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Liu J, Gao S, Liu X, Dong J, Zhen D, Liu T. Exosomes: their role and therapeutic potential in overcoming drug resistance of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Oncol 2025; 15:1540643. [PMID: 40432919 PMCID: PMC12106034 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1540643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are prevalent malignant neoplasms in clinical medicine. The development of drug resistance in gastrointestinal cancers result in tumor recurrence and metastasis and greatly diminish the efficacy of treatment. Exosomes, as the shuttle of intercellular molecular cargoes in tumor micro-environment, secreted from tumor and stromal cells mediate drug resistance by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug efflux, stem-like phenotype and cell metabolism. Meanwhile, exosomes have already received tremendous attention in biomedical study as potential drug resistant biomarkers as well as treatment strategy in gastrointestinal cancers. Primary challenge to implement this potential is the ability to obtain high-grade exosomes efficiently; however, exosomes lack standard protocols for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, this field suffers from insufficient standardized reference materials and workflow for purification, detection and analysis of exosomes with defined biological properties. This review summarize the unique biogenesis, composition and novel detection methods of exosomes and informed the underlying correlation between exosomes and drug resistance of gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, the clinical applications of exosomes are also summarized, might providing novel therapy for the individual treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulian Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Shanyu Gao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaxin Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dingwei Zhen
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, China
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2
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Zhang H, Wu B, Wang Y, Du H, Fang L. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators and Potential Targets in Combating Cancer Drug Resistance. Molecules 2025; 30:498. [PMID: 39942602 PMCID: PMC11819960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators in the communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment, significantly influencing drug resistance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the roles of EVs in promoting drug resistance through mechanisms such as drug efflux, apoptosis resistance, autophagy imbalance, and tumor microenvironment modulation. Despite extensive research, details of EVs biogenesis, cargo selection, and specific pathways in EVs-mediated drug resistance are not fully understood. This review critically examines recent advancements, highlighting key studies that elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EVs functions. Additionally, innovative therapeutic strategies targeting EVs are explored, including inhibiting EVs biogenesis, engineering EVs for drug delivery, and identifying resistance-inhibiting molecules within EVs. By integrating insights from primary research and proposing new directions for future studies, this review aims to advance the understanding of EVs in cancer biology and foster effective interventions to mitigate drug resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.Z.); (H.D.)
| | - Bohan Wu
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanheng Wang
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huamao Du
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.Z.); (H.D.)
| | - Liaoqiong Fang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.Z.); (H.D.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Medicine, Chongqing 401121, China
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3
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Gawi Ermi A, Sarkar D. Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Clinical Implications and Potential Strategies to Overcome the Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3944. [PMID: 39682130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16233944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and the development of effective treatment strategies remains a significant challenge in the management of advanced HCC patients. The emergence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been a significant advancement in the treatment of HCC, as these targeted therapies have shown promise in prolonging the survival of patients with advanced disease. Although immunotherapy is currently considered as the first line of treatment for advanced HCC patients, many such patients do not meet the clinical criteria to be eligible for immunotherapy, and in many parts of the world there is still lack of accessibility to immunotherapy. As such, TKIs still serve as the first line of treatment and play a major role in the treatment repertoire for advanced HCC patients. However, the development of resistance to these agents is a major obstacle that must be overcome. In this review, we explore the underlying mechanisms of resistance to TKIs in HCC, the clinical implications of this resistance, and the potential strategies to overcome or prevent the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gawi Ermi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Su L, Yue Y, Yan Y, Sun J, Meng L, Lu J, Zhang L, Liu J, Chi H, Liu S, Yang Z, Tang X. Extracellular vesicles in hepatocellular carcinoma: unraveling immunological mechanisms for enhanced diagnosis and overcoming drug resistance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1485628. [PMID: 39530097 PMCID: PMC11550962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1485628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Current research is focused on utilizing EVs as a biopsy tool to improve the diagnostic accuracy of HCC, reduce surgical risk, and explore their potential in modulating drug resistance and advancing immunotherapeutic strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly recognized as important non-invasive biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to the presence of a variety of biomolecules within them, such as proteins and RNAs, etc. EVs play a key role in the early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic monitoring of HCC. These vesicles influence the development of HCC and therapeutic response in a variety of ways, including influencing the tumor microenvironment, modulating drug resistance, and participating in immune regulatory mechanisms. In addition, specific molecules such as miRNAs and specific proteins in EVs are regarded as potential markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence of HCC, which have certain research space and development prospects. In this paper, we summarize the aspects of EVs as HCC diagnostic and drug resistance markers, and also discuss the questions that may be faced in the development of EVs as markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqian Su
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yalan Yan
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Lanxin Meng
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiaan Lu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sinian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xichong People’s Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhongqiu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Zhang W, Wang Y, Tang Q, Li Z, Sun J, Zhao Z, Jiao D. PAX2 mediated upregulation of ESPL1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer through activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:6889-6901. [PMID: 38573552 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Extra spindle-polar body like 1 (ESPL1) is associated with the development of a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, and is closely related to chemoresistance. In this study, we aimed to reveal the role of ESPL1 in bladder cancer progression and cisplatin (DDP) resistance. First, ESPL1 was found to be highly expressed in tumor tissues and cells of bladder cancer, and more highly expressed in cisplatin resistant tumor tissues or cells. The binding of PAX2 in ESPL1 promoter region was predicted by Jaspar database and verified by Ch-IP analysis and the luciferase reporter gene assay. Next, cisplatin-resistant T24 cells (T24/DDP) were established and transfected with ESPL1 siRNA (si-ESPL1) or overexpression vector (pcDNA-ESPL1) or co-transfected with PAX2 siRNA (si-PAX2) or overexpression vector (pcDNA-PAX2), and then treated with DDP or AG490, an inhibitor of JAK2. The results showed that silencing ESPL1 significantly reduced T24/DDP cell viability, colony formation and invasion, enhanced sensitivity to DDP, and induced cell apoptosis. Silencing PAX2 decreased ESPL1 expression, enhanced sensitivity to DDP, and induced apoptosis of T24/DDP cells, and inhibited activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Overexpressing ESPL1 reversed the effect of PAX2 silencing on T24/DDP cells, while AG490 counteracted the reversal effect of overexpressing ESPL1. Finally, a xenograft tumor model was established and found that silencing ESPL1 or DDP treatment inhibited tumor growth, while silencing ESPL1 combined with DDP treatment had the best effect. In summary, this study suggested that PAX2-mediated ESPL1 transcriptional activation enhanced cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China.
| | - Dian Jiao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Air Force Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shannxi Province, China.
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6
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Augello G, Cusimano A, Cervello M, Cusimano A. Extracellular Vesicle-Related Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1415. [PMID: 38611093 PMCID: PMC11011022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. It is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when no effective treatment options are available. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized double-layer lipid vesicles containing various biomolecule cargoes, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs are released from nearly all types of cells and have been shown to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of EVs in cancer, including HCC. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play primary roles in the development and progression of cancer, modulating tumor growth and metastasis formation. Moreover, it has been observed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by tumor cell-derived EVs promote tumorigenesis, regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and playing critical roles in the progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and drug resistance of HCC. EV-related ncRNAs can provide information regarding disease status, thus encompassing a role as biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the main roles of ncRNAs present in HCC-derived EVs, including micro(mi) RNAs, long non-coding (lnc) RNAs, and circular (circ) RNAs, and their potential clinical value as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
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Huang Q, Zhong X, Li J, Hu R, Yi J, Sun J, Xu Y, Zhou X. Exosomal ncRNAs: Multifunctional contributors to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116409. [PMID: 38460375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant liver cancer characterized by aggressive progression, unfavorable prognosis, and an increasing global health burden. Therapies that precisely target immunological checkpoints and immune cells have gained significant attention as possible therapeutics in recent years. In truth, the efficacy of immunotherapy is heavily contingent upon the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have indicated that exosomes serve as a sophisticated means of communication among biomolecules, executing an essential part in the TME of immune suppression. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can induce the activation of tumor cells and immunosuppressive immune cells that suppress the immune system, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), CD+8 T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and regulatory B cells (Bregs). This cell-cell crosstalk triggered by exosomal ncRNAs promotes tumor proliferation and metastasis, angiogenesis, malignant phenotype transformation, and drug resistance. Hence, it is imperative to comprehend how exosomal ncRNAs regulate tumor cells or immune cells within the TME to devise more comprehensive and productive immunotherapy programs. This study discusses the features of exosomal ncRNAs in HCC and how the activation of the exosomes redefines the tumor's immunosuppressive microenvironment, hence facilitating the advancement of HCC. Furthermore, we also explored the potential of exosomal ncRNAs as a viable biological target or natural vehicle for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao PR China; Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao PR China; Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao PR China; Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jinyu Yi
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao PR China; Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jialing Sun
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao PR China.
| | - Xiaozhou Zhou
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Liver Disease, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Bao Y, Xu S, Zhou J, Zhao C, Dai S, Zhang Y, Rao M. Exosomal miR-93 derived from hepatocellular carcinoma cell promotes the sorafenib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma through PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23666. [PMID: 38375688 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from cancer cell is an important regulatory molecule that mediates the formation of tumor drug resistance, but function and mechanisms of exosomal miRNA in sorafenib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been studied. We detected the level and prognosis of miR-93 in HCC by using TCGA HCC database. For confirming the extracted exosome, transmission electron microscopy was used. Cy3-labeled miR-93 and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to prove that exosomal miR-93 derived from HCC cell can be transferred to sensitive HCC cells. CCK8, EdU, and flow cytometer assay were used to confirm the function of exosomal miR-93 in sorafenib resistance of HCC. Bioinformatics software and luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the direct targeting relationship between PTEN and miR-93. Western blot was used to validate downstream pathways. We found that miR-93 is overexpressed and a prognostic risk factor for the HCC patients. miR-93 was overexpressed in sorafenib resistant HCC cells compared with sensitive cells, and miR-93 contributed to sorafenib resistance of HCC cells through targeting PTEN. miR-93 was enriched in exosomes that secreted from sorafenib resistant cells, and these exosomal miR-93 promote the spread of sorafenib resistant through targeting PTEN to reactivate PI3K/AKT pathway. Therefore, miR-93 can act as a potential therapeutic target for advanced patients with acquired sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjing Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongyong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saimin Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Rao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Tian L, Lu J, Ng IOL. Extracellular vesicles and cancer stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma - is there a link? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368898. [PMID: 38476233 PMCID: PMC10927723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, with high recurrence rates and notorious resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Cancer stemness refers to the stem-cell-like phenotype of cancer cells and has been recognized to play important roles in different aspects of hepatocarcinogenesis. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are small membranous particles secreted by cells that can transfer bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, to neighboring or distant cells. Recent studies have highlighted the role of sEVs in modulating different aspects of the cancer stemness properties of HCC. Furthermore, sEVs derived from diverse cellular sources, such as cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells, contribute to the maintenance of the cancer stemness phenotype in HCC. Through cargo transfer, specific signaling pathways are activated within the recipient cells, thus promoting the stemness properties. Additionally, sEVs can govern the secretion of growth factors from non-cancer cells to further maintain their stemness features. Clinically, plasma sEVs may hold promise as potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and treatment prediction. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which sEVs promote cancer stemness in HCC is crucial, as targeting sEV-mediated communication may offer novel strategies in treatment and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Zhao H, Sun M, Zhang Y, Kong W, Fan L, Wang K, Xu Q, Chen B, Dong J, Shi Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Zhuang X, Li Q, Lin F, Yao X, Zhang W, Kong C, Zhang R, Feng D, Zhao X. Connecting the Dots: The Cerebral Lymphatic System as a Bridge Between the Central Nervous System and Peripheral System in Health and Disease. Aging Dis 2024; 15:115-152. [PMID: 37307828 PMCID: PMC10796102 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As a recently discovered waste removal system in the brain, cerebral lymphatic system is thought to play an important role in regulating the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Currently, more and more attention is being focused on the cerebral lymphatic system. Further understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of cerebral lymphatic system is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of diseases and to explore therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the structural components and functional characteristics of cerebral lymphatic system. More importantly, it is closely associated with peripheral system diseases in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney. However, there is still a gap in the study of the cerebral lymphatic system. However, we believe that it is a critical mediator of the interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Zhao
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Lulu Fan
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Baiyan Chen
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Jianxin Dong
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Yanan Shi
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - ShiQi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feihong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - WenBo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of neurosurgery, Tangdu hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Li Y, Sui S, Goel A. Extracellular vesicles associated microRNAs: Their biology and clinical significance as biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:5-23. [PMID: 38341121 PMCID: PMC11774199 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, and liver, are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. One of the underlying reasons for the poor survival outcomes in patients with these malignancies is late disease detection, typically when the tumor has already advanced and potentially spread to distant organs. Increasing evidence indicates that earlier detection of these cancers is associated with improved survival outcomes and, in some cases, allows curative treatments. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the development of molecular biomarkers that offer promise for screening, diagnosis, treatment selection, response assessment, and predicting the prognosis of these cancers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells containing a repertoire of biological molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most extensively studied non-coding RNAs, and the deregulation of miRNA levels is a feature of cancer cells. EVs miRNAs can serve as messengers for facilitating interactions between tumor cells and the cellular milieu, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and other tumor cells. Furthermore, recent years have witnessed considerable technological advances that have permitted in-depth sequence profiling of these small non-coding RNAs within EVs for their development as promising cancer biomarkers -particularly non-invasive, liquid biopsy markers in various cancers, including GI cancers. Herein, we summarize and discuss the roles of EV-associated miRNAs as they play a seminal role in GI cancer progression, as well as their promising translational and clinical potential as cancer biomarkers as we usher into the area of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Silei Sui
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA; Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA.
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Tendulkar R, Tendulkar M. Current Update of Research on Exosomes in Cancer. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:26-39. [PMID: 37461337 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230717105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles secreted by the plasma membrane of the cells delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane into the extracellular space of the cell. Their release is associated with the disposal mechanism to remove unwanted materials from the cells. Exosomes released from primary tumour sites migrate to other parts of the body to create a metastatic environment for spreading the tumour cells. We have reviewed that exosomes interfere with the tumour progression by (i) promoting angiogenesis, (ii) initiating metastasis, (iii) regulating tumour microenvironment (TME) and inflammation, (iv) modifying energy metabolism, and (v) transferring mutations. We have found that EVs play an important role in inducing tumour drug resistance against anticancer drugs. This review discusses the potential of exosomes to generate a significant therapeutic effect along with improved diagnosis, prognosis, insights on the various research conducted and their significant findings of our interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Tendulkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vivekanand Education Society's College of Pharmacy, India
| | - Mugdha Tendulkar
- Faculty of Science, Sardar Vallabhbhai College of Science, India
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Liao M, Qin M, Liu L, Huang H, Chen N, Du H, Huang D, Wang P, Zhou H, Tong G. Exosomal microRNA profiling revealed enhanced autophagy suppression and anti-tumor effects of a combination of compound Phyllanthus urinaria and lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155091. [PMID: 37844378 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound Phyllanthus urinaria (CP), a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, possesses strong anti-cancer effects and is extensively employed in the clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While lenvatinib and other oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been authorized as initial treatments for advanced unresectable HCC, the survival of patients is ultimately restricted due to the gradual development of drug resistance. Fortunately, the co-administration of CP and lenvatinib holds promise for anti-cancer applications. PURPOSE Our objective was to understand the molecular-level mechanisms of bioactive phytocompounds in CP, in order to explore the anti-HCC effects of combining CP and lenvatinib treatment and reveal the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we discovered new miRNAs associated with autophagy that are common to both HepG2-derived exosomes and HepG2 cells. These miRNAs play a role in the advancement of HCC and were identified through the utilization of CP and lenvatinib. METHODS To assess the anti-HCC effects of CP in combination with lenvatinib, both an in vitro CCK-8 assay and an in vivo xenograft model assay were performed. TEM, NTA, and nano-flow cytometry were employed for the identification of isolated exosomes. To ascertain the miRNA expression patterns in HepG2 cells and HepG2-derived exosomes, miRNA-sequencing analysis was conducted. Further investigation involved the use of real-time PCR, examination of the fusion protein GFP-mRFP-LC3, TEM analysis, and western blotting. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo, the combination of CP and lenvatinib showed a stronger and more powerful impact on HCC compared to either CP or lenvatinib alone. The combination of CP and lenvatinib had a significant impact on autophagy-related miRNAs in HepG2-derived exosomes and HepG2 cells, as demonstrated by cellular and exosomal miRNA sequencing. Additional tests indicated that the increased inhibition of autophagy in HepG2 cells subjected to CP treatment, as well as the combination of CP and lenvatinib, was accomplished through the regulation of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and P62 expression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results indicate that the combination of CP and lenvatinib can effectively inhibit HCC by promoting the exosome-mediated suppression of autophagy. This novel therapeutic option is highly efficient and durable, making it a promising treatment for HCC. Moreover, the miRNAs that are differentially expressed and associated with exosome-mediated autophagy, which have been discovered in this study, could potentially be targeted for clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Liao
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Meirong Qin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, No. 28, The second Gaoxin Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Houshuang Huang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, No. 28, The second Gaoxin Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, No. 28, The second Gaoxin Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Haiyan Du
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Danping Huang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China; Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, No. 28, The second Gaoxin Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune, Disease Research, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Guangdong Tong
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.1 Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China.
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Jing F, Li X, Jiang H, Sun J, Guo Q. Combating drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: No awareness today, no action tomorrow. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115561. [PMID: 37757493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the sixth most common cancer worldwide, is associated with a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. Patients with early HCC may benefit from surgical resection to remove tumor tissue and a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. Unfortunately, most patients with HCC are diagnosed at an advanced or distant stage, at which point resection is not feasible. Systemic therapy is now routinely prescribed to patients with advanced HCC; however, drug resistance has become a major obstacle to the treatment of HCC and exploring purported mechanisms promoting drug resistance remains a challenge. Here, we focus on the determinants of drug resistance from the perspective of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), exosomes, ferroptosis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME), with the aim to provide new insights into HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbo Jing
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Qingdao Haici Hospital, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jialin Sun
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qie Guo
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Tang B, Xie L, Tang X, Tian J, Xiao S. Blood exosome marker miRNA-30d-5p: Role and regulation mechanism in cell stemness and gemcitabine resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Probes 2023; 71:101924. [PMID: 37536457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are different from regular cancer cells because of their self-renewal feature and differentiation potential, which establishes the backbone of the vital role of CSCs in the progress and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood exosome-derived miRNA-30d-5p on the stemness and gemcitabine resistance of HCC cells and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The expression data of HCC-related miRNAs and mRNAs were downloaded from TCGA database and analyzed for differences. Employing the databases of starBase, TargetScan, miRDB, and mirDIP, we conducted target gene prediction upstream of mRNA. The expression of miRNA-30d-5p and SOCS3 mRNA was assayed by qRT-PCR, and the binding between them was validated by dual luciferase assay. CCK-8 was employed to evaluate cell viability and the IC50 value of gemcitabine. Cells were subjected to a sphere-forming assay to assess their ability to form spheres. Western blot was applied to evaluate the levels of cell surface marker proteins (Nanog, CD133, and Oct4) and exosome markers (CD9, CD81, and FLOT1). RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis found that SOCS3 expression was down-regulated in HCC. qRT-PCR showed that SOCS3 expression was notably lower in HCC cell lines than in normal liver cell WRL68. At the cellular functional level, SOCS3 overexpression inhibited the viability, sphere-forming ability, stemness, and gemcitabine resistance of HCC cells. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that miRNA-30d-5p was the upstream regulator of SOCS3 and highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that miRNA-30d-5p could bind SOCS3. Rescue experiments showed that upregulating SOCS3 could reverse the effects of miRNA-30d-5p overexpression on the viability, sphere-forming ability, and gemcitabine sensitivity of HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Blood exosome-derived miRNA-30d-5p promoted the stemness and gemcitabine resistance of HCC cells by repressing SOCS3 expression. Hence, the miRNA-30d-5p/SOCS3 axis might be a therapeutic target for chemotherapy resistance and a feasible marker for the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, 425000, China.
| | - Longhui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, 425000, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, 425000, China
| | - Junjie Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, 425000, China
| | - Shaofei Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, 425000, China
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Yan R, Chen H, Selaru FM. Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Progress and Challenges in the Translation from the Laboratory to Clinic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1599. [PMID: 37763719 PMCID: PMC10534795 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo to recipient cells. EVs have been implicated in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, metastasis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. The objective of this review is to present a thorough overview of recent studies focusing on EVs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with an emphasis on their potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Initially, we explore the utility of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers for HCC, followed by a discussion of their potential as carriers of therapeutic payloads. Additionally, we delve into the emerging field of therapeutic EVs for modulating tumor immune responses. Through this review, our ultimate aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges in the clinical translation of EV research in the domain of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- The Institute for Nanobiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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17
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Aseervatham J. Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050710. [PMID: 37237523 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from endosomes and are released by all cells irrespective of their origin or type. They play an important role in cell communication and can act in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. They are 40-150 nm in diameter and have a similar composition to the cell of origin. An exosome released by a particular cell is unique since it carries information about the state of the cell in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs carried by cancer-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role by taking part in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune evasion. Depending on the type of miRNA that it carries as its cargo, it can render cells chemo- or radiosensitive or resistant and can also act as a tumor suppressor. Since the composition of exosomes is affected by the cellular state, stress, and changes in the environment, they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers makes them an excellent choice as vehicles for drug delivery. Because of their easy availability and stability, they can be used to replace cancer biopsies, which are invasive and expensive. Exosomes can also be used to follow the progression of diseases and monitor treatment strategies. A better understanding of the roles and functions of exosomal miRNA can be used to develop noninvasive, innovative, and novel treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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18
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Yao M, Liang S, Cheng B. Role of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110922. [PMID: 36733504 PMCID: PMC9886889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually occurs on the basis of chronic liver inflammatory diseases and cirrhosis. The liver microenvironment plays a vital role in the tumor initiation and progression. Exosomes, which are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles are secreted by a number of cell types. Exosomes carry multiple proteins, DNAs and various forms of RNA, and are mediators of cell-cell communication and regulate the tumor microenvironment. In the recent decade, many studies have demonstrated that exosomes are involved in the communication between HCC cells and the stromal cells, including endothelial cells, macrophages, hepatic stellate cells and the immune cells, and serve as a regulator in the tumor proliferation and metastasis, immune evasion and immunotherapy. In addition, exosomes can also be used for the diagnosis and treatment HCC. They can potentially serve as specific biomarkers for early diagnosis and drug delivery vehicles of HCC. Chinese herbal medicine, which is widely used in the prevention and treatment of HCC in China, may regulate the release of exosomes and exosomes-mediated intercellular communication. In this review, we summarized the latest progresses on the role of the exosomes in the initiation, progression and treatment of HCC and the potential value of Traditional Chinese medicine in exosomes-mediated biological behaviors of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yao
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Binbin Cheng,
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Pan L, Liu W, Zhao H, Chen B, Yue X. MiR-191-5p inhibits KLF6 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:2251-2265. [PMID: 37545272 DOI: 10.3233/thc-230217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert certain functions in the development of several cancers and can be a potential hallmark for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. MiR-191-5p has been proven to have high expression in breast cancer (BC), while its biological role and potential regulatory mechanisms in BC remain an open issue. OBJECTIVE Bioinformatics was utilized to assay miR-191-5p level in BC tissues and predict its downstream target gene as well as the enriched signaling pathways of the target gene. METHODS qRT-PCR was carried out to assay miR-191-5p and KLF6 levels in BC cells as well as miR-191-5p level in blood-derived exosomes from BC patients. Western blot was to examine the expression of proteins linked with cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and exosome markers. A dual luciferase reporter assay was utilized to verify the interaction between miR-191-5p and KLF6. Abilities of cell phenotypes of BC cells were detected by CCK8, Transwell, and cell adhesion assay, separately. RESULTS Upregulated miR-191-5p expression and downregulated KLF6 expression were observed in BC cells. There was a targeting relationship between miR-191-5p and KLF6. MiR-191-5p negatively regulated KLF6 to promote EMT and malignant progression of BC cells. Additionally, we described a dramatically high level of miR-191-5p in the blood exosomes of BC patients. CONCLUSION MiR-191-5p advances the EMT of BC by targeting KLF6, indicating that miR-191-5p and KLF6 may be new biomarkers for BC.
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Wang G, Luo G, Zhao M, Miao H. Significance of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1056379. [PMID: 36531059 PMCID: PMC9748478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1056379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most prevalent cancers in the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality rate. The diagnosis and management of HCC are presently hindered by difficulties in early detection and suboptimal treatment outcomes. Exosomes have been shown to play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis and can also be used for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the research progress on exosomes in hepatocarcinogenesis development, tumor microenvironment remodeling, treatment resistance, and immunosuppression. HCC can be diagnosed and treated by understanding the pathogenesis and identifying early diagnostic markers. This review will be a significant reference for scholars with an initial understanding of the field to fully understand the role of exosomes in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoYun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - GaiXiang Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - MeiJing Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - HuiLai Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Injury Diagnosis and Repair, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Zhang J, Han H, Wang L, Wang W, Yang M, Qin Y. Overcoming the therapeutic resistance of hepatomas by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988956. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Multifactorial drug resistance is regarded as the major cause of treatment failure in HCC. Accumulating evidence shows that the constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, immune cells, physical factors, cytokines, and exosomes may explain the therapeutic resistance mechanisms in HCC. In recent years, anti-angiogenic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown satisfactory results in HCC patients. However, due to enhanced communication between the tumor and TME, the effect of heterogeneity of the microenvironment on therapeutic resistance is particularly complicated, which suggests a more challenging research direction. In addition, it has been reported that the three-dimensional (3D) organoid model derived from patient biopsies is more intuitive to fully understand the role of the TME in acquired resistance. Therefore, in this review, we have focused not only on the mechanisms and targets of therapeutic resistance related to the contents of the TME in HCC but also provide a comprehensive description of 3D models and how they contribute to the exploration of HCC therapies.
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22
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Khan N, Umar MS, Haq M, Rauf T, Zubair S, Owais M. Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks. Front Genet 2022; 13:1022734. [PMID: 36338993 PMCID: PMC9632295 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1022734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multifaceted process, where multiple physiological traits serving as cancer’s distinctive characteristics are acquired. “Hallmarks of cancer” is a set of cognitive abilities acquired by human cells that are pivotal to their tumor-forming potential. With limited or no protein-coding ability, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) interact with their target molecules and yield significant regulatory effects on several cell cycle processes. They play a “yin” and “yang” role, thereby functioning both as oncogenic and tumor suppressor and considered important in the management of various types of cancer entities. ncRNAs serve as important post-transcriptional and translational regulators of not only unrestricted expansion and metastasis of tumor cells but also of various biological processes, such as genomic mutation, DNA damage, immune escape, and metabolic disorder. Dynamical attributes such as increased proliferative signaling, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are considered to be significant determinants of tumor malignancy, metastatic dissemination, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, these biological attributes engage tumor cells with immune cells within the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor formation. We elaborate the interaction of ncRNAs with various factors in order to regulate cancer intra/intercellular signaling in a specific tumor microenvironment, which facilitates the cancer cells in acquiring malignant hallmarks. Exosomes represent a means of intercellular communication and participate in the maintenance of the tumor hallmarks, adding depth to the intricate, multifactorial character of malignant neoplasia. To summarize, ncRNAs have a profound impact on tumors, affecting their microcirculation, invasiveness, altered metabolism, microenvironment, and the capacity to modify the host immunological environment. Though the significance of ncRNAs in crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment is being extensively explored, we intend to review the hallmarks in the light of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs and their impact on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazoora Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Saad Umar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohamed Haq
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Talha Rauf
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Owais,
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lncRNA TM4SF1-AS1 predicts dismal outcomes and promotes cholangiocarcinoma progression via modulating miR-744-3p. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101915. [PMID: 35346892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is of great malignancy and high mortality. Identification of effective biomarkers could improve the monitoring of CCA development and attenuate patients' outcomes. OBJECTIVE The potential of lncRNA TM4SF1-AS1 (TM4SF1-AS1) serving biomarker of CCA was estimated and the underlying mechanism was also investigated. METHODS A total of 107 pairs of tumor and paracancer tissues were collected from CCA patients. The expression levels of TM4SF1-AS1 and miR-744-3p were analyzed in CCA by PCR, and their clinical significance was estimated by a series of statistical analyses. CCK8 and Transwell assays were used to assess the development-related cellular processes of CCA. The interaction between TM4SF1-AS1 and miR-774-3p was evaluated by cell transfection and dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The elevated expression of TM4SF1-AS1 and the declined expression of miR-744-3p were observed in CCA. Both TM4SF1-AS1 and miR-744-3p were found to possess a close association with the malignant progression and poor prognosis of CCA patients. TM4SF1-AS1 was suggested to act as a tumor promoter of CCA, where miR-744-3p was found to mediate the function of TM4SF1-AS1. CONCLUSION Both TM4SF1-AS1 and miR-744-3p were identified as prognostic biomarkers of CCA. TM4SF1-AS1 served as tumor promoter of CCA via modulating miR-744-3p.
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Yang S, Wang J, Wang S, Zhou A, Zhao G, Li P. Roles of small extracellular vesicles in the development, diagnosis and possible treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:91. [PMID: 35674180 PMCID: PMC9262158 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of hepatocytes accounting for 75-85% of primary hepatic carcinoma cases. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), previously known as exosomes with a diameter of 30-200 nm, can transport a variety of biological molecules between cells, and have been proposed to function in physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have indicated that the cargos of sEVs are implicated in intercellular crosstalk among HCC cells, paratumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. sEV-encapsulated substances (including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids) regulate signal transduction pathways in recipient cells and contribute to cancer initiation and progression in HCC. In addition, the differential expression of sEV cargos between patients facilitates the potential utility of sEVs in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with HCC. Furthermore, the intrinsic properties of low immunogenicity and high stability render sEVs ideal vehicles for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of HCC. The present review article summarizes the carcinogenic and anti-neoplastic capacities of sEVs and discusses the potential and prospective diagnostic and therapeutic applications of sEVs in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Shidong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Anni Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Li H, Liu Y, Li J, Wu C, Tang H. Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: New Insights into the Biology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. CURRENT ONCOLOGY (TORONTO, ONT.) 2022; 29:5383-5406. [PMID: 36005165 PMCID: PMC9406833 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40 to 160 nm, are among the smallest extracellular vesicles released by cells. They deliver different cargoes, including proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and facilitate communication between cells to coordinate a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth common malignant tumor and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown, and there is a lack of reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Mounting evidence has shown that exosomes carry a variety of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which play critical roles in the occurrence and progression of HCC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in HCC from their impact on the development of HCC to their potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hanlin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Chunling Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Hua Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
- Engineering, Informatics Fusion and Transformation Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (H.T.)
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Tsuchiya A, Natsui K, Ishii Y, Koseki Y, Takeda N, Tomiyoshi K, Yamazaki F, Yoshida Y, Terai S. Small extracellular vesicles and liver diseases: From diagnosis to therapy. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1307-1318. [PMID: 36158910 PMCID: PMC9376785 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small EVs (sEVs) derived from liver cells, have been the focus of much attention in the normal physiology and pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the liver. sEVs are approximately 100 nm in size, enclosed within lipid bilayers, and are very stable. The lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including miRNAs, contained within these vesicles are known to play important roles in intercellular communication. This mini-review summarizes the application of sEVs. First, liver diseases and the related diagnostic markers are described, and the current active status of miRNA research in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reported. Second, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sEVs are described, and the liver is highlighted as the organ with the highest accumulation of sEVs. Third, the relationship between sEVs and the pathogenesis of liver disorders is described with emphesis on the current active status of miRNA research in HCC recurrence and survival. Finally, the possibility of future therapy using sEVs from mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for cirrhosis and other diseases is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Natsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yohei Koseki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Tomiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fusako Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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27
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Zelli V, Compagnoni C, Capelli R, Corrente A, Di Vito Nolfi M, Zazzeroni F, Alesse E, Tessitore A. Role of exosomal microRNAs in cancer therapy and drug resistance mechanisms: focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940056. [PMID: 35912267 PMCID: PMC9334682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), defined as intercellular messengers that carry their cargos between cells, are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. These small membranous vesicles are released by most cells and contain biological molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which can modulate signaling pathways of nearby or distant recipient cells. Exosomes, one the most characterized classes of EVs, include, among others, microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs able to regulate the expression of several genes at post-transcriptional level. In cancer, exosomal miRNAs have been shown to influence tumor behavior and reshape tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, their possible involvement in drug resistance mechanisms has become evident in recent years. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major type of liver cancer, accounting for 75-85% of all liver tumors. Although the improvement in HCC treatment approaches, low therapeutic efficacy in patients with intermediate-advanced HCC is mainly related to the development of tumor metastases, high risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Exosomes have been shown to be involved in pathogenesis and progression of HCC, as well as in drug resistance, by regulating processes such as cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune response. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the involvement of exosomal miRNAs in HCC therapy, highlighting their role as modulators of therapeutic response, particularly chemotherapy and immunotherapy, as well as possible therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Advanced Therapies, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Chiara Compagnoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Capelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Corrente
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Vito Nolfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Advanced Therapies, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Tessitore,
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28
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Wang C, Liu J, Yan Y, Tan Y. Role of Exosomes in Chronic Liver Disease Development and Their Potential Clinical Applications. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1695802. [PMID: 35571570 PMCID: PMC9106457 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1695802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicular bodies (40-1000 nm) with double-layer membrane structures released by different cell types into extracellular environments, including apoptosis bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Exosomes (30-100 nm) are vesicles enclosed by extracellular membrane and contain effective molecules of secretory cells. They are derived from intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their intracellular vesicles by exocytosis. Research has shown that almost all human cells could secrete exosomes, which have a certain relationship with corresponding diseases. In chronic liver diseases, exosomes release a variety of bioactive components into extracellular spaces, mediating intercellular signal transduction and materials transport. Moreover, exosomes play a role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various chronic liver diseases as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Previous studies have found that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-ex) could alleviate acute and chronic liver injury and have the advantages of high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. In this paper, we briefly summarize the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of different chronic liver diseases and the latest research progresses of MSC-ex as the clinical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212005 Jiangsu, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinwen Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Youwen Tan
- The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212005 Jiangsu, China
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29
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Console L, Scalise M. Extracellular Vesicles and Cell Pathways Involved in Cancer Chemoresistance. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050618. [PMID: 35629286 PMCID: PMC9143651 DOI: 10.3390/life12050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a pharmacological condition that allows transformed cells to maintain their proliferative phenotype in the presence of administered anticancer drugs. Recently, extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have been identified as additional players responsible for the chemoresistance of cancer cells. These are nanovesicles that are released by almost all cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions and contain proteins and nucleic acids as molecular cargo. Extracellular vesicles released in the bloodstream reach recipient cells and confer them novel metabolic properties. Exosomes can foster chemoresistance by promoting prosurvival and antiapoptotic pathways, affecting cancer stem cells and immunotherapies, and stimulating drug efflux. In this context, a crucial role is played by membrane transporters belonging to ABC, SLC, and P-type pump families. These proteins are fundamental in cell metabolism and drug transport in either physiological or pathological conditions. In this review, different roles of extracellular vesicles in drug resistance of cancer cells will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0984-492919 (L.C.); +39-0984-492938 (M.S.)
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30
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Newman LA, Muller K, Rowland A. Circulating cell-specific extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic liver diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:232. [PMID: 35397694 PMCID: PMC8995281 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChronic liver diseases represent a burgeoning health problem affecting billions of people worldwide. The insufficient performance of current minimally invasive tools is recognised as a significant barrier to the clinical management of these conditions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a rich source of circulating biomarkers closely linked to pathological processes in originating tissues. Here, we summarise the contribution of EVs to normal liver function and to chronic liver pathologies; and explore the use of circulating EV biomarkers, with a particular focus on techniques to isolate and analyse cell- or tissue-specific EVs. Such approaches present a novel strategy to inform disease status and monitor changes in response to treatment in a minimally invasive manner. Emerging technologies that support the selective isolation and analysis of circulating EVs derived only from hepatic cells, have driven recent advancements in EV-based biomarker platforms for chronic liver diseases and show promise to bring these techniques to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Newman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kate Muller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Yan X, Zhang S, Jia J, Yang J, Song Y, Duan H. Exosomal MiR-423-3p Inhibits Macrophage M2 Polarization to Suppress the Malignant Progression of Cervical Cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 235:153882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Allegra A, Petrarca C, Di Gioacchino M, Casciaro M, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Exosome-Mediated Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Solid and Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071128. [PMID: 35406692 PMCID: PMC8997895 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin containing cytokines, RNAs, growth factors, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They have been identified as fundamental intercellular communication controllers in several diseases and an enormous volume of data confirmed that exosomes could either sustain or inhibit tumor onset and diffusion in diverse solid and hematological malignancies by paracrine signaling. Thus, exosomes might constitute a promising cell-free tumor treatment alternative. This review focuses on the effects of exosomes in the treatment of tumors, by discussing the most recent and promising data from in vitro and experimental in vivo studies and the few existing clinical trials. Exosomes are extremely promising as transporters of drugs, antagomir, genes, and other therapeutic substances that can be integrated into their core via different procedures. Moreover, exosomes can augment or inhibit non-coding RNAs, change the metabolism of cancer cells, and modify the function of immunologic effectors thus modifying the tumor microenvironment transforming it from pro-tumor to antitumor milieu. Here, we report the development of currently realized exosome modifiers that offer indications for the forthcoming elaboration of other more effective methods capable of enhancing the activity of the exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
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Wang W, Hao LP, Song H, Chu XY, Wang R. The Potential Roles of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790916. [PMID: 35280805 PMCID: PMC8912917 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth highest-incidence cancer and the 4th most deadly cancer all over the world, with a high fatality and low diagnostic rate. Nowadays, Excessive alcohol consumption, type-2 diabetes, smoking and obesity have become some primary risk factors of HCC. As intercellular messenger transporting information cargoes between cells, exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by most types of cells including tumor cells and non-tumor cells and play a pivotal role in establishing an HCC microenvironment. Exosomes, and more generally EVs, contain different molecules, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), proteins, lipids and transcription factors. The three main ncRNAs in exosomes are microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs). NcRNAs, identified as essential components, are selectively sorted into exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs show great potential in regulating tumor development, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape and drug resistance. Here, we chiefly review the formation and uptake of exosomes, classification of exosomal ncRNAs and current research on the roles of exosomal ncRNAs in HCC progression. We also explored their clinical applications as new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic avenues in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Hao
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhu Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Song S, Bai M, Li X, Gong S, Yang W, Lei C, Tian H, Si M, Hao X, Guo T. Early Predictive Value of Circulating Biomarkers for Sorafenib in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:361-378. [PMID: 35234564 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2049248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sorafenib is currently the first-line therapeutic regimen for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, many patients did not experience any benefit and suffered extreme adverse events and heavy economic burden. Thus, the early identification of patients who are most likely to benefit from sorafenib is needed. AREAS COVERED This review focused on the clinical application of circulating biomarkers (including conventional biomarkers, immune biomarkers, genetic biomarkers, and some novel biomarkers) in advanced HCC patients treated with sorafenib. An online search on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library was conducted from the inception to Aug 15, 2021. Studies investigating the predictive or prognostic value of these biomarkers were included. EXPERT OPINION The distinction of patients who may benefit from sorafenib treatment is of utmost importance. The predictive roles of circulating biomarkers could solve this problem. Many biomarkers can be obtained by liquid biopsy, which is a less or non-invasive approach. The short half-life of sorafenib could reflect the dynamic changes of tumor progression and monitor the treatment response. Circulating biomarkers obtained from liquid biopsy resulted as a promising assessment method in HCC, allowing for better treatment decisions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Song
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingzhen Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caining Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Tian
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, and Precision Medicine of Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Moubo Si
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, and Precision Medicine of Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangyong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, and Precision Medicine of Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiankang Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, and Precision Medicine of Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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35
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Li S, Chen L. Exosomes in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:793432. [PMID: 35155236 PMCID: PMC8828506 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.793432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm that are released by most types of cells and have been confirmed to be involved in many physical and pathological processes, especially in cell to cell communication. Compared with other vesicles, exosomes have a unique double-layer saclike structure that allows them to be present stably in various body fluids, including blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, and serous cavity effusion. The cargoes of exosomes reflect the characteristics of host cells. Due to the nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, heterogeneity in the bioactive substances usually exist in exosomes. In addition, exosomes can efficiently deliver cargoes to the target cells to exert pathological functions, playing important role in tumor occurrence, development, metastasis, immune regulation, and drug resistance. Previous studies have been shown that exosomes have wide applications in diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we discuss these recent findings and highlight the significant roles of exosomes in HCC, focusing on the effect and underlying mechanisms of exosomes to regulate HCC progression and the potential clinical value of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China.,The Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases (TTD) Between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Nanning, China
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Chen X, Chi H, Zhao X, Pan R, Wei Y, Han Y. Role of Exosomes in Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:2521025. [PMID: 35126514 PMCID: PMC8816547 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2521025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Since most patients with HCC are diagnosed at the intermediate or advanced stage and because HCC has a high incidence of metastasis and recurrence, it is one of the leading causes of cancer death. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles and are typically 30-150 nm in diameter. Originating from endosomes, they can be secreted by almost all living cells. They are widely present in various body fluids and serve as an important medium for the interactions between cells. A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. In this paper, we reviewed the recent researches on the multiple roles of tumor-associated exosomes in the progression of HCC. We laid particular focus on those researches that reveal how exosomes regulate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and how exosomal cargos affect the progression of HCC. Besides, we emphasize some prospective directions to achieve a more accurate and complete analysis of the HCC immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaozhao Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan, China
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Wei XC, Liu LJ, Zhu F. Exosomes as potential diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:334-347. [PMID: 35116120 PMCID: PMC8790408 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is the fourth most significant cause of cancer-related death. Lack of early diagnosis strategy and a scarcity of efficient therapy constitute the main reasons for its lethality. Exosomes, which contain various bioactive molecules, are characterized by high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high transport efficiency. As a result, exosomes have become a research hotspot and present significant potential for cancer diagnosis biomarkers, biotherapeutics, therapy targets, drug carriers and therapeutic agents. AIM To explore the potential of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search via PubMed and Web of Science. The following keywords were used: "exosomal biomarkers", "exosomal therapy", "exosomal therapy", and "liver cancer" or "HCC". The duplicate data were deleted by EndNote software. Literature search focused on full-texts and references of each article were carefully checked. One author (Xiao-Cui Wei) screened the literature that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) Detection of exosomes or their contents in clinical samples (body fluid or tissue); or (2) Exosomes served as drug carriers or therapeutic factors. Two authors (Xiao-Cui Wei and Li-Juan Liu) independently reviewed all retained literature and analyzed the information. RESULTS A total of 1295 studies were identified using the systematic literature search. Of these, 835 duplicate studies were removed. A further 402 irrelevant studies were excluded due to being irrelevant, including other diseases, review articles, the literature containing neither clinical samples nor animal experiments, exosome-independent studies, methods for detecting exosomes, or articles in Chinese. Finally, 58 published papers were retained and analyzed in the study. It showed a list of potential exosomal biomarkers that were upregulated in the blood samples of patients with liver cancer. Those downregulated in exosomes might serve as possible biotherapeutics. Some exosomes derived from cells in vitro were used for cytology or animal experiments to explore the mechanism of these exosome contents in disease. These contents might serve as potential targets for liver cancer. Additionally, we also discussed that exosomes serve as drug carriers or therapeutic factors. CONCLUSION Exosomes might serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic biotargets in liver cancer and have the potential to act as drug carriers and self-treatment factors for liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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The Predictive Efficacy of Serum Exosomal microRNA-122 and microRNA-148a for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Smart Healthcare. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5914541. [PMID: 35028121 PMCID: PMC8752226 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5914541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a devastating tumor globally. Serum exosomes are reliable biomarkers for tumors, including HCC. Hence, this study explored the efficacy and mechanism of serum exosomes in HCC. Methods microRNA (miR)-122 and miR-148a expressions in serum exosomes from HCC patients and healthy subjects and their predictive efficacy for HCC were detected. Correlation between serum exosomal miR-122/148a expressions with survival rate, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation level and levels of HCC-related serum markers (CA199, FucAFP, ALD-A, and AFu) were detected. PAX2 staining intensity and expression in HCC were measured. PAX2 predictive efficacy for HCC and its correlation with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation level, and HCC-related serum marker levels were analyzed. The targeted binding relationship between miR-122 and miR-148a and PAX2 was predicted and verified. Results Serum exosomal miR-122 and miR-148a expressions were downregulated in HCC, showing potent predictive efficacy for HCC, which was negatively related to clinical stage and lymph node metastasis and positively related to tumor differentiation level, patient survival rate, and HCC-related serum marker levels. PAX2 showed increased staining intensity and expression in HCC, together with high predictive efficacy for HCC. PAX2 expression showed a positive correlation with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis and a negative correlation with tumor differentiation level and HCC-related serum marker levels. miR-122 and miR-148a conjointly targeted PAX2 in HCC. Conclusion We demonstrated that serum exosomal miR-122 and miR-148a played a predictive role and were linked to prognosis in HCC via interactions with PAX2.
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Gastrointestinal cancer drug resistance: the role of exosomal miRNAs. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2421-2432. [PMID: 34850336 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer cells to therapeutic agents are one of the major problems in treating this type of cancer. Although the exact mechanism of drug resistance has not yet been fully elucidated, various factors have been identified as contributing factors involved in this process. Several studies have revealed the role of exosomes, especially exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs), in GI tumorigenesis, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Exosomes, a type of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), are originated from endosomes and are released into the extracellular environment and body fluids by different cell types. Exosomes mediate cell-cell communication by transferring different cargos, including miRNAs, between parent and recipient cells. Therefore, identifying these exosomal miRNAs and their functions in GI cancers might provide new clues to further explore the secret of this process and thus help in drug-resistance management. This review article will discuss the roles of exosomal miRNAs and their mechanisms of action in drug resistance of different types of GI cancer cells (e.g., stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and colon) to therapeutic agents.
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Li J, Gao N, Gao Z, Liu W, Pang B, Dong X, Li Y, Fan T. The Emerging Role of Exosomes in Cancer Chemoresistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:737962. [PMID: 34778252 PMCID: PMC8581179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.737962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is an impending challenge in cancer treatment. In recent years, exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40-150 nm in bloodstream and other bio-fluids, have attracted increasing interest. Exosomes contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which act as important signaling molecules. Many reports indicate that exosomes play critical roles in chemoresistance through intercellular interactions, including drug removal from cells, transfer of drug resistance phenotypes to other cancer cells, and the increase in plastic stem cell subsets. Exosomes can reflect the physiological and pathological state of parent cells. Owing to their elevated stability, specificity, and sensitivity, exosomes are served as biomarkers in liquid biopsies to monitor cancer chemoresistance, progression, and recurrence. This review summarizes the exosome-mediated mechanisms of cancer chemoresistance, as well as its role in reversing and monitoring chemoresistance. The scientific and technological challenges and future applications of exosomes are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengfan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bairen Pang
- St George Hospital, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Xingli Dong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,St George Hospital, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li C, Ni YQ, Xu H, Xiang QY, Zhao Y, Zhan JK, He JY, Li S, Liu YS. Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:383. [PMID: 34753929 PMCID: PMC8578673 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yu-Qing Ni
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qun-Yan Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jun-Kun Zhan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jie-Yu He
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - You-Shuo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Li S, Qiao S, Li N, Zhu X. MiR-744 Functions as an Oncogene Through Direct Binding to c-Fos Promoter and Facilitates Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Progression. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 29:1465-1475. [PMID: 34599436 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Previously, we reported that miR-744 exerted proto-oncogenic function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but the role of miR-744 during NSCLC development has not been established. We focused on the function and molecular mechanism of miR-744 in NSCLC. The clinical cohort data from TCGA were analyzed for the correlation of miR-744 and outcomes in NSCLC patients. Gain- and loss-of-function experiment was performed by transfection with miR-744 agomir or antagomir in NSCLC cell lines. The expression of mRNA and protein were analyzed by qPCR assays and Western blotting respectively. Cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed by CCK8 assays, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. Promoter activities and gene transcription were analyzed by luciferase reporter assays. Xenograft model was applied for in vivo study. High miR-744 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in NSCLC patient. MiR-744 aggravated the growth, invasion, and metastasis of NSCLC cells eventually induced the malignant phenotype and promotes radio/chemoresistance in vitro. The -1195 to -1227 and -298 to -323 bp upstream of c-FOS gene was observed to bind with miR-744. Lastly, miR-744 acted as a tumor promoter in lung cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. Taken together, our results indicated that miR-744 up-regulated c-Fos by binding with its promoter contributed to development of NSCLC cells malignant phenotype. Our findings highlight the potential value of miR-744, which may serve as a possible therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbiao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simiao Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Campos A, Sharma S, Obermair A, Salomon C. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miRNAs and Chemoresistance: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184608. [PMID: 34572835 PMCID: PMC8472653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an urgent need for a non-invasive, specific biomarker to identify patients at risk of chemoresistance, which it is the ability of cancer cells to escape the effect of chemotherapy drugs. Extracellular vesicles contain an abundance of miRNAs that demonstrate expression across a range of cancers including breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, lung cancer, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. Interestingly, miRNAs encapsulated within extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes display an association with chemoresistance. Here, we performed a systematic revision to evaluate the association between miRNAs within EVs and chemotherapy resistance. The summarized graphical abstract indicates that several exosome-derived miRNAs involved in chemotherapy resistance can be found among different types of cancers, such as colorectal, ovarian, breast, and lung cancer, and lymphoma. Abstract Cancer is a leading public health issue globally, and diagnosis is often associated with poor outcomes and reduced patient survival. One of the major contributors to the fatality resultant of cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapy, known as chemoresistance. Furthermore, there are limitations in our ability to identify patients that will respond to therapy, versus patients that will develop relapse, and display limited or no response to treatment. This often leads to patients being subjected to multiple futile treatment cycles, and results in a reduction in their quality of life. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to develop tools to identify patients at risk of chemoresistance, and recent literature has suggested that small extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, may be a vital source of information. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane bound vesicles, involved in cell-cell communication, through the transfer of their cargo, which includes proteins, lipids, and miRNAs. A defined exploration strategy was performed in this systematic review in order to provide a compilation of key EV miRNAs which may be predictive of chemoresistance. We searched the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases using the following keywords: Extracellular vesicles OR exosomes OR EVs AND miRNA AND Chemotherapy OR Chemoresistance OR Cancer Recurrence from 2010 to 2020. We found 31 articles that reported key EV-associated miRNAs involved in cancer recurrence related to chemoresistance. Interestingly, multiple studies of the same tumor type identified different microRNAs, and few studies identified the same ones. Specifically, miR-21, miR-222, and miR-155 displayed roles in response to chemotherapy, and were found to be common in colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients (DLBCL). miR-21 and miR-222 were found to favour the development of chemoresistance, whereas miR-155 exhibited a contrasting role, depending on the type of primary tumor. Whilst high levels of miR-155 were found to correlate with chemotherapy resistance in DLBCL, it was found to be predictive of an effective response towards chemotherapy in breast cancer. Thus, further research regarding the roles of these miRNAs would be beneficial in terms of designing novel tools to counteract the progression of cancer in a not-to-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- America Campos
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Obermair
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer Research, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Investigación, Postgrado y Educación Contínua (DIPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago 8370007, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-33465500; Fax: +61-7-3346-5509
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Li J, Hu C, Chao H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Hou J, Huang L. Exosomal transfer of miR-106a-5p contributes to cisplatin resistance and tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9183-9198. [PMID: 34469038 PMCID: PMC8500979 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a subclass of cancers of the neck and head, is a predominant cause of cancer‐associated death worldwide. Hence, there is a critical need for research into NPC‐related treatment strategies. Cisplatin is a promising therapy option for NPCs and other cancers that is frequently utilized. Some patients acquire resistance to cisplatin therapy, which complicates the successful use of cisplatin treatment in NPCs. Although exosomal transfer of oncogenic miRNAs has been shown to improve recipient cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance, the molecular mechanism behind this effect on NPC has yet to be fully understood. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) from cisplatin‐resistant cells were identified as significant mediators of chemoresistance in NPC cells in this investigation. Initially, we found that exosomal miR‐106a‐5p levels in the serum of chemoresistant and last‐cycle patients were greater than in that of non‐resistant and first‐cycle patients. Also, exosomal miR‐106a‐5p enhanced the proliferative ability of NPC cells. Mechanistically, exosomal miR‐106a‐5p targets ARNT2, which further activates AKT phosphorylation, and thus promotes NPC cell proliferation, decreases apoptosis and in turn regulates tumorigenesis. We found similar results using in vivo NPC models, where exosomal miR‐106a‐5p through regulation of ARNT2 (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2) promoted tumorigenesis. Taken together, these findings indicate that exosomal miR‐106a‐5p could be a promising diagnostic biomarker and drug target for patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- Guizhou university medical college, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaoquan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Chao
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Limin Huang
- Guizhou university medical college, Guiyang, China.,Department of Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Wang M, Wang Y, Ye F, Yu K, Wei W, Liu M, Wang R, Cui S. Exosome encapsulated ncRNAs in the development of HCC: potential circulatory biomarkers and clinical therapeutic targets. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3794-3812. [PMID: 34522450 PMCID: PMC8414376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most deadly malignant cancer in the world and has the third highest mortality rate among cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its poor prognosis can be attributed to late diagnosis, high risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Therefore, finding a new biomarker to help us in the early diagnosis, and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in recurrence and drug resistance is a reasonable research direction for clinical treatment of HCC. At present, the exosomes related to HCC have been confirmed to carry ncRNAs, transfer them to target cells, and bind corresponding target molecules. Furthermore, they affect the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inhibiting the function of the body's immune system. They play an important role in the recurrence and resistance of HCC. Besides, exosomes are stably expressed in body fluids such as sera, are easy to collect and cause little harm to the human body. They are the best candidates for liquid biopsy. Therefore, exosomal ncRNAs have application prospects as biomarkers and targeted molecules for therapy. This article summarizes the current research involving ncRNAs in HCC-related exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Ye
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weicheng Wei
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muyue Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital of PLANanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyun Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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Zheng W, Ji D, Zhou Y, Yu L, Huang P, Zheng Y, Meng N, Wang H, Bai X, Huang Z, Chen W, Yam JWP, Xu Y, Cui Y. Exosomal non-coding RNAs in Hepatobiliary Cancer: A Rising Star. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1777-1788. [PMID: 34376575 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary cancers are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a dismal prognosis. Despite intensive research efforts focused on these tumors, methods for early diagnosis and effective targeted therapies are still lacking. Exosomes, released by most cells, exist in all kinds of body fluids and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They are small membranous vesicles containing biological molecules, such as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are not translated into proteins, but they exert effects on the regulation of gene transcription and translation. There is growing evidence for the essential roles of ncRNAs in exosomes in both physiological and pathological conditions of hepatobiliary cancers. They have been identified as sensitive diagnostic biomarkers as well as potential therapeutic targets. The present review discusses recent findings in the crosstalk between hepatobiliary cancers cells and the surrounding cells of the microenvironment and discuss their potential clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Zheng
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Daolin Ji
- Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Yongxu Zhou
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Liang Yu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Peng Huang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Yuling Zheng
- Department of Pediatric, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Nanfeng Meng
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Hang Wang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma/Cancer Center, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute/Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - ZiYue Huang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Wangming Chen
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Judy W P Yam
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
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47
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Hu X, Zhu H, Shen Y, Zhang X, He X, Xu X. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696705. [PMID: 34367979 PMCID: PMC8340683 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Sorafenib is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be a first-line chemotherapy agent for patients with advanced HCC. A portion of advanced HCC patients can benefit from the treatment with sorafenib, but many patients ultimately develop sorafenib resistance, leading to a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of sorafenib resistance are sophisticated and indefinite. Notably, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which include long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are critically participated in the occurrence and progression of tumors. Moreover, growing evidence has suggested that ncRNAs are crucial regulators in the development of resistance to sorafenib. Herein, we integrally and systematically summarized the molecular mechanisms and vital role of ncRNAs impact sorafenib resistance of HCC, and ultimately explored the potential clinical administrations of ncRNAs as new prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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48
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Zeng Z, Lu Q, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Hu L, Shi Z, Tu Y, Xiao Z, Xu Q, Huang D. Effect of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor on Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641522. [PMID: 34307125 PMCID: PMC8292964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the first-line drug for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, it suppresses tumor angiogenesis, cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Although sorafenib effectively prolongs median survival rates of patients with advanced HCC, its efficacy is limited by drug resistance in some patients. In HCC, this resistance is attributed to multiple complex mechanisms. Previous clinical data has shown that HIFs expression is a predictor of poor prognosis, with further evidence demonstrating that a combination of sorafenib and HIFs-targeted therapy or HIFs inhibitors can overcome HCC sorafenib resistance. Here, we describe the molecular mechanism underlying sorafenib resistance in HCC patients, and highlight the impact of hypoxia microenvironment on sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zeng
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Lu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linjun Hu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Tu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zunqiang Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
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49
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Lee YT, Tran BV, Wang JJ, Liang IY, You S, Zhu Y, Agopian VG, Tseng HR, Yang JD. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Disease Progression and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3076. [PMID: 34203086 PMCID: PMC8233859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the improvements in surveillance and treatment, the prognosis of HCC remains poor. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of phospholipid bilayer-enclosed particles circulating in the bloodstream and mediating intercellular communication. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play a crucial role in regulating the proliferation, immune escape, and metastasis of HCC. In addition, because EVs are present in the circulation at relatively early stages of disease, they are getting attention as an attractive biomarker for HCC detection. Over the past decade, dedicated efforts have been made to isolate EVs more efficiently and make them useful tools in different clinical settings. In this review article, we provide an overview of the EVs isolation methods and highlight the role of EVs as mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications of EVs in early-stage HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Te Lee
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Benjamin V. Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine J. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Icy Y. Liang
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
| | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Vatche G. Agopian
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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50
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Costanzi E, Simioni C, Varano G, Brenna C, Conti I, Neri LM. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Shuttles of RNA and Their Clinical Significance as Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060902. [PMID: 34207985 PMCID: PMC8230662 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest as mediators of intercellular communication following the discovery that EVs contain RNA molecules, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Growing evidence for the enrichment of peculiar RNA species in specific EV subtypes has been demonstrated. ncRNAs, transferred from donor cells to recipient cells, confer to EVs the feature to regulate the expression of genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. These multiple actions require accuracy in the isolation of RNA content from EVs and the methodologies used play a relevant role. In liver, EVs play a crucial role in regulating cell-cell communications and several pathophysiological events in the heterogeneous liver class of cells via horizontal transfer of their cargo. This review aims to discuss the rising role of EVs and their ncRNAs content in regulating specific aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma development, including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. We analyze the progress in EV-ncRNAs' potential clinical applications as important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Costanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.C.); (G.V.); (C.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.C.); (G.V.); (C.B.); (I.C.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.C.); (G.V.); (C.B.); (I.C.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.C.); (G.V.); (C.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Luca Maria Neri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.C.); (G.V.); (C.B.); (I.C.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455940
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