1
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Tanaka M. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes encoding secretory proteins in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:381-388. [PMID: 38211972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, also known as the yellow koji mold, produces various hydrolytic enzymes that are widely used in different industries. Its high capacity to produce secretory proteins makes this filamentous fungus a suitable host for heterologous protein production. Amylolytic gene promoter is widely used to express heterologous genes in A. oryzae. The expression of this promoter is strictly regulated by several transcription factors, whose activation involves various factors. Furthermore, the expression levels of amylolytic and heterologous genes are post-transcriptionally regulated by mRNA degradation mechanisms in response to aberrant transcriptional termination or endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review discusses the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of genes encoding secretory proteins in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Lipińska-Zubrycka L, Grochowski M, Bähler J, Małecki M. Pervasive mRNA uridylation in fission yeast is catalysed by both Cid1 and Cid16 terminal uridyltransferases. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285576. [PMID: 37220133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA uridylation is pervasive and conserved among eukaryotes, but the consequences of this modification for mRNA fate are still under debate. Utilising a simple model organism to study uridylation may facilitate efforts to understand the cellular function of this process. Here we demonstrate that uridylation can be detected using simple bioinformatics approach. We utilise it to unravel widespread transcript uridylation in fission yeast and demonstrate the contribution of both Cid1 and Cid16, the only two annotated terminal uridyltransferases (TUT-ases) in this yeast. To detect uridylation in transcriptome data, we used a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) library preparation protocol involving initial linker ligation to fragmented RNA-an approach borrowed from small RNA sequencing that was commonly used in older RNA-seq protocols. We next explored the data to detect uridylation marks. Our analysis show that uridylation in yeast is pervasive, similarly to the one in multicellular organisms. Importantly, our results confirm the role of the cytoplasmic uridyltransferase Cid1 as the primary uridylation catalyst. However, we also observed an auxiliary role of the second uridyltransferase, Cid16. Thus both fission yeast uridyltransferases are involved in mRNA uridylation. Intriguingly, we found no physiological phenotype of the single and double deletion mutants of cid1 and cid16 and only minimal impact of uridylation on steady-state mRNA levels. Our work establishes fission yeast as a potent model to study uridylation in a simple eukaryote, and we demonstrate that it is possible to detect uridylation marks in RNA-seq data without the need for specific methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lipińska-Zubrycka
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Grochowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Małecki
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Genetic screen for suppression of transcriptional interference identifies a gain-of-function mutation in Pol2 termination factor Seb1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108105118. [PMID: 34389684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated transcriptional interference that represses fission yeast phosphate homoeostasis gene pho1 provides a sensitive readout of genetic influences on cotranscriptional 3'-processing and termination and a tool for discovery of regulators of this phase of the Pol2 transcription cycle. Here, we conducted a genetic screen for relief of transcriptional interference that unveiled a mechanism by which Pol2 termination is enhanced via a gain-of-function mutation, G476S, in the RNA-binding domain of an essential termination factor, Seb1. The genetic and physical evidence for gain-of-function is compelling: 1) seb1-G476S de-represses pho1 and tgp1, both of which are subject to lncRNA-mediated transcriptional interference; 2) seb1-G476S elicits precocious lncRNA transcription termination in response to lncRNA 5'-proximal poly(A) signals; 3) seb1-G476S derepression of pho1 is effaced by loss-of-function mutations in cleavage and polyadenylation factor (CPF) subunits and termination factor Rhn1; 4) synthetic lethality of seb1-G476S with pho1 derepressive mutants rpb1-CTD-S7A and aps1∆ is rescued by CPF/Rhn1 loss-of-function alleles; and 5) seb1-G476S elicits an upstream shift in poly(A) site preference in several messenger RNA genes. A crystal structure of the Seb1-G476S RNA-binding domain indicates potential for gain of contacts from Ser476 to RNA nucleobases. To our knowledge, this is a unique instance of a gain-of-function phenotype in a eukaryal transcription termination protein.
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4
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Abstract
The passage of mRNAs through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm is essential in all eukaryotes. For regulation, mRNA export is tightly connected to the full machinery of nuclear mRNA processing, starting at transcription. Export competence of pre-mRNAs gradually increases by both transient and permanent interactions with multiple RNA processing and export factors. mRNA export is best understood in opisthokonts, with limited knowledge in plants and protozoa. Here, I review and compare nuclear mRNA processing and export between opisthokonts and Trypanosoma brucei. The parasite has many unusual features in nuclear mRNA processing, such as polycistronic transcription and trans-splicing. It lacks several nuclear complexes and nuclear-pore-associated proteins that in opisthokonts play major roles in mRNA export. As a consequence, trypanosome mRNA export control is not tight and export can even start co-transcriptionally. Whether trypanosomes regulate mRNA export at all, or whether leakage of immature mRNA to the cytoplasm is kept to a low level by a fast kinetics of mRNA processing remains to be investigated. mRNA export had to be present in the last common ancestor of eukaryotes. Trypanosomes are evolutionary very distant from opisthokonts and a comparison helps understanding the evolution of mRNA export.
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5
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Polyadenylation sites and their characteristics in the genome of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) as revealed by using RNA-Seq data. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:248-255. [PMID: 30952021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyadenylation plays important roles in gene expression regulation in eukaryotes, which typically involves cleavage and poly(A) tail addition at the polyadenylation site (PAS) of the pre-mature mRNA. Many eukaryotic genes contain more than one PASs, termed as alternative polyadenylation (APA). As a crucial post-transcriptional regulation, polyadenylation affects various aspects of RNA metabolism such as mRNA stability, translocation, and translation. However, polyadenylation has been rarely studied in teleosts. Here we conducted polyadenylation analysis in channel catfish, a commercially important aquaculture species around the world. Using RNA-Seq data, we identified 20,320 PASs which were classified into 14,500 clusters by merging adjacent PASs. Most of the PASs were found in 3' UTRs, followed by intron regions based on the annotation of channel catfish reference genome. No apparent difference in PAS distribution was observed between the sense and antisense strand of the channel catfish genome. The sequence analysis of nucleotide composition and motif around PASs yielded a highly similar profile among various organisms, suggesting the conservation and importance of polyadenylation in evolution. Using APA genes with more than two PASs, gene ontology enrichment revealed genes particularly involved in RNA binding. Reactome pathway analysis showed the enrichment of the innate immune system, especially neutrophil degranulation.
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6
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Larochelle M, Robert MA, Hébert JN, Liu X, Matteau D, Rodrigue S, Tian B, Jacques PÉ, Bachand F. Common mechanism of transcription termination at coding and noncoding RNA genes in fission yeast. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4364. [PMID: 30341288 PMCID: PMC6195540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Termination of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription is a fundamental step of gene expression that is critical for determining the borders between genes. In budding yeast, termination at protein-coding genes is initiated by the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery, whereas termination of most noncoding RNA (ncRNA) genes occurs via the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 (NNS) pathway. Here, we find that NNS-like transcription termination is not conserved in fission yeast. Rather, genome-wide analyses show global recruitment of mRNA 3' end processing factors at the end of ncRNA genes, including snoRNAs and snRNAs, and that this recruitment coincides with high levels of Ser2 and Tyr1 phosphorylation on the RNAPII C-terminal domain. We also find that termination of mRNA and ncRNA transcription requires the conserved Ysh1/CPSF-73 and Dhp1/XRN2 nucleases, supporting widespread cleavage-dependent transcription termination in fission yeast. Our findings thus reveal that a common mode of transcription termination can produce functionally and structurally distinct types of polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Larochelle
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Robert
- Départment de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Jean-Nicolas Hébert
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Xiaochuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Dominick Matteau
- Départment de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Départment de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Pierre-Étienne Jacques
- Départment de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K2R1, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - François Bachand
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
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7
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Wang R, Zheng D, Yehia G, Tian B. A compendium of conserved cleavage and polyadenylation events in mammalian genes. Genome Res 2018; 28:1427-1441. [PMID: 30143597 PMCID: PMC6169888 DOI: 10.1101/gr.237826.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation is essential for 3' end processing of almost all eukaryotic mRNAs. Recent studies have shown widespread alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) events leading to mRNA isoforms with different 3' UTRs and/or coding sequences. Here, we present a compendium of conserved cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs) in mammalian genes, based on approximately 1.2 billion 3' end sequencing reads from more than 360 human, mouse, and rat samples. We show that ∼80% of mammalian mRNA genes contain at least one conserved PAS, and ∼50% have conserved APA events. PAS conservation generally reduces promiscuous 3' end processing, stabilizing gene expression levels across species. Conservation of APA correlates with gene age, gene expression features, and gene functions. Genes with certain functions, such as cell morphology, cell proliferation, and mRNA metabolism, are particularly enriched with conserved APA events. Whereas tissue-specific genes typically have a low APA rate, brain-specific genes tend to evolve APA. In addition, we show enrichment of mRNA destabilizing motifs in alternative 3' UTR sequences, leading to substantial differences in mRNA stability between 3' UTR isoforms. Using conserved PASs, we reveal sequence motifs surrounding APA sites and a preference of adenosine at the cleavage site. Furthermore, we show that mutations of U-rich motifs around the PAS often accompany APA profile differences between species. Analysis of lncRNA PASs indicates a mechanism of PAS fixation through evolution of A-rich motifs. Taken together, our results present a comprehensive view of PAS evolution in mammals, and a phylogenic perspective on APA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Dinghai Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Core Facility, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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8
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Wang R, Zheng D, Yehia G, Tian B. A compendium of conserved cleavage and polyadenylation events in mammalian genes. Genome Res 2018. [PMID: 30143597 DOI: 10.1101/gr.237826.118.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation is essential for 3' end processing of almost all eukaryotic mRNAs. Recent studies have shown widespread alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) events leading to mRNA isoforms with different 3' UTRs and/or coding sequences. Here, we present a compendium of conserved cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs) in mammalian genes, based on approximately 1.2 billion 3' end sequencing reads from more than 360 human, mouse, and rat samples. We show that ∼80% of mammalian mRNA genes contain at least one conserved PAS, and ∼50% have conserved APA events. PAS conservation generally reduces promiscuous 3' end processing, stabilizing gene expression levels across species. Conservation of APA correlates with gene age, gene expression features, and gene functions. Genes with certain functions, such as cell morphology, cell proliferation, and mRNA metabolism, are particularly enriched with conserved APA events. Whereas tissue-specific genes typically have a low APA rate, brain-specific genes tend to evolve APA. In addition, we show enrichment of mRNA destabilizing motifs in alternative 3' UTR sequences, leading to substantial differences in mRNA stability between 3' UTR isoforms. Using conserved PASs, we reveal sequence motifs surrounding APA sites and a preference of adenosine at the cleavage site. Furthermore, we show that mutations of U-rich motifs around the PAS often accompany APA profile differences between species. Analysis of lncRNA PASs indicates a mechanism of PAS fixation through evolution of A-rich motifs. Taken together, our results present a comprehensive view of PAS evolution in mammals, and a phylogenic perspective on APA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Dinghai Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Core Facility, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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9
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Atkinson SR, Marguerat S, Bitton DA, Rodríguez-López M, Rallis C, Lemay JF, Cotobal C, Malecki M, Smialowski P, Mata J, Korber P, Bachand F, Bähler J. Long noncoding RNA repertoire and targeting by nuclear exosome, cytoplasmic exonuclease, and RNAi in fission yeast. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:1195-1213. [PMID: 29914874 PMCID: PMC6097657 DOI: 10.1261/rna.065524.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are longer than 200 nucleotides but often unstable, contribute a substantial and diverse portion to pervasive noncoding transcriptomes. Most lncRNAs are poorly annotated and understood, although several play important roles in gene regulation and diseases. Here we systematically uncover and analyze lncRNAs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Based on RNA-seq data from twelve RNA-processing mutants and nine physiological conditions, we identify 5775 novel lncRNAs, nearly 4× the previously annotated lncRNAs. The expression of most lncRNAs becomes strongly induced under the genetic and physiological perturbations, most notably during late meiosis. Most lncRNAs are cryptic and suppressed by three RNA-processing pathways: the nuclear exosome, cytoplasmic exonuclease, and RNAi. Double-mutant analyses reveal substantial coordination and redundancy among these pathways. We classify lncRNAs by their dominant pathway into cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), Xrn1-sensitive unstable transcripts (XUTs), and Dicer-sensitive unstable transcripts (DUTs). XUTs and DUTs are enriched for antisense lncRNAs, while CUTs are often bidirectional and actively translated. The cytoplasmic exonuclease, along with RNAi, dampens the expression of thousands of lncRNAs and mRNAs that become induced during meiosis. Antisense lncRNA expression mostly negatively correlates with sense mRNA expression in the physiological, but not the genetic conditions. Intergenic and bidirectional lncRNAs emerge from nucleosome-depleted regions, upstream of positioned nucleosomes. Our results highlight both similarities and differences to lncRNA regulation in budding yeast. This broad survey of the lncRNA repertoire and characteristics in S. pombe, and the interwoven regulatory pathways that target lncRNAs, provides a rich framework for their further functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Atkinson
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Marguerat
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Danny A Bitton
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Rodríguez-López
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampos Rallis
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Lemay
- Department of Biochemistry, Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Cristina Cotobal
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Malecki
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Smialowski
- LMU Munich, Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried near Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Mata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Korber
- LMU Munich, Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried near Munich, Germany
| | - François Bachand
- Department of Biochemistry, Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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10
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Tandem 3' UTR Patterns and Gene Expression Profiles of Marc-145 Cells During PRRSV Infection. Virol Sin 2018; 33:335-344. [PMID: 30069823 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes substantial economic losses to the global pig industry. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a mechanism that diversifies gene expression, which is important for tumorigenesis, development, and cell differentiation. However, it is unclear whether APA plays a role in the course of PRRSV infection. To address this issue, in this study we carried out a whole-genome transcriptome analysis of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 African green monkey kidney cells and identified 185 APA switching genes and 393 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most of these genes were involved in cellular process, metabolism, and biological regulation, and there was some overlap between the two gene sets. DEGs were found to be more directly involved in the antiviral response than APA genes. These findings provide insight into the dynamics of host gene regulation during PRRSV infection and a basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of PRRSV.
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11
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Zhou Z, Dang Y, Zhou M, Yuan H, Liu Y. Codon usage biases co-evolve with transcription termination machinery to suppress premature cleavage and polyadenylation. eLife 2018; 7:33569. [PMID: 29547124 PMCID: PMC5869017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Codon usage biases are found in all genomes and influence protein expression levels. The codon usage effect on protein expression was thought to be mainly due to its impact on translation. Here, we show that transcription termination is an important driving force for codon usage bias in eukaryotes. Using Neurospora crassa as a model organism, we demonstrated that introduction of rare codons results in premature transcription termination (PTT) within open reading frames and abolishment of full-length mRNA. PTT is a wide-spread phenomenon in Neurospora, and there is a strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and PTT events. Rare codons lead to the formation of putative poly(A) signals and PTT. A similar role for codon usage bias was also observed in mouse cells. Together, these results suggest that codon usage biases co-evolve with the transcription termination machinery to suppress premature termination of transcription and thus allow for optimal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yunkun Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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12
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Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has become well established as a model species for studying conserved cell-level biological processes, especially the mechanics and regulation of cell division. PomBase integrates the S. pombe genome sequence with traditional genetic, molecular, and cell biological experimental data as well as the growing body of large datasets generated by emerging high-throughput methods. This chapter provides insight into the curation philosophy and data organization at PomBase, and provides a guide to using PomBase for infrequent visitors and anyone considering exploring S. pombe in their research.
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13
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Liu X, Freitas J, Zheng D, Oliveira MS, Hoque M, Martins T, Henriques T, Tian B, Moreira A. Transcription elongation rate has a tissue-specific impact on alternative cleavage and polyadenylation in Drosophila melanogaster. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1807-1816. [PMID: 28851752 PMCID: PMC5689002 DOI: 10.1261/rna.062661.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a mechanism that generates multiple mRNA isoforms with different 3'UTRs and/or coding sequences from a single gene. Here, using 3' region extraction and deep sequencing (3'READS), we have systematically mapped cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs) in Drosophila melanogaster, expanding the total repertoire of PASs previously identified for the species, especially those located in A-rich genomic sequences. Cis-element analysis revealed distinct sequence motifs around fly PASs when compared to mammalian ones, including the greater enrichment of upstream UAUA elements and the less prominent presence of downstream UGUG elements. We found that over 75% of mRNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster undergo APA. The head tissue tends to use distal PASs when compared to the body, leading to preferential expression of APA isoforms with long 3'UTRs as well as with distal terminal exons. The distance between the APA sites and intron location of PAS are important parameters for APA difference between body and head, suggesting distinct PAS selection contexts. APA analysis of the RpII215C4 mutant strain, which harbors a mutant RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) with a slower elongation rate, revealed that a 50% decrease in transcriptional elongation rate leads to a mild trend of more usage of proximal, weaker PASs, both in 3'UTRs and in introns, consistent with the "first come, first served" model of APA regulation. However, this trend was not observed in the head, suggesting a different regulatory context in neuronal cells. Together, our data expand the PAS collection for Drosophila melanogaster and reveal a tissue-specific effect of APA regulation by RNAPII elongation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Jaime Freitas
- Gene Regulation, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dinghai Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Marta S Oliveira
- Gene Regulation, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Torcato Martins
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Telmo Henriques
- Gene Regulation, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Alexandra Moreira
- Gene Regulation, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-013 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Liu X, Hoque M, Larochelle M, Lemay JF, Yurko N, Manley JL, Bachand F, Tian B. Comparative analysis of alternative polyadenylation in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Genome Res 2017; 27:1685-1695. [PMID: 28916539 PMCID: PMC5630032 DOI: 10.1101/gr.222331.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a widespread mechanism that generates mRNA isoforms with distinct properties. Here we have systematically mapped and compared cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs) in two yeast species, S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Although >80% of the mRNA genes in each species were found to display APA, S. pombe showed greater 3′ UTR size differences among APA isoforms than did S. cerevisiae. PASs in different locations of gene are surrounded with distinct sequences in both species and are often associated with motifs involved in the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 termination pathway. In S. pombe, strong motifs surrounding distal PASs lead to higher abundances of long 3′ UTR isoforms than short ones, a feature that is opposite in S. cerevisiae. Differences in PAS placement between convergent genes lead to starkly different antisense transcript landscapes between budding and fission yeasts. In both species, short 3′ UTR isoforms are more likely to be expressed when cells are growing in nutrient-rich media, although different gene groups are affected in each species. Significantly, 3′ UTR shortening in S. pombe coordinates with up-regulation of expression for genes involved in translation during cell proliferation. Using S. pombe strains deficient for Pcf11 or Pab2, we show that reduced expression of 3′-end processing factors lengthens 3′ UTR, with Pcf11 having a more potent effect than Pab2. Taken together, our data indicate that APA mechanisms in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae are largely different: S. pombe has many of the APA features of higher species, and Pab2 in S. pombe has a different role in APA regulation than its mammalian homolog, PABPN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Marc Larochelle
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lemay
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Nathan Yurko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - François Bachand
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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15
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Abstract
3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) are the noncoding parts of mRNAs. Compared to yeast, in humans, median 3'-UTR length has expanded approximately tenfold alongside an increased generation of alternative 3'-UTR isoforms. In contrast, the number of coding genes, as well as coding region length, has remained similar. This suggests an important role for 3'-UTRs in the biology of higher organisms. 3'-UTRs are best known to regulate diverse fates of mRNAs, including degradation, translation, and localization, but they can also function like long noncoding or small RNAs, as has been shown for whole 3'-UTRs as well as for cleaved fragments. Furthermore, 3'-UTRs determine the fate of proteins through the regulation of protein-protein interactions. They facilitate cotranslational protein complex formation, which establishes a role for 3'-UTRs as evolved eukaryotic operons. Whereas bacterial operons promote the interaction of two subunits, 3'-UTRs enable the formation of protein complexes with diverse compositions. All of these 3'-UTR functions are accomplished by effector proteins that are recruited by RNA-binding proteins that bind to 3'-UTR cis-elements. In summary, 3'-UTRs seem to be major players in gene regulation that enable local functions, compartmentalization, and cooperativity, which makes them important tools for the regulation of phenotypic diversity of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mayr
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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16
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Lemay JF, Marguerat S, Larochelle M, Liu X, van Nues R, Hunyadkürti J, Hoque M, Tian B, Granneman S, Bähler J, Bachand F. The Nrd1-like protein Seb1 coordinates cotranscriptional 3' end processing and polyadenylation site selection. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1558-72. [PMID: 27401558 PMCID: PMC4949328 DOI: 10.1101/gad.280222.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Termination of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription is associated with RNA 3' end formation. For coding genes, termination is initiated by the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery. In contrast, a majority of noncoding transcription events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not rely on RNA cleavage for termination but instead terminates via a pathway that requires the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 (NNS) complex. Here we show that the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ortholog of Nrd1, Seb1, does not function in NNS-like termination but promotes polyadenylation site selection of coding and noncoding genes. We found that Seb1 associates with 3' end processing factors, is enriched at the 3' end of genes, and binds RNA motifs downstream from cleavage sites. Importantly, a deficiency in Seb1 resulted in widespread changes in 3' untranslated region (UTR) length as a consequence of increased alternative polyadenylation. Given that Seb1 levels affected the recruitment of conserved 3' end processing factors, our findings indicate that the conserved RNA-binding protein Seb1 cotranscriptionally controls alternative polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemay
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Samuel Marguerat
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Larochelle
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Xiaochuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Rob van Nues
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Hunyadkürti
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Sander Granneman
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - François Bachand
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Here we focus on the biogenesis and function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in fission yeast cells. Following a general introduction that also briefly touches on other classes of RNA, we provide an overview of methods used to analyze mRNAs throughout their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Wise
- Center for RNA Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4906
| | - Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics Division, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Wittmann S, Renner M, Watts BR, Adams O, Huseyin M, Baejen C, El Omari K, Kilchert C, Heo DH, Kecman T, Cramer P, Grimes JM, Vasiljeva L. The conserved protein Seb1 drives transcription termination by binding RNA polymerase II and nascent RNA. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14861. [PMID: 28367989 PMCID: PMC5382271 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Termination of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription is an important step in the transcription cycle, which involves the dislodgement of polymerase from DNA, leading to release of a functional transcript. Recent studies have identified the key players required for this process and showed that a common feature of these proteins is a conserved domain that interacts with the phosphorylated C-terminus of Pol II (CTD-interacting domain, CID). However, the mechanism by which transcription termination is achieved is not understood. Using genome-wide methods, here we show that the fission yeast CID-protein Seb1 is essential for termination of protein-coding and non-coding genes through interaction with S2-phosphorylated Pol II and nascent RNA. Furthermore, we present the crystal structures of the Seb1 CTD- and RNA-binding modules. Unexpectedly, the latter reveals an intertwined two-domain arrangement of a canonical RRM and second domain. These results provide important insights into the mechanism underlying eukaryotic transcription termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Wittmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Max Renner
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beth R. Watts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Oliver Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Miles Huseyin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carlo Baejen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cornelia Kilchert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Dong-Hyuk Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tea Kecman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Lidia Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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19
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Wang H, Li R, Zhou X, Xue L, Xu X, Liu B. Genome-Wide Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Polyadenylation Site in Pigs Using RNAseq Data. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36388. [PMID: 27812017 PMCID: PMC5095665 DOI: 10.1038/srep36388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylation, a critical step in the production of mature mRNA for translation in most eukaryotes, involves cleavage and poly(A) tail addition at the 3′ end of mRNAs at the polyadenylation site (PAS). Sometimes, one gene can have more than one PAS, which can produce the alternative polyadenylation (APA) phenomenon and affect the stability, localization and translation of the mRNA. In this study, we discovered 28,363 PASs using pig RNAseq data, with 13,033 located in 7,403 genes. Among the genes, 41% were identified to have more than one PAS. PAS distribution analysis indicated that the PAS position was highly variable in genes. Additionally, the analysis of RNAseq data from the liver and testis showed a difference in their PAS number and usage. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were performed to confirm our findings by detecting the expression of 3′UTR isoforms for five candidate genes. The analysis of RNAseq data under a different androstenone level and salmonella inoculation indicated that the functional usage of PAS might participate in the immune response and may be related to the androstenone level in pigs. This study provides new insights into pig PAS and facilitates further functional research of PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education &Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Liyao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education &Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education &Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education &Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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20
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Larochelle M, Hunyadkürti J, Bachand F. Polyadenylation site selection: linking transcription and RNA processing via a conserved carboxy-terminal domain (CTD)-interacting protein. Curr Genet 2016; 63:195-199. [PMID: 27582274 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the process of mRNA polyadenylation has been known for more than 40 years, a detailed understating of the mechanism underlying polyadenylation site selection is still far from complete. As 3' end processing is intimately associated with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription, factors that can successively interact with the transcription machinery and recognize cis-acting sequences on the nascent pre-mRNA would be well suited to contribute to poly(A) site selection. Studies using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have recently identified Seb1, a protein that shares homology with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nrd1 and human SCAF4/8, and that is critical for poly(A) site selection. Seb1 binds to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAPII via a conserved CTD-interaction domain and recognizes specific sequence motifs clustered downstream of the polyadenylation site on the uncleaved pre-mRNA. In this short review, we summarize insights into Seb1-dependent poly(A) site selection and discuss some unanswered questions regarding its molecular mechanism and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Larochelle
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Judit Hunyadkürti
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - François Bachand
- RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada.
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21
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Eser P, Wachutka L, Maier KC, Demel C, Boroni M, Iyer S, Cramer P, Gagneur J. Determinants of RNA metabolism in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:857. [PMID: 26883383 PMCID: PMC4770384 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To decrypt the regulatory code of the genome, sequence elements must be defined that determine the kinetics of RNA metabolism and thus gene expression. Here, we attempt such decryption in an eukaryotic model organism, the fission yeast S. pombe. We first derive an improved genome annotation that redefines borders of 36% of expressed mRNAs and adds 487 non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We then combine RNA labeling in vivo with mathematical modeling to obtain rates of RNA synthesis and degradation for 5,484 expressed RNAs and splicing rates for 4,958 introns. We identify functional sequence elements in DNA and RNA that control RNA metabolic rates and quantify the contributions of individual nucleotides to RNA synthesis, splicing, and degradation. Our approach reveals distinct kinetics of mRNA and ncRNA metabolism, separates antisense regulation by transcription interference from RNA interference, and provides a general tool for studying the regulatory code of genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eser
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonhard Wachutka
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin C Maier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carina Demel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Srignanakshi Iyer
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julien Gagneur
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Geisberg JV, Moqtaderi Z. Genome-Wide Study of mRNA Isoform Half-Lives. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1358:317-23. [PMID: 26463393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3067-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II-driven transcription and processing results in the formation of numerous mRNA 3' isoforms that for any given gene may differ from one another by as little as a single nucleotide. These 3' isoforms can vary in physical properties that may affect their function and stability. Here, we outline a systematic framework to measure individual mRNA 3' isoform half-lives on a genome-wide level in S. cerevisiae. Our approach utilizes the Anchor-Away system to sequester RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in the cytoplasm followed by direct single-molecule RNA sequencing to generate a highly detailed view of 3' isoform stability under most physiological conditions without many of the adverse effects associated with commonly used alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Geisberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Zarmik Moqtaderi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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23
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Whole transcriptome analysis with sequencing: methods, challenges and potential solutions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3425-39. [PMID: 26018601 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whole transcriptome analysis plays an essential role in deciphering genome structure and function, identifying genetic networks underlying cellular, physiological, biochemical and biological systems and establishing molecular biomarkers that respond to diseases, pathogens and environmental challenges. Here, we review transcriptome analysis methods and technologies that have been used to conduct whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing or whole transcriptome tag/target sequencing analyses. We focus on how adaptors/linkers are added to both 5' and 3' ends of mRNA molecules for cloning or PCR amplification before sequencing. Challenges and potential solutions are also discussed. In brief, next generation sequencing platforms have accelerated releases of the large amounts of gene expression data. It is now time for the genome research community to assemble whole transcriptomes of all species and collect signature targets for each gene/transcript, and thus use known genes/transcripts to determine known transcriptomes directly in the near future.
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24
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Zhou Y, Zhu J, Schermann G, Ohle C, Bendrin K, Sugioka-Sugiyama R, Sugiyama T, Fischer T. The fission yeast MTREC complex targets CUTs and unspliced pre-mRNAs to the nuclear exosome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7050. [PMID: 25989903 PMCID: PMC4455066 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are rapidly degraded by the nuclear exosome. However, the mechanism by which they are recognized and targeted to the exosome is not fully understood. Here we report that the MTREC complex, which has recently been shown to promote degradation of meiotic mRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs, is also the major nuclear exosome targeting complex for CUTs and unspliced pre-mRNAs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The MTREC complex specifically binds to CUTs, meiotic mRNAs and unspliced pre-mRNA transcripts and targets these RNAs for degradation by the nuclear exosome, while the TRAMP complex has only a minor role in this process. The MTREC complex physically interacts with the nuclear exosome and with various RNA-binding and RNA-processing complexes, coupling RNA processing to the RNA degradation machinery. Our study reveals the central role of the evolutionarily conserved MTREC complex in RNA quality control, and in the recognition and elimination of CUTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Géza Schermann
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Corina Ohle
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Katja Bendrin
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Rie Sugioka-Sugiyama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Sugiyama
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tamás Fischer
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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25
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You L, Wu J, Feng Y, Fu Y, Guo Y, Long L, Zhang H, Luan Y, Tian P, Chen L, Huang G, Huang S, Li Y, Li J, Chen C, Zhang Y, Chen S, Xu A. APASdb: a database describing alternative poly(A) sites and selection of heterogeneous cleavage sites downstream of poly(A) signals. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:D59-D67. [PMID: 25378337 PMCID: PMC4383914 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of genes have been shown to utilize alternative polyadenylation (APA) 3'-processing sites depending on the cell and tissue type and/or physiological and pathological conditions at the time of processing, and the construction of genome-wide database regarding APA is urgently needed for better understanding poly(A) site selection and APA-directed gene expression regulation for a given biology. Here we present a web-accessible database, named APASdb (http://mosas.sysu.edu.cn/utr), which can visualize the precise map and usage quantification of different APA isoforms for all genes. The datasets are deeply profiled by the sequencing alternative polyadenylation sites (SAPAS) method capable of high-throughput sequencing 3'-ends of polyadenylated transcripts. Thus, APASdb details all the heterogeneous cleavage sites downstream of poly(A) signals, and maintains near complete coverage for APA sites, much better than the previous databases using conventional methods. Furthermore, APASdb provides the quantification of a given APA variant among transcripts with different APA sites by computing their corresponding normalized-reads, making our database more useful. In addition, APASdb supports URL-based retrieval, browsing and display of exon-intron structure, poly(A) signals, poly(A) sites location and usage reads, and 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs). Currently, APASdb involves APA in various biological processes and diseases in human, mouse and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming You
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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26
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Hunt AG. A rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for the preparation of strand-specific RNA-Seq libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1255:195-207. [PMID: 25487215 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2175-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of short cDNA tags, or RNA-Seq, has become a staple of genome-wide gene expression studies in plants. RNA-Seq libraries necessarily contain tags that correspond to the mRNA-poly(A) junction, or polyadenylation site, and thus may be mined for data that can help study alternative polyadenylation. This report presents a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for preparing strand-specific RNA-Seq libraries from varying quantities of total RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 301A Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA,
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27
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McDowall MD, Harris MA, Lock A, Rutherford K, Staines DM, Bähler J, Kersey PJ, Oliver SG, Wood V. PomBase 2015: updates to the fission yeast database. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D656-61. [PMID: 25361970 PMCID: PMC4383888 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PomBase (http://www.pombase.org) is the model organism database for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PomBase provides a central hub for the fission yeast community, supporting both exploratory and hypothesis-driven research. It provides users easy access to data ranging from the sequence level, to molecular and phenotypic annotations, through to the display of genome-wide high-throughput studies. Recent improvements to the site extend annotation specificity, improve usability and allow for monthly data updates. Both in-house curators and community researchers provide manually curated data to PomBase. The genome browser provides access to published high-throughput data sets and the genomes of three additional Schizosaccharomyces species (Schizosaccharomyces cryophilus, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces octosporus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D McDowall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Midori A Harris
- Cambridge Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Antonia Lock
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Cambridge Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Daniel M Staines
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul J Kersey
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Cambridge Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Valerie Wood
- Cambridge Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1GA, UK
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28
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Castel SE, Ren J, Bhattacharjee S, Chang AY, Sánchez M, Valbuena A, Antequera F, Martienssen RA. Dicer promotes transcription termination at sites of replication stress to maintain genome stability. Cell 2014; 159:572-83. [PMID: 25417108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear RNAi is an important regulator of transcription and epigenetic modification, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using a genome-wide approach in the fission yeast S. pombe, we have found that Dcr1, but not other components of the canonical RNAi pathway, promotes the release of Pol II from the 3? end of highly transcribed genes, and, surprisingly, from antisense transcription of rRNA and tRNA genes, which are normally transcribed by Pol I and Pol III. These Dcr1-terminated loci correspond to sites of replication stress and DNA damage, likely resulting from transcription-replication collisions. At the rDNA loci, release of Pol II facilitates DNA replication and prevents homologous recombination, which would otherwise lead to loss of rDNA repeats especially during meiosis. Our results reveal a novel role for Dcr1-mediated transcription termination in genome maintenance and may account for widespread regulation of genome stability by nuclear RNAi in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane E Castel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sonali Bhattacharjee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - An-Yun Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Mar Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Alberto Valbuena
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Francisco Antequera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Robert A Martienssen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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29
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Lemay JF, Larochelle M, Marguerat S, Atkinson S, Bähler J, Bachand F. The RNA exosome promotes transcription termination of backtracked RNA polymerase II. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:919-26. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Li XQ, Du D. Motif types, motif locations and base composition patterns around the RNA polyadenylation site in microorganisms, plants and animals. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:162. [PMID: 25052519 PMCID: PMC4360255 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polyadenylation of RNA is critical for gene functioning, but the conserved sequence motifs (often called signal or signature motifs), motif locations and abundances, and base composition patterns around mRNA polyadenylation [poly(A)] sites are still uncharacterized in most species. The evolutionary tendency for poly(A) site selection is still largely unknown. Results We analyzed the poly(A) site regions of 31 species or phyla. Different groups of species showed different poly(A) signal motifs: UUACUU at the poly(A) site in the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; UGUAAC (approximately 13 bases upstream of the site) in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; UGUUUG (or UGUUUGUU) at mainly the fourth base downstream of the poly(A) site in the parasite Blastocystis hominis; and AAUAAA at approximately 16 bases and approximately 19 bases upstream of the poly(A) site in animals and plants, respectively. Polyadenylation signal motifs are usually several hundred times more abundant around poly(A) sites than in whole genomes. These predominant motifs usually had very specific locations, whether upstream of, at, or downstream of poly(A) sites, depending on the species or phylum. The poly(A) site was usually an adenosine (A) in all analyzed species except for B. hominis, and there was weak A predominance in C. reinhardtii. Fungi, animals, plants, and the protist Phytophthora infestans shared a general base abundance pattern (or base composition pattern) of “U-rich—A-rich—U-rich—Poly(A) site—U-rich regions”, or U-A-U-A-U for short, with some variation for each kingdom or subkingdom. Conclusion This study identified the poly(A) signal motifs, motif locations, and base composition patterns around mRNA poly(A) sites in protists, fungi, plants, and animals and provided insight into poly(A) site evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada.
| | - Donglei Du
- Quantitative Methods Research Group, Faculty of Business Administration, University of New Brunswick, 7 Macaulay Lane, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Tanaka M, Tokuoka M, Gomi K. Effects of codon optimization on the mRNA levels of heterologous genes in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3859-67. [PMID: 24682479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus species, have recently attracted attention as host organisms for recombinant protein production. Because the secretory yields of heterologous proteins are generally low compared with those of homologous proteins or proteins from closely related fungal species, several strategies to produce substantial amounts of recombinant proteins have been conducted. Codon optimization is a powerful tool for improving the production levels of heterologous proteins. Although codon optimization is generally believed to improve the translation efficiency of heterologous genes without affecting their mRNA levels, several studies have indicated that codon optimization causes an increase in the steady-state mRNA levels of heterologous genes in filamentous fungi. However, the mechanism that determines the low mRNA levels when native heterologous genes are expressed was poorly understood. We recently showed that the transcripts of heterologous genes are polyadenylated prematurely within the coding region and that the heterologous gene transcripts can be stabilized significantly by codon optimization, which is probably attributable to the prevention of premature polyadenylation in Aspergillus oryzae. In this review, we describe the detailed mechanism of premature polyadenylation and the rapid degradation of mRNA transcripts derived from heterologous genes in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan,
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