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Gafranek JT, D'Aniello E, Ravisankar P, Thakkar K, Vagnozzi RJ, Lim HW, Salomonis N, Waxman JS. Sinus venosus adaptation models prolonged cardiovascular disease and reveals insights into evolutionary transitions of the vertebrate heart. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5509. [PMID: 37679366 PMCID: PMC10485058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
How two-chambered hearts in basal vertebrates have evolved from single-chamber hearts found in ancestral chordates remains unclear. Here, we show that the teleost sinus venosus (SV) is a chamber-like vessel comprised of an outer layer of smooth muscle cells. We find that in adult zebrafish nr2f1a mutants, which lack atria, the SV comes to physically resemble the thicker bulbus arteriosus (BA) at the arterial pole of the heart through an adaptive, hypertensive response involving smooth muscle proliferation due to aberrant hemodynamic flow. Single cell transcriptomics show that smooth muscle and endothelial cell populations within the adapting SV also take on arterial signatures. Bulk transcriptomics of the blood sinuses flanking the tunicate heart reinforce a model of greater equivalency in ancestral chordate BA and SV precursors. Our data simultaneously reveal that secondary complications from congenital heart defects can develop in adult zebrafish similar to those in humans and that the foundation of equivalency between flanking auxiliary vessels may remain latent within basal vertebrate hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Gafranek
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Enrico D'Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kairavee Thakkar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Division of Cardiology, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation (CFReT), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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2
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Martin KE, Ravisankar P, Beerens M, MacRae CA, Waxman JS. Nr2f1a maintains atrial nkx2.5 expression to repress pacemaker identity within venous atrial cardiomyocytes of zebrafish. eLife 2023; 12:e77408. [PMID: 37184369 PMCID: PMC10185342 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cardiomyocyte identity is vital for normal heart development and function. However, our understanding of cardiomyocyte plasticity remains incomplete. Here, we show that sustained expression of the zebrafish transcription factor Nr2f1a prevents the progressive acquisition of ventricular cardiomyocyte (VC) and pacemaker cardiomyocyte (PC) identities within distinct regions of the atrium. Transcriptomic analysis of flow-sorted atrial cardiomyocytes (ACs) from nr2f1a mutant zebrafish embryos showed increased VC marker gene expression and altered expression of core PC regulatory genes, including decreased expression of nkx2.5, a critical repressor of PC differentiation. At the arterial (outflow) pole of the atrium in nr2f1a mutants, cardiomyocytes resolve to VC identity within the expanded atrioventricular canal. However, at the venous (inflow) pole of the atrium, there is a progressive wave of AC transdifferentiation into PCs across the atrium toward the arterial pole. Restoring Nkx2.5 is sufficient to repress PC marker identity in nr2f1a mutant atria and analysis of chromatin accessibility identified an Nr2f1a-dependent nkx2.5 enhancer expressed in the atrial myocardium directly adjacent to PCs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the putative nkx2.5 enhancer leads to a loss of Nkx2.5-expressing ACs and expansion of a PC reporter, supporting that Nr2f1a limits PC differentiation within venous ACs via maintaining nkx2.5 expression. The Nr2f-dependent maintenance of AC identity within discrete atrial compartments may provide insights into the molecular etiology of concurrent structural congenital heart defects and associated arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall E Martin
- Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Manu Beerens
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, Genetics and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, Genetics and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
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3
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Perl E, Ravisankar P, Beerens ME, Mulahasanovic L, Smallwood K, Sasso MB, Wenzel C, Ryan TD, Komár M, Bove KE, MacRae CA, Weaver KN, Prada CE, Waxman JS. Stx4 is required to regulate cardiomyocyte Ca 2+ handling during vertebrate cardiac development. HGG Adv 2022; 3:100115. [PMID: 35599850 PMCID: PMC9114686 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Requirements for vesicle fusion within the heart remain poorly understood, despite the multitude of processes that necessitate proper intracellular trafficking within cardiomyocytes. Here, we show that Syntaxin 4 (STX4), a target-Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment receptor (t-SNARE) protein, is required for normal vertebrate cardiac conduction and vesicular transport. Two patients were identified with damaging variants in STX4. A patient with a homozygous R240W missense variant displayed biventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, ectopy, and runs of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, sensorineural hearing loss, global developmental delay, and hypotonia, while a second patient displayed severe pleiotropic abnormalities and perinatal lethality. CRISPR/Cas9-generated stx4 mutant zebrafish exhibited defects reminiscent of these patients' clinical presentations, including linearized hearts, bradycardia, otic vesicle dysgenesis, neuronal atrophy, and touch insensitivity by 3 days post fertilization. Imaging of Vamp2+ vesicles within stx4 mutant zebrafish hearts showed reduced docking to the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma. Optical mapping of the embryonic hearts coupled with pharmacological modulation of Ca2+ handling together support that zebrafish stx4 mutants have a reduction in L-type Ca2+ channel modulation. Transgenic overexpression of zebrafish Stx4R241W, analogous to the first patient's STX4R240W variant, indicated that the variant is hypomorphic. Thus, these data show an in vivo requirement for SNAREs in regulating normal embryonic cardiac function and that variants in STX4 are associated with pleiotropic human disease, including cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliyahu Perl
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Manu E. Beerens
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lejla Mulahasanovic
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany,CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kelly Smallwood
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marion Bermúdez Sasso
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Carina Wenzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas D. Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matej Komár
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Kevin E. Bove
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Genetics and Network Medicine Divisions, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K. Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carlos E. Prada
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Corresponding author
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Falkenberg LG, Beckman SA, Ravisankar P, Dohn TE, Waxman JS. Ccdc103 promotes myeloid cell proliferation and migration independent of motile cilia. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048439. [PMID: 34028558 PMCID: PMC8214733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is predominantly attributed to impairment of motile cilia. However, PCD patients also have perplexing functional defects in myeloid cells, which lack motile cilia. Here, we show that coiled-coil domain-containing protein 103 (CCDC103), one of the genes that, when mutated, is known to cause PCD, is required for the proliferation and directed migration of myeloid cells. CCDC103 is expressed in human myeloid cells, where it colocalizes with cytoplasmic microtubules. Zebrafish ccdc103/schmalhans (smh) mutants have macrophages and neutrophils with reduced proliferation, abnormally rounded cell morphology and an inability to migrate efficiently to the site of sterile wounds, all of which are consistent with a loss of cytoplasmic microtubule stability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that direct interactions between CCDC103 and sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), which also promotes microtubule stability, are abrogated by CCDC103 mutations from PCD patients, and that spag6 zebrafish mutants recapitulate the myeloid defects observed in smh mutants. In summary, we have illuminated a mechanism, independent of motile cilia, to explain functional defects in myeloid cells from PCD patients. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Falkenberg
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sarah A. Beckman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tracy E. Dohn
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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5
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Holowiecki A, Linstrum K, Ravisankar P, Chetal K, Salomonis N, Waxman JS. Pbx4 limits heart size and fosters arch artery formation by partitioning second heart field progenitors and restricting proliferation. Development 2020; 147:dev185652. [PMID: 32094112 PMCID: PMC7063670 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate heart development requires the integration of temporally distinct differentiating progenitors. However, few signals are understood that restrict the size of the later-differentiating outflow tract (OFT). We show that improper specification and proliferation of second heart field (SHF) progenitors in zebrafish lazarus (lzr) mutants, which lack the transcription factor Pbx4, produces enlarged hearts owing to an increase in ventricular and smooth muscle cells. Specifically, Pbx4 initially promotes the partitioning of the SHF into anterior progenitors, which contribute to the OFT, and adjacent endothelial cell progenitors, which contribute to posterior pharyngeal arches. Subsequently, Pbx4 limits SHF progenitor (SHFP) proliferation. Single cell RNA sequencing of nkx2.5+ cells revealed previously unappreciated distinct differentiation states and progenitor subpopulations that normally reside within the SHF and arterial pole of the heart. Specifically, the transcriptional profiles of Pbx4-deficient nkx2.5+ SHFPs are less distinct and display characteristics of normally discrete proliferative progenitor and anterior, differentiated cardiomyocyte populations. Therefore, our data indicate that the generation of proper OFT size and arch arteries requires Pbx-dependent stratification of unique differentiation states to facilitate both homeotic-like transformations and limit progenitor production within the SHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holowiecki
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kelsey Linstrum
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kashish Chetal
- Bioinformatics Division, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Bioinformatics Division, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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6
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Dohn TE, Ravisankar P, Tirera FT, Martin KE, Gafranek JT, Duong TB, VanDyke TL, Touvron M, Barske LA, Crump JG, Waxman JS. Nr2f-dependent allocation of ventricular cardiomyocyte and pharyngeal muscle progenitors. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007962. [PMID: 30721228 PMCID: PMC6377147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple syndromes share congenital heart and craniofacial muscle defects, indicating there is an intimate relationship between the adjacent cardiac and pharyngeal muscle (PM) progenitor fields. However, mechanisms that direct antagonistic lineage decisions of the cardiac and PM progenitors within the anterior mesoderm of vertebrates are not understood. Here, we identify that retinoic acid (RA) signaling directly promotes the expression of the transcription factor Nr2f1a within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Using zebrafish nr2f1a and nr2f2 mutants, we find that Nr2f1a and Nr2f2 have redundant requirements restricting ventricular cardiomyocyte (CM) number and promoting development of the posterior PMs. Cre-mediated genetic lineage tracing in nr2f1a; nr2f2 double mutants reveals that tcf21+ progenitor cells, which can give rise to ventricular CMs and PM, more frequently become ventricular CMs potentially at the expense of posterior PMs in nr2f1a; nr2f2 mutants. Our studies reveal insights into the molecular etiology that may underlie developmental syndromes that share heart, neck and facial defects as well as the phenotypic variability of congenital heart defects associated with NR2F mutations in humans. Many developmental syndromes include both congenital heart and craniofacial defects, necessitating a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the correlation of these defects. During early vertebrate development, cardiac and pharyngeal muscle cells originate from adjacent, partially overlapping progenitor fields within the anterior mesoderm. However, signals that allocate the cells from the adjacent cardiac and pharyngeal muscle progenitor fields are not understood. Mutations in the gene NR2F2 are associated with variable types of congenital heart defects in humans. Our recent work demonstrates that zebrafish Nr2f1a is the functional equivalent to Nr2f2 in mammals and promotes atrial development. Here, we identify that zebrafish nr2f1a and nr2f2 have redundant requirements at earlier stages of development than nr2f1a alone to restrict the number of ventricular CMs in the heart and promote posterior pharyngeal muscle development. Therefore, we have identified an antagonistic mechanism that is necessary to generate the proper number of cardiac and pharyngeal muscle progenitors in vertebrates. These studies provide evidence to help explain the variability of congenital heart defects from NR2F2 mutations in humans and a novel molecular framework for understanding developmental syndromes with heart and craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E. Dohn
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Fouley T. Tirera
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Master’s Program in Genetics, Department of Life Sciences, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Kendall E. Martin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular Genetics and Human Genetics Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Gafranek
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Tiffany B. Duong
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Master’s Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Terri L. VanDyke
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Melissa Touvron
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Barske
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Duong TB, Ravisankar P, Song YC, Gafranek JT, Rydeen AB, Dohn TE, Barske LA, Crump JG, Waxman JS. Nr2f1a balances atrial chamber and atrioventricular canal size via BMP signaling-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Dev Biol 2017; 434:7-14. [PMID: 29157563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Determination of appropriate chamber size is critical for normal vertebrate heart development. Although Nr2f transcription factors promote atrial maintenance and differentiation, how they determine atrial size remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish Nr2f1a is expressed in differentiating atrial cardiomyocytes. Zebrafish nr2f1a mutants have smaller atria due to a specific reduction in atrial cardiomyocyte (AC) number, suggesting it has similar requirements to Nr2f2 in mammals. Furthermore, the smaller atria in nr2f1a mutants are derived from distinct mechanisms that perturb AC differentiation at the chamber poles. At the venous pole, Nr2f1a enhances the rate of AC differentiation. Nr2f1a also establishes the atrial-atrioventricular canal (AVC) border through promoting the differentiation of mature ACs. Without Nr2f1a, AVC markers are expanded into the atrium, resulting in enlarged endocardial cushions (ECs). Inhibition of Bmp signaling can restore EC development, but not AC number, suggesting that Nr2f1a concomitantly coordinates atrial and AVC size through both Bmp-dependent and independent mechanisms. These findings provide insight into conserved functions of Nr2f proteins and the etiology of atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) associated with NR2F2 mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany B Duong
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Master's Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yuntao Charlie Song
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jacob T Gafranek
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ariel B Rydeen
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tracy E Dohn
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lindsey A Barske
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- The Heart Institute and Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Developmental Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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Ravisankar P, Kumar R, Muthusamy R. Neurochemical and histological observations after the transplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells in 6-hydroxydomine (6-ohda) lesioned corpus striatum of Wistar albino rats. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Ravisankar P, Lai YT, Sambrani N, Tomoyasu Y. Comparative developmental analysis of Drosophila and Tribolium reveals conserved and diverged roles of abrupt in insect wing evolution. Dev Biol 2015; 409:518-29. [PMID: 26687509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphological innovation is a fundamental process in evolution, yet its molecular basis is still elusive. Acquisition of elytra, highly modified beetle forewings, is an important innovation that has driven the successful radiation of beetles. Our RNAi screening for candidate genes has identified abrupt (ab) as a potential key player in elytron evolution. In this study, we performed a series of RNA interference (RNAi) experiments in both Tribolium and Drosophila to understand the contributions of ab to the evolution of beetle elytra. We found that (i) ab is essential for proper wing vein patterning both in Tribolium and Drosophila, (ii) ab has gained a novel function in determining the unique elytron shape in the beetle lineage, (iii) unlike Hippo and Insulin, other shape determining pathways, the shape determining function of ab is specific to the elytron and not required in the hindwing, (iv) ab has a previously undescribed role in the Notch signal-associated wing formation processes, which appears to be conserved between beetles and flies. These data suggest that ab has gained a new function during elytron evolution in beetles without compromising the conserved wing-related functions. Gaining a new function without losing evolutionarily conserved functions may be a key theme in the evolution of morphologically novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Nagraj Sambrani
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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D’Aniello E, Ravisankar P, Waxman JS. Rdh10a Provides a Conserved Critical Step in the Synthesis of Retinoic Acid during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138588. [PMID: 26394147 PMCID: PMC4578954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The first step in the conversion of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in embryos requires retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs). Recent studies have demonstrated that RDH10 is a critical core component of the machinery that produces RA in mouse and Xenopus embryos. If the conservation of Rdh10 function in the production of RA extends to teleost embryos has not been investigated. Here, we report that zebrafish Rdh10a deficient embryos have defects consistent with loss of RA signaling, including anteriorization of the nervous system and enlarged hearts with increased cardiomyocyte number. While knockdown of Rdh10a alone produces relatively mild RA deficient phenotypes, Rdh10a can sensitize embryos to RA deficiency and enhance phenotypes observed when Aldh1a2 function is perturbed. Moreover, excess Rdh10a enhances embryonic sensitivity to retinol, which has relatively mild teratogenic effects compared to retinal and RA treatment. Performing Rdh10a regulatory expression analysis, we also demonstrate that a conserved teleost rdh10a enhancer requires Pax2 sites to drive expression in the eyes of transgenic embryos. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Rdh10a has a conserved requirement in the first step of RA production within vertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D’Aniello
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ravisankar P, Ravi V. Financial distress prediction in banks using Group Method of Data Handling neural network, counter propagation neural network and fuzzy ARTMAP. Knowl Based Syst 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Ravisankar P, Udupa K, Prakash ES. Correlation between body mass index and blood pressure indices, handgrip strength and handgrip endurance in underweight, normal weight and overweight adolescents. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 49:455-61. [PMID: 16579400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the correlation between body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) indices and indices of physical fitness in apparently healthy subjects aged 14-18 years. We obtained data from 145 (105 males and 40 females) and assessed the correlation between BMI, and heart rate, systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MP), rate-pressure product, endurance in the 40 mm Hg test, handgrip strength (HGS), and handgrip endurance. Subjects with BMI <18.5 kg/m2, 18.5-25 kg/m2 and >25 kg/m2 were classed as underweight (65 males and 9 females), normal weight (27 males and 20 females), and overweight (13 males and 11 females) respectively. In view of gender differences in autonomic regulation, data of male and female subjects were analyzed separately. We used analysis of variance to compare differences between the three groups. Correlation between BMI and other indices was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant Both SP and DP were highest in overweight and least in underweight male subjects (P<0.05 for both), whereas in females, differences in DP alone were statistically significant (P<0.05). In underweight male subjects, there was a positive correlation between BMI and SP, DP, PP, MP and HGS (P<0.05 for all). There was a positive correlation between BMI and SP in overweight male subjects (r = 0.5 P = 0.07, n = 13). A positive correlation was observed between BMI and rate-pressure product (r = 0.5, P = 0.45, n = 11) and BMI and HGS (r = 0.6, P = 0.05, n = 11) in overweight females. Our observations indicate that there are gender differences in the correlation between BMI and BP indices especially in underweight and overweight subjects. The observed differences between the three groups and gender differences in correlation between BMI and BP indices may be due to differences in autonomic function and or energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ravisankar
- Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry--605 006.
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Abstract
A role for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has been implied in the atherogenic process. To determine whether exogenously administered IFN-gamma exerts an effect on the development of atherosclerosis, we intraperitoneally administered either recombinant IFN-gamma (100 U/g body weight) or phosphate buffered saline daily for 30 days to atherosclerosis-susceptible apolipoprotein E-/- mice (16-week-old male mice, n = 11 per group) fed a normal diet. Atherosclerotic lesion size was quantified in the ascending aorta. The number of T lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive cells within lesions were also quantified in this region. IFN-gamma administration reduced serum cholesterol concentrations by 15% (P = 0.02). For both groups, the majority of cholesterol was present in very low density lipoproteins, which were modestly reduced in mice receiving IFN-gamma. Despite the decrease in serum cholesterol concentrations, IFN-gamma injections significantly increased lesion size twofold compared to controls (119,980 +/- 18, 536 vs. 59,396 +/- 20,017 micrometer(2); P = 0.038). IFN-gamma also significantly increased the mean number of T lymphocytes (19 +/- 4 vs. 7 +/- 1 cells; P = 0.03) and MHC class II-positive cells (10 +/- 3 vs. 3 +/- 1 cells; P = 0.04) within lesions. These data lend further support to a pro-atherogenic role of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Whitman
- Gill Heart Institute, Atherosclerosis Research Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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