PMID: 32333179 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the pulp volume of individuals with altered and normal systemic blood pressure (BP) in order to verify if high BP promotes dimensional modifications in the pulp space. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cone beam computed tomography scans of 91 patients (49 females and 42 males, mean age 31.7 ± 6.38 years) who had a healthy maxillary canine were selected. Values of arterial BP measured at two dental visits were used to classify the sample as normal BP (< 130 × 80 mmHg) and altered BP (≥ 130 × 80 mmHg); 49 patients had normal BP and 42 had altered BP. One oral radiologist evaluated each patient's pulp and tooth volumes, using semi-automatic segmentation, and the tooth length. Data were submitted to Student's t test and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS Pulp volume (p = 0.0027), pulp volume/tooth volume (p = 0.0013), and pulp volume/tooth length (p = 0.0007) ratios were greater in the altered BP group. Conversely, there was no difference in tooth volume between the groups (p = 0.0697). A logistic regression model (p = 0.0002) using pulp volume and age enabled the development of a formula for predicting altered BP, with 68% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with altered systemic BP have greater pulp volumes than those with normal BP. The formula developed in this study may indicate the presence of altered BP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As arterial hypertension is a silent disease that produces no warning signs or symptoms, identification of modifications in the pulp volume in cone beam computed tomography scans may be an adjuvant sign of the diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Farias Gomes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Saulo L Sousa Melo
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yuri Nejaim
- Oral Radiology Area, Dental School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B Teixeira
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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