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Protein transfection via spherical nucleic acids. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:327-357. [PMID: 35039669 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficient transfection of functional proteins into cells can serve as a means for regulating cellular processes toward solving fundamental challenges in biology and medicine. However, the use of proteins as effective intracellular agents is hindered by their low cellular uptake and susceptibility to degradation. Over the past 15 years, our group has been developing spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), nanoparticles functionalized with a dense radially oriented shell of nucleic acids. These structures actively enter cells and have opened new frontiers in chemical sensing, biodiagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, we have shown that proteins can be used as structurally precise and homogeneous nanoparticle cores in SNAs. The resultant protein SNAs (ProSNAs) allow previously cell-impermeable proteins to actively enter cells, exhibit high degrees of stability and activity both in cell culture and in vivo, and show enhanced pharmacokinetics. Consequently, these modular structures constitute a plug-and-play platform in which the protein core and nucleic acid shell can be independently varied to achieve a desired function. Here, we describe the synthesis of ProSNAs through the chemical modification of solvent-accessible surface residues (3-5 d). We also discuss design considerations, strategies for characterization, and applications of ProSNAs in cellular transfection, biological sensing and functional enzyme delivery in vivo.
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2
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Wu Y, Jiang L, Dong Z, Chen S, Yu XY, Tang S. Intracellular Delivery of Proteins into Living Cells by Low-Molecular-Weight Polyethyleneimine. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4197-4208. [PMID: 34188469 PMCID: PMC8232877 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracellular protein delivery is emerging as a potential strategy to revolutionize therapeutics in the field of biomedicine, aiming at treating a wide range of diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases and other oxidative stress-related disorders with high specificity. However, the current challenges and limitations are addressed to either synthetically or biologically through multipotency of engineering, such as protein modification, insufficient delivery of large-size proteins, deficiency or mutation of proteins, and high cytotoxicity. Methods We prepared the nanocomposites by mixing protein with PEI1200 at a certain molar ratio and demonstrated that it can deliver proteins into living cells in high efficiency and safety through the following experiments, such as dynamic light scattering, fluorescent detection, agarose gel electrophoresis, ß-Galactosidase activity detection, immunofluorescence staining, digital fluorescent detection, cell viability assay and flow cytometry. Results The self-assembly of PEI1200/protein nanocomposites with appropriate molar ratio (4:1 and 8:1) could provide efficiently delivery of active proteins to a variety of cell types in the presence of serum. The nanocomposites could continuously release protein up to 96 h in their desired intracellular locations. In addition, these nanocomposites were able to preserve protein activity while maintain low cytotoxicity (when final concentration <1 μg/mL). Conclusion Collectively, PEI1200-based delivery system provided an alternative strategy to direct protein delivery in high efficiency and safety, offering increased potential applications in clinical biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
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3
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Abeyratne-Perera HK, Basu S, Chandran PL. Shells of compacted DNA as nanocontainers transporting proteins in multiplexed delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112184. [PMID: 34225845 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers are known to compact DNA strands into spheroid, toroid, or rod structures. A formulation with mannose-grafted PEI (PEIm), however, was reported to compact DNA into ~100 nm spheroids that indented like thin-walled pressurized shells. The goal of the study is to understand why mannose bristles divert the traditional pathway of PEI-DNA compaction to produce shell-like structures, and to manipulate the process so that proteins can be packed into the core of the assembling shells for co-delivering DNA and proteins into cells. DLS, AFM, and TEM imaging provide a consistent picture that BSA proteins can be packed into the shells without altering the shell architecture, as long as the proteins were added during the time course of shell assembly. Force spectroscopy studies reveal that DNA shells that buckle also have a rich surface-coating of mannose, indicating that a micelle-like partitioning of hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers governs shell assembly. When HEK293T cells are spiked with BSA-laden DNA shells, co-transfection of DNA and BSA is observed at higher levels than control formulations. Distinct micron-sized features appear having both green fluorescence from BSA-FITC and blue fluorescence from NucBlue DNA stain, suggesting BSA release in nucleus and secretory granules. With DNA nanocontainers, proteins can take advantage of the efficiency of PEI-based DNA transfection for hitchhiking into cells while being shielded from the challenges of the intracellular route. DNA nanocontainers are rapid to assemble, not dependent on the DNA sequence, and can be adapted for different protein types; thereby having potential to serve as a high-throughput platform in scenarios where DNA and protein have to be released at the same site and time within cells (e.g., theranostics, multiplexed co-delivery, gene editing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashanthi K Abeyratne-Perera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Saswati Basu
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Preethi L Chandran
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America; Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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4
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Brkovic N, Zhang L, Peters JN, Kleine-Doepke S, Parak WJ, Zhu D. Quantitative Assessment of Endosomal Escape of Various Endocytosed Polymer-Encapsulated Molecular Cargos upon Photothermal Heating. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003639. [PMID: 33108047 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated molecular cargos are efficiently endocytosed by cells. For cytosolic delivery, understanding the dynamic process of cargos release from the carrier vehicles used for encapsulation and the lysosomes where the carrier vehicles are trapped (which in general is the bottleneck), followed by diffusion in the cytosol is important for improving drug/gene delivery strategies. A methodology is reported to image this process on a millisecond scale and to quantitatively analyze the data. Polyelectrolyte capsules with embedded gold nanostars to encapsulate 43 fluorescent molecular cargos with diverse properties, ranging from small fluorophores to fluorescently labeled proteins, siRNA, etc., are used. By short laser irradiation intracellular release of the molecular cargos from endocytosed capsules into the cytosol is triggered, and their intracellular spreading is imaged. Most of the released molecular cargos evenly distribute inside the entire cell, while others are enriched in certain cell compartments. The time the different molecular cargos take to distribute within cells, i.e., the spreading time, is used as a quantifier. Quantitative analysis reveals that intracellular spread cannot be described by free diffusion, but is determined by interaction of the molecular cargo with intracellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Brkovic
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Jan N Peters
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Stephan Kleine-Doepke
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Dingcheng Zhu
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) and Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
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5
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Li Y, Li P, Li R, Xu Q. Intracellular Antibody Delivery Mediated by Lipids, Polymers, and Inorganic Nanomaterials for Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Peixuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Raissa Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
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6
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Kimura S, Imamura K, Futami J. A suitable and effective stepwise oxidative refolding procedure for highly-cationic tetrameric avidin in nucleic acid free conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3031. [PMID: 32463160 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Optimized conditions are needed to refold recombinant proteins from bacterial inclusion bodies into their biologically active conformations. In this study, we found two crucial requirements for efficient refolding of cationic tetrameric chicken avidin. The first step is to eliminate nucleic acid contaminants from the bacterial inclusion body. The electrostatic interactions between the remaining nucleic acids and proteins strongly enhanced protein aggregation during the refolding process. The cysteine specific reversible S-cationization procedure was successfully employed for large-scale preparation of nucleic acid free denatured protein without purification tag system. The second step is the intramolecular disulfide formation prior to refolding in dialysis removing denaturant. Disulfide intact monomeric avidin showed efficient formation of biologically active tetrameric conformation during the refolding process. Using this optimized refolding procedure, highly cationic avidin derivative designed as an intracellular delivery carrier of biotinylated protein was successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Kimura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Deller RC, Richardson T, Richardson R, Bevan L, Zampetakis I, Scarpa F, Perriman AW. Artificial cell membrane binding thrombin constructs drive in situ fibrin hydrogel formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1887. [PMID: 31015421 PMCID: PMC6478844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane re-engineering is emerging as a powerful tool for the development of next generation cell therapies, as it allows the user to augment therapeutic cells to provide additional functionalities, such as homing, adhesion or hypoxia resistance. To date, however, there are few examples where the plasma membrane is re-engineered to display active enzymes that promote extracellular matrix protein assembly. Here, we report on a self-contained matrix-forming system where the membrane of human mesenchymal stem cells is modified to display a novel thrombin construct, giving rise to spontaneous fibrin hydrogel nucleation and growth at near human plasma concentrations of fibrinogen. The cell membrane modification process is realised through the synthesis of a membrane-binding supercationic thrombin-polymer surfactant complex. Significantly, the resulting robust cellular fibrin hydrogel constructs can be differentiated down osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, giving rise to self-supporting monoliths that exhibit Young's moduli that reflect their respective extracellular matrix compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Deller
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - Thomas Richardson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Rebecca Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Laura Bevan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ioannis Zampetakis
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Fabrizio Scarpa
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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8
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Singh K, Ejaz W, Dutta K, Thayumanavan S. Antibody Delivery for Intracellular Targets: Emergent Therapeutic Potential. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1028-1041. [PMID: 30830750 PMCID: PMC6470022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins have sparked fast growing interest as biological therapeutic agents for several diseases. Antibodies, in particular, carry an enormous potential as drugs owing to their remarkable target specificity and low immunogenicity. Although the market has numerous antibodies directed toward extracellular targets, their use in targeting therapeutically important intracellular targets is limited by their inability to cross cellular membrane. Realizing the potential for antibody therapy in disease treatment, progress has been made in the development of methods to deliver antibodies intracellularly. In this review, we address various platforms for delivery of antibodies and their merits and drawbacks.
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9
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Ma K, Fu D, Liu Y, Rui Dai, Yu D, Guo Z, Cui C, Wang L, Xu J, Mao C. Cancer cell targeting, controlled drug release and intracellular fate of biomimetic membrane-encapsulated drug-loaded nano-graphene oxide nanohybrids. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5080-5090. [PMID: 30245822 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nano-graphene oxide (NGO) has been proposed as a novel drug carrier. However, the poor biocompatibility and physiological stability as well as lack of cancer targeting capability have limited its further applications in cancer therapy. To solve this problem, we developed a novel nanohybrid of NGO/DOX@SPC-FA by first allowing soy phosphatidylcholine membrane (SPC) to encapsulate DOX-loaded NGO (NGO/DOX) and then modifying the SPC membrane with PEGylated lipid-FA conjugate to achieve the display of cancer targeting FA on the nanohybrid surface. The SPC membrane (mimicking cell membrane) enabled the resultant nanohybrids (NGO/DOX@SPC-FA) to exhibit good stability and biocompatibility, high drug loading capability, efficient cellular uptake, and controlled drug release. Moreover, compared with NGO/DOX and SPC-modified NGO/DOX (NGO/DOX@SPC), the FA-modified NGO/DOX@SPC nanohybrids (NGO/DOX@SPC-FA) could deliver NGO/DOX to cancer cells with improved delivery and killing efficacy due to the presence of FA targeting motifs on the surface. The NGO/DOX@SPC-FA nanohybrids were found to be internalized specifically by FA-positive cancer cells (Hela cells) through both macropinocytosis-directed engulfment and clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and then become localized into the lysosomes. In vivo biodistribution study showed that NGO/DOX@SPC-FA had a high tumor targeting ability because of the active targeting mechanism with folate modification. In vivo antitumor therapy study demonstrated NGO/DOX@SPC-FA could significantly inhibit tumour growth and prolong the survival time of mice. Our results suggest that NGO/DOX@SPC-FA, as a novel drug delivery system with high drug loading and targeted delivery efficiency, holds promise for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ma
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, OK 73019, USA
| | - Duo Fu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Rui Dai
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Zhaoming Guo
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Changhao Cui
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jinaqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, OK 73019, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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10
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Fathi M, Donsi F, McClements DJ. Protein-Based Delivery Systems for the Nanoencapsulation of Food Ingredients. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:920-936. [PMID: 33350116 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins possess functional attributes that make them suitable for the encapsulation of bioactive agents, such as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This article reviews the state of the art of protein-based nanoencapsulation approaches. The physicochemical principles underlying the major techniques for the fabrication of nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanofibers from animal, botanical, and recombinant proteins are described. Protein modification approaches that can be used to extend their functionality in these nanocarrier systems are also described, including chemical, physical, and enzymatic treatments. The encapsulation, retention, protection, and release of bioactive agents in different protein-based nanocarriers are discussed. Finally, some of the major challenges in the design and fabrication of protein-based delivery systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Fathi
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan Univ. of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Francesco Donsi
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Univ. of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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11
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Kallar AR, Muthu J, Selvam S. Bioreducible amino acid-derived polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of functional proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Lin CY, Cheng YS, Liao TY, Lin C, Chen ZT, Twu WI, Chang CW, Tan DTW, Liu RS, Tu PH, Chen RPY. Intranasal Administration of a Polyethylenimine-Conjugated Scavenger Peptide Reduces Amyloid-β Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1053-67. [PMID: 27340844 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation in the brain plays a central and initiatory role in pathogenesis and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibiting Aβ aggregation is a potential strategy in the prevention of AD. A scavenger peptide, V24P(10-40), designed to decrease Aβ accumulation in the brain, was conjugated to polyethylenimine (PEI) and tested as a preventive/therapeutic strategy for AD in this study. This PEI-conjugated V24P(10-40) peptide was delivered intranasally, as nasal drops, to four-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic mice for four or eight months. Compared with control values, peptide treatment for four months significantly reduced the amount of GdnHCl-extracted Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the mice's hippocampus and cortex. After treatment for eight months, amyloid load, as quantified by Pittsburgh compound B microPET imaging, was significantly decreased in the mice's hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, and olfactory bulb. Our data suggest that this intranasally delivered scavenger peptide is effective in decreasing Aβ accumulation in the brain of AD transgenic mice. Nasal application of peptide drops is easy to use and could be further developed to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yun Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yan Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Ten Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woan-Ing Twu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Tat-Wei Tan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core, Taiwan Mouse Clinic, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hsien Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rita P-Y Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Cheng YS, Chen ZT, Liao TY, Lin C, Shen HCH, Wang YH, Chang CW, Liu RS, Chen RPY, Tu PH. An intranasally delivered peptide drug ameliorates cognitive decline in Alzheimer transgenic mice. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:703-715. [PMID: 28356312 PMCID: PMC5412883 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides is considered to be the primary mechanism of AD pathogenesis. This amyloid hypothesis is supported by the recent success of the human anti‐amyloid antibody aducanumab, in clearing plaque and slowing clinical impairment in prodromal or mild patients in a phase Ib trial. Here, a peptide combining polyarginines (polyR) (for charge repulsion) and a segment derived from the core region of Aβ amyloid (for sequence recognition) was designed. The efficacy of the designed peptide, R8‐Aβ(25–35), on amyloid reduction and the improvement of cognitive functions were evaluated using APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Daily intranasal administration of PEI‐conjugated R8‐Aβ(25–35) peptide significantly reduced Aβ amyloid accumulation and ameliorated the memory deficits of the transgenic mice. Intranasal administration is a feasible route for peptide delivery. The modular design combining polyR and aggregate‐forming segments produced a desirable therapeutic effect and could be easily adopted to design therapeutic peptides for other proteinaceous aggregate‐associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Ten Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yan Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Howard C-H Shen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Han Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core, Taiwan Mouse Clinic, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rita P-Y Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hsien Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Imam ZI, Kenyon LE, Ashby G, Nagib F, Mendicino M, Zhao C, Gadok AK, Stachowiak JC. Phase-Separated Liposomes Enhance the Efficiency of Macromolecular Delivery to the Cellular Cytoplasm. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 10:387-403. [PMID: 29104698 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From viruses to organelles, fusion of biological membranes is used by diverse biological systems to deliver macromolecules across membrane barriers. Membrane fusion is also a potentially efficient mechanism for the delivery of macromolecular therapeutics to the cellular cytoplasm. However, a key shortcoming of existing fusogenic liposomal systems is that they are inefficient, requiring a high concentration of fusion-promoting lipids in order to cross cellular membrane barriers. OBJECTIVES Toward addressing this limitation, our experiments explore the extent to which membrane fusion can be amplified by using the process of lipid membrane phase separation to concentrate fusion-promoting lipids within distinct regions of the membrane surface. METHODS We used confocal fluorescence microscopy to investigate the integration of fusion-promoting lipids into a ternary lipid membrane system that separated into liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phases. Additionally, we quantified the impact of membrane phase separation on the efficiency with which liposomes transferred lipids and encapsulated macromolecules to cells, using a combination of confocal fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS Here we report that concentrating fusion-promoting lipids within phase-separated lipid domains on the surfaces of liposomes significantly increases the efficiency of liposome fusion with model membranes and cells. In particular, membrane phase separation enhanced the delivery of lipids and model macromolecules to the cytoplasm of tumor cells by at least 4-fold in comparison to homogenous liposomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that phase separation can enhance membrane fusion by locally concentrating fusion-promoting lipids on the surface of liposomes. This work represents the first application of lipid membrane phase separation in the design of biomaterials-based delivery systems. Additionally, these results lay the ground work for developing fusogenic liposomes that are triggered by physical and molecular cues associated with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Imam
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Laura E Kenyon
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Grant Ashby
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Fatema Nagib
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Morgan Mendicino
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Chi Zhao
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Avinash K Gadok
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering
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15
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Futami M, Nakano T, Yasunaga M, Makihara M, Asama T, Hagihara Y, Nakajima Y, Futami J. Enhanced in-cell folding of reversibly cationized transcription factor using amphipathic peptide. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:419-424. [PMID: 28110958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of functionally active transcription factor proteins is emerging as a promising technique for artificial regulation of cellular functions. However, in addition to the cell membrane, which acts as a barrier to macromolecules, the aggregation-favored properties of structurally flexible transcription factor proteins limit the application of this method. In-cell folding technique can be used to overcome these issues. This technique solubilizes denatured protein by reversible alkyl-disulfide cationization (S-cationization), and simultaneously endows efficient intracellular delivery and folding to the biologically active conformation in the reducing environment of the cytosol. Because cationized protein is internalized into cells by adsorption-mediated endocytosis, endosomal escape is crucial for this technique. In this study, we utilized a sensitive luciferase reporter gene assay to quantitatively evaluate in-cell folding of the artificial transcription factor GAL4-VP16. Although the cationic moiety of S-cationized protein was slightly affected, co-transduction of amphipathic peptide Endo-PORTER dramatically improved in-cell folding efficiency. Live cell imaging of fluorescent-labeled GAL4-VP16 revealed that some of the proteins diffused into the cytosol and nucleus through co-transduction with Endo-PORTER. Real-time monitoring of light output of luciferase revealed the kinetics of in-cell folding, supporting that endosomal-release assisted by Endo-PORTER was stimulated by endosome acidification. Because this method can transduce proteins uniformly and repeatedly into living cells, S-cationized transcription factor proteins are widely applicable for the artificial regulation of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Futami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Mayu Yasunaga
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Makihara
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Asama
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Kim A, Miura Y, Ishii T, Mutaf OF, Nishiyama N, Cabral H, Kataoka K. Intracellular Delivery of Charge-Converted Monoclonal Antibodies by Combinatorial Design of Block/Homo Polyion Complex Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:446-53. [PMID: 26691492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct intracellular delivery of antibodies has gained much attention, although only a few agents have been developed, and none of them has reached clinical stages. The main obstacles here are the insufficient characteristics of delivery systems including stability and appropriate ability for intracellular antibody release. We tailored the structure of polyion complex (PIC) micelles by loading transiently charge-converted antibody derivatives for achieving enhanced stability, delivery to cytosol, and precise antigen recognition inside cells. Citraconic anhydride was used for the charge conversion of the antibody; the optimized degree of modification was identified to balance the stability of PIC micelles in the extracellular compartment and prompt pH-triggered disintegration after their translocation into the acidic endosomal compartment of target cells. The use of a mixture of homo- and block-catiomers in an appropriate ratio to construct PIC micelles substantially enhanced the endosomal escaping efficacy of the loaded antibody, leading to improved recognition of intracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology , R1-11, 4529 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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17
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Dubois JLN, Lavignac N. Cationic poly(amidoamine) promotes cytosolic delivery of bovine RNase A in melanoma cells, while maintaining its cellular toxicity. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6501-6508. [PMID: 32262558 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleases are known to cleave ribonucleic acids, inducing cell death. RNase A, a member of the ribonuclease family, generally displayed poor in vitro activity. This has been attributed to factors such as low intracellular delivery. Poly(amidoamine)s have been used to promote the translocation of non-permeant proteins to the cytosol. Our objective was to demonstrate that poly(amidoamine)s could potentially promote the delivery of RNase A to selected cell line. Interactions of three cationic poly(amidoamine)s (P1, P2 and ISA1) with wild-type bovine RNase A were investigated using gel retardation assays, DLS and microcalorimetry. Although the polymers and the protein are essentially cationic at physiological pH, complexation between the PAAs and RNase A was observed. The high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) thermograms demonstrated that the thermal stability of the protein was reduced when complexed with ISA1 (Tmax decreased by 6.5 °C) but was not affected by P1 and P2. All the polymers displayed low cytotoxicity towards non-cancerous cells (IC50 > 3.5 mg mL-1). While RNase A alone was not toxic to mouse melanoma cells (B16F1), P1 was able to promote cytosolic delivery of biologically active RNase A, increasing cell death (IC50 = 0.09 mg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L N Dubois
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
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18
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Minamihata K, Maeda Y, Yamaguchi S, Ishihara W, Ishiwatari A, Takamori S, Yamahira S, Nagamune T. Photosensitizer and polycationic peptide-labeled streptavidin as a nano-carrier for light-controlled protein transduction. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:630-6. [PMID: 25935501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transductions of exogenous proteins into cells enable the precise study of the effect of the transduced proteins on cellular functions. Accordingly, the protein transduction technique, which can control the release of proteins into the cytosol with certainty and high-throughput, is highly desired in various research fields. In this study, streptavidin (SA) labeled with a photosensitizer and cell-permeable peptides (CPP) was proposed as a nano-carrier for light-controlled protein transduction. SA was modified with biotinylated oligo-arginine peptides (Rpep), which were functionalized with Alexa Fluor 546 (AF546), to achieve cell penetrating and endosomal escape functionalities. The SA-Rpep complex was efficiently internalized into living HeLa cells corresponding to the length and the modification number of Rpep. SA conjugated with more than three equimolar AF546-modified Rpep consisting of fifteen arginine residues was achieved to diffuse throughout the cytosol without cytotoxicity by irradiation of the excitation light for AF546. The optimized nano-carrier was confirmed to transduce a biotinylated model cargo protein, enhanced green fluorescent protein fused with thioredoxin (tEGFP) into the cytosol at the light-irradiated area. The results provided proof-of-principle that SA possessing multiple AF546-modified Rpep has the potential to be a versatile and facile carrier for light-controlled protein transduction into the cytosol of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wataru Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akira Ishiwatari
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takamori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamahira
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Coué G, Engbersen JFJ. Cationic Polymers for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins. CATIONIC POLYMERS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782620105-00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic proteins exert their pharmaceutical action inside the cytoplasm or onto individual organelles inside the cell. Intracellular protein delivery is considered to be the most direct, fastest and safest approach for curing gene-deficiency diseases, enhancing vaccination and triggering cell transdifferentiation processes, within other curative applications. However, several hurdles have to be overcome. For this purpose the use of polymers, with their ease of modification in physical and chemical properties, is attractive in protein drug carriers. They can protect their therapeutic protein cargo from degradation and enhance their bioavailability at targeted sites. In this chapter, potential and currently used polymers for fabrication of protein delivery systems and their applications for intracellular administration are discussed. Special attention is given to the use of cationic polymers for their ability to promote the cellular uptake of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. J. Engbersen
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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20
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Chang FP, Chen YP, Mou CY. Intracellular implantation of enzymes in hollow silica nanospheres for protein therapy: cascade system of superoxide dismutase and catalase. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4785-95. [PMID: 25160910 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An approach for enzyme therapeutics is elaborated with cell-implanted nanoreactors that are based on multiple enzymes encapsulated in hollow silica nanospheres (HSNs). The synthesis of HSNs is carried out by silica sol-gel templating of water-in-oil microemulsions so that polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified enzymes in aqueous phase are encapsulated inside the HSNs. PEI-grafted superoxide dismutase (PEI-SOD) and catalase (PEI-CAT) encapsulated in HSNs are prepared with quantitative control of the enzyme loadings. Excellent activities of superoxide dismutation by PEI-SOD@HSN are found and transformation of H2 O2 to water by PEI-CAT@HSN. When PEI-SOD and PEI-CAT are co-encapsulated, cascade transformation of superoxide through hydrogen peroxide to water was facile. Substantial fractions of HSNs exhibit endosome escape to cytosol after their delivery to cells. The production of downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS) and COX-2/p-p38 expression show that co-encapsulated SOD/CAT inside the HSNs renders the highest cell protection against the toxicant N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat). The rapid cell uptake and strong detoxification effect on superoxide radicals by the SOD/CAT-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles demonstrate the general concept of implanting catalytic nanoreactors in biological cells with designed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Peng Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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21
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Teng Z, Li Y, Niu Y, Xu Y, Yu L, Wang Q. Cationic β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles as a bioavailability enhancer: Comparison between ethylenediamine and polyethyleneimine as cationizers. Food Chem 2014; 159:333-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Klein PM, Wagner E. Bioreducible polycations as shuttles for therapeutic nucleic acid and protein transfection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:804-17. [PMID: 24219092 PMCID: PMC4098974 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nucleic acids such as gene-encoding DNAs, gene-silencing small interfering RNAs, or recombinant proteins addressing intracellular molecular targets present a major new therapeutic modality, provided efficient solutions for intracellular delivery can be found. The different physiological redox environments inside and outside the cell can be utilized for optimizing the involved transport processes. RECENT ADVANCES Intracellular delivery of nucleic acids or proteins requires dynamic carriers that discriminate between different cellular locations. Bioreducible cationic polymers can package their therapeutic cargo stably in the extracellular environment, but sense the reducing intracellular cytosolic environment. Based on disulfide cleavage, carriers are degraded into biocompatible fragments and release the cargo in functional form. Disulfide linkages between oligocations, between the carrier and the cargo, or spatial caging of complexed cargo by disulfides have been pursued, with polymers or precise sequence-defined peptides and oligomers. CRITICAL ISSUES A quantitative knowledge of the bioreductive capacities within different biological compartments and the involved cellular reduction processes would be greatly helpful for improved carriers with disulfides cleaved within the right compartment at the right time. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Novel designs of multifunctional nanocarriers will incorporate macromolecular disulfide entry mechanisms previously optimized by natural evolution of toxins and viruses. In addition to extracellular stabilization and intracellular disassembly, tuned disulfides will contribute to deshielding at the cell surface, or translocation from intracellular compartments to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Klein
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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23
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Selective transport of cationized fluorescent topoisomerase into nuclei of live cells for DNA damage studies. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1094:167-75. [PMID: 24162988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-706-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of fluorescently labeled, DNA-modifying proteins into cellular nuclei permits investigation of DNA damage and chromatin function in living cells. Commercially available protein delivery vectors cannot provide selective intranuclear transportation and primarily unload their cargo in the cytoplasm. Here we describe a simple approach for specific intranuclear transportation of vaccinia topoisomerase protein based on its cationization. The delivered protein can be observed and monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The technique is cost-efficient and time-saving. It can be useful in live cell studies.
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24
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Eltoukhy AA, Chen D, Veiseh O, Pelet JM, Yin H, Dong Y, Anderson DG. Nucleic acid-mediated intracellular protein delivery by lipid-like nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6454-61. [PMID: 24831975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has potential biotechnological and therapeutic application, but remains technically challenging. In contrast, a plethora of nucleic acid carriers have been developed, with lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) among the most clinically advanced reagents for oligonucleotide delivery. Here, we validate the hypothesis that oligonucleotides can serve as packaging materials to facilitate protein entrapment within and intracellular delivery by LNPs. Using two distinct model proteins, horseradish peroxidase and NeutrAvidin, we demonstrate that LNPs can yield efficient intracellular protein delivery in vitro when one or more oligonucleotides have been conjugated to the protein cargo. Moreover, in experiments with NeutrAvidin in vivo, we show that oligonucleotide conjugation significantly enhances LNP-mediated protein uptake within various spleen cell populations, suggesting that this approach may be particularly suitable for improved delivery of protein-based vaccines to antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Eltoukhy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Delai Chen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Omid Veiseh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jeisa M Pelet
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hao Yin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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25
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Ratanajanchai M, Lee DH, Sunintaboon P, Yang SG. Photo-cured PMMA/PEI core/shell nanoparticles surface-modified with Gd–DTPA for T1 MR imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 415:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Rodrigues RC, Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Torres R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Amination of enzymes to improve biocatalyst performance: coupling genetic modification and physicochemical tools. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of the features of an enzyme is in many instances a pre-requisite for the industrial implementation of these exceedingly interesting biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C. Rodrigues
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology Lab
- Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oveimar Barbosa
- Escuela de Química
- Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM)
- Edificio Camilo Torres 210
- Universidad Industrial de Santander
- Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Claudia Ortiz
- Escuela de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico
- Universidad Industrial de Santander
- Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Alicante
- Ap. 99-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Escuela de Química
- Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM)
- Edificio Camilo Torres 210
- Universidad Industrial de Santander
- Bucaramanga, Colombia
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27
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Li R, Chen J. Synthesis of cationic magnetite nanoparticles for intracellular protein delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- General Hospital of PLA; Beijing 100853 China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ruiduan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Ratanajanchai M, Soodvilai S, Pimpha N, Sunintaboon P. Polyethylenimine-immobilized core-shell nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility test. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 34:377-83. [PMID: 24268272 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we prepared PEI-immobilized core-shell particles possessing various types of polymer cores via a visible light-induced surfactant-free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) of three vinyl monomers: styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). An effect of monomers on the polymerization and characteristics of resulting products was investigated. Monomers with high polarity can provide high monomer conversion, high percentage of grafted PEI, stable particles with uniform size distribution but less amino groups per particles. All prepared nanoparticles exhibited a core-shell nanostructure, containing PEI on the shell with hydrodynamic size around 140-230nm. For in-vitro study in Caco-2 cells, we found that the incorporation of PEI into these core-shell nanoparticles can significantly reduce its cytotoxic effect and also be able to internalized within the cells. Accordingly, these biocompatible particles would be useful for various biomedical applications, including gene transfection and intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montri Ratanajanchai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Futami J, Kitazoe M, Murata H, Yamada H. Exploiting protein cationization techniques in future drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:261-9. [PMID: 23496081 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of a method for the efficient intracellular delivery of inherently non-permeable proteins is needed for manipulation of cellular phenotypes or the discovery of protein-based drugs. It has been demonstrated that proteins artificially cationized by chemical conjugation show efficient intracellular delivery via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis and then can exert their biological activity in cells. Studies have also revealed that cationic peptides known as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a means to deliver molecules into mammalian cells. Although the internalization mechanisms remain controversial, it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells by CPPs also involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than the direct penetration of the plasma membrane. As the mammalian cell membrane possesses an abundance of negatively charged glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids, cationization of proteins is a reasonable choice to endow them with the ability for intracellular delivery. Cationization of proteins is usually accompanied by drastic changes in protein properties, structure and biological activities. Recently developed sophisticated protein chemistry can minimize these side effects. Therefore, protein cationization techniques will hopefully prove to be powerful tools for innovative research and drug discovery. In this review, techniques for cationization of proteins and their intracellular delivery, as well as some of their potential therapeutic applications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Futami
- Okayama University, Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Magnetic nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy: a so-called theranostic system. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2445-58. [PMID: 23344909 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discussed the establishment of a so-called "theranostic" system by instituting the basic principles including the use of: [1] magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)-based drug carrier; [2] intra-arterial (I.A.) magnetic targeting; [3] macromolecular drugs with unmatched therapeutic potency and a repetitive reaction mechanism; [4] cell-penetrating peptide-mediated cellular drug uptake; and [5] heparin/protamine-regulated prodrug protection and tumor-specific drug re-activation into one single drug delivery system to overcome all possible obstacles, thereby achieving a potentially non-invasive, magnetic resonance imaging-guided, clinically enabled yet minimally toxic brain tumor drug therapy. By applying a topography-optimized I.A. magnetic targeting to dodge rapid organ clearance of the carrier during its first passage into the circulation, tumor capture of MION was enriched by >350 folds over that by conventional passive enhanced permeability and retention targeting. By adopting the prodrug strategy, we observed by far the first experimental success in a rat model of delivering micro-gram quantity of the large β-galactosidase model protein selectively into a brain tumor but not to the ipsi- or contra-lateral normal brain regions. With the therapeutic regimens of most toxin/siRNA drugs to fully (>99.9%) eradicate a tumor being in the nano-molar range, the prospects of reaching this threshold become practically accomplishable.
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31
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Maier K, Martin I, Wagner E. Sequence Defined Disulfide-Linked Shuttle for Strongly Enhanced Intracellular Protein Delivery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3560-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300404d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maier
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug
Research, and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Martin
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug
Research, and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug
Research, and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Futami M, Watanabe Y, Asama T, Murata H, Tada H, Kosaka M, Yamada H, Futami J. Uniformly Cationized Protein Efficiently Reaches the Cytosol of Mammalian Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2025-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Midori Futami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Takashi Asama
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatachou, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tada
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Megumi Kosaka
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamada
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering
Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Japan
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Abstract
Inefficient cellular delivery limits the landscape of macromolecular drugs. Boronic acids readily form boronate esters with the 1,2- and 1,3-diols of saccharides, such as those that coat the surface of mammalian cells. Here pendant boronic acids are shown to enhance the cytosolic delivery of a protein toxin. Thus, boronates are a noncationic carrier that can deliver a polar macromolecule into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
A. Ellis
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medical Scientist Training Program and Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology
Graduate Training Program, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Michael J. Palte
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medical Scientist Training Program and Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology
Graduate Training Program, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medical Scientist Training Program and Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology
Graduate Training Program, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
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34
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Wu X, Wu S, Yang L, Han J, Han S. Cytosolic delivery of proteins mediated by aldehyde-displaying silica nanoparticles with pH-responsive characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Todorova R. Comparative analysis of the methods of drug and protein delivery for the treatment of cancer, genetic diseases and diagnostics. Drug Deliv 2011; 18:586-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2011.600783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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36
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Magnetically-enabled and MR-monitored selective brain tumor protein delivery in rats via magnetic nanocarriers. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6245-53. [PMID: 21632104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of bioactive proteins to tumors is associated with many difficulties that have impeded clinical translation of these promising therapeutics. Herein we present an approach, including (1) use of magnetically-responsive and MRI-visible nanoparticles as drug carriers, (2) topography-optimized intra-arterial magnetic targeting, (3) MRI-guided subject alignment within the magnetic field, and (4) surface modification of the protein drug with membrane-permeable polyethyleneimine (PEI), to prevail over the obstacles in protein delivery. Applying these methodologies, we demonstrated the delivery of a significant quantity of β-galactosidase selectively into brain tumors of glioma-bearing rats, while limiting the exposure of normal brain regions. Clinical viability of the technologies utilized, and the ability to deliver proteins at high nanomolar-range tumor concentrations, sufficient to completely eradicate a tumor lesion with existing picomolar-potency protein toxins, renders the prospect of enabling protein-based cancer therapy extremely promising.
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37
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Gu Z, Biswas A, Zhao M, Tang Y. Tailoring nanocarriers for intracellular protein delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3638-55. [PMID: 21566806 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a crucial role in life, taking part in all vital processes in the body. In the past decade, there was increasing interest in delivering active forms of proteins to specific cells and organs. Intracellular protein delivery holds enormous promise for biological and medical applications, including cancer therapy, vaccination, regenerative medicine, treatment for loss-of-function genetic diseases and imaging. This tutorial review surveys recent developments in intracellular protein delivery using various nanocarriers. Methods such as lipid-mediated colloidal systems, polymeric nanocarriers, inorganic systems and protein-mediated carriers are reviewed. Advantages and limitations of current strategies, as well as future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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38
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Shimoda A, Sawada SI, Akiyoshi K. Cell Specific Peptide-Conjugated Polysaccharide Nanogels for Protein Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:882-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Marschall ALJ, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T, Schüngel M, Dübel S. Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm. MAbs 2011; 3:3-16. [PMID: 21099369 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.1.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of research consortia are now focused on generating antibodies and recombinant antibody fragments that target the human proteome. A particularly valuable application for these binding molecules would be their use inside a living cell, e.g., for imaging or functional intervention. Animal-derived antibodies must be brought into the cell through the membrane, whereas the availability of the antibody genes from phage display systems allows intracellular expression. Here, the various technologies to target intracellular proteins with antibodies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Braunschweig, Germany
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40
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Huynh CT, Nguyen MK, Huynh DP, Lee DS. Biodegradable star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(β-amino ester) cationic pH/temperature-sensitive copolymer hydrogels. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Chao TY, Lavis LD, Raines RT. Cellular uptake of ribonuclease A relies on anionic glycans. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10666-73. [PMID: 21062061 DOI: 10.1021/bi1013485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) can enter human cells, even though it lacks a cognate cell-surface receptor protein. Here, we report on the biochemical basis for its cellular uptake. Analyses in vitro and in cellulo revealed that RNase A interacts tightly with abundant cell-surface proteoglycans containing glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, as well as with sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. The uptake of RNase A correlates with cell anionicity, as quantified by measuring electrophoretic mobility. The cellular binding and uptake of RNase A contrast with those of Onconase, an amphibian homologue that does not interact tightly with anionic cell-surface glycans. As anionic glycans are especially abundant on human tumor cells, our data predicate utility for mammalian ribonucleases as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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42
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Ellis GA, Hornung ML, Raines RT. Potentiation of ribonuclease cytotoxicity by a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:2756-8. [PMID: 21144746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Variants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) engineered to evade the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) are toxic to human cancer cells. Increasing the basicity of these variants facilitates their entry into the cytosol and thus increases their cytotoxicity. The installation of additional positive charge also has the deleterious consequence of decreasing ribonucleolytic activity or conformational stability. Here, we report that the same benefit can be availed by co-treating cells with a cationic dendrimer. We find that adding the generation 2 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in trans increases the cytotoxicity of RI-evasive RNase A variants without decreasing their activity or stability. The increased cytotoxicity is not due to increased RI-evasion or cellular internalization, but likely results from improved translocation into the cytosol after endocytosis. These data indicate that co-treatment with highly cationic molecules could enhance the efficacy of ribonucleases as chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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43
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Bale SS, Kwon SJ, Shah DA, Kane RS, Dordick JS. A GFP complementation system for monitoring and directing nanomaterial mediated protein delivery to human cellular organelles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:1040-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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44
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45
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Kitazoe M, Futami J, Nishikawa M, Yamada H, Maeda Y. Polyethylenimine-cationized β-catenin protein transduction activates the Wnt canonical signaling pathway more effectively than cationic lipid-based transduction. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:385-92. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Bale SS, Kwon SJ, Shah DA, Banerjee A, Dordick JS, Kane RS. Nanoparticle-mediated cytoplasmic delivery of proteins to target cellular machinery. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1493-1500. [PMID: 20201555 DOI: 10.1021/nn901586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in nanomaterial-based delivery systems, their applicability as carriers of cargo, especially proteins for targeting cellular components and manipulating cell function, is not well-understood. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles to deliver proteins, including enzymes and antibodies, to a diverse set of mammalian cells, including human cancer cells and rat stem cells, while preserving the activity of the biomolecule post-delivery. Specifically, we have explored the delivery and cytosolic activity of hydrophobically functionalized silica nanoparticle-protein conjugates in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and rat neural stem cells (NSCs) and elucidated the mechanism of cytosolic transport. Importantly, the proteins were delivered to the cytosol without extended entrapment in the endosomes, which facilitated the retention of biological activity of the delivered proteins. As a result, delivery of ribonuclease A (RNase A) and the antibody to phospho-Akt (pAkt) resulted in the initiation of cell death. Delivery of control protein conjugates (e.g., those containing green fluorescent protein or goat antirabbit IgG) resulted in minimal cell death, indicating that the carrier-mediated toxicity was low. The results presented here provide insight into the design of nanomaterials as protein carriers that enable control of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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47
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Vottariello F, Costanzo C, Gotte G, Libonati M. “Zero-Length” Dimers of Ribonuclease A: Further Characterization and No Evidence of Cytotoxicity. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:635-45. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vottariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Libonati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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48
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Yan M, Du J, Gu Z, Liang M, Hu Y, Zhang W, Priceman S, Wu L, Zhou ZH, Liu Z, Segura T, Tang Y, Lu Y. A novel intracellular protein delivery platform based on single-protein nanocapsules. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:48-53. [PMID: 19935648 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An average cell contains thousands of proteins that participate in normal cellular functions, and most diseases are somehow related to the malfunctioning of one or more of these proteins. Protein therapy, which delivers proteins into the cell to replace the dysfunctional protein, is considered the most direct and safe approach for treating disease. However, the effectiveness of this method has been limited by its low delivery efficiency and poor stability against proteases in the cell, which digest the protein. Here, we show a novel delivery platform based on nanocapsules consisting of a protein core and a thin permeable polymeric shell that can be engineered to either degrade or remain stable at different pHs. Non-degradable capsules show long-term stability, whereas the degradable ones break down their shells, enabling the core protein to be active once inside the cells. Multiple proteins can be delivered to cells with high efficiency while maintaining low toxicity, suggesting potential applications in imaging, therapy and cosmetics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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49
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Trahtenherts A, Benhar I. An internalizing antibody specific for the human asialoglycoprotein receptor. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:225-33. [PMID: 19663694 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver possesses a variety of characteristics that make this organ a very attractive target for gene and drug delivery. The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a heterodimeric liver-specific C-type lectin that mediates endocytosis and degradation of desialylated glycoproteins and is considered a preferable target for liver-specific drug delivery. Asialoglycoprotein-coupled, galactosylated, or anti-ASGPR antibody-targeted molecules may be used to deliver pharmaceutical agents to the liver. Here we present a new anti-ASGPR single-chain antibody (scFv) that was isolated from the synthetic human "Ronit-1" antibody phage display library. This scFv (B11) was shown to bind the recombinant and native forms of the ASGPR and could also facilitate ASGPR specific internalization of a B11-PE38KDEL immunotoxin and cause cell death. Thus, this newly isolated antibody can serve as a targeting moiety for ASGPR-directed drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Trahtenherts
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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50
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Gu Z, Yan M, Hu B, Joo KI, Biswas A, Huang Y, Lu Y, Wang P, Tang Y. Protein nanocapsule weaved with enzymatically degradable polymeric network. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:4533-4538. [PMID: 19995089 DOI: 10.1021/nl902935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Target proteins can be functionally encapsulated using a cocoon-like polymeric nanocapsule formed by interfacial polymerization. The nanocapsule is cross-linked by peptides that can be proteolyzed by proteases upon which the protein cargo is released. The protease-mediated degradation process can be controlled in a spatiotemporal fashion through modification of the peptide cross-linker with photolabile moieties. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through the cytoplasmic delivery of the apoptosis inducing caspase-3 to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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