1
|
Cunanan J, Rajyam SS, Sharif B, Udwan K, Rana A, De Gregorio V, Ricardo S, Elia A, Brooks B, Weins A, Pollak M, John R, Barua M. Mice with a Pax2 missense variant display impaired glomerular repair. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F704-F726. [PMID: 38482556 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PAX2 regulates kidney development, and its expression persists in parietal epithelial cells (PECs), potentially serving as a podocyte reserve. We hypothesized that mice with a Pax2 pathogenic missense variant (Pax2A220G/+) have impaired PEC-mediated podocyte regeneration. Embryonic wild-type mouse kidneys showed overlapping expression of PAX2/Wilms' tumor-1 (WT-1) until PEC and podocyte differentiation, reflecting a close lineage relationship. Embryonic and adult Pax2A220G/+ mice have reduced nephron number but demonstrated no glomerular disease under baseline conditions. Pax2A220G/+ mice compared with wild-type mice were more susceptible to glomerular disease after adriamycin (ADR)-induced podocyte injury, as demonstrated by worsened glomerular scarring, increased podocyte foot process effacement, and podocyte loss. There was a decrease in PAX2-expressing PECs in wild-type mice after adriamycin injury accompanied by the occurrence of PAX2/WT-1-coexpressing glomerular tuft cells. In contrast, Pax2A220G/+ mice showed no changes in the numbers of PAX2-expressing PECs after adriamycin injury, associated with fewer PAX2/WT-1-coexpressing glomerular tuft cells compared with injured wild-type mice. A subset of PAX2-expressing glomerular tuft cells after adriamycin injury was increased in Pax2A220G/+ mice, suggesting a pathological process given the worse outcomes observed in this group. Finally, Pax2A220G/+ mice have increased numbers of glomerular tuft cells expressing Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 compared with wild-type mice after adriamycin injury, consistent with maladaptive responses to podocyte loss. Collectively, our results suggest that decreased glomerular numbers in Pax2A220G/+ mice are likely compounded with the inability of their mutated PECs to regenerate podocyte loss, and together these two mechanisms drive the worsened focal segmental glomerular sclerosis phenotype in these mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract comprise some of the leading causes of kidney failure in children, but our previous study showed that one of its genetic causes, PAX2, is also associated with adult-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. Using a clinically relevant model, our present study demonstrated that after podocyte injury, parietal epithelial cells expressing PAX2 are deployed into the glomerular tuft to assist in repair in wild-type mice, but this mechanism is impaired in Pax2A220G/+ mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cunanan
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarada Sriya Rajyam
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bedra Sharif
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Udwan
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akanchaya Rana
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa De Gregorio
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Ricardo
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Elia
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Astrid Weins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Martin Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rohan John
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moumita Barua
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Li L, Liu H, Qin P, Chen R, Liu S, Xiong H, Li Y, Yang Z, Xie M, Yang H, Jiang Q. PAX2 is regulated by estrogen/progesterone through promoter methylation in endometrioid adenocarcinoma and has an important role in carcinogenesis via the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Pathol 2024; 262:467-479. [PMID: 38185904 DOI: 10.1002/path.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEC) is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on early diagnosis and treatment. PAX2 (Paired box 2) inactivation is reportedly an important biomarker for endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and EEC. However, the role of PAX2 in EEC carcinogenesis remains unclear. PAX2 expression and associated clinical characteristics were analyzed via The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia databases and clinical paired EIN/EEC tissue samples. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify the putative molecular function and mechanism of PAX2. Cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and invasion assays in vitro, and mouse xenograft models were utilized to study the biological functions of PAX2 in vivo. Pyrosequencing and the demethylating drug 5-Aza-dc were used to verify promoter methylation in clinical tissues and cell lines, respectively. The mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) on PAX2 expression was investigated by receptor block assay and double luciferase reporter assay. PAX2 expression was found to be significantly downregulated in EIN and EEC tissues, its overexpression inhibited EEC cell malignant behaviors in vivo and in vitro and inhibited the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PAX2 inactivation in EEC was related to promoter methylation, and its expression was regulated by E2 and P4 through their receptors via promoter methylation. Our findings elucidated the expression and function of PAX2 in EEC and have provided hitherto undocumented evidence of the underlying molecular mechanisms. PAX2 expression is suppressed by estrogen prompting its methylation through estrogen receptor. Furthermore, PAX2 regulates the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to influence EEC progression. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Pathology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, PR China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Qin
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanzhen Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongfeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mingyu Xie
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haili Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beamish JA, Telang AC, McElliott MC, Al-Suraimi A, Chowdhury M, Ference-Salo JT, Otto EA, Menon R, Soofi A, Weinberg JM, Patel SR, Dressler GR. Pax protein depletion in proximal tubules triggers conserved mechanisms of resistance to acute ischemic kidney injury preventing transition to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105:312-327. [PMID: 37977366 PMCID: PMC10958455 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition that lacks effective treatments. In part, this shortcoming is due to an incomplete understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control pathogenesis and recovery. Identifying the molecular and genetic regulators unique to nephron segments that dictate vulnerability to injury and regenerative potential could lead to new therapeutic targets to treat ischemic kidney injury. Pax2 and Pax8 are homologous transcription factors with overlapping functions that are critical for kidney development and are re-activated in AKI. Here, we examined the role of Pax2 and Pax8 in recovery from ischemic AKI and found them upregulated after severe AKI and correlated with chronic injury. Surprisingly, proximal-tubule-selective deletion of Pax2 and Pax8 resulted in a less severe chronic injury phenotype. This effect was mediated by protection against the acute insult, similar to pre-conditioning. Prior to injury, Pax2 and Pax8 mutant mice develop a unique subpopulation of proximal tubule cells in the S3 segment that displayed features usually seen only in acute or chronic injury. The expression signature of these cells was strongly enriched with genes associated with other mechanisms of protection against ischemic AKI including caloric restriction, hypoxic pre-conditioning, and female sex. Thus, our results identified a novel role for Pax2 and Pax8 in mature proximal tubules that regulates critical genes and pathways involved in both the injury response and protection from ischemic AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Asha C Telang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison C McElliott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anas Al-Suraimi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mahboob Chowdhury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jenna T Ference-Salo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdul Soofi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joel M Weinberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjeevkumar R Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matouk AI, Awad EM, Mousa AAK, Abdelhafez SMN, Fahmy UA, El-Moselhy MA, Abdel-Naim AB, Anter A. Dihydromyricetin protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via upregulation of renal SIRT3 and PAX2. Life Sci 2024; 336:122318. [PMID: 38035992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its widespread use as an effective antibacterial agent. Oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic cell death are major participants in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. We therefore, investigated whether dihydromyricetin (DHM), the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, could protect against the nephrotoxic effects of gentamicin. METHODS Male Wistar rats administrated gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 8 days. DHM (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was concurrently given with gentamicin for 8 days. Control group received the vehicle of DHM and gentamicin. Histopathological examinations, biochemical measurements and immunohistochemical analyses were done at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with DHM improved the gentamicin induced deterioration of renal functions; serum levels of urea, creatinine and cystatin-C as well as urinary levels of Kim-1 and NGAL, the sensitive indicators for early renal damage, were declined. Additionally, DHM abrogated gentamicin-induced changes in kidney morphology. These nephroprotective effects were possibly mediated via decreasing renal gentamicin buildup, activating the antioxidant enzymes GSH, SOD and CAT and decreasing lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels. Further, DHM suppressed renal inflammation and apoptotic cell death by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), TNF-alpha and caspase-3. These effects were correlated to the upregulation of renal SIRT3 expression. Also, DHM activated the regeneration and replacement of injured tubular cells with new ones via enhancing PAX2 expression. SIGNIFICANCE DHM is a promising therapeutic target that could prevent acute renal injury induced by gentamicin and help renal tubular cells to recover through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa I Matouk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amr A K Mousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sara M N Abdelhafez
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliaa Anter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan AL, Christensen SE, Baker AK, Riley BB. Fgf, Hh, and pax2a differentially regulate expression of pax5 and pou3f3b in vestibular and auditory maculae in the zebrafish otic vesicle. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1269-1279. [PMID: 37171017 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate inner ear contains distinct sensory epithelia specialized for auditory or vestibular function. In zebrafish, the first sensory epithelia form at opposite ends of the otic vesicle and are functionally distinct: the anterior utricular macula is essential for vestibular function whereas the posterior saccular macula is critical for hearing. Mechanisms distinguishing these maculae are not clear. Here, we examined the effects of manipulating Fgf or Hh on expression of pax5 and pou3f3b, unique markers of utricular and saccular identity. We also examined the roles of pax2a and atoh1a/b, early regulators of sensory specification. RESULTS fgf3 and fgf8a were uniquely required for pax5 and pou3f3b, respectively. Elevating Fgf or blocking Hh expanded expression of pax5 but repressed pou3f3b, while blocking Fgf had the opposite effect. Blocking sensory specification did not affect pax5 or pou3f3b, but both markers were lost in pax2a-/- mutants. Maintenance of pax2a expression requires Fgf, Hh and Pax2a itself. CONCLUSION Specification of utricular identity requires high Fgf and is repressed by Hh, whereas saccular identity requires Hh plus low Fgf. pax2a acts downstream of Fgf and Hh to maintain both fates. Comparison with mouse suggests this may reflect a broadly conserved developmental mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Tan
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce B Riley
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lucas E, Niu S, Aguilar M, Molberg K, Carrick K, Rivera-Colon G, Gwin K, Wang Y, Zheng W, Castrillon DH, Chen H. Utility of a PAX2, PTEN, and β-catenin Panel in the Diagnosis of Atypical Hyperplasia/Endometrioid Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Endometrial Polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:1019-1026. [PMID: 37314146 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasm (AH/EIN) within endometrial polyps (EMPs) often poses a diagnostic conundrum. Our previous studies demonstrated that a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers consisting of PAX2, PTEN, and β-catenin can be effectively utilized for the identification of AH/EIN. A total of 105 AH/EIN within EMP were analyzed using the 3-marker panel. We also evaluated these cases for the presence of morules. Benign EMP (n=90) and AH/EIN unassociated with polyp (n=111) served as controls. Aberrant expression of PAX2, PTEN, or β-catenin was observed in AH/EIN in EMP in 64.8%, 39.0%, and 61.9% of cases, respectively. At least 1 IHC marker was abnormal in 92.4% of cases. Overall, 60% of AH/EIN in EMP demonstrated abnormal results for≥2 IHC markers. The prevalence of PAX2 aberrancy was significantly lower in AH/EIN in EMP than in nonpolyp AH/EIN (64.8% vs. 81.1%, P =0.007), but higher than in benign EMP (64.8% vs. 14.4%, P <0.00001). The prevalence of β-catenin aberrancy was significantly higher in AH/EIN in EMP than in nonpolyp AH/EIN (61.9% vs. 47.7%, P =0.037). All control benign EMP demonstrated normal expression of PTEN and β-catenin. Morules were present in 38.1% of AH/EIN in EMP versus 24.3% in nonpolyp AH/EIN, and absent in benign EMP. A strong positive association was found between β-catenin and morules (Φ=0.64). Overall, 90% cases of atypical polypoid adenomyoma (n=6) and mucinous papillary proliferation (n=4) showed IHC marker aberrancy. In conclusion, the 3-marker IHC panel (PAX2, PTEN, and β-catenin) is (1) a useful tool in the diagnosis of AH/EIN in EMP; (2) PAX2 loss should be interpreted with caution and in combination with morphology and other markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucas
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Shuang Niu
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Kyle Molberg
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Kelley Carrick
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Katja Gwin
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aguilar M, Chen H, Rivera-Colon G, Niu S, Carrick K, Gwin K, Cuevas IC, Sahoo SS, Li HD, Zhang S, Zheng W, Lucas E, Castrillon DH. Reliable Identification of Endometrial Precancers Through Combined Pax2, β-Catenin, and Pten Immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:404-414. [PMID: 34545858 PMCID: PMC8860214 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of endometrial atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (AH/EIN) remains challenging and subjective in some cases, with variable histologic criteria and differences of opinion among gynecologic pathologists, potentially leading to under/overtreatment. There has been growing interest in the use of specific immunohistochemical markers as adjuncts in AH/EIN diagnosis. For example, the World Health Organization 2020 Classification specifies that loss of Pten, Pax2, or mismatch repair proteins are desirable diagnostic criteria. Other markers, most notably β-catenin and Arid1a, are also aberrantly expressed in some AH/EIN. However, the performance of some markers individually-and more importantly as a group-has not been rigorously explored, raising questions as to which marker(s) or combination(s) is the most effective in practice. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from AH/EIN cases (n=111) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for 6 markers: Pax2, Pten, Mlh1, β-catenin, Arid1a, and p53. Aberrant expression was tabulated for each case and marker. An additional set of normal endometria (n=79) was also analyzed to define optimal diagnostic criteria for marker aberrance. The performance characteristics of each marker, the entire panel, and subsets thereof were quantitatively and statistically analyzed. In order of number of cases detected, the most frequently aberrant markers in AH/EIN were Pax2 (81.1% of cases), Pten (50.5%), β-catenin (47.7%), Arid1a (7.2%), Mlh1 (4.5%), and p53 (2.7%). The majority of cases showed aberrant expression of ≥2 markers. All 6 markers together identified 92.8% of cases. Arid1a, Mlh1, and p53 were robust and readily scored markers, but all cases showing aberrant expression of these 3 markers were also detected by Pax2, Pten, or β-catenin. A focused panel of only 3 markers (Pax2, Pten, and β-catenin) showed optimal performance characteristics as a diagnostic adjunct in the histopathologic diagnosis of AH/EIN. Use of this panel is practicable and robust, with at least 1 of the 3 markers being aberrant in 92.8% of AH/EIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Song Zhang
- Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical School
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Departments of Pathology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elena Lucas
- Departments of Pathology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Diego H. Castrillon
- Departments of Pathology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Gong L. Impact of WNT Pathway Blockade on the Biological Characteristics of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Stably Transfected with PAX2. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2021; 51:368-375. [PMID: 34162567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The WNT pathway might be the primary pathway for the regulation of renal development by PAX2. In this study, we aimed to observe the migration and invasion abilities of human tubular epithelial cells stably transfected with PAX2 upon the WNT pathway blockade and to investigate whether the WNT pathway is involved in the regulation of cellular biological activity by PAX2. METHODS 1. Control cells-PAX2 and control cells+PAX2 groups were formed for monitoring the expression of PAX2 and β-catenin mRNA using RT-qPCR. 2. The PAX2-expressing cells were treated with WIF-1 (5 μg/ml), WIF-1 (10 μg/ml), or WIF-1 (15 μg/ml), and the effect was analyzed by Western blotting analysis after the WNT pathway blockade. 3. The migration and invasion abilities of the PAX2-expressing cells were evaluated using cell-scratch and transwell assays after blocking the WNT pathway. RESULTS 1. RT-qPCR: The expression of PAX2 and β-catenin increased significantly in the PAX2-expressing cells (P<0.05). 2. Upon treatment with WIF-1, the expression of β-catenin in the PAX2 cells+WIF-1 5 μg/ml group, PAX2 cells+WIF-1 10μg/ml group, and PAX2 cells+WIF-1 15 μg/ml group decreased significantly compared to in the PAX2 cells-WIF-1 group (P<0.05), especially the WIF-1 (15 μg/ml) group (P<0.05). 3. The cell migration rate in the PAX2 cells + WIF-1 (15 μg/ml) group at 18 h was significantly lower than that in the PAX2 cells-WIF-1 group (P<0.05). 3. Transwell assay: the invasion ability in the PAX2 cells+WIF-1 (15 μg/ml) group was lower than that in the PAX2 cells-WIF-1 group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION WNT pathway blockade can weaken the migration and invasion abilities of PAX2-expressing cells. Moreover, the WNT pathway was observed to be associated with the regulation of cellular biological activity by PAX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Somisetty VS, Bai B, Chernukhin I, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Bellet M, Carroll JS, Hurtado A. The proapoptotic gene interferon regulatory factor-1 mediates the antiproliferative outcome of paired box 2 gene and tamoxifen. Oncogene 2020; 39:6300-6312. [PMID: 32843722 PMCID: PMC7529584 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most prescribed selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator in patients with ER-positive breast cancers. Tamoxifen requires the transcription factor paired box 2 protein (PAX2) to repress the transcription of ERBB2/HER2. Now, we identified that PAX2 inhibits cell growth of ER+/HER2- tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we have identified that cell growth inhibition can be achieved by expressing moderate levels of PAX2 in combination with tamoxifen treatment. Global run-on sequencing of cells overexpressing PAX2, when coupled with PAX2 ChIP-seq, identified common targets regulated by both PAX2 and tamoxifen. The data revealed that PAX2 can inhibit estrogen-induced gene transcription and this effect is enhanced by tamoxifen, suggesting that they converge on repression of the same targets. Moreover, PAX2 and tamoxifen have an additive effect and both induce coding genes and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). PAX2-tamoxifen upregulated genes are also enriched with PAX2 eRNAs. The enrichment of eRNAs is associated with the highest expression of genes that positivity regulate apoptotic processes. In luminal tumors, the expression of a subset of these proapoptotic genes predicts good outcome and their expression are significantly reduced in tumors of patients with relapse to tamoxifen treatment. Mechanistically, PAX2 and tamoxifen coexert an antitumoral effect by maintaining high levels of transcription of tumor suppressors that promote cell death. The apoptotic effect is mediated in large part by the gene interferon regulatory factor 1. Altogether, we conclude that PAX2 contributes to better clinical outcome in tamoxifen treated ER-positive breast cancer patients by repressing estrogen signaling and inducing cell death related pathways.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- PAX2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Wang
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Venkata S Somisetty
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Cell Cycle Regulations Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Igor Chernukhin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meritxell Bellet
- Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Antoni Hurtado
- Cancer Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08014, Barcelona, Spain.
- August Pi i Sunyer Research Center (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló, 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh S, Pavuluri S, Jyothi Lakshmi B, Biswa BB, Venkatachalam B, Tripura C, Kumar S. Molecular characterization of Wdr13 knockout female mice uteri: a model for human endometrial hyperplasia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14621. [PMID: 32883989 PMCID: PMC7471898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a condition where uterine endometrial glands show excessive proliferation of epithelial cells that may subsequently progress into endometrial cancer (EC). Modern lifestyle disorders such as obesity, hormonal changes and hyperinsulinemia are known risk factors for EH. A mouse strain that mimics most of these risk factors would be an ideal model to study the stage-wise progression of EH disease and develop suitable treatment strategies. Wdr13, an X-linked gene, is evolutionarily conserved and expressed in several tissues including uteri. In the present study, Wdr13 knockout female mice developed benign proliferative epithelium that progressed into EH at around one year of age accompanied by an increase in body weight and elevated estradiol levels. Molecular characterization studies revealed increase in ERα, PI3K and a decrease in PAX2 and ERβ proteins in Wdr13 mutant mice uteri. Further, a decrease in the mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitors, namely; p21 and cyclin G2 was seen. Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the uterine tissue of knockout mice at around 12 months of age. These physiological, molecular and pathological patterns were similar to those routinely seen in human EH disease and demonstrated the importance of WDR13 in mice uterine tissue. Thus, the genetic loss of Wdr13 in these mice led to mimicking of the human EH associated metabolic disorders making Wdr13 knockout female mice a potential animal model to study human endometrial hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Sivapriya Pavuluri
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - B Jyothi Lakshmi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Bhim B Biswa
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Bharathi Venkatachalam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Chaturvedula Tripura
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh SH, Keum C, Her M, Chung WY, Kim YH, Kim T. A Novel Missense Mutation (L44V) of PAX2 Associated with Adult-Onset End-Stage Renal Disease and No Syndromic Features. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:687-690. [PMID: 33067217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paired box (PAX) 2, encoded on chromosome 10 in humans, plays a key role in kidney development. The first 3 exons of the gene are highly conserved among species. PAX2 mutations in autosomal dominant papillorenal syndrome (OMIM #120330) are associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney, urinary tract, and eye. A 37-year-old male was admitted to our transplant center for kidney transplantation due to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) caused by chronic glomerulonephritis. Interestingly, 5 members of his family also suffered from ESRD requiring hemodialysis in adulthood. Other ocular or brain anomalies were not reported in this pedigree. We extracted genomic DNA from buccal swabs or peripheral blood samples from the proband and his family members. We identified a novel heterozygous c.130C>G (p.Leu44Val) missense PAX2 mutation in this family by exome sequencing analysis, which we confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the affected family members. This mutation is located in the N-terminus of the paired box domain of PAX2 and predicted to be a pathogenic mutation by in-silico analysis. We report a novel PAX2 mutation identified by exome sequencing in a family with adult ESRD in the absence of other congenital syndromic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan
| | | | - Minyoung Her
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pyeongtaek Good Morning Hospital, Pyeongtaek
| | - Woo Yeong Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Rare Disease Center, Inje University, Busan
| | - Yeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Saka AM, Zamzam YA, Zamzam YA, El-Dorf A. Could Obesity be a Triggering Factor for Endometrial Tubal Metaplasia to be a Precancerous Lesion? J Obes 2020; 2020:2825905. [PMID: 32300484 PMCID: PMC7136792 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2825905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endometrial tubal metaplasia (ETM) is mostly described in conjunction with unopposed estrogen levels, and its association with endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma (EC) is striking. Obesity is a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia and EC development. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of BMI and serum estradiol level on expression of PAX-2, H-TERT, P16, Ki-67, and P53 in studied ETM in reference to benign endometrium and EC. METHODS The study was conducted on the following groups: group (1) consists of 57 cases that had endometrial biopsies with histologically demonstrable ETM (typical or atypical) and all were subjected to serum estradiol levelling and body mass index (BMI) evaluation; group (2) had adjacent benign endometrial tissue as control; group (3) consists of 52 cases of conventional endometrial carcinoma and 16 serous carcinoma paraffin blocks which were collected and reevaluated. All included groups were immunostained for PAX-2, H-TERT, p16, ki67, and p53. RESULTS The relation between BMI and serum estradiol level in group 1 and PAX-2, H-TERT, P16, and p53 was statistically significant, while their relation with atypia and ki67 expression was insignificant. Twenty-three ETM cases (40.4%) out of group 1 were all (100%) obese, 87% had high serum estradiol level, and 73.9% were postmenopausal and had a similar immunohistochemical profile as EC cases (group 3). CONCLUSIONS The presence of ETM regardless of the histologic atypia in obese postmenopausal patients with high serum estradiol level is an alarming sign. This implies that ETM might not be as benign as generally accepted, as under certain clinical conditions, it may turn into a potential premalignant lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. El-Saka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yomna A. Zamzam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yosra A. Zamzam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Dorf
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang S, Yang R, Lin R, Si L. MicroRNA-375 inhibits the growth, drug sensitivity and metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells by targeting PAX2. J BUON 2019; 24:2341-2346. [PMID: 31983104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer is responsible for a significant number of deaths in women and there is urgent need to develop efficient treatment strategies for this disease. Studies have shown microRNAs (miRs) are involved in diverse cellular processes and exhibit therapeutic implications. Herein, the role of miR-375 in ovarian cancer was explored. METHODS OVACAR-3 cell line was mainly used in this research. Expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was used for cell migration and invasion. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression. RESULTS Gene expression analysis carried out by qRT-PCR of ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues revealed significant downregulation of miR-375. Ectopic expression of miR-375 halted the growth of the OVACAR-3 cells by triggering G2/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, miR-375 also caused a significant decrease in the migratory and invasive potential of the OAVACAR-3 cells and enhanced their chemosensitivity to cisplatin. Bioinformatic analysis and the dual luciferase showed that miR-375 targets PAX2 in OVACAR-3 cells. Suppression of PAX2 inhibits the growth of the OVACAR-3 cells while PAX2 overexpression could avoid the growth inhibitory effects of miR-375 in OVACAR-3 cells. CONCLUSION miR-375 may prove to be an important therapeutic target in ovarian cancer and warrants further research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Puñal VM, Paisley CE, Brecha FS, Lee MA, Perelli RM, Wang J, O’Koren EG, Ackley CR, Saban DR, Reese BE, Kay JN. Large-scale death of retinal astrocytes during normal development is non-apoptotic and implemented by microglia. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000492. [PMID: 31626642 PMCID: PMC6821132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring cell death is a fundamental developmental mechanism for regulating cell numbers and sculpting developing organs. This is particularly true in the nervous system, where large numbers of neurons and oligodendrocytes are eliminated via apoptosis during normal development. Given the profound impact of death upon these two major cell populations, it is surprising that developmental death of another major cell type—the astrocyte—has rarely been studied. It is presently unclear whether astrocytes are subject to significant developmental death, and if so, how it occurs. Here, we address these questions using mouse retinal astrocytes as our model system. We show that the total number of retinal astrocytes declines by over 3-fold during a death period spanning postnatal days 5–14. Surprisingly, these astrocytes do not die by apoptosis, the canonical mechanism underlying the vast majority of developmental cell death. Instead, we find that microglia engulf astrocytes during the death period to promote their developmental removal. Genetic ablation of microglia inhibits astrocyte death, leading to a larger astrocyte population size at the end of the death period. However, astrocyte death is not completely blocked in the absence of microglia, apparently due to the ability of astrocytes to engulf each other. Nevertheless, mice lacking microglia showed significant anatomical changes to the retinal astrocyte network, with functional consequences for the astrocyte-associated vasculature leading to retinal hemorrhage. These results establish a novel modality for naturally occurring cell death and demonstrate its importance for the formation and integrity of the retinal gliovascular network. A study of the neonatal mouse retina shows that developmental cell death of retinal astrocytes does not occur by apoptosis but is instead mediated by microglia, which kill and engulf astrocytes to effect their developmental removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Puñal
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caitlin E. Paisley
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Federica S. Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica A. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robin M. Perelli
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily G. O’Koren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caroline R. Ackley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aier I, Semwal R, Dhara A, Sen N, Varadwaj PK. An integrated epigenome and transcriptome analysis identifies PAX2 as a master regulator of drug resistance in high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223554. [PMID: 31622355 PMCID: PMC6797122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is notoriously difficult to treat due to its aggressive, ever resilient nature. A major drawback lies in its tumor grade; a phenomenon observed across various carcinomas, where highly differentiated and undifferentiated tumor grades, termed as low and high grade respectively, are found in the same tumor. One eminent problem due to such heterogeneity is drug resistance in PDAC. This has been implicated to ABC transporter family of proteins that are upregulated in PDAC patients. However, the regulation of these transporters with respect to tumor grade in PDAC is not well understood. To combat these issues, a study was designed to identify novel genes that might regulate drug resistance phenotype and be used as targets. By integrating epigenome with transcriptome data, several genes were identified based around high grade PDAC. Further analysis indicated oncogenic PAX2 transcription factor as a novel regulator of drug resistance in high grade PDAC cell lines. It was observed that silencing of PAX2 resulted in increased susceptibility of high grade PDAC cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, the study showed that PAX2 protein can bind and alter transcriptionally; expression of many ABC transporter genes in high grade PDAC cell lines. Overall, the study indicated that PAX2 significantly upregulated ABC family of genes resulting in drug resistance and poor survival in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imlimaong Aier
- Department of Bioinformatics & Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology—Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Semwal
- Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Information Technology—Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aiindrila Dhara
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Nirmalya Sen
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- S.N.Bose Innovation Centre, University Of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Bioinformatics & Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology—Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lozano DC, Choe TE, Cepurna WO, Morrison JC, Johnson EC. Early Optic Nerve Head Glial Proliferation and Jak-Stat Pathway Activation in Chronic Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:921-932. [PMID: 30835784 PMCID: PMC6402265 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported increased expression of cell proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway-related genes in chronic experimental glaucoma model optic nerve heads (ONH) with early, mild injury. Here, we confirm these observations by localizing, identifying, and quantifying ONH cellular proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway activation in this model. METHODS Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was achieved via outflow pathway sclerosis. After 5 weeks, ONH longitudinal sections were immunolabeled with proliferation and cell-type markers to determine nuclear densities in the anterior (unmyelinated) and transition (partially myelinated) ONH. Nuclear pStat3 labeling was used to detect Jak-Stat pathway activation. Nuclear density differences between control ONH (uninjected) and ONH with either early or advanced injury (determined by optic nerve injury grading) were identified by ANOVA. RESULTS Advanced injury ONH had twice the nuclear density (P < 0.0001) of controls and significantly greater astrocyte density in anterior (P = 0.0001) and transition (P = 0.006) ONH regions. An increased optic nerve injury grade positively correlated with increased microglia/macrophage density in anterior and transition ONH (P < 0.0001, both). Oligodendroglial density was unaffected. In glaucoma model ONH, 80% of anterior and 66% of transition region proliferating cells were astrocytes. Nuclear pStat3 labeling significantly increased in early injury anterior ONH, and 95% colocalized with astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes account for the majority of proliferating cells, contributing to a doubled nuclear density in advanced injury ONH. Jak-Stat pathway activation is apparent in the early injury glaucoma model ONH. These data confirm dramatic astrocyte cell proliferation and early Jak-Stat pathway activation in ONH injured by elevated IOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rewcastle E, Varhaugvik AE, Gudlaugsson E, Steinbakk A, Skaland I, van Diermen B, Baak JP, Janssen EAM. Assessing the prognostic value of PAX2 and PTEN in endometrial carcinogenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:981-991. [PMID: 30400021 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the consequences of over- and under-treatment of endometrial hyperplasia, diagnostic accuracy and progression risk assessment must be improved. The aim of this study was to assess whether PAX2 or PTEN expression could predict progression-free survival in endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC). Immunohistochemistry for detection of PAX2 and PTEN was performed on 348 endometrial samples; 75 proliferative endometrium (PE), 36 EIN and 237 EEC. Cases classified as PTEN null (1 or more glands negatively stained) were more prevalent in EEC than in PE and EIN (64% EEC vs 11% PE/EIN). A progressive decrease in PAX2 expression was observed from PE to EIN to EEC. Long-term clinical follow-up (6-310 months, median: 126) was available for 62 PE cases, all 36 EIN cases and 178 EEC cases. No patients with PE demonstrated progression to EIN or EEC. Progression of disease was observed in 10 (28%) EIN patients. These patients had significantly lower PAX2 expression than those that regressed (P = 0.005). Progression-free survival analysis revealed that EIN patients with a high-risk PAX2 expression score (H-score ≤75) had a higher probability of progression of disease in comparison to those with a low-risk score (H-score >75). PAX2 expression was not prognostic in EEC nor was PTEN status of prognostic value in either EIN or EEC. PAX2 expression analysis by means of H-score has prognostic potential for the identification of high-risk progression cases in EIN but needs to be validated in a larger cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rewcastle
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anne Elin Varhaugvik
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Helse Møre og Romsdal, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Einar Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anita Steinbakk
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Stavanger-Gynekologene AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ivar Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bianca van Diermen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan P Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Dr. Med. Jan Baak AS, Tananger, Norway
| | - Emiel A M Janssen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Browne JA, Leir SH, Eggener SE, Harris A. Region-specific innate antiviral responses of the human epididymis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:72-78. [PMID: 29339104 PMCID: PMC6045438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections of the epididymis are associated with epididymitis, which damages the epithelium and impairs fertility. We showed previously that innate immune response genes were differentially expressed in the corpus and cauda region of the human epididymis in comparison to the caput. Here we investigate the antiviral defense response mechanisms of human epididymis epithelial (HEE) cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are enriched in HEE cells from the corpus and cauda region. These HEE cells show an enhanced response to antiviral ligands (poly(I:C) and HSV-60), as shown by increased IFN-β mRNA expression and IFN-β secretion. Nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p65 occurs after poly(I:C) exposure. In addition, paired box 2 (PAX2), which was implicated in regulating antiviral response pathways, is required for basal expression of the DNA sensor, Z-DNA binding protein (ZBP1) and type I interferon, in caput but not in cauda cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Browne
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shih-Hsing Leir
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Scott E Eggener
- Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ann Harris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hart MR, Anderson DJ, Porter CC, Neff T, Levin M, Horwitz MS. Activating PAX gene family paralogs to complement PAX5 leukemia driver mutations. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007642. [PMID: 30216339 PMCID: PMC6157899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, one of nine members of the mammalian paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors, plays an important role in B cell development. Approximately one-third of individuals with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) acquire heterozygous inactivating mutations of PAX5 in malignant cells, and heterozygous germline loss-of-function PAX5 mutations cause autosomal dominant predisposition to ALL. At least in mice, Pax5 is required for pre-B cell maturation, and leukemic remission occurs when Pax5 expression is restored in a Pax5-deficient mouse model of ALL. Together, these observations indicate that PAX5 deficiency reversibly drives leukemogenesis. PAX5 and its two most closely related paralogs, PAX2 and PAX8, which are not mutated in ALL, exhibit overlapping expression and function redundantly during embryonic development. However, PAX5 alone is expressed in lymphocytes, while PAX2 and PAX8 are predominantly specific to kidney and thyroid, respectively. We show that forced expression of PAX2 or PAX8 complements PAX5 loss-of-function mutation in ALL cells as determined by modulation of PAX5 target genes, restoration of immunophenotypic and morphological differentiation, and, ultimately, reduction of replicative potential. Activation of PAX5 paralogs, PAX2 or PAX8, ordinarily silenced in lymphocytes, may therefore represent a novel approach for treating PAX5-deficient ALL. In pursuit of this strategy, we took advantage of the fact that, in kidney, PAX2 is upregulated by extracellular hyperosmolarity. We found that hyperosmolarity, at potentially clinically achievable levels, transcriptionally activates endogenous PAX2 in ALL cells via a mechanism dependent on NFAT5, a transcription factor coordinating response to hyperosmolarity. We also found that hyperosmolarity upregulates residual wild type PAX5 expression in ALL cells and modulates gene expression, including in PAX5-mutant primary ALL cells. These findings specifically demonstrate that osmosensing pathways may represent a new therapeutic target for ALL and more broadly point toward the possibility of using gene paralogs to rescue mutations driving cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hart
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donovan J. Anderson
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tobias Neff
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marshall S. Horwitz
- Allen Discovery Center and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moreno-Ramírez CE, Gutiérrez-Garzón E, Barreto GE, Forero DA. Genome-Wide Expression Profiles for Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3336-3341. [PMID: 30166211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide expression studies (GWES), using microarray platforms, have allowed a deeper understanding of the molecular factors involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke (IS), one of the main global causes of mortality and disability. METHODS In the current work, we carried out a meta-analysis of available GWES for IS. Bioinformatics and computational biology analyses were applied to identify enriched functional categories and convergence with other genomic datasets for IS. RESULTS Three primary datasets were included and in the meta-analyses for GWES and IS, 41 differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified using a random effects model. Thirteen of these genes were downregulated and 28 were upregulated. An analysis of functional categories found a significant enrichment for the Gene Ontology Term "Inflammatory Response" and for binding sites for the PAX2 transcription factor. CONCLUSIONS The list of DE genes identified in this meta-analysis of GWES for IS is useful for future genetic and molecular studies, which would allow the identification of novel mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IS. Several of the DE genes found in this meta-analysis have known functional roles related to mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IS. It is recognized the role of the inflammatory response in the pathophysiology of IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Moreno-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eulogia Gutiérrez-Garzón
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Forero
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tai LW, Pan Z, Sun L, Li H, Gu P, Wong SSC, Chung SK, Cheung CW. Suppression of Pax2 Attenuates Allodynia and Hyperalgesia through ET-1-ETAR-NFAT5 Signaling in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Neuroscience 2018; 384:139-151. [PMID: 29847776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors (ETAR/ETBR) emerge to be a key signaling axis in neuropathic pain processing and are recognized as new therapeutic targets. Yet, little is known on the functional regulation of ET-1 axis during neuropathic pain. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that paired box gene 2 (Pax2) or nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5), two transcription factors involved in the modulation of neurotransmission, may regulate ET-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that ET-1 axis may be regulated by Pax2 or NFAT5 in the development of neuropathic pain. After partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL), rats displayed allodynia and hyperalgesia, which was associated with increased mRNA and protein expressions of spinal Pax2, NFAT5, and mRNA levels of ET-1 and ETAR, but not ETBR. Knockdown of Pax2 or NFAT5 with siRNA, or inhibition of ETAR with BQ-123 attenuated pSNL-induced pain-like behaviors. At molecular level, Pax2 siRNA, but not NFAT5 siRNA, downregulated ET-1 and ETAR, while ETAR inhibitor reduced NFAT5, indicating Pax2 in the upstream of ET-1 axis with NFAT5 in the downstream. Further, suppression of Pax2 (inhibiting ET-1) or impairment of ET-1 signaling (inhibition of ETAR and/or decrease of NFAT5) deactivated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, supporting the significance of functional regulation of ET-1 axis in neuropathic pain signaling. These findings demonstrate that Pax2 targeting ET-1-ETAR-NFAT5 is a novel regulatory mechanism underlying neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Wai Tai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liting Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haobo Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stanley Sau Ching Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mishra A, Ayasolla K, Kumar V, Lan X, Vashistha H, Aslam R, Hussain A, Chowdhary S, Marashi Shoshtari S, Paliwal N, Popik W, Saleem MA, Malhotra A, Meggs LG, Skorecki K, Singhal PC. Modulation of apolipoprotein L1-microRNA-193a axis prevents podocyte dedifferentiation in high-glucose milieu. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F832-F843. [PMID: 29357419 PMCID: PMC6031922 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00541.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of podocyte (PD) molecular phenotype is an important feature of diabetic podocytopathy. We hypothesized that high glucose (HG) induces dedifferentiation in differentiated podocytes (DPDs) through alterations in the apolipoprotein (APO) L1-microRNA (miR) 193a axis. HG-induced DPD dedifferentiation manifested in the form of downregulation of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) and upregulation of paired box 2 (PAX2) expression. WT1-silenced DPDs displayed enhanced expression of PAX2. Immunoprecipitation of DPD cellular lysates with anti-WT1 antibody revealed formation of WT1 repressor complexes containing Polycomb group proteins, enhancer of zeste homolog 2, menin, and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1), whereas silencing of either WT1 or DNMT1 disrupted this complex with enhanced expression of PAX2. HG-induced DPD dedifferentiation was associated with a higher expression of miR193a, whereas inhibition of miR193a prevented DPD dedifferentiation in HG milieu. HG downregulated DPD expression of APOL1. miR193a-overexpressing DPDs displayed downregulation of APOL1 and enhanced expression of dedifferentiating markers; conversely, silencing of miR193a enhanced the expression of APOL1 and preserved DPD phenotype. Moreover, stably APOL1G0-overexpressing DPDs displayed the enhanced expression of WT1 but attenuated expression of miR193a; nonetheless, silencing of APOL1 reversed these effects. Since silencing of APOL1 enhanced miR193a expression as well as dedifferentiation in DPDs, it appears that downregulation of APOL1 contributed to dedifferentiation of DPDs through enhanced miR193a expression in HG milieu. Vitamin D receptor agonist downregulated miR193a, upregulated APOL1 expression, and prevented dedifferentiation of DPDs in HG milieu. These findings suggest that modulation of the APOL1-miR193a axis carries a potential to preserve DPD molecular phenotype in HG milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abheepsa Mishra
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Kamesh Ayasolla
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Xiqian Lan
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | | | - Rukhsana Aslam
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Ali Hussain
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Sheetal Chowdhary
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Shadafarin Marashi Shoshtari
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Nitpriya Paliwal
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | | | - Moin A Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | | | - Karl Skorecki
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lazzeri E, Angelotti ML, Peired A, Conte C, Marschner JA, Maggi L, Mazzinghi B, Lombardi D, Melica ME, Nardi S, Ronconi E, Sisti A, Antonelli G, Becherucci F, De Chiara L, Guevara RR, Burger A, Schaefer B, Annunziato F, Anders HJ, Lasagni L, Romagnani P. Endocycle-related tubular cell hypertrophy and progenitor proliferation recover renal function after acute kidney injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1344. [PMID: 29632300 PMCID: PMC5890293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered largely reversible based on the capacity of surviving tubular cells to dedifferentiate and replace lost cells via cell division. Here we show by tracking individual tubular cells in conditional Pax8/Confetti mice that kidney function is recovered after AKI despite substantial tubular cell loss. Cell cycle and ploidy analysis upon AKI in conditional Pax8/FUCCI2aR mice and human biopsies identify endocycle-mediated hypertrophy of tubular cells. By contrast, a small subset of Pax2+ tubular progenitors enriches via higher stress resistance and clonal expansion and regenerates necrotic tubule segments, a process that can be enhanced by suitable drugs. Thus, renal functional recovery upon AKI involves remnant tubular cell hypertrophy via endocycle and limited progenitor-driven regeneration that can be pharmacologically enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Peired
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Maggi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Duccio Lombardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Melica
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Ronconi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sisti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology Unit and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Letizia De Chiara
- Nephrology Unit and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ricardo Romero Guevara
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schaefer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy.
- Nephrology Unit and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bennett AH, O’Donohue MF, Gundry SR, Chan AT, Widrick J, Draper I, Chakraborty A, Zhou Y, Zon LI, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH, Gupta VA. RNA helicase, DDX27 regulates skeletal muscle growth and regeneration by modulation of translational processes. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29518074 PMCID: PMC5843160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression in a tissue-specific context depends on the combined efforts of epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes that lead to the production of specific proteins that are important determinants of cellular identity. Ribosomes are a central component of the protein biosynthesis machinery in cells; however, their regulatory roles in the translational control of gene expression in skeletal muscle remain to be defined. In a genetic screen to identify critical regulators of myogenesis, we identified a DEAD-Box RNA helicase, DDX27, that is required for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. We demonstrate that DDX27 regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation, and thereby the ribosome biogenesis and the translation of specific transcripts during myogenesis. These findings provide insight into the translational regulation of gene expression in myogenesis and suggest novel functions for ribosomes in regulating gene expression in skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis H. Bennett
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie-Francoise O’Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
| | - Stacey R. Gundry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aye T. Chan
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Draper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, NU Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, France
| | - Alan H. Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vandana A. Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaneko R, Takatsuru Y, Morita A, Amano I, Haijima A, Imayoshi I, Tamamaki N, Koibuchi N, Watanabe M, Yanagawa Y. Inhibitory neuron-specific Cre-dependent red fluorescent labeling using VGAT BAC-based transgenic mouse lines with identified transgene integration sites. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:373-396. [PMID: 29063602 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons are crucial for shaping and regulating the dynamics of the entire network, and disturbances in these neurons contribute to brain disorders. Despite the recent progress in genetic labeling techniques, the heterogeneity of inhibitory neurons requires the development of highly characterized tools that allow accurate, convenient, and versatile visualization of inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain. Here, we report a novel genetic technique to visualize the vast majority and/or sparse subsets of inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain without using techniques that require advanced skills. We developed several lines of Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter mice based on the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-BAC, named VGAT-stop-tdTomato mice. The most useful line (line #54) was selected for further analysis based on two characteristics: the inhibitory neuron-specificity of tdTomato expression and the transgene integration site, which confers efficient breeding and fewer adverse effects resulting from transgene integration-related genomic disruption. Robust and inhibitory neuron-specific expression of tdTomato was observed in a wide range of developmental and cellular contexts. By breeding the VGAT-stop-tdTomato mouse (line #54) with a novel Cre driver mouse line, Galntl4-CreER, sparse labeling of inhibitory neurons was achieved following tamoxifen administration. Furthermore, another interesting line (line #58) was generated through the unexpected integration of the transgene into the X-chromosome and will be used to map X-chromosome inactivation of inhibitory neurons. Taken together, our studies provide new, well-characterized tools with which multiple aspects of inhibitory neurons can be studied in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayako Morita
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koch SC, Del Barrio MG, Dalet A, Gatto G, Günther T, Zhang J, Seidler B, Saur D, Schüle R, Goulding M. RORβ Spinal Interneurons Gate Sensory Transmission during Locomotion to Secure a Fluid Walking Gait. Neuron 2017; 96:1419-1431.e5. [PMID: 29224725 PMCID: PMC5828033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Animals depend on sensory feedback from mechanosensory afferents for the dynamic control of movement. This sensory feedback needs to be selectively modulated in a task- and context-dependent manner. Here, we show that inhibitory interneurons (INs) expressing the RORβ orphan nuclear receptor gate sensory feedback to the spinal motor system during walking and are required for the production of a fluid locomotor rhythm. Genetic manipulations that abrogate inhibitory RORβ IN function result in an ataxic gait characterized by exaggerated flexion movements and marked alterations to the step cycle. Inactivation of RORβ in inhibitory neurons leads to reduced presynaptic inhibition and changes to sensory-evoked reflexes, arguing that the RORβ inhibitory INs function to suppress the sensory transmission pathways that activate flexor motor reflexes and interfere with the ongoing locomotor program. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Koch
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marta Garcia Del Barrio
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antoine Dalet
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Graziana Gatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Günther
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jingming Zhang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany; Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
O’Sullivan ML, Puñal VM, Kerstein PC, Brzezinski JA, Glaser T, Wright KM, Kay JN. Astrocytes follow ganglion cell axons to establish an angiogenic template during retinal development. Glia 2017; 65:1697-1716. [PMID: 28722174 PMCID: PMC5561467 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immature astrocytes and blood vessels enter the developing mammalian retina at the optic nerve head and migrate peripherally to colonize the entire retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Retinal vascularization is arrested in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a major cause of bilateral blindness in children. Despite their importance in normal development and ROP, the factors that control vascularization of the retina remain poorly understood. Because astrocytes form a reticular network that appears to provide a substrate for migrating endothelial cells, they have long been proposed to guide angiogenesis. However, whether astrocytes do in fact impose a spatial pattern on developing vessels remains unclear, and how astrocytes themselves are guided is unknown. Here we explore the cellular mechanisms that ensure complete retinal coverage by astrocytes and blood vessels in mouse. We find that migrating astrocytes associate closely with the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), their neighbors in the RNFL. Analysis of Robo1; Robo2 mutants, in which RGC axon guidance is disrupted, and Math5 (Atoh7) mutants, which lack RGCs, reveals that RGCs provide directional information to migrating astrocytes that sets them on a centrifugal trajectory. Without this guidance, astrocytes exhibit polarization defects, fail to colonize the peripheral retina, and display abnormal fine-scale spatial patterning. Furthermore, using cell type-specific chemical-genetic tools to selectively ablate astrocytes, we show that the astrocyte template is required for angiogenesis and vessel patterning. Our results are consistent with a model whereby RGC axons guide formation of an astrocytic network that subsequently directs vessel development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Puñal
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Patrick C. Kerstein
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Joseph A. Brzezinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
| | - Tom Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Naiman N, Fujioka K, Fujino M, Valerius MT, Potter SS, McMahon AP, Kobayashi A. Repression of Interstitial Identity in Nephron Progenitor Cells by Pax2 Establishes the Nephron-Interstitium Boundary during Kidney Development. Dev Cell 2017; 41:349-365.e3. [PMID: 28535371 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kidney contains the functional units, the nephrons, surrounded by the renal interstitium. Previously we discovered that, once Six2-expressing nephron progenitor cells and Foxd1-expressing renal interstitial progenitor cells form at the onset of kidney development, descendant cells from these populations contribute exclusively to the main body of nephrons and renal interstitial tissues, respectively, indicating a lineage boundary between the nephron and renal interstitial compartments. Currently it is unclear how lineages are regulated during kidney organogenesis. We demonstrate that nephron progenitor cells lacking Pax2 fail to differentiate into nephron cells but can switch fates into renal interstitium-like cell types. These data suggest that Pax2 function maintains nephron progenitor cells by repressing a renal interstitial cell program. Thus, the lineage boundary between the nephron and renal interstitial compartments is maintained by the Pax2 activity in nephron progenitor cells during kidney organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Naiman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaoru Fujioka
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mari Fujino
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grajales-Esquivel E, Luz-Madrigal A, Bierly J, Haynes T, Reis ES, Han Z, Gutierrez C, McKinney Z, Tzekou A, Lambris JD, Tsonis PA, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Complement component C3aR constitutes a novel regulator for chick eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 428:88-100. [PMID: 28576690 PMCID: PMC5726978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement components have been implicated in a wide variety of functions including neurogenesis, proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, cancer, and more recently early development and regeneration. Following our initial observations indicating that C3a/C3aR signaling induces chick retina regeneration, we analyzed its role in chick eye morphogenesis. During eye development, the optic vesicle (OV) invaginates to generate a bilayer optic cup (OC) that gives rise to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and neural retina. We show by immunofluorescence staining that C3 and the receptor for C3a (the cleaved and active form of C3), C3aR, are present in chick embryos during eye morphogenesis in the OV and OC. Interestingly, C3aR is mainly localized in the nuclear compartment at the OC stage. Loss of function studies at the OV stage using morpholinos or a blocking antibody targeting the C3aR (anti-C3aR Ab), causes eye defects such as microphthalmia and defects in the ventral portion of the eye that result in coloboma. Such defects were not observed when C3aR was disrupted at the OC stage. Histological analysis demonstrated that microphthalmic eyes were unable to generate a normal optic stalk or a closed OC. The dorsal/ventral patterning defects were accompanied by an expansion of the ventral markers Pax2, cVax and retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme raldh-3 (aldh1a3) domains, an absence of the dorsal expression of Tbx5 and raldh-1 (aldh1a1) and a re-specification of the ventral RPE to neuroepithelium. In addition, the eyes showed overall decreased expression of Gli1 and a change in distribution of nuclear β-catenin, suggesting that Shh and Wnt pathways have been affected. Finally, we observed prominent cell death along with a decrease in proliferating cells, indicating that both processes contribute to the microphthalmic phenotype. Together our results show that C3aR is necessary for the proper morphogenesis of the OC. This is the first report implicating C3aR in eye development, revealing an unsuspected hitherto regulator for proper chick eye morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Bierly
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Tracy Haynes
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Zachary McKinney
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Apostolia Tzekou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Larsson M. Pax2 is persistently expressed by GABAergic neurons throughout the adult rat dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2016; 638:96-101. [PMID: 27939388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax2 is required for the differentiation of GABAergic neurons in the mouse dorsal horn. Pax2 continues to be expressed in the adult murine spinal cord and has been used as a presumed marker of GABAergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the adult mouse, although a strict association between adult Pax2 expression and presence of GABA throughout the dorsal horn has not been firmly established. Moreover, whether Pax2 is selectively expressed in GABAergic dorsal horn neurons also in the rat is unknown. Here, immunofluorescent labeling of Pax2 and GABA in the lumbar spinal cord of adult rats was used to investigate this issue. Indeed, essentially all GABA immunoreactive neurons in laminae I-V were immunolabeled for Pax2. Conversely, essentially all Pax2 immunopositive neurons in these laminae exhibited somatic GABA immunolabeling. These results indicate persistent Pax2 expression in GABAergic neurons in the adult rat dorsal horn, supporting the hypothesis that Pax2 may be required for the maintenance of a GABAergic phenotype in mature inhibitory dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Furthermore, Pax2 may be used as a selective and specific general somatic marker of such neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Larsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Prathibha Y, Senthilkumaran B. Involvement of pax2 in ovarian development and recrudescence of catfish: a role in steroidogenesis. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:181-195. [PMID: 27756766 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PAX2, a member of paired box family, is an essential transcription factor for the organ development in vertebrates including teleosts, yet no evidence has been shown for its involvement in reproduction. To study this, partial- and/or full-length cDNA of pax2 was isolated from the ovary of catfish, Clarias batrachus, along with its other Pax family members, pax1 and pax9 Tissue distribution and ontogeny expression analysis indicated the prevalence of pax2 but not pax1 and pax9 in ovary. Varied phase-wise expression during ovarian cycle and elevation of pax2 after human chorionic gonadotropin induction showed probable regulation by gonadotropins. Pax2 could be localized in various stages of oocytes and in follicular layer of vitellogenic and post-vitellogenic oocytes. To assess the functional significance of pax2, transient RNA silencing was performed using primary catfish ovarian follicle culture, in vitro, and in catfish, in vivo, through ovary-targeted injection of PEI-esiRNA. Pax2 siRNA treatment reduced the expression of various transcripts related to ovarian development like signaling molecules such as wnt4 and wnt5, estrogen receptors, several steroidogenic enzymes and transcription factors. These transitions in transcript levels might have been mediated by Pax2 acting upstream of wnt4/5 that may play a role in steroidogenesis and/or ovarian development along with ad4bp/sf-1 or by direct or indirect interaction with steroidogenic enzyme genes, which is evident from the change in the levels of serum estradiol-17β but not 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Taken together, it seems that pax2 has a plausible role during ovarian development and/or recrudescence of catfish either directly or indirectly through Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yarikipati Prathibha
- Department of Animal BiologySchool of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal BiologySchool of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
We describe the development of the human inner ear with the invagination of the otic vesicle at 4 weeks gestation (WG), the growth of the semicircular canals from 5 WG, and the elongation and coiling of the cochlea at 10 WG. As the membranous labyrinth takes shape, there is a concomitant development of the sensory neuroepithelia and their associated structures within. This review details the growth and differentiation of the vestibular and auditory neuroepithelia, including synaptogenesis, the expression of stereocilia and kinocilia, and innervation of hair cells by afferent and efferent nerve fibres. Along with development of essential sensory structures we outline the formation of crucial accessory structures of the vestibular system - the cupula and otolithic membrane and otoconia as well as the three cochlea compartments and the tectorial membrane. Recent molecular studies have elaborated on classical anatomical studies to characterize the development of prosensory and sensory regions of the fetal human cochlea using the transcription factors, PAX2, MAF-B, SOX2, and SOX9. Further advances are being made with recent physiological studies that are beginning to describe when hair cells become functionally active during human gestation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Alan M Brichta
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
D’Aniello E, Ravisankar P, Waxman JS. Rdh10a Provides a Conserved Critical Step in the Synthesis of Retinoic Acid during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138588. [PMID: 26394147 PMCID: PMC4578954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The first step in the conversion of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in embryos requires retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs). Recent studies have demonstrated that RDH10 is a critical core component of the machinery that produces RA in mouse and Xenopus embryos. If the conservation of Rdh10 function in the production of RA extends to teleost embryos has not been investigated. Here, we report that zebrafish Rdh10a deficient embryos have defects consistent with loss of RA signaling, including anteriorization of the nervous system and enlarged hearts with increased cardiomyocyte number. While knockdown of Rdh10a alone produces relatively mild RA deficient phenotypes, Rdh10a can sensitize embryos to RA deficiency and enhance phenotypes observed when Aldh1a2 function is perturbed. Moreover, excess Rdh10a enhances embryonic sensitivity to retinol, which has relatively mild teratogenic effects compared to retinal and RA treatment. Performing Rdh10a regulatory expression analysis, we also demonstrate that a conserved teleost rdh10a enhancer requires Pax2 sites to drive expression in the eyes of transgenic embryos. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Rdh10a has a conserved requirement in the first step of RA production within vertebrate embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D’Aniello
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuroda N, Agatsuma Y, Tamura M, Martinek P, Hes O, Michal M. Sporadic renal hemangioblastoma with CA9, PAX2 and PAX8 expression: diagnostic pitfall in the differential diagnosis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:2131-2138. [PMID: 25973115 PMCID: PMC4396212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, 13 cases of sporadic renal hemangioblastoma have been reported. In this article, we report such a case that might cause the diagnostic pitfall. A 37-year-old Japanese was found to have a renal mass by periodic medical check-up. He underwent radical nephrectomy. Macroscopically, the tumor was well-defined without fibrous capsule and the cut surface of the tumor exhibited light brown to gray-tan color without hemorrhage or necrosis. Microscopically, the tumor was made up of large polygonal to short spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm with occasional vacuolization and abundant arborizing capillary network. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells showed diffuse positivity for inhibin-alpha, S-100 protein, vimentin, CA9, PAX2 and PAX8, but negativity for cytokeratin CAM5.2, alpha smooth muscle actin, Melanosome, Melan A, TFE3 and cathepsin K. In genetic analyses, this tumor showed no changes of VHL gene mutation, hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 3p. Additionally, G-band karyotype and array comparative genomic hybridization studies showed a normal chromosome. In conclusion, the positivity for CA9, PAX2 and PAX8 in sporadic renal hemangioblastoma may cause the critical diagnostic pitfall in the differential diagnosis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathologists need to pay attention to systemic evaluation including macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. In some cases, molecular genetic study may be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Red Cross HospitalKochi, Japan
| | | | - Masato Tamura
- Department of Urology, Kochi Red Cross HospitalKochi, Japan
| | - Petr Martinek
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in PlzenPlzen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Hes
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in PlzenPlzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in PlzenPlzen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao H, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Dong Q, Luan L, Papavassiliou P, Wang E, Wang E. Dishevelled-3 activates p65 to upregulate p120-catenin transcription via a p38-dependent pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E112-21. [PMID: 25156800 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled-3 (Dvl-3) and p120-catenin (p120ctn) have abnormal expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is associated with poor prognosis. Dvl-3 upregulates p120ctn transcription in NSCLC cells, but the mechanism is unknown. Here we transiently transfected Dvl-3 cDNA to NSCLC cells. Dvl-3 transfection is sufficient for induction of p38 signaling. In turn, Dvl-3 induces p38-mediated activation of the p65 so as to facilitate its nuclear translocation. Treatment with SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) or BAY 11-7082 (IκB-α phosphorylation inhibitor) suppresses Dvl-3 induced activation of p65. The results further show that active p65 interacts with PAX2 promoter to increase the expression of PAX2 and then PAX2 binds to p120ctn promoter so as to upregulate p120ctn gene transcription. Moreover, Dvl-3 transfection enhanced the binding of active p65 to Sp1 so as to decrease the binding of Sp1 to p120ctn promoter. The above-mentioned effects are linked to biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer cells. These findings confirm that p38 and PAX2 are important for the Dvl-3 induced upregulation of p120ctn. Dvl-3 activates a p38 → p65 → PAX2 → p120ctn pathway to affect biological behavior of NSCLC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Qianze Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Pathology, Fengtian Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, China
| | | | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang C, Song G, Li M, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Fan Q. [Metanephric adenoma of kidney: a clinicopathologic study of eight cases]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2014; 43:154-157. [PMID: 24842012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical and histopathologic features of metanephric adenoma (MA). METHODS Eight cases of recently diagnosed MA were retrieved from archival file. Immunohistochemical study was carried out. The clinical characteristics, pathologic parameters, differential diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis of MA were analyzed, with literature review. RESULTS The patients included 6 females and 2 males. The age of patients ranged from 12 to 70 years (mean=43.6 years). Eight cases were located in renal cortex and showed well-defined borders. Histologically, the tumor was composed of tubules lined by small basophilic cells and embedded in an edematous stroma. Papillary structures and psammoma bodies were focally seen. Immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells were positive for PAX2 and vimentin in all the 8 cases. WT-1 was positive in 2 cases, focal and weak in 5 cases, and negative in 1 case. CK-Pan was positive in 3 cases. CK7 staining was mostly negative, with focal and weak positivity only in 1 case. The proliferative index, as highlighted by Ki-67 staining, was less than 2% in 7 cases and focally around 5% in 1 case. The expressions of CK20, CD10, RCC, epithelial membrane antigen, CD56, synaptophysin and chromogranin A were negative. Follow-up information from 7 to 57 months was available in all patients; and none of them developed local recurrence or distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of MA relies primarily on thorough histologic examination and immunohistochemical study (vimentin and PAX2 positive, WT-1 focally and weakly positive in some cases, and low proliferative index). Correlation with clinical and radiologic findings would also be helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guoxin Song
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China. E-mail:
| | - Qinhe Fan
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The female reproductive tract organs of mammals, including the oviducts, uterus, cervix and upper vagina, are derived from the Müllerian ducts, a pair of epithelial tubes that form within the mesonephroi. The Müllerian ducts form in a rostral to caudal manner, guided by and dependent on the Wolffian ducts that have already formed. Experimental embryological studies indicate that caudal elongation of the Müllerian duct towards the urogenital sinus occurs in part by proliferation at the ductal tip. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the elongation of the Müllerian duct are currently unclear. Lhx1 encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor that is essential for male and female reproductive tract development. Lhx1 is expressed in both the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Wolffian duct-specific knockout of Lhx1 results in degeneration of the Wolffian duct and consequently the non-cell-autonomous loss of the Müllerian duct. To determine the role of Lhx1 specifically in the Müllerian duct epithelium, we performed a Müllerian duct-specific knockout study using Wnt7a-Cre mice. Loss of Lhx1 in the Müllerian duct epithelium led to a block in Müllerian duct elongation and uterine hypoplasia characterized by loss of the entire endometrium (luminal and glandular epithelium and stroma) and inner circular but not the outer longitudinal muscle layer. Time-lapse imaging and molecular analyses indicate that Lhx1 acts cell autonomously to maintain ductal progenitor cells for Müllerian duct elongation. These studies identify LHX1 as the first transcription factor that is essential in the Müllerian duct epithelial progenitor cells for female reproductive tract development. Furthermore, these genetic studies demonstrate the requirement of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for uterine tissue compartment differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chiu Huang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Grant D Orvis
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hsieh CH, Chen HC, Chang YH, Pang ST, Kuo ML, Chuang CK, Liao SK. Co-existence of epithelioid and fibroblastoid subsets in a sarcomatoid renal carcinoma cell line revealed by clonal studies. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:4875-4889. [PMID: 24222125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biology of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its conversion from and to the clear cell RCC are not fully-understood. We aimed to analyze the sarcomatoid RCC cell line, RCC52, derived from a lymph node metastatic lesion consisting mostly of sarcomatoid RCC cells with occasional clear cell areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Representative clonal epithelioid and fibroblastoid sublines isolated from the RCC52 cell line were analyzed alongside the parental line. Cytofluorometric and western blot analyses were used for phenotypic study. Xenotransplantation and in vitro invasive assays were used to determine tumorigenicity and invasiveness. Immunohistology in conjunction with antibodies to paired box gene-2 (PAX2) were used to determine if xenografts or tumor biopsies had the clear cell component. RESULTS RCC52 cells grown as monolayers in vitro were all PAX2-negative, and consisted mostly of epithelioid cells and partly of fibroblastoid cells as noted in a previous study, confirming the co-existence of these two cell types in the in vitro growth of exclusive sarcomatoid RCC cells. Immunohistology revealed that the parental line and all epithelioid sublines tested were able to develop into solid tumors consisting mostly of sarcomatoid cells with PAX2-positive clear cells in some areas. The RCC stem cell marker CD105 was selectively expressed by a small proportion of the epithelioid, but not fibroblastoid, sublines, which was in line with the tumorigenic property of the epithelioid sublines containing cancer stem cells (CSCs). In contrast, only fibroblastoid sublines exhibited migratory/invasive properties, as determined by in vitro assays. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the presence of two distinct subsets in the RCC52 line, and suggest the epithelioid subset being able to de-differentiate to clear cells, albeit partially, and harboring CSCs as an emerging therapeutic target in order to achieve effective treatment of this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsuan Hsieh
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail: and Dr. Ming-Ling Kuo, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ueda T, Ito S, Shiraishi T, Kulkarni P, Ueno A, Nakagawa H, Kimura Y, Hongo F, Kamoi K, Kawauchi A, Miki T. Hyper-expression of PAX2 in human metastatic prostate tumors and its role as a cancer promoter in an in vitro invasion model. Prostate 2013; 73:1403-12. [PMID: 23765687 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is a consequence of many biological events, during which cancer stem cells are shifted into a malignant state. Among these events, invasion of prostate cancer cells into host tissues is possible to be assessed by means of an in vitro invasion model, and is thought to be coupled to altered expression of membrane proteins. Dysregulated functions of the factors regulating organogenesis during embryogenesis are known to facilitate metastasis of many types of cancers. PAX2 (paired box 2) is a member of the PAX transcription factor family, which regulates prostatic ductal growth and branching in organogenesis of mammalian prostates. However, the role of PAX2 in prostate cancer development remains to be determined. METHODS PAX2 expression in human prostate cancers and normal prostate epithelium were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Matrigel invasion assay and a gene array analysis were performed using prostate cancer cell lines transfected with either control or PAX2 siRNA. RESULTS In human prostate cancers, PAX2 was hyper-expressed in metastatic cancers, but was expressed at lower levels in non-metastatic cancers. Consistent with this, PAX2 knockdown repressed cell growth and invasion in a Matrigel invasion assay. Gene ontology analysis revealed that many cell membrane proteins were downregulated after PAX2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that PAX2 hyper-expression promotes the development of the metastatic state in prostate cancer cells, presumably through upregulating the expression of cell membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sallustio F, Serino G, Costantino V, Curci C, Cox SN, De Palma G, Schena FP. miR-1915 and miR-1225-5p regulate the expression of CD133, PAX2 and TLR2 in adult renal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68296. [PMID: 23861881 PMCID: PMC3704645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult renal progenitor cells (ARPCs) were recently identified in the cortex of the renal parenchyma and it was demonstrated that they were positive for PAX2, CD133, CD24 and exhibited multipotent differentiation ability. Recent studies on stem cells indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding small RNAs that participate in the regulation of gene expression, may play a key role in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Distinct sets of miRNAs are specifically expressed in pluripotent stem cells but not in adult tissues, suggesting a role for miRNAs in stem cell self-renewal. We compared miRNA expression profiles of ARPCs with that of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and renal proximal tubular cells (RPTECs) finding distinct sets of miRNAs that were specifically expressed in ARPCs. In particular, miR-1915 and miR-1225-5p regulated the expression of important markers of renal progenitors, such as CD133 and PAX2, and important genes involved in the repair mechanisms of ARPCs, such as TLR2. We demonstrated that the expression of both the renal stem cell markers CD133 and PAX2 depends on lower miR-1915 levels and that the increase of miR-1915 levels improved capacity of ARPCs to differentiate into adipocyte-like and epithelial-like cells. Finally, we found that the low levels of miR-1225-5p were responsible for high TLR2 expression in ARPCs. Therefore, together, miR-1915 and miR-1225-5p seem to regulate important traits of renal progenitors: the stemness and the repair capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- Department of Science, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sharon N. Cox
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco P. Schena
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- Schena Foundation, European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Panayiotou E, Panayi E, Lapathitis G, Francius C, Clotman F, Kessaris N, Richardson WD, Malas S. Pax6 is expressed in subsets of V0 and V2 interneurons in the ventral spinal cord in mice. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:328-34. [PMID: 23816521 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic spinal cord in mice is organized into eleven progenitor domains. Cells in each domain first produce neurons and then switch to specifying glia. Five of these domains known as p3, pMN, p2, p1 and p0 are located in the ventral spinal cord and each expresses a unique code of transcription factors (TFs) that define the molecular profile of progenitor cells. This code is largely responsible for determining the subtype specification of neurons generated from each domain. Pax6 codes for a homedomain-containing TF that plays a central role in defining the molecular boundaries between the two ventral-most domains, p3 and pMN. Using fate mapping and gene expression studies we show that PAX6, in addition to each patterning function, is expressed in a group of late born interneurons that derive from the p2 and p0 domains. The p2-derived neurons represent a subset of late born V2b interneurons and their specification depends on Notch signaling. The V0 neurons represent V0v ventral neurons expressing Pax2. Our data demonstrate that interneuron diversity in the ventral spinal cord is more complex than originally appreciated and point to the existence of additional mechanisms that determine interneuron diversity, particularly in the p2 domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panayiotou
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kong BH. [The dualistic model and extraovarian origin theory of ovarian epithelial cancer]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2013; 48:310-313. [PMID: 23902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
|
44
|
Saifudeen Z, Liu J, Dipp S, Yao X, Li Y, McLaughlin N, Aboudehen K, El-Dahr SS. A p53-Pax2 pathway in kidney development: implications for nephrogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44869. [PMID: 22984579 PMCID: PMC3440354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital reduction in nephron number (renal hypoplasia) is a predisposing factor for chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Despite identification of specific genes and pathways in nephrogenesis, determinants of final nephron endowment are poorly understood. Here, we report that mice with germ-line p53 deletion (p53(-/-)) manifest renal hypoplasia; the phenotype can be recapitulated by conditional deletion of p53 from renal progenitors in the cap mesenchyme (CM(p53-/-)). Mice or humans with germ-line heterozygous mutations in Pax2 exhibit renal hypoplasia. Since both transcription factors are developmentally expressed in the metanephros, we tested the hypothesis that p53 and Pax2 cooperate in nephrogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for the presence of genetic epistasis between p53 and Pax2: a) p53(-/-) and CM(p53-/-)embryos express lower Pax2 mRNA and protein in nephron progenitors than their wild-type littermates; b) ChIP-Seq identified peaks of p53 occupancy in chromatin regions of the Pax2 promoter and gene in embryonic kidneys; c) p53 binding to Pax2 gene is significantly more enriched in Pax2 -expressing than non-expressing metanephric mesenchyme cells; d) in transient transfection assays, Pax2 promoter activity is stimulated by wild-type p53 and inhibited by a dominant negative mutant p53; e) p53 knockdown in cultured metanephric mesenchyme cells down-regulates endogenous Pax2 expression; f) reduction of p53 gene dosage worsens the renal hypoplasia in Pax2(+/-) mice. Bioinformatics identified a set of developmental renal genes likely to be co-regulated by p53 and Pax2. We propose that the cross-talk between p53 and Pax2 provides a transcriptional platform that promotes nephrogenesis, thus contributing to nephron endowment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubaida Saifudeen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dormoy V, Jacqmin D, Lang H, Massfelder T. From development to cancer: lessons from the kidney to uncover new therapeutic targets. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:3609-3617. [PMID: 22993298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several genes play essential roles in human development and alteration of their expression or regulation leads to various pathologies. This review examines the literature on the expression and the roles of neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (NOTCH), sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and wingless-type (WNT) pathways, as well as the nephrogenic transcription factors Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), paired box 2 (PAX2) and homeobox protein lim-1 (LIM1) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Besides being re-expressed in human tumors, the inhibition of these factors has strong antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, these pathways are also part of the molecular network involved in the development of organs including nephrogenesis. The identification of developmental pathways involved in clear cell renal cell carcinoma growth places an additional piece into the molecular puzzle of cancer mechanisms. Moreover, the evaluation of these molecules could pave the way to innovative and safe therapies for this refractory disease. Valuable prognostic markers might also be identified through these studies. Finally, the proof of concept in other types of cancer is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U682, Section of Renal Cancer and Renal Physiopathology, School of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou TB, Zeng ZY, Qin YH, Zhao YJ. Less expression of prohibitin is associated with increased paired box 2 (PAX2) in renal interstitial fibrosis rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9808-9825. [PMID: 22949832 PMCID: PMC3431830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB) and paired box 2 (PAX2) are associated with the development of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). This study was performed to investigate whether or not the PHB could regulate the PAX2 gene expression in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in rats. Eighty Wistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham operation group (SHO) and model group subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (GU), n = 40, respectively. The model was established by left ureteral ligation. Renal tissues were collected at 14-day and 28-day after surgery. RIF index, protein expression of PHB, PAX2, transforming growth factor-βl (TGF-β1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen-IV (Col-IV), fibronectin (FN) or cleaved Caspase-3, and cell apoptosis index in renal interstitium, and mRNA expressions of PHB, PAX2 and TGF-β1 in renal tissue were detected. When compared with those in SHO group, expression of PHB (mRNA and protein) was significantly reduced, and expressions of PAX2 and TGF-β1 (protein and mRNA) were markedly increased in the GU group (each p < 0.01). Protein expressions of α-SMA, Col-IV, FN and cleaved Caspase-3, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index in the GU group were markedly increased when compared with those in the SHO group (each p < 0.01). The protein expression of PHB was negatively correlated with protein expression of PAX2, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Col-IV, FN or cleaved Caspase-3, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index (all p < 0.01). In conclusion, less expression of PHB is associated with increased PAX2 gene expression and RIF index in UUO rats, suggesting that increasing the PHB expression is a potential therapeutic target for prevention of RIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; E-Mails: (T.-B.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.)
| | - Zhi-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology/Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yuan-Han Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; E-Mails: (T.-B.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-771-5320-809; Fax: +86-771-2687-191
| | - Yan-Jun Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; E-Mails: (T.-B.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
McCarroll MN, Lewis ZR, Culbertson MD, Martin BL, Kimelman D, Nechiporuk AV. Graded levels of Pax2a and Pax8 regulate cell differentiation during sensory placode formation. Development 2012; 139:2740-50. [PMID: 22745314 PMCID: PMC3392703 DOI: 10.1242/dev.076075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pax gene haploinsufficiency causes a variety of congenital defects. Renal-coloboma syndrome, resulting from mutations in Pax2, is characterized by kidney hypoplasia, optic nerve malformation, and hearing loss. Although this underscores the importance of Pax gene dosage in normal development, how differential levels of these transcriptional regulators affect cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis is still poorly understood. We show that differential levels of zebrafish Pax2a and Pax8 modulate commitment and behavior in cells that eventually contribute to the otic vesicle and epibranchial placodes. Initially, a subset of epibranchial placode precursors lie lateral to otic precursors within a single Pax2a/8-positive domain; these cells subsequently move to segregate into distinct placodes. Using lineage-tracing and ablation analyses, we show that cells in the Pax2a/8+ domain become biased towards certain fates at the beginning of somitogenesis. Experiments involving either Pax2a overexpression or partial, combinatorial Pax2a and Pax8 loss of function reveal that high levels of Pax favor otic differentiation whereas low levels increase cell numbers in epibranchial ganglia. In addition, the Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways control Pax2a expression: Fgf is necessary to induce Pax2a, whereas Wnt instructs the high levels of Pax2a that favor otic differentiation. Our studies reveal the importance of Pax levels during sensory placode formation and provide a mechanism by which these levels are controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. McCarroll
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Zachary R. Lewis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Maya Deza Culbertson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | | | - David Kimelman
- Department of Biochemistry, Box 357350, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alex V. Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Upson K, Allison KH, Reed SD, Jordan CD, Newton KM, Swisher EM, Doherty JA, Garcia RL. Biomarkers of progestin therapy resistance and endometrial hyperplasia progression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:36.e1-8. [PMID: 22727345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify biomarkers associated with progestin therapy resistance and persistence/progression of endometrial hyperplasia. STUDY DESIGN We performed a nested case-control study among women with complex (n = 73) and atypical (n = 41) hyperplasia treated with oral progestin, followed up 2-6 months for persistence/progression. We evaluated index endometrial protein expression for progesterone receptor isoform A, progesterone receptor isoform B (PRB), PTEN, Pax-2, and Bcl-2. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS Among women with atypical hyperplasia, high PRB expression was associated with 90% decreased risk of persistence/progression (95% CI, 0.01-0.8). High expression of progesterone receptor A and PRB suggested decreased risk of persistence/progression (odds ratio, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.02-1.0). These findings were not observed among women with complex hyperplasia. No associations were found with PTEN, Pax-2, and Bcl-2 protein expression. CONCLUSION PRB expression shows promise as a biomarker of progestin response. Further research is warranted to understand how PRB expression may guide treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Upson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lo Sardo V, Zuccato C, Gaudenzi G, Vitali B, Ramos C, Tartari M, Myre MA, Walker JA, Pistocchi A, Conti L, Valenza M, Drung B, Schmidt B, Gusella J, Zeitlin S, Cotelli F, Cattaneo E. An evolutionary recent neuroepithelial cell adhesion function of huntingtin implicates ADAM10-Ncadherin. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:713-21. [PMID: 22466506 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Huntington's disease gene product, huntingtin, is indispensable for neural tube formation, but its role is obscure. We studied neurulation in htt-null embryonic stem cells and htt-morpholino zebrafish embryos and found a previously unknown, evolutionarily recent function for this ancient protein. We found that htt was essential for homotypic interactions between neuroepithelial cells; it permitted neurulation and rosette formation by regulating metalloprotease ADAM10 activity and Ncadherin cleavage. This function was embedded in the N terminus of htt and was phenocopied by treatment of htt knockdown zebrafish with an ADAM10 inhibitor. Notably, in htt-null cells, reversion of the rosetteless phenotype occurred only with expression of evolutionarily recent htt heterologues from deuterostome organisms. Conversely, all of the heterologues that we tested, including htt from Drosophila melanogaster and Dictyostelium discoideum, exhibited anti-apoptotic activity. Thus, anti-apoptosis may have been one of htt’s ancestral function(s), but, in deuterostomes, htt evolved to acquire a unique regulatory activity for controlling neural adhesion via ADAM10-Ncadherin, with implications for brain evolution and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lo Sardo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kabgani N, Grigoleit T, Schulte K, Sechi A, Sauer-Lehnen S, Tag C, Boor P, Kuppe C, Warsow G, Schordan S, Mostertz J, Chilukoti RK, Homuth G, Endlich N, Tacke F, Weiskirchen R, Fuellen G, Endlich K, Floege J, Smeets B, Moeller MJ. Primary cultures of glomerular parietal epithelial cells or podocytes with proven origin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34907. [PMID: 22529955 PMCID: PMC3329559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) as well as in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). In this study, transgenic mouse lines were used to isolate pure, genetically tagged primary cultures of PECs or podocytes using FACsorting. By this approach, the morphology of primary glomerular epithelial cells in culture could be resolved: Primary podocytes formed either large cells with intracytoplasmatic extensions or smaller spindle shaped cells, depending on specific culture conditions. Primary PECs were small and exhibited a spindle-shaped or polygonal morphology. In the very early phases of primary culture, rapid changes in gene expression (e.g. of WT-1 and Pax-2) were observed. However, after prolonged culture primary PECs and podocytes still segregated clearly in a transcriptome analysis - demonstrating that the origin of primary cell cultures is important. Of the classical markers, synaptopodin and podoplanin expression were differentially regulated the most in primary PEC and podocyte cultures. However, no expression of any endogenous gene allowed to differentiate between the two cell types in culture. Finally, we show that the transcription factor WT1 is also expressed by PECs. In summary, genetic tagging of PECs and podocytes is a novel and necessary tool to derive pure primary cultures with proven origin. These cultures will be a powerful tool for the emerging field of parietal epithelial cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Kabgani
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Tamara Grigoleit
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Kevin Schulte
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Department of Cell Biology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Sibille Sauer-Lehnen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Carmen Tag
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Warsow
- University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Schordan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Mostertz
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ravi Kumar Chilukoti
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Georg Fuellen
- University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Bart Smeets
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J. Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|