Gold nanoparticles enter rat ovarian granulosa cells and subcellular organelles, and alter in-vitro estrogen accumulation

Zingiberis rhizoma-based carbon dots alter serum oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in female mice

Chinese herbs contain substances that regulate female hormones. Our study confirmed that Zingiberis rhizoma carbonisata contains Zingiberis rhizoma-based carbon dots (ZR-CDs), which exert regulatory effects on serum oestradiol and FSH in mice and show impacts on endometrial growth and follicular development that potentially affect the ability of female fertility. ZR-CDs were characterized to clarify the microstructure, optical features, and functional group characteristics. It shows that ZR-CDs are spherical carbon nanostructures ranging from 0.97 to 2.3 nm in diameter, with fluorescent properties and a surface rich in functional groups. We further investigated the impact of ZR-CDs on oestradiol and FSH in serum, growth, and the development of ovarian and uterine using normal female mice and exogenous oestradiol intervention model. It was observed that ZR-CDs accelerated oestrogen metabolism and attenuated oestradiol-induced endometrial hyperplasia. Simultaneously, ZR-CDs triggered an increase in FSH, even in the presence of high-serum oestradiol that inhibits FSH secretion. Our findings suggest that ZR-CDs could be a potential therapeutic treatment for anovulatory menstruation.

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)-Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review

In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in AuNPs research, encompassing synthesis methodologies, diverse applications, and crucial insights into their toxicological profiles. Synthesis techniques for AuNPs span physical, chemical, and biological routes, focusing on eco-friendly "green synthesis" approaches. A critical examination of physical and chemical methods reveals their limitations, including high costs and the potential toxicity associated with using chemicals. Moreover, this article investigates the biosafety implications of AuNPs, shedding light on their potential toxic effects on cellular, tissue, and organ levels. By synthesizing key findings, this review underscores the pressing need for a thorough understanding of AuNPs toxicities, providing essential insights for safety assessment and advancing green toxicology principles.

Comparable Toxicity of Surface-Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles: An In Vivo Experimental Study on Reproductive Toxicity in Rats

Nanoparticles (NPs), a distinct class of particles ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm, are one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century, and titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2 NPs) are among the most widely produced and used NPs globally. The increased application of TiO2 NPs raises concerns regarding their global safety and risks of exposure. Many animal studies have reported the accumulation of TiO2 NPs in female reproductive organs; however, evidence of the resultant toxicity remains ambiguous. Since the surface area and chemical modifications of NPs can significantly change their cytotoxicity, we aimed to compare the toxic effects of pristine TiO2 powder with surface-modified TiO2 powders with salicylic acid (TiO2/SA) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (TiO2/5-ASA) on the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus on the 14th day following acute oral treatment. The results, based on alterations in food and water intake, body mass, organ-to-body mass ratio, hormonal status, histological features of tissues of interest, and antioxidant parameters, suggest that the modification with 5-ASA can mitigate some of the observed toxic effects of TiO2 powder and encourage future investigations to create NPs that can potentially reduce the harmful effects of TiO2 NPs while preserving their positive impacts.

Ambient black carbon particles in human ovarian tissue and follicular fluid

Evidence indicates a link between exposure to ambient air pollution and decreased female fertility. The ability of air pollution particles to reach human ovarian tissue and follicles containing the oocytes in various maturation stages has not been studied before. Particulate translocation might be an essential step in explaining reproductive toxicity and assessing associated risks. Here, we analysed the presence of ambient black carbon particles in (i) follicular fluid samples collected during ovum pick-up from 20 women who underwent assisted reproductive technology treatment and (ii) adult human ovarian tissue from 5 individuals. Follicular fluid and ovarian tissue samples were screened for the presence of black carbon particles from ambient air pollution using white light generation by carbonaceous particles under femtosecond pulsed laser illumination. We detected black carbon particles in all follicular fluid (n = 20) and ovarian tissue (n = 5) samples. Black carbon particles from ambient air pollution can reach the ovaries and follicular fluid, directly exposing the ovarian reserve and maturing oocytes. Considering the known link between air pollution and decreased fertility, the impact of such exposure on oocyte quality, ovarian ageing and fertility needs to be clarified urgently.

Mechanistic study of copper nanoparticle (CuNP) toxicity on the mouse uterus via apelin signaling

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been widely utilized in various applications. Due to its wider application, humans are at risk of its exposure. It has been reported that the exposure of CuNPs can lead to organ accumulation and affect organ toxicity. Recent study suggested that CuNPs can translocate into the uterus and affect uterine injury in rat, whereas uterine toxicity still remains unclear. The uterus is an important female organ which is required to sustain pregnancy. Thus, uterine structure and physiology are important. Therefore, this study hypothesized that CuNPs might have a toxic effect on the uterine features of mice. In this study, we have investigated the potential effects of CuNPs on the uterus of mice both in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo study, two groups of female mice were exposed to 5 and 50 mg/kg/day via oral exposure. In vivo results showed that CuNP treatment decreases the body weight and uterus weight and changes in antioxidant status with low estrogen and progesterone levels. Furthermore, CuNPs up-regulated the expression of caspase3 and down-regulated the expression of apelin receptor (APJ). Immunolocalization of apelin showed low abundance in the CuNP-treated uterus. These results suggest a poor apelin signaling in the uterus after CuNP treatment. The in vivo findings were further supported by the in vitro studies. Firstly, the uterus was cultured with 5 and 40 μg of CuNPs, and in the second in vitro experiment, the uterus was divided into 4 groups: control, 40 μg of CuNPs, 40 μg of CuNPs with apelin, and 40 μg of CuNPs with apelin receptor antagonist (ML221). In vitro study showed that CuNPs could directly induce the oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as changing antioxidant status in the uterus. The in vitro apelin 13 (APLN 13) treatments alleviated the expression of BCL2 and improved the antioxidant markers in CuNP-treated uterus. These results also provided an evidence of apelin-mediated signaling in the CuNP-treated uterus. In summary, our results present evidence that CuNPs can stimulate apoptotic pathways which may lead to uterine impairment due to weak apelin signaling.

A 90-day oral exposure to food-grade gold at relevant human doses impacts the gut microbiota and the local immune system in a sex-dependent manner in mice

BACKGROUND

Edible gold (Au) is commonly used as a food additive (E175 in EU) for confectionery and cake decorations, coatings and in beverages. Food-grade gold is most often composed of thin Au sheets or flakes exhibiting micro- and nanometric dimensions in their thickness. Concerns about the impact of mineral particles used as food additives on human health are increasing with respect to the particular physico-chemical properties of nanosized particles, which enable them to cross biological barriers and interact with various body cell compartments. In this study, male and female mice were exposed daily to E175 or an Au nanomaterial (Ref-Au) incorporated into food at relevant human dose for 90 days in order to determine the potential toxicity of edible gold.

RESULTS

E175 or Ref-Au exposure in mice did not induce any histomorphological damage of the liver, spleen or intestine, nor any genotoxic effects in the colon and liver despite an apparent higher intestinal absorption level of Au particles in mice exposed to Ref-Au compared to the E175 food additive. No changes in the intestinal microbiota were reported after treatment with Ref-Au, regardless of sex. In contrast, after E175 exposure, an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and in the abundance of Proteobacteria were observed in females, while a decrease in the production of short-chain fatty acids occurred in both sexes. Moreover, increased production of IL-6, TNFα and IL-1β was observed in the colon of female mice at the end of the 90-day exposure to E175, whereas, decreased IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17 and TGFβ levels were found in the male colon.

CONCLUSIONS

These results revealed that a 90-day exposure to E175 added to the diet alters the gut microbiota and intestinal immune response in a sex-dependent manner in mice. Within the dose range of human exposure to E175, these alterations remained low in both sexes and mostly appeared to be nontoxic. However, at the higher dose, the observed gut dysbiosis and the intestinal low-grade inflammation in female mice could favour the occurrence of metabolic disorders supporting the establishment of toxic reference values for the safe use of gold as food additive.

Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Increases Estradiol Levels and Induces an Antioxidant Response in Antral Ovarian Follicles In Vitro

The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) in consumer products is increasing, raising concern about their potential toxicity to human health. Nanoparticles have endocrine disrupting effects and can induce oxidative stress, leading to biomolecule oxidation and cell dysfunction. The ovary is one of the most important endocrine organs in female reproduction. Nanoparticles accumulate in the ovary, but it is unknown whether and how exposure to these materials disrupts antral follicle functions. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that the in vitro exposure to ZnO NPs affects the steroidogenic pathway and induces oxidative stress in ovarian antral follicles. Antral follicles from CD-1 mice were cultured with ZnO NPs (5, 10, and 15 µg/mL) for 96 h. ZnO NP exposure did not affect apoptosis and cell cycle regulators at any of the tested concentrations. ZnO NP exposure at low levels (5 µg/mL) increased aromatase levels, leading to increased estradiol levels and decreased estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) expression. ZnO NP exposure at 15 µg/mL induced an antioxidant response in the antral follicles as evidenced by changes in expression of antioxidant molecules (Nrf2, Cat, Sod1, Gsr, Gpx) and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, ZnO NPs dissolve up to 50% in media and are internalized in cells as soon as 1 h after culture. In conclusion, ZnO NPs are internalized in antral follicles, leading to increased estrogen production and an antioxidant response.

Impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure involved in the TGF-β/BMP/Smad pathway

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) have been shown to induce reproductive system damages in animals. To better underline how TiO₂ NPs act in reproductive system, female mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs by gavage administration for 60 days, the ovary injuries, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels as well as ovarian follicular development-related molecule expression were investigated. The results showed that TiO₂ NPs exposure resulted in reduction of ovary weight and inhibition of ovarian follicular development. Furthermore, the suppression of follicular development was demonstrated to be closely related to higher FSH and LH levels, and higher expression of activin, follistatin, BMP2, BMP4, TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 as well as decreased inhibin-α expression in mouse ovary in a dose-dependent manner. It implies that the impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by TiO₂ NPs exposure may be mediated by TGF-β signal pathway.

The Beneficial Effects of Static Magnetic Field and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Vitrification of Mature Mice Oocytes

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) and nanoparticles (NPs) on the vitrification of cumulus-oocyte-complex (COC). To this end, the non-vitrified (nVit) and vitrified groups (Vit) that contain NPs, with or without SMF were labeled nVit_NPs, nVit_NPs_SMF, Vit_NPs, and Vit_NPs_SMF, respectively. The non-toxic dosages of NPs were first determined to be 0.008% w/v. The survival, apoptosis, and necrosis, mitochondrial activity, fertilization rate, subsequent-derived embryo development, and gene expressions were examined. The viability rates obtained by trypan blue and Anx-PI staining were meaningfully smaller in the Vit groups, compared to the nVit groups. The JC1 red/green signal ratios were reduced considerably in the Vit group, compared to the nVit. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to assess the entry of the NPs into the oocytes. TEM images showed that NPs were present in nVit_NPs, and Vit_NPs. Thereafter, the effects of NPs and SMF on in vitro fertilization (IVF) were examined. The difference in blastocyst rates between nVit and Vit_NPs_SMF groups was significant. Finally, Nanog, Cdx2, Oct4, and Sox2 genes were evaluated. There were substantial differences in Cdx2 gene expressions between the Vit_NPs and nVit groups. The expression of Nanog in Vit was significantly higher than those of the Vit_NPs, Vit_NPs_SMF, and nVit groups. The data presented here provide deeper insight into the application of iron oxide nanoparticles in COC vitrification. It appears that using SMF and supplemented CPA by NPs inhibits cryoinjury and promote the embryo development capacity of vitrified-warmed COCs.

Effects of differently incubated cupric oxide nanoparticles on the granulosa cells of caprine ovary in vitro

In the nanoscience metal and metal oxide, nanoparticles have a prominent place because of their vast applications. Recent finding shows that in addition to size, there are other critical factors governing the biological response of nanoparticles. These factors include surface chemistry and shape that influences solubility, rate of diffusion, drug delivery, melting temperature, and colour of the nanoparticles. It is thus the present study that was aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on the shape and size of nanoparticles and related cytotoxicity of these particles on ovarian granulosa cells. Cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized using a simple, efficient, and reproducible precipitation method involving the reduction of Cu metal salt with sodium hydroxide and then incubation of the precipitates at 70 °C for 5 h. Subsequently, this prepared sample was divided into 3 subsamples and incubated at 3 different temperatures, i.e. 70 °C, 150 °C, and 350 °C for 5 h to study the effect of temperature on the particles. The products were characterized by XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, and FESEM. Characterization of the particles revealed that all particles were monoclinic crystalline in nature and had a size range from 9 to 60 nm. Particles were of different shapes: spherical, needle, and capsule. The toxicity of each particle was determined on granulosa cells by exposing cells for 24 h at 2 different doses. Toxicological results showed the size and shape-related toxicity of nanoparticles where spherical shapes were significantly more toxic than capsule-shaped particles.

The Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Female Reproductive System: Risks and Opportunities

Humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful external agents. However, technological advancement has dramatically increased the production of nanometer-sized particles or nanoparticles (NPs), and many epidemiological studies have confirmed a correlation between NP exposure and the onset of cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Among the adverse effects on human health, in recent years, potential hazards of nanomaterials on female reproductive organs have received increasing concern. Several animal and human studies have shown that NPs can translocate to the ovary, uterus, and placenta, thus negatively impacting female reproductive potential and fetal health. However, NPs are increasingly being used for therapeutic purposes as tools capable of modifying the natural history of degenerative diseases. Here we briefly summarize the toxic effects of few but widely diffused NPs on female fertility and also the use of nanotechnologies as a new molecular approach for either specific pathological conditions, such as ovarian cancer and infertility, or the cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.

Biomaterials and advanced technologies for the evaluation and treatment of ovarian aging

Ovarian aging is characterized by a progressive decline in ovarian function. With the increase in life expectancy worldwide, ovarian aging has gradually become a key health problem among women. Over the years, various strategies have been developed to preserve fertility in women, while there are currently no clinical treatments to delay ovarian aging. Recently, advances in biomaterials and technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing and microfluidics for the encapsulation of follicles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for drugs, have shown potential to be translational strategies for ovarian aging. This review introduces the research progress on the mechanisms underlying ovarian aging, and summarizes the current state of biomaterials in the evaluation and treatment of ovarian aging, including safety, potential applications, future directions and difficulties in translation.

Potential toxicity of nickel nano and microparticles on the reproductive system of female rats—a comparative time-dependent study

Increased application of engineered nanoparticles in different sectors viz. agriculture, commerce, industry, and medicine has raised serious public health issues. Nanoparticles of nickel have been increasingly used as catalysts, conductive pastes, adhesives, nanowires, and nanofilters. Human and animal exposure to these particles may cause toxicity in different organs/systems. Studies made in the past had demonstrated their toxicity in liver, kidney, and lungs. However, their reproductive effects remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study on reproductive toxicity of nickel nanoparticles (<30 nm) was executed in female Wistar rats. A comparison of results obtained in nickel microparticle-treated rats was also made. Rats were administered nano and microparticles through gavage at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight each for two exposure periods; that is, 15 and 30 days. Ovaries removed from these rats were analyzed to study the effects of nickel bioaccumulation on synthesis of steroid hormones, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Structural changes were monitored through histopathological and ultrastructural observations. The present study showed exposure time-dependent differences in the toxicity of nickel nano and microparticles in the ovary of rats. Nano nickel was cumulative in the ovaries. It affected steroidogenesis. Further, increased generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced oxidative stress may have contributed to cytotoxicity. It was concluded that exposure to nano nickel might induce irreversible damage in the ovaries of rat.

A Perspective on Reproductive Toxicity of Metallic Nanomaterials

Nanotechnological tools have been greatly exploited in all possible fields. However, advancement of nanotechnology has raised concern about their adverse effects on human and environment. These deleterious effects cannot be ignored and need to be explored due to safety purpose. Several recent studies have demonstrated possible health hazard of nanoparticles on organism. Moreover, studies showed that toxicity of metallic nanomaterial could also lead to reproductive toxicity. Various deleterious effects have demonstrated decreased sperm motility, increased abnormal spermatozoa, altered sperm count, and altered sperm morphology. Morphological and ultrastructural changes also have been reported due to the accumulation of these nanomaterials in reproductive organs. Nonetheless, studies also suggest crossing of metallic nanoparticles through blood testes barrier and generation of oxidative stress which plays major role in reproductive toxicity. In the present study, we have incorporated updated information by gathering all available literature about various metallic nanomaterials and risk related to reproductive system.

Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): A review

Gold nanoparticles are a kind of nanomaterials that have received great interest in field of biomedicine due to their electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical and optical properties. With these great potentials came the consequence of their interaction with biological tissues and molecules which presents the possibility of toxicity. This paper aims to consolidate and bring forward the studies performed that evaluate the toxicological aspect of AuNPs which were categorized into in vivo and in vitro studies. Both indicate to some extent oxidative damage to tissues and cell lines used in vivo and in vitro respectively with the liver, spleen and kidney most affected. The outcome of these review showed small controversy but however, the primary toxicity and its extent is collectively determined by the characteristics, preparations and physicochemical properties of the NPs. Some studies have shown that AuNPs are not toxic, though many other studies contradict this statement. In order to have a holistic inference, more studies are required that will focus on characterization of NPs and changes of physical properties before and after treatment with biological media. So also, they should incorporate controlled experiment which includes supernatant control Since most studies dwell on citrate or CTAB-capped AuNPs, there is the need to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of functionalized AuNPs with their surface composition which in turn affects their toxicity. Functionalizing the NPs surface with more peculiar ligands would however help regulate and detoxify the uptake of these NPs.

Ovarian toxicity of nanoparticles

The ovary is a highly important organ for female reproduction. The main functions include sex steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development, and achievement of oocyte meiotic and development competence for proper fertilization. Nanoparticle (NP) exposure is becoming unavoidable because of its wide use in different products, including cosmetics, food, health, and personal care products. Studies examining different nonreproductive tissues or systems have shown that characteristics such as the size, shape, core material, agglomeration, and dissolution influence the effects of NPs. However, most studies evaluating NP-mediated reproductive toxicity have paid little or no attention to the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of NP on the observed effects. As accumulating evidence indicates that NP may reach the ovary to impair proper functions, this review summarizes the available data on NP accumulation in ovarian tissue, as well as data describing toxicity to ovarian functions, including sex steroid hormone production, follicular development, oocyte quality, and fertility. Due to their toxicological relevance, this review also describes the main physicochemical characteristics involved in NP toxicity and the importance of considering NP physicochemical characteristics as factors influencing the ovarian toxicity of NPs. Finally, this review summarizes the main mechanisms of toxicity described in ovarian cells.

Relative expression of microRNAs, apoptosis, and ultrastructure anomalies induced by gold nanoparticles in Trachyderma hispida (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The extensive use of nanomaterials generates toxic effects on non-target species and the ecosystem. Although gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) are generally expected to be safe, the recent study contains conflicting data regarding their cytotoxicity in the darkling beetles Trachyderma hispida. The study postulated cellular perturbation in the ovarian tissue of the beetles induced by a sublethal dose of Au-NPs (0.01 mg/g). When compared with the controls, a significant inhibition in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes selenium-dependent (GPOX) and selenium-independent (GSTP) glutathione peroxidases (GPx) was observed in the treated beetles. The study proposed microRNAs (miRNA-282 and miRNA-989) as genotoxic markers for the first time, reporting a significant suppression in their transcriptional levels in the treated beetles. Furthermore, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) and flow cytometry assays (annexin V-Fitc) indicated a significant increase in ovarian cell apoptosis in the treated beetles. Additionally, an ultrastructure examination revealed pathological changes in the ovarian cells of the treated beetles. The resulting anomalies in the present study may interrupt the fecundity of the beetles and lead to the future suppression of beetle populations.

Silver nanoparticles compromise the development of mouse pubertal mammary glands through disrupting internal estrogen signaling

Despite numerous studies on the environmental health and safety (EHS) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), most studies looked into their gross toxicities with rather limited understanding on their labyrinthine implicit effects on the target sites, such as the endocrine system. Burgeoning evidence documents the disrupting effects of AgNPs on endocrine functions; however, little research has been invested to recognize the potential impacts on the mammary gland, a susceptible estrogen-responsive organ. Under this setting, we here aimed to scrutinize AgNP-induced effects on the development of pubertal mammary glands at various concentrations that bear significant EHS relevance. We unearthed that AgNPs could accumulate in mouse mammary glands and result in a decrease in the percentage of ducts and terminal ducts in the adult mice after chronic exposure. Strikingly, smaller sized AgNPs showed greater capability to alter the pubertal mammary development than larger sized particles. Intriguingly, mechanistic investigation revealed that the reduction of epithelial proliferation in response to AgNPs was ascribed to reduced ERα expression, which, at least partially, accounted for diseased epithelial morphology in mammary glands. Meanwhile, the decline in fibrous collagen deposition around the epithelium was found to contribute to the compromised development of mammary glands under the exposure of AgNPs. Moreover, as an extension of the mechanism, AgNPs diminished serum levels of estradiol in exposed animals. Together, these results uncovered a novel toxicity feature of AgNPs: compromised development of mouse pubertal mammary glands through the endocrine-disrupting actions. This study would open a new avenue to unveil the EHS impacts of AgNPs.

Gold nanoparticles modulate the steroidogenic and apoptotic pathway in a buffalo granulosa cell model

OBJECTIVES

Granulosa cells are associated with steroidogenesis and ovarian function in females. Aims of the study are to understand the effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on steroidogenesis and apoptotic pathway associated genes in buffalo granulosa cells.

RESULTS

The AuNP were prepared chemically and thereby characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, absorbance and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements for hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential. The cultured buffalo granulosa cells (BGC) were co-incubated with AuNP in two concentrations (2 × 10⁹ and 2 × 10¹⁰ AuNP/ml) for 24 h. Treatment of BGC with AuNP significantly modulated the steroidogenesis associated genes (3β-Hsd and Cyp19A1) expression and progesterone accumulation in the culture fluid. AuNP affected the apoptotic pathway in BGC by affecting the gene expression of Caspase-3, Bad and Bax. The AuNP did not exert oxidative stress through anti-oxidant induction & lipid peroxidation in the buffalo GC.

CONCLUSIONS

AuNP may modulate the endocrine system by having impact on the steroidogenesis pathway and also have the potential to affect apoptotic pathway in a buffalo granulosa cell model.

Ex vivo detection and quantification of gold nanoparticles in human seminal and follicular fluids

Increasing consumption of engineered nanoparticles and occupational exposure to novel, ultrafine airborne particles during the last decades has coincided with deterioration of sperm parameters and delayed fecundity. In order to prevent possible adverse health effects and ensure a sustainable growth for the nanoparticle industry, the ability to investigate the nanosized, mineralogical load of human reproductive systems is becoming a real clinical need. Toward this goal, the current study proposes two methods for the detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in human follicular and seminal fluid, developed with the use of well-defined 60 nm Au particles. Despite the complexity of these biological fluids, simple physical and chemical treatments allow for the precise quantification of more than 50 and 70% wt of the spiked Au nanoparticles at low μg ml^-1 levels in follicular and seminal fluids, respectively. The use of electron microscopy for the detailed observation of the detected analytes is also enabled. The proposed method is applied on a small patient cohort in order to demonstrate its clinical applicability by exploring the differences in the metal and particulate content between patients with normal and low sperm count.

Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Engineered Nanomaterials in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nanotechnology has enabled the development of innovative technologies and products for several industrial sectors. Their unique physicochemical and size-dependent properties make the engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) superior for devising solutions for various research and development sectors, which are otherwise unachievable by their bulk forms. However, the remarkable advantages mediated by ENMs and their applications have also raised concerns regarding their possible toxicological impacts on human health. The actual issue stems from the absence of systematic data on ENM exposure-mediated health hazards. In this direction, a comprehensive exploration on the health-related consequences, especially with respect to endocrine disruption-related metabolic disorders, is largely lacking. The reasons for the rapid increase in diabetes and obesity in the modern world remain largely unclear, and epidemiological studies indicate that the increased presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment may influence the incidence of metabolic diseases. Functional similarities, such as mimicking natural hormonal actions, have been observed between the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and ENMs, which supports the view that different types of NMs may be capable of altering the physiological activity of the endocrine system. Disruption of the endocrine system leads to hormonal imbalance, which may influence the development and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Evidence from many in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, suggests that ENMs generally exert deleterious effects on the molecular/hormonal pathways and the organ systems involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. However, the available data from several such studies are not congruent, especially because of discrepancies in study design, and therefore need to be carefully examined before drawing meaningful inferences. In this review, we discuss the outcomes of ENM exposure in correlation with the development of T2DM. In particular, the review focuses on the following sub-topics: (1) an overview of the sources of human exposure to NMs, (2) systems involved in the uptake of ENMs into human body, (3) endocrine disrupting engineered nanomaterials (EDENMs) and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of T2DM, (4) evidence of the role of EDENMs in the pathogenesis of T2DM from in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, and (5) conclusions and perspectives.

Copper Nanoparticles Show Obvious in vitro and in vivo Reproductive Toxicity via ERK Mediated Signaling Pathway in Female Mice

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) and other inorganic nanomaterials have caused increasing concern owing to be widely used. Early studies have reported that they can result in injuries to the kidney, liver and spleen of mice; cause embryonic damage; and inhibit the reproductive capacity of red worms. However, few studies have reported the toxicity of Cu-NPs on the reproductive systems of mammals. In the present work, we explored the cytotoxicity of Cu-NPs in human extravillous trophoblast cells and in the reproductive organs of mice. Cu-NPs induced ovarian and placental pathophysiology and dysfunction in mice. These nanoparticles also induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of human extravillous trophoblast cells and caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Cu-NPs can significantly damage the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which suggests that Cu-NPs can activate the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway. We also observed that Cu-NPs significantly inhibit the expression of BRAF, ERK, and MITF expression, all of which are important genes in the ERK signaling pathway. Our research demonstrated that Cu-NPs exert obvious reproductive toxicity in mice by disrupting the balance of sex hormones and exert cytotoxicity on human extravillous trophoblast cells, and ERK signaling and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway made great contribution to the toxicity of Cu-NPs on female mice.

Gold and Female Reproductive Organs: an Ultrastructural Study

Gold, a heavy yellow-colored metal, is usually found in nature as a metallic element or as salts. This noble metal historically had a reputation as an anti-inflammatory medicine for rheumatoid arthritis, a nervine, and a remedy for nervous disorders, as well as a potential anticancer agent. It has also been used as component in dental restorations and in implant materials. The present study was undertaken to point out histological and ultrastructural effects of gold, administered by intraperitoneal route, in pregnant female reproductive organs (ovary and uterus), in order to clarify its side effects on the reproductive function. Using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructural investigations of both ultrathin ovarian and uterine sections of treated pregnant rats revealed the existence of numerous heterogeneous clusters with very electron-dense inclusions characterized by various aspects in the lysosomes of granulosa, theca interna cells, and theca externa cells. Degeneration of these tissues, like cell vacuolization, marked expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial alterations, and necrotic foci, were also highlighted. Moreover, huge phagolysosomes and high numbers of eosinophils as signs of inflammation were also identified especially in endometrial and myometrial cells of gold-treated rats. The ultrastructural investigations of reproductive organ sections of control pregnant rats showed a normal ultrastructural aspect and no loaded lysosomes. These results speculated the toxicity of gold at the used dose. The observed signs of toxicity allowed concluding that the important role of lysosome in the sequestration of this element under an insoluble form in all categories of cells in the studied tissues does not seem to be efficient.

Enhanced steroidogenic and altered antioxidant response by ZnO nanoparticles in mouse testis Leydig cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are important nanomaterials with myriad applications and in widespread use. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of ZnO NPs on steroidogenesis by considering mouse testicular Leydig cells (TM3) as an in vitro model system. The uptake, intracellular behaviour, cytotoxicity and morphological changes induced by ZnO NPs (0-200 µg/ml) in a time-dependent manner in the TM3 were assessed. A significant ( p < 0.05) decrease in TM3 viability was observed at 2 µg/ml ZnO NP after a 1-h incubation time period. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, was regularly observed. Not surprisingly, apoptosis also increased significantly after a 4-h exposure period. Transmission electron micrographs illustrated that ZnO NPs were taken up by Leydig cells and resulted in the formation of autophagosomes, autolysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Concomitant real-time data indicated that ZnO NPs significantly increased the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme) and significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased antioxidant enzyme gene (SOD) expression after a 4-h incubation period. Moreover, ZnO NPs exposure significantly increased testosterone production at 2 µg/ml concentration after a 12-h incubation period. Our findings confirm the adverse effects of ZnO NPs by being cytotoxic, enhancing apoptosis, causing steroidogenic effect in Leydig cells and increasing autophagic vacuole formation possibly via alteration of antioxidant enzyme activity in TM3 cells.

Effects of silica nanoparticles on isolated rat uterine smooth muscle

In spite of their widespread use, toxicity of silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) to mammalian has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, it is aimed to investigate the effects and the mechanism of action of 20 nm sized SiO₂ NPs on isolated uterine smooth muscle. A total number of 84 preparations of uterine strips were used in the experiments. Study was designed as four groups: group I (control), group II (0.2 mM SiO₂ NPs), group III (0.4 mM SiO₂ NPs) and group IV (0.8 mM SiO₂ NPs). Spontaneous contractions were recorded using mechanical activity recording system. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using the spectrophotometric methods. Apoptosis of the cells was detected using immunofluorescence staining assay. SiO₂ NP distribution and ultrastructural changes were determined by transmission electron microscopy. In groups II-IV, the frequency of contraction was significantly lower than that of the group I, whereas the contraction energy significantly decreased only in group IV. SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower in experimental groups compared to the control group. MDA level and apoptotic cells were significantly higher in all SiO₂ groups compared to the control group. Numerous SiO₂ NPs in cytoplasm and connective tissue were observed in all dose groups. These findings showed that 20 nm sized SiO₂ NPs enter the connective tissue and cytoplasm of uterine muscle cells and cause oxidative stress and apoptosis leading to impaired uterine contractile activity.

Carbon Black Nanoparticles Inhibit Aromatase Expression and Estradiol Secretion in Human Granulosa Cells Through the ERK1/2 Pathway

Secretion of 17-β-estradiol (E2) by human granulosa cells can be disrupted by various environmental toxicants. In the current study, we investigated whether carbon black nanoparticles (CB NPs) affect the steroidogenic activity of cultured human granulosa cells. The human granulosa cell line KGN and granulosa cells from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization were treated with increasing concentrations of CB NPs (1 to 100 µg/mL) together or not with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). We observed that CB NPs are internalized in KGN cells without affecting cell viability. CB NPs could be localized in the cytoplasm, within mitochondria and in association with the outer face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In both cell types, CB NPs reduced in a dose-dependent manner the activity of aromatase enzyme, as reflected by a decrease in E2 secretion. A significant decrease was observed in response to CB NPs concentrations from 25 and 50 µg/mL in KGN cell line and primary cultures, respectively. Furthermore, CB NPs decreased aromatase protein levels in both cells and reduced aromatase transcript levels in KGN cells. CB NPs rapidly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in KGN cells and pharmacological inhibition of this signaling pathway using PD 98059 significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of CB NPs on CYP19A1 gene expression and aromatase activity. CB NPs also inhibited the stimulatory effect of FSH on aromatase expression and activity. Altogether, our study on cultured ovarian granulosa cells reveals that CB NPs decrease estrogens production and highlights possible detrimental effect of these common NPs on female reproductive health.

Copper nanoparticle-induced ovarian injury, follicular atresia, apoptosis, and gene expression alterations in female rats

Numerous studies have reported the accumulation of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) in organs and the corresponding damage, although whether Cu NPs can be translocated to the ovaries and their ovarian toxicity are still unknown. In this study, three groups of female rats were injected with 3.12, 6.25, or 12.5 mg/kg Cu NPs for 14 consecutive days. The pathological changes, hormone levels, apoptosis and apoptotic proteins, oxidative stress, and gene expression characteristics in the ovaries were then investigated. The results demonstrated that the Cu NPs exhibited obvious accumulation in the rat ovaries, leading to ovarian injury, an imbalance of sex hormones, and ovarian cell apoptosis. Cu NP exposure activated caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and tBid, decreased the protein levels of Bcl-2, increased the expression levels of the proteins Bax and cytochrome c, and promoted malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduction. Furthermore, gene microarray analysis showed that Cu NPs (12.5 mg/kg/d) caused 321 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 180 and 141 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Hsd17b1, Hsd3b1, Hsd3b6, and Hsd3b were involved in steroid and hormone metabolism, whereas Mt3 and Cebpb were associated with apoptosis. Overall, these findings provide strong evidence that Cu NPs trigger both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and regulate key ovarian genes in oxidative stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction.

Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development

Along with the increasing application of nanoparticles (NPs) in many walks of life, environmental exposure to NPs has raised considerable health concerns. When NPs enter a pregnant woman’s body through inhalation, venous injection, ingestion or skin permeation, maternal toxic stress reactions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, apoptosis and endocrine dyscrasia are induced in different organs, particularly in the reproductive organs. Recent studies have shown that NPs disturb the developing oocyte by invading the protective barrier of theca cells, granulosa cell layers and zona pellucida. NPs disrupt sex hormone levels through the hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis or by direct stimulation of secretory cells, such as granule cells, follicle cells, thecal cells and the corpus luteum. Some NPs can cross the placenta into the fetus by passive diffusion or endocytosis, which can trigger fetal inflammation, apoptosis, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, low weight, reproductive deficiency, nervous damage, and immunodeficiency, among others. The toxicity of these NPs depend on their size, dosage, shape, charge, material and surface-coating. We summarize new findings on the toxic effect of various NPs on the ovary and on oogenesis and embryonic development. Meanwhile, we highlight the problems that need to be studied in the future. This manuscript will also provide valuable guidelines for protecting the female reproductive system from the toxicity of NPs and provide a certain reference value for NP application in the area of ovarian diseases.

Use of Nanoparticles As Contrast Agents for the Functional and Molecular Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease of the aorta common in adults older than 65 years of age. AAA is usually imaged using ultrasound or computed tomography. Molecular imaging technologies employing nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as novel ways to quantify pathological processes, such as inflammation, within AAAs as a means to identify the risk of rapid progression or rupture. This article reviews the current evidence supporting the role of NP-based imaging in the management of AAA. Currently, ultrasmall superparamagnetic NPs enhanced magnetic resonance imaging appears to hold the greatest potential for imaging macrophage-mediated inflammation in human AAA.

The Reproductive Toxicity of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots on the in vivo Ovarian Function and in vitro Fertilization

Despite the usefulness of quantum dots (QDs) in biomedicine and optoelectronics, their toxicity risks remain a major obstacle for clinical usages. Hence, we studied the reproductive toxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs on two aspects, (i) in vivo ovarian functions and (ii) in vitro fertilization process. The body weight, estrous cycles, biodistribution of QDs, and oocyte maturation are evaluated on female mice treated with QDs. The mRNA level of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr) in ovaries are assayed. Then, the matured cumulus-oocyte-complexes are harvested to co-culture with in vitro capacitated sperms, and the in vitro fertilization is performed. The result revealed that QDs are found in the ovaries, but no changes are detected on the behavior and estrous cycle on the female mice. The mRNA downregulations of FSHr and LHr are observed and the number of matured oocytes has shown a significant decrease when the QDs dosage was above 1.0 pmol/day. Additionally, we found the presence of QDs has reduced the in vitro fertilization success rate. This study highly suggests that the exposure of CdSe/ZnS QDs to female mice can cause adverse effects to the ovary functions and such QDs may have limited applications in clinical usage.

Nanoimaging in cardiovascular diseases: Current state of the art

Nanotechnology has been integrated into healthcare system in terms of diagnosis as well as therapy. The massive impact of imaging nanotechnology has a deeper intervention in cardiology i.e. as contrast agents, to target vulnerable plaques with site specificity and in a theranostic approach to treat these plaques, stem cell delivery in necrotic myocardium, etc. Thus cardiovascular nanoimaging is not limited to simple diagnosis but also can help real time tracking during therapy as well as surgery. The present review provides a comprehensive description of the molecular imaging techniques for cardiovascular diseases with the help of nanotechnology and the potential clinical implications of nanotechnology for future applications.

Towards a Definition of Harmless Nanoparticles from an Environmental and Safety Perspective

The rapid development of nanoparticles (NPs), such as silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) and ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs), and their use in myriad commercial applications have raised questions of their potential impacts on wastewater treatment systems. In this study, we investigated the consequences of the presence of Si NPs and Fe2O3NPs in the denitrification of anoxic sludge. Fe2O3NPs, at a concentration up to 50 mg/L, had no significant impact on nitrate removal, whereas Si NPs, at concentrations up to 50 mg/L, increased the rate of nitrate removal. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the effect of Si NPs and Fe2O3NPs. Si NPs exposure enhanced the abundance ofnarG-1 gene, which might promote nitrate removal process directly. Finally, we reviewed and identified the specific properties of a variety of NPs responsible for toxicity and found NPs larger than about 100 nm and without ion release in general possible to energy safety and nontoxic or low toxic to environment. Our results provide useful information to understand the response of anoxic sludge to Si NPs and Fe2O3NPs in complex environmental matrix as well as potent support for wide use of the environmentally friendly NPs.

Silver nanoparticles disrupt regulation of steroidogenesis in fish ovarian cells

Despite the influx of silver nanoparticles (nAg) into the marine environment, their effects on fish reproduction remain completely unexplored. Using ovarian primary cells from marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), in vitro studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of two differently coated nAg particles (Oleic Acid, (OA) nAg and Polyvinylpyrrolidone, (PVP) nAg) on fish ovarian tissues, using AgNO3 as a positive control. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and expression of key genes regulating steroidogenesis (StAR, CYP 19a, CYP 11a, 3βHSD and 20βHSD) were determined by Q-RT-PCR. EC50 values for PVP nAg, OA nAg and AgNO3 were 7.25μgL(-1), 924.4μgL(-1), and 42.0μgL(-1) respectively, showing that toxicity of silver was greatly enhanced in the PVP coated nano-form. Down regulation of CYP 19a was observed in both nAg and AgNO3 treatments, while down regulation of 3βHSD was only found in the OA nAg and AgNO3 treatments. For the first time, our results demonstrated that nAg can affect specific genes regulating steroidogenesis, implicating nAg as a potential endocrine disruptor.

Use of porous cellulose microcapsules for water treatment

Efficient extraction of Ag NPs and Au NPs using polyethyleneimine coated porous ethyl cellulose microcapsules.

Low-dose gold nanoparticles exert subtle endocrine-modulating effects on the ovarian steroidogenic pathway ex vivo independent of oxidative stress

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained considerable attention for application in science and industry. However, the untoward effects of such particles on female fertility remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effects of 10-nm GNPs on progesterone and estradiol-17β accumulation by rat ovaries ex vivo and (2) to identify the locus/loci whereby GNPs modulate steroidogenesis via multiple-reference gene quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between both Star (p < 0.05, r(2) = 0.278) and Cyp11a1 (p < 0.001, r(2) = 0.366) expression and P4 accumulation upon exposure to 1.43 × 10(6) GNPs/mL. Additional analyses showed that E2 accumulation was positively associated with Hsd3b1 (p < 0.05, r(2) = 0.181) and Cyp17a1 (p < 0.01, r(2) = 0.301) expression upon exposure to 1.43 × 1(3) and 1.43 × 10(9) GNPs/mL, respectively. These results suggest a subtle treatment-dependent impact of low-dose GNPs on the relationship between progesterone or estradiol-17β and specific steroidogenic target genes, independent of oxidative stress or inhibin.

Rational design of gold nanoparticle toxicology assays: a question of exposure scenario, dose and experimental setup

Many studies have evaluated the toxicity of gold nanoparticles, although reliable predictions based on these results are rare. In order to overcome this problem, this article highlights strategies to improve comparability and standardization of nanotoxicological studies. To this end, it is proposed that we should adapt the nanomaterial to the addressed exposure scenario, using ligand-free nanoparticle references in order to differentiate ligand effects from size effects. Furthermore, surface-weighted particle dosing referenced to the biologically relevant parameter (e.g., cell number or organ mass) is proposed as the gold standard. In addition, it is recommended that we should shift the focus of toxicological experiments from ‘live–dead’ assays to the assessment of cell function, as this strategy allows observation of bioresponses at lower doses that are more relevant for in vivo scenarios.

Engineered nanomaterials: an emerging class of novel endocrine disruptors

Over the past decade, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have garnered great attention for their potentially beneficial applications in medicine, industry, and consumer products due to their advantageous physicochemical properties and inherent size. However, studies have shown that these sophisticated molecules can initiate toxicity at the subcellular, cellular, and/or tissue/organ level in diverse experimental models. Investigators have also demonstrated that, upon exposure to ENMs, the physicochemical properties that are exploited for public benefit may mediate adverse endocrine-disrupting effects on several endpoints of mammalian reproductive physiology (e.g., steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, pregnancy). Elucidating these complex interactions within reproductive cells and tissues will significantly advance our understanding of ENMs as an emerging class of novel endocrine disruptors and reproductive toxicants. Herein we reviewed the recent developments in reproductive nanotoxicology and identified the gaps in our knowledge that may serve as future research directions to foster continued advancement in this evolving field of study.

Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is having a tremendous impact on our society. However, societal concerns about human safety under nanoparticle exposure may derail the broad application of this promising technology. Nanoparticles may enter the human body via various routes, including respiratory pathways, the digestive tract, skin contact, intravenous injection, and implantation. After absorption, nanoparticles are carried to distal organs by the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. During this process, they interact with biological molecules and perturb physiological systems. Although some ingested or absorbed nanoparticles are eliminated, others remain in the body for a long time. The human body is composed of multiple systems that work together to maintain physiological homeostasis. The unexpected invasion of these systems by nanoparticles disturbs normal cell signaling, impairs cell and organ functions, and may even cause pathological disorders. This review examines the comprehensive health risks of exposure to nanoparticles by discussing how nanoparticles perturb various physiological systems as revealed by animal studies. The potential toxicity of nanoparticles to each physiological system and the implications of disrupting the balance among systems are emphasized.

The effects of nanomaterials as endocrine disruptors

In recent years, nanoparticles have been increasingly used in several industrial, consumer and medical applications because of their unique physico-chemical properties. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that these properties are also closely associated with detrimental health effects. There is a serious lack of information on the potential nanoparticle hazard to human health, particularly on their possible toxic effects on the endocrine system. This topic is of primary importance since the disruption of endocrine functions is associated with severe adverse effects on human health. Consequently, in order to gather information on the hazardous effects of nanoparticles on endocrine organs, we reviewed the data available in the literature regarding the endocrine effects of in vitro and in vivo exposure to different types of nanoparticles. Our aim was to understand the potential endocrine disrupting risks posed by nanoparticles, to assess their underlying mechanisms of action and identify areas in which further investigation is needed in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of nanoparticles as endocrine disruptors. Current data support the notion that different types of nanoparticles are capable of altering the normal and physiological activity of the endocrine system. However, a critical evaluation of these findings suggests the need to interpret these results with caution since information on potential endocrine interactions and the toxicity of nanoparticles is quite limited.

Gold nanoparticles elevate plasma testosterone levels in male mice without affecting fertility

ω-Methoxy and ω-aminoethyl poly(ethylene glycol)-modified 14-nm gold nanoparticles can accumulate in mouse testes, pass through the blood-testis barrier, and enter germ cells. Furthermore, PEG-NH2 @AuNP accumulate more easier in the testes and increase plasma T levels. However, these two gold nanoparticle types have no effect on male fertility, fetal survival, or fetal development.

Nanotoxicity: a growing need for study in the endocrine system

Nanomaterials (NMs) are engineered for commercial purposes such as semiconductors, building materials, cosmetics, and drug carriers, while natural nanoparticles (NPs) already exist in the environment. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, they may interact actively with biological systems. Some of these interactions might be detrimental to human health, and therefore studies on the potential 'nanotoxicity' of these materials in different organ systems are warranted. The purpose of developing the concept of nanotoxicity is to recognize and evaluate the hazards and risks of NMs and evaluate safety. This review will summarize and discuss recent reports derived from cell lines or animal models concerning the effects of NMs on, and their application in, the endocrine system of mammalian and other species. It will present an update on current studies of the effects of some typical NMs-such as metal-based NMs, carbon-based NMs, and dendrimers-on endocrine functions, in which some effects are adverse or unwanted and others are favorable or intended. Disruption of endocrine function is associated with adverse health outcomes including reproductive failure, metabolic syndrome, and some types of cancer. Further investigations are therefore required to obtain a thorough understanding of any potential risk of pathological endocrine disruption from products containing NMs. This review aims to provide impetus for further studies on the interactions of NMs with endocrine functions.

Effects of nanotoxicity on female reproductivity and fetal development in animal models

The extensive application of nanomaterials in industry, medicine and consumer products has raised concerns about their potential toxicity. The female population is particularly vulnerable and deserves special attention because toxicity in this group may impact both female reproductivity and fetal development. Mouse and zebrafish models each have their own unique features and studies using these models to examine the potential toxicity of various nanoparticles are compared and summarized in this review. Several nanoparticles exhibit detrimental effects on female reproductivity as well as fetal development, and these adverse effects are related to nanoparticle composition, surface modification, dose, exposure route and animal species. Limited studies on the mechanisms of nanotoxicity are also documented and reviewed herein.

Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Although numerous studies have described the accumulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) in the liver, kidneys, lung, spleen, and brain, and the corresponding damage, it is unclear whether or not TiO(2) NPs can be translocated to the ovary and cause ovarian injury, thus impairing fertility. In the current study, ovarian injury and gene-expressed characteristics in female mice induced by intragastric administration of TiO(2) NPs (10mg/kg) for 90 consecutive days were investigated. Our findings indicated that TiO(2) NPs can accumulate in the ovary and result in ovarian damage, cause an imbalance of mineral element distribution and sex hormones, decrease fertility or the pregnancy rate and oxidative stress in mice. Microarray analysis showed that in ovaries from mice treated with TiO(2) NPs compared to controls, 223 genes of known function were up-regulated, while 65 ovarian genes were down-regulated. The increased expression of Cyp17a1 following TiO(2) NPs treatment suggested that the increase in estradiol biosynthesis may be a consequence of increased TiO(2) NPs. In addition, the elevated expression of Akr1c18 implied that progesterone metabolism was accelerated, thus causing a decrease in the progesterone concentration. Taken together, the apparent regulation of key ovarian genes supports the hypothesis that TiO(2) NPs directly affects ovarian function.

The Invasion and Reproductive Toxicity of QDs-Transferrin Bioconjugates on Preantral Follicle in vitro

The toxicity of QD has been extensively studied over the past decade. However, the potential toxicity of QDs impedes its use for clinical research. In this work, we established a preantral follicle in vitro culture system to investigate the effects of QD-Transferrin (QDs-Tf) bioconjugates on follicle development and oocyte maturation. The preantral follicles were cultured and exposed to CdTe/ZnTe QDs-Tf bioconjugates with various concentrations and the reproductive toxicity was assessed at different time points post-treatment. The invasion of QDs-Tf for oocytes was verified by laser scanning confocal microscope. Steroid production was evaluated by immunoassay. C-band Giemsa staining was performed to observe the chromosome abnormality of oocytes. The results showed that the QDs-Tf bioconjugates could permeate into granulosa cells and theca cells, but not into oocyte. There are no obvious changes of oocyte diameter, the mucification of cumulus-oocyte-complexes and the occurrence of aneulpoidy as compared with the control group. However, delay in the antrum formation and decrease in the ratio of oocytes with first polar body were observed in QDs-Tf-treated groups. The matured oocytes with first polar body decreased significantly by ~16% (from 79.6±10 % to 63±2.9 %) when the concentration of QDs-Tf bioconjugates exceeded 2.89 nmol·L^-1 (P < 0.05). Our results implied that the CdTe/ZnTe QDs-Tf bioconjugates were reproductive toxic for follicle development, and thus also revealed that this in vitro culture system of preantral follicle is a highly sensitive tool for study on the reproductive toxicity of nanoparticles.