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Wang L, Wu X, Wan Q, Yang Y, Gao C. Phloridzin reduces synovial hyperplasia and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis rat by modulating mTOR pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:111727. [PMID: 38636369 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease and management of it still a challenge. Given report evaluates protective effect of phlorizin on RA and also postulates the molecular mechanism of its action. Bovine type II collagen (CIA) and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (1:1 and 1 mg/ml) was administered on 1st and 8th day of protocol to induce RA in rats and treatment with phlorizin 60 and 120 mg/kg was started after 4th week of protocol. Level of inflammatory cytokines and expression of proteins were estimated in phlorizin treated RA rats. Moreover in-vitro study was performed on Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and effect of phlorizin was estimated on proliferation, apoptosis and expression of mTOR pathway protein after stimulating these cell lines with Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). Data of study suggest that phlorizin reduces inflammation and improves weight in CIA induced RA rats. Level of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and expression of Akt/PI3K/mTOR proteins in the join tissue was reduced in phlorizin treated RA rats. Phlorizin also reported to reverse the histopathological changes in the joint tissue of RA rats. In-vitro study supports that phlorizin reduces proliferation and no apoptotic effect on TNF-α stimulated FLSs. Expression of Akt/PI3K/mTOR proteins also downregulated in phlorizin treated TNF-α stimulated FLSs. In conclusion, phlorizin protects inflammation and reduces injury to the synovial tissues in RA, as it reduces autophagy by regulating Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Henan Province 473000, China.
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Henan Province 473000, China
| | - Quanhui Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Henan Province 473000, China
| | - Yuqiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Henan Province 473000, China
| | - Chaojie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Nanyang City, Henan Province 473000, China
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Wang L, Wu X, Wan Q, Yang Y, Gao C. Phlorizin Regulates Synovial Hyperplasia and Inflammation in Rats With Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating the mTOR Pathway. In Vivo 2024; 38:1182-1191. [PMID: 38688626 PMCID: PMC11059876 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, and management of it is still a challenge. The present investigation assessed the potential preventive effect of phlorizin on rats with RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 healthy Wistar rats were used for this study. Bovine type II collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (1:1 and 1 mg/ml) were administered on days 1 and 8 of the protocol to induce RA in rats; treatment with phlorizin at 60 or 120 mg/kg was started after the 4th week of the protocol, and its effect on inflammation, level of inflammatory cytokines, and expression of proteins were estimated in RA rats. Moreover, an in vitro study was performed on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and the effects of phlorizin on proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase pathway protein after stimulating these cells with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were estimated. RESULTS The data obtained from the study indicate that phlorizin has the potential to mitigate inflammation and enhance weight management in rats with RA induced by bovine type II collagen (CII). The level of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and the expression of protein kinase B (AKT), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), and mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) proteins in the joint tissue were reduced in phlorizin-treated rats with RA. In this investigation, phlorizin was shown to reverse the histological abnormalities in the joint tissue of rats with RA. The in-vitro study showed that phlorizin reduced proliferation and had no apoptotic effect on TNF-α-stimulated FLSs. Expression of AKT, PI3K, and mTOR proteins was also down-regulated in phlorizin-treated TNF-α-stimulated FLSs. CONCLUSION Phlorizin protects against inflammation and reduces injury to synovial tissues in RA by modulating the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, P.R. China
| | - Quanhui Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, P.R. China
| | - Chaojie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, P.R. China
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Asada S, Kaji K, Nishimura N, Koizumi A, Matsuda T, Tanaka M, Yorioka N, Sato S, Kitagawa K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Yoshiji H. Tofogliflozin Delays Portal Hypertension and Hepatic Fibrosis by Inhibiting Sinusoidal Capillarization in Cirrhotic Rats. Cells 2024; 13:538. [PMID: 38534382 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension (PH) with capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), although drug treatment options for PH are currently limited. Sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors, which are antidiabetic agents, have been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to elucidate the effect of tofogliflozin on PH and liver fibrosis in a rat cirrhosis model. METHODS Male-F344/NSlc rats repeatedly received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally to induce PH and liver cirrhosis alongside tofogliflozin (10 or 20 mg/kg). Portal hemodynamics and hepatic phenotypes were assessed after 14 weeks. An in vitro study investigated the effects of tofogliflozin on the crosstalk between LSEC and activated hepatic stellate cells (Ac-HSC), which are relevant to PH development. RESULTS Tofogliflozin prevented PH with attenuated intrahepatic vasoconstriction, sinusoidal capillarization, and remodeling independent of glycemic status in CCl4-treated rats. Hepatic macrophage infiltration, proinflammatory response, and fibrogenesis were suppressed by treatment with tofogliflozin. In vitro assays showed that tofogliflozin suppressed Ac-HSC-stimulated capillarization and vasoconstriction in LSECs by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, as well as inhibited the capilliarized LSEC-stimulated contractive, profibrogenic, and proliferative activities of Ac-HSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides strong support for tofogliflozin in the prevention of liver cirrhosis-related PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Asada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Misako Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yorioka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Koh Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
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Campeau MA, Leask RL. Empagliflozin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress associated TXNIP/NLRP3 activation in tunicamycin-stimulated aortic endothelial cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:267-279. [PMID: 37421429 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have proven to be of therapeutic significance for cardiovascular diseases beyond the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of SGLT2i on endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain to be clarified. In this study, we sought to understand the effect of empagliflozin (EMPA; Jardiance®) on cell homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. ER stress was induced by tunicamycin (Tm) in human abdominal aortic ECs treated with EMPA over 24 h. Tm-induced ER stress caused increases in the protein expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), NLR-family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and in the ratio of phospho-eIF2α/eIF2α. EMPA (50-100 µM) resulted in a dampened downstream activation of ER stress as seen by the reduced expression of CHOP and TXNIP/NLRP3 in a dose-dependent manner. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) translocation was also attenuated in EMPA-treated ECs. These results suggest that EMPA improves redox signaling under ER stress which in turn attenuates the activation of TXNIP/NLRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Huang Q, Zhou H, Yu S. Long non‑coding RNA PEG13 regulates endothelial cell senescence through the microRNA‑195/IRS1 axis. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:584. [PMID: 38023368 PMCID: PMC10665998 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation. The present study aimed to elucidate the pathological role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) paternally expressed 13 (PEG13) in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, its effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, angiogenesis, senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related factors were investigated using cell proliferation, cellular angiogenesis, β-galactosidase staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) inhibited lncRNA PEG13 expression and HUVEC viability in a dose-dependent manner and PEG13 overexpression partially reversed these effects. Additionally, PEG13 overexpression ameliorated the ox-LDL-induced impairment of angiogenesis, cellular senescence and SASP. Furthermore, lncRNA PEG13 directly targeted microRNA (miR/miRNA)-195-5p, suppressing the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of the miRNA. The gene coding for insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), an activator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, was confirmed as a direct target of miR-195. PEG13 overexpression attenuated the ox-LDL-induced inhibition of IRS1 expression and PI3K/AKT signaling and its protective effects on HUVEC viability, angiogenesis and senescence were partially reversed by small interfering RNAs targeting IRS1. The present study demonstrated that lncRNA PEG13 attenuates ox-LDL-induced senescence in HUVECs by modulating the miR-195/IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Haiwen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Songping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Katsuyama H. Significance of Endothelial Dysfunction Amelioration for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor-Induced Improvements in Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patients. Metabolites 2023; 13:736. [PMID: 37367894 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond lowering plasma glucose levels, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) significantly reduce hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and retard the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction is not only involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but is also associated with the progression of CKD. In patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia induce the development of endothelial dysfunction. SGLT2is have been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction, as assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation, in individuals at high risk of CVD. Along with an improvement in endothelial dysfunction, SGLT2is have been shown to improve oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, glucotoxicity, such as the advanced signaling of glycation end products, and nitric oxide bioavailability. The improvements in endothelial dysfunction and such endothelium-derived factors may play an important role in preventing the development of coronary artery disease, coronary microvascular dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy, which cause HF, and play a role in retarding CKD. The suppression of the development of HF and the progression of CKD achieved by SGLT2is might have been largely induced by their capacity to improve vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Hiroki Adachi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Mariko Hakoshima
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Katsuyama
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
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Wang YH, Liu YP, Zhu JQ, Zhou GH, Zhang F, An Q, Yang J, Cho KW, Jin SN, Wen JF. Physcion prevents high-fat diet-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175554. [PMID: 36709792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity leads endothelial dysfunction and contributes to cardiovascular diseases. Palmitic acid (PA), a free fatty acid, is the main component of dietary saturated fat. Physcion, a chemical ingredient from Rhubarb, has been shown anti-hypertensive, anti-bacteria, and anti-tumor properties. However, the effects of physcion on endothelial dysfunction under HFD-induced obesity have not been reported. The purpose of the present study was to define the protective effect of physcion on HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction and its mechanisms involved. Obesity rat model was induced by HFD for 12 weeks. A rat thoracic aortic ring model was used to investigate the effects of physcion on HFD-induced impairment of vasorelaxation. Endothelial cell injury model was constructed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by treating with PA (0.25 mM) for 24 h. The results revealed that physcion reduced body weight and the levels of plasma TG, prevented impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in HFD-fed rats. In PA-injured HUVECs, physcion inhibited impaired viability, apoptosis and inflammation. Physcion also suppressed PA-induced both oxidative stress and ER stress in HUVECs. Furthermore, physcion increased PA-induced decrease in the activation of eNOS/Nrf2 signaling in HUVECs. These findings suggest that physcion has a significant beneficial effect on regulating HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction, which may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and ER stress through activation of eNOS/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Jia-Quan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Guang Hai Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; College of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences & Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences & Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Qi An
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Kyung Woo Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Song Nan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, China
| | - Jin Fu Wen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; College of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences & Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China.
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8
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Dihydrochalcones in Sweet Tea: Biosynthesis, Distribution and Neuroprotection Function. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248794. [PMID: 36557927 PMCID: PMC9782792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sweet tea is a popular herbal drink in southwest China, and it is usually made from the shoots and tender leaves of Lithocarpus litseifolius. The sweet taste is mainly attributed to its high concentration of dihydrochalcones. The distribution and biosynthesis of dihydrochaldones in sweet tea, as well as neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo tests, are reviewed in this paper. Dihydrochalones are mainly composed of phloretin and its glycosides, namely, trilobatin and phloridzin, and enriched in tender leaves with significant geographical specificity. Biosynthesis of the dihydrochalones follows part of the phenylpropanoid and a branch of flavonoid metabolic pathways and is regulated by expression of the genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase, trans-cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase. The dihydrochalones have been proven to exert a significant neuroprotective effect through their regulation against Aβ deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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9
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Kong Y, Niu A, Yuan W, Zhou Y, Xia M, Xiong X, Lu Y, Yin T, Zhang Y, Chen S, Huang Q, Zeng G, Huang Q. Interaction of FOXO1 and SUMOylated PPARγ1 induced by hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia favors vascular endothelial insulin resistance and dysfunction. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 147:107125. [PMID: 36252777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ1 and FOXO1 are the key transcription factors that regulate insulin sensitivity. We previously found that a small ubiquitin-related modifier of PPARγ1 at K77 (SUMOylation) favored endothelial insulin resistance (IR) induced by high fat/high glucose (HF/HG) administration. However, whether and how the crosstalk between SUMOylated PPARγ1 and FOXO1 would mediate the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we emphasize how PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation would interact with FOXO1 and participate in the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction. Our results show that the combination of HF/HG and PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation exhibits a synergistic deteriorative effect on the endothelial IR and dysfunction, presenting decreased NO levels and elevated ET-1 levels, weakened PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation function. The further researches reveal that PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation readily interacts with FOXO1, and FOXO1 occupies the PPAR response element (PPRE) which is supposed to be occupied by PPARγ, thus resulting in the decrease of PPARγ1 transcription activity and the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling promotes in turn the accumulation of FOXO1 in the nucleus where FOXO1 interacts with the SUMOylated PPARγ1, thus exerting a positive feedback effect on IR pathogenesis. The findings uncover a novel association between PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation and FOXO1, which contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial IR and dysfunction and provides novel pharmacological targets for diabetic angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ailin Niu
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wanwan Yuan
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Min Xia
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Tingting Yin
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qiren Huang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
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10
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Gliozzi M, Macrì R, Coppoletta AR, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Guarnieri L, Cardamone A, Ruga S, Scarano F, Nucera S, Mollace R, Bava I, Caminiti R, Serra M, Maiuolo J, Palma E, Mollace V. From Diabetes Care to Heart Failure Management: A Potential Therapeutic Approach Combining SGLT2 Inhibitors and Plant Extracts. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183737. [PMID: 36145112 PMCID: PMC9504067 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex chronic disease, and among the affected patients, cardiovascular disease (CVD)is the most common cause of death. Consequently, the evidence for the cardiovascular benefit of glycaemic control may reduce long-term CVD rates. Over the years, multiple pharmacological approaches aimed at controlling blood glucose levels were unable to significantly reduce diabetes-related cardiovascular events. In this view, a therapeutic strategy combining SGLT2 inhibitors and plant extracts might represent a promising solution. Indeed, countering the main cardiometabolic risk factor using plant extracts could potentiate the cardioprotective action of SGLT2 inhibitors. This review highlights the main molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects that could contribute to the better management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Gliozzi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (C.C.); Tel./Fax: +39-0961-3694301 (V.M. & C.C.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (C.C.); Tel./Fax: +39-0961-3694301 (V.M. & C.C.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Irene Bava
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Caminiti
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serra
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Renato Dulbecco Institute, Lamezia Terme, 88046 Catanzaro, Italy
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11
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Development and Functional Analysis of Lithocarpus polystachyus (wall.) Rehd Black Tea. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development conditions and functional properties of a novel compound tea Lithocarpus polystachyus (wall.) Rehd (L. polystachyus, LPR) black tea (LPRBT). The compound tea was developed by fermentation using fresh leaves (Camellia sinensis cv. Qianmei 601) as the main raw material with LPR powder as an additive. Based on the single factor and orthogonal tests with sensory scores as indicators, a withered leaves–LPR powder mass ratio of 9:1 with a 6 h fermentation time was determined to be the production condition of LPRBT with a sensory score of 89.09. In addition, phlorizin content, anti-oxidation function, hypoglycemic function, and tumor suppressor effect of LPRBT were measured. The results demonstrated that LPRBT phlorizin content was significantly higher than apple. It also showed that the equivalent 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical clearance rate with Vitamin C (Vc) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical clearance rate was 81% of Vc. Both hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical clearance increased with the increase in LPRBT amount. LPRBT also showed a good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase, indicating certain hypoglycemic activity. Moreover, it inhibited the growth of HeLa and A549 cancer cells showing tumor suppressor activity. This study provides a reference for the development and application of LPR food products.
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12
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Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Processes in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105634. [PMID: 35628443 PMCID: PMC9144929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, also known as gliflozins, were developed as a novel class of anti-diabetic agents that promote glycosuria through the prevention of glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule by sodium-glucose co-transporter 2. Beyond the regulation of glucose homeostasis, they resulted as being effective in different clinical trials in patients with heart failure, showing a strong cardio-renal protective effect in diabetic, but also in non-diabetic patients, which highlights the possible existence of other mechanisms through which gliflozins could be exerting their action. So far, different gliflozins have been approved for their therapeutic use in T2DM, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease in different countries, all of them being diseases that have in common a deregulation of the inflammatory process associated with the pathology, which perpetuates and worsens the disease. This inflammatory deregulation has been observed in many other diseases, which led the scientific community to have a growing interest in the understanding of the biological processes that lead to or control inflammation deregulation in order to be able to identify potential therapeutic targets that could revert this situation and contribute to the amelioration of the disease. In this line, recent studies showed that gliflozins also act as an anti-inflammatory drug, and have been proposed as a useful strategy to treat other diseases linked to inflammation in addition to cardio-renal diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this work, we will review recent studies regarding the role of the main sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the control of inflammation.
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13
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Phang RJ, Ritchie RH, Hausenloy DJ, Lees JG, Lim SY. Cellular interplay between cardiomyocytes and non-myocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:668-690. [PMID: 35388880 PMCID: PMC10153440 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently exhibit a distinctive cardiac phenotype known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac complications associated with T2DM include cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in the early stages of the disease, which can progress to systolic dysfunction and heart failure. Effective therapeutic options for diabetic cardiomyopathy are limited and often have conflicting results. The lack of effective treatments for diabetic cardiomyopathy is due in part, to our poor understanding of the disease development and progression, as well as a lack of robust and valid preclinical human models that can accurately recapitulate the pathophysiology of the human heart. In addition to cardiomyocytes, the heart contains a heterogeneous population of non-myocytes including fibroblasts, vascular cells, autonomic neurons and immune cells. These cardiac non-myocytes play important roles in cardiac homeostasis and disease, yet the effect of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia on these cell types are often overlooked in preclinical models of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells provides a new paradigm in which to model diabetic cardiomyopathy as they can be differentiated into all cell types in the human heart. This review will discuss the roles of cardiac non-myocytes and their dynamic intercellular interactions in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We will also discuss the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as a therapy for diabetic cardiomyopathy and their known impacts on non-myocytes. These developments will no doubt facilitate the discovery of novel treatment targets for preventing the onset and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Phang
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- School of Biosciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jarmon G Lees
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Hanaguri J, Yokota H, Kushiyama A, Kushiyama S, Watanabe M, Yamagami S, Nagaoka T. The Effect of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Tofogliflozin on Neurovascular Coupling in the Retina in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031362. [PMID: 35163285 PMCID: PMC8835894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of tofogliflozin, a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), on retinal blood flow dysregulation, neural retinal dysfunction, and the impaired neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetic mice. Tofogliflozin was added to mouse chow to deliver 5 mg/kg/day and 6-week-old mice were fed for 8 weeks. The longitudinal changes in the retinal neuronal function and blood flow responses to systemic hyperoxia and flicker stimulation were evaluated every 2 weeks in diabetic db/db mice that received tofogliflozin (n =6) or placebo (n = 6) from 8 to 14 weeks of age. We also evaluated glial activation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by immunofluorescence. Tofogliflozin treatment caused a sustained decrease in blood glucose in db/db mice from 8 weeks of the treatment. In tofogliflozin-treated db/db mice, both responses improved from 8 to 14 weeks of age, compared with vehicle-treated diabetic mice. Subsequently, the electroretinography implicit time for the oscillatory potential was significantly improved in SGLT2i-treated db/db mice. The systemic tofogliflozin treatment prevented the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and VEGF protein expression, as detected by immunofluorescence. Our results suggest that glycemic control with tofogliflozin significantly improved the impaired retinal neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetic mice with the inhibition of retinal glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hanaguri
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan; (J.H.); (H.Y.); (M.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Harumasa Yokota
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan; (J.H.); (H.Y.); (M.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Akifumi Kushiyama
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Sakura Kushiyama
- Division of Life Science, Department of Nursing, National College of Nursing, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8575, Japan;
| | - Masahisa Watanabe
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan; (J.H.); (H.Y.); (M.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Satoru Yamagami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan; (J.H.); (H.Y.); (M.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Taiji Nagaoka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8601, Japan; (J.H.); (H.Y.); (M.W.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3972-8111
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15
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Nakao M, Shimizu I, Katsuumi G, Yoshida Y, Suda M, Hayashi Y, Ikegami R, Hsiao YT, Okuda S, Soga T, Minamino T. Empagliflozin maintains capillarization and improves cardiac function in a murine model of left ventricular pressure overload. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18384. [PMID: 34526601 PMCID: PMC8443662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes treated with Sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors show reduced mortality and hospitalization for heart failure (HF). SGLT2 inhibitors are considered to activate multiple cardioprotective pathways; however, underlying mechanisms are not fully described. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the failing heart. We generated a left ventricular (LV) pressure overload model in C57BL/6NCrSlc mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and examined the effects of empagliflozin (EMPA) in this model. We conducted metabolome and transcriptome analyses and histological and physiological examinations. EMPA administration ameliorated pressure overload-induced systolic dysfunction. Metabolomic studies showed that EMPA increased citrulline levels in cardiac tissue and reduced levels of arginine, indicating enhanced metabolism from arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). Transcriptome suggested possible involvement of the insulin/AKT pathway that could activate NO production through phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Histological examination of the mice showed capillary rarefaction and endothelial apoptosis after TAC, both of which were significantly improved by EMPA treatment. This improvement was associated with enhanced expression phospho-eNOS and NO production in cardiac endothelial cells. NOS inhibition attenuated these cardioprotective effects of EMPA. The in vitro studies showed that catecholamine-induced endothelial apoptosis was inhibited by NO, arginine, or AKT activator. EMPA activates the AKT/eNOS/NO pathway, which helps to suppress endothelial apoptosis, maintain capillarization and improve systolic dysfunction during LV pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Goro Katsuumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Suda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuka Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Ikegami
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yung Ting Hsiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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16
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Chen J, Li T, Vladmir C, Yuan Y, Sun Z. Renal lipid accumulation induced by high-fat diet regulates glucose homeostasis via sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 179:109027. [PMID: 34454004 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Visceral lipid accumulation is involved in a variety of physiological aberrations. In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether lipid accumulation had an impact on glucose reabsorption in the kidney. METHODS We examined renal lipid content and renal threshold for glucose (RTG) of each subject. We compared sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) levels in kidneys between rats fed with high fat diet (HFD) and normal chow diet. In vitro, HK2 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA). Intracellular lipid droplet deposition, glucose uptake, SGLT2 and SREBP1c expression were examined. RESULTS Renal fat fraction was positively associated with RTG among the recruited subjects. Moreover, renal lipid content was significantly increased in HFD rats, as well as SGLT2 expression. Accompanied with lipid droplet deposition in HK2 cells, PA stimulated SGLT2 expression and glucose uptake. In addition, after PA treatment, SREBP1c expression was significantly enhanced. However, transfection with siRNA-SREBP1c resulted in significant amelioration of lipid accumulation induced by PA in HK2 cells. Further examination indicated that accompanied with improvement of lipid deposition, SGLT2 expression and glucose uptake were attenuated. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate the involvement of renal lipid accumulation in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Carvalho Vladmir
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Liu HY, Liu Y, Mai YH, Guo H, He XQ, Xia Y, Li H, Zhuang QG, Gan RY. Phenolic Content, Main Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity of Instant Sweet Tea ( Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun) Prepared with Different Raw Materials and Drying Methods. Foods 2021; 10:1930. [PMID: 34441707 PMCID: PMC8394704 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of raw materials and drying methods on the phytochemical and antioxidant capacities of instant sweet tea powder. Four raw materials of sweet tea leave powders (STUT) were extracted and dried with two methods (freeze-drying and spray-drying). The antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phlorizin and trilobatin contents of obtained instant sweet tea powders were compared. In addition, the single-factor experiments coupled with response surface methodology were used to study the influences of solvent-to-sample ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and their interactions on instant sweet tea yield. Results showed that the optimal conditions for extraction were the solvent-to-sample ratio of 19:1 mL/g, extraction temperature of 88 °C, and extraction time of 30 min. The TPC, TFC, antioxidant capacities, and phloridzin and trilobatin contents of instant sweet teas were higher than those of STUT, and the TPC and TFC of freeze-dried instant sweet teas were higher than those of spray-dried instant sweet teas. Significant correlations were found among TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities (p < 0.01). The freeze-dried instant sweet tea produced by young leaves (prepared by oven-drying) showed the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities, compared with other raw materials and drying methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Ying-Hui Mai
- School of Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Huan Guo
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xiao-Qin He
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Qi-Guo Zhuang
- China-New Zealand Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Kiwifruit, Kiwifruit Breeding and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.-Y.L.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (X.-Q.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.)
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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18
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Durante W, Behnammanesh G, Peyton KJ. Effects of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors on Vascular Cell Function and Arterial Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168786. [PMID: 34445519 PMCID: PMC8396183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Recent clinical studies indicate that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. The mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is not completely clear but may involve direct actions on vascular cells. SGLT2 inhibitors increase the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and thereby restore endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetes. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors favorably regulate the proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, and senescence of endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, they exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in ECs. SGLT2 inhibitors also inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells and block the proliferation and migration of these cells. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that SGLT2 inhibitors prevent postangioplasty restenosis, maladaptive remodeling of the vasculature in pulmonary arterial hypertension, the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms, and the acceleration of arterial stiffness in diabetes. However, the role of SGLT2 in mediating the vascular actions of these drugs remains to be established as important off-target effects of SGLT2 inhibitors have been identified. Future studies distinguishing drug- versus class-specific effects may optimize the selection of specific SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with distinct cardiovascular pathologies.
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19
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Abstract
Explored the mechanism of action of tanshinone IIA (TIIA) against atherosclerosis.
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20
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Carrizzo A, Lizio R, Di Pietro P, Ciccarelli M, Damato A, Venturini E, Iannece P, Sommella E, Campiglia P, Ockermann P, Vecchione C. Healthberry 865 ® and Its Related, Specific, Single Anthocyanins Exert a Direct Vascular Action, Modulating Both Endothelial Function and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081191. [PMID: 34439440 PMCID: PMC8388872 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological studies have identified a relationship between diet and cerebro-cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this regard, there is a promising dietary group for cardiovascular protection are polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. Vascular reactivity studies were performed using Healthberry 865® and constituent single anthocyanins to characterize vasomotor responses; immunofluorescence analysis with dichlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium were used to evaluate nitric oxide and oxidative stress; lucigenin assay was used to measure NADPH oxidase activity; and gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved. We demonstrated that Healthberry 865® exerts an important vasorelaxant effect of resistance artery functions in mice. Its action is mediated by nitric oxide release through the intracellular signaling PI3K/Akt. Moreover, behind its capability of modulating vascular tone, it also exerts an important antioxidant effect though the modulation of the NADPH oxidase enzyme. Interestingly, its cardiovascular properties are mediated by the selective action of different anthocyanins. Finally, the exposure of human dysfunctional vessels to Healthberry 865® significantly reduces oxidative stress and improves NO bioavailability. Although further investigations are needed, our data demonstrate the direct role of Healthberry 865® on the modulation of vasculature, both on the vasorelaxation and on oxidative stress; thus, supporting the concept that a pure mixture of anthocyanins could be helpful in preventing the onset of vascular dysfunction associated with the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.C.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (P.I.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiopathology—I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.)
| | - Rosario Lizio
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.C.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.C.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Antonio Damato
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiopathology—I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiopathology—I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.)
| | - Patrizia Iannece
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.C.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (P.I.)
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Philipp Ockermann
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.C.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (P.I.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiopathology—I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Tsai KF, Chen YL, Chiou TTY, Chu TH, Li LC, Ng HY, Lee WC, Lee CT. Emergence of SGLT2 Inhibitors as Powerful Antioxidants in Human Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1166. [PMID: 34439414 PMCID: PMC8388972 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents. Apart from their glucose-lowering effects, large clinical trials assessing certain SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed cardiac and renal protective effects in non-diabetic patients. These excellent outcomes motivated scientists and clinical professionals to revisit their underlying mechanisms. In addition to the heart and kidney, redox homeostasis is crucial in several human diseases, including liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers, with accumulating preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors. In the present review, we aimed to update recent advances in the antioxidant roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in common but debilitating human diseases. We anticipate that this review will guide new research directions and novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathies, liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers in the era of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Yung-Lung Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
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22
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Ishioh M, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Phlorizin attenuates visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111649. [PMID: 33957565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity and impaired gut barrier are crucial contributors to the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and those are mediated via corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-Toll like receptor 4-pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Phlorizin is an inhibitor of sodium-linked glucose transporters (SGLTs), and known to have anti-cytokine properties. Thus, we hypothesized that phlorizin may improve these gastrointestinal changes in IBS, and tested this hypothesis in rat IBS models, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CRF-induced visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability. The visceral pain threshold in response to colonic balloon distention was estimated by abdominal muscle contractions by electromyogram, and colonic permeability was measured by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue in colonic tissue. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of phlorizin inhibited visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Phlorizin also blocked CRF-induced these gastrointestinal changes. Phlorizin is known to inhibit both SGLT1 and SGLT2, but intragastric administration of phlorizin may only inhibit SGLT1 because gut mainly expresses SGLT1. We found that intragastric phlorizin did not display any effects, but ipragliflozin, an orally active and selective SGLT2 inhibitor improved the gastrointestinal changes in the LPS model. Compound C, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor and naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist reversed the effects of phlorizin. In conclusions, phlorizin improved visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability in IBS models. These effects may result from inhibition of SGLT2, and were mediated via AMPK, NO and opioid pathways. Phlorizin may be effective for the treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishioh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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23
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Use of Anti-Diabetic Agents in Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050389. [PMID: 33923115 PMCID: PMC8146249 DOI: 10.3390/life11050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs were recently developed to treat hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, metformin remains the first-line anti-diabetic agent because of its cost-effectiveness. It has pleiotropic action that produces cardiovascular benefits, and it can be useful in diabetic nephropathy, although metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a hindrance to its use in patients with kidney failure. New anti-diabetic agents, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, also produce cardiovascular or renal benefits in T2D patients. Their glucose-independent beneficial actions can lead to cardiorenal protection via hemodynamic stabilization and inflammatory modulation. Systemic hypertension is relieved by natriuresis and improved vascular dysfunction. Enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback can be restored by SGLT-2 inhibition, reducing glomerular hypertension. Patients with non-diabetic kidney disease might also benefit from those drugs because hypertension, proteinuria, oxidative stress, and inflammation are common factors in the progression of kidney disease, irrespective of the presence of diabetes. In various animal models of non-diabetic kidney disease, metformin, GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors were favorable to kidney morphology and function. They strikingly attenuated biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in diseased kidneys. However, whether those animal results translate to patients with non-diabetic kidney disease has yet to be evaluated. Considering the paucity of new agents to treat kidney disease and the minimal adverse effects of metformin, GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors, these anti-diabetic agents could be used in patients with non-diabetic kidney disease. This paper provides a rationale for clinical trials that apply metformin, GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors to non-diabetic kidney disease.
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24
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Han L, Li D, Hang Y, Zong X, Lv J, Bai X, Lu Y, Zhang P, Zhou M, Wu Z, Hu W. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0004543 Activates oxLDL-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:632164. [PMID: 33841499 PMCID: PMC8024642 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.632164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel non-coding RNAs, which show abnormal expression in several diseases, such as atherosclerosis (AS). The purpose of the present study was to reveal the association between hsa_circ_0004543 and AS. In the present study, hsa_circ_0004543 was overexpressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Inhibition of hsa_circ_0004543 expression facilitated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HUVECs and significantly reduced their apoptotic rate following treatment with oxLDL. Furthermore, silencing of hsa_circ_0004543 activated the PI3K/AKT/NOS3 pathway in oxLDL-induced HUVECs. Collectively, these results demonstrated that hsa_circ_0004543 may play a vital role in the development of AS and affect the proliferation of HUVECs, providing a potential target for treating endothelial cell damage in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanwen Hang
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zong
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiashun Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaodi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Dong Q, Xing W, Li K, Zhou X, Wang S, Zhang H. Tetrahydroxystilbene glycoside improves endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats: The role of omentin-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114489. [PMID: 33647262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypertension in obesity has become a major threat for public health. Omentin-1, a novel adipokine, is down-regulated in obesity. Tetrahydroxystilbene glycoside (TSG) is the main ingredient extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PMT), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb safely used for protecting cardiovascular systems over bimillennium. This study aims to examine (i) the impact of omentin-1 downregulation on obesity-related hypertension in murine models and the underlying mechanisms; (ii) whether tetrahydroxystilbene glycoside (TSG) improved endothelial dysfunction and obesity-associated hypertension via the increase of omentin-1. METHODS (TSG-treated) male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and omentin-1 knockout (OMT-/-) mice were used. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mature adipocytes differentiated from human visceral preadipocyte (HPA-v) were maintained in a co-culture system. RESULTS TSG was the main active component of PMT reducing systolic blood pressure and improving endothelial vasodilation. Fortnight-TSG treatment (100 mg/kg/day) increased serum omentin-1 level, also activated Akt/eNOS signaling and enhanced NO bioactivity; decreased expression of NOX2 and p22phox, suppressed production of superoxide and peroxynitrite anion. OMT-/- mice showed elevated blood pressure and impaired endothelial vasorelaxation, whereas hypotensive effect of TSG was blunted. In co-culture system, TSG incubation promoted binding of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and Itln-1 promoter in adipocytes, activated Akt/eNOS/NO signaling and attenuated oxidative/nitrative stress in HUVECs. Suppression of Itln-1 with siRNA significantly blocked the protective effect of TSG in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of omentin-1 induces endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obesity. TSG treatment (at least partially) increases omentin-1 via promoting binding of PPAR-γ and Itln-1 promoter in adipose tissues, subsequently exerts protective effects on endothelial function via activating Akt/eNOS/NO signaling and attenuating oxidative/nitrative stress. These results suggest that TSG could be developed as a promising anti-hypertension agent that protects against endothelial dysfunction and obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Dong
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Teaching Experiment Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Xing
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Teaching Experiment Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Teaching Experiment Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Hogan MF, Hackney DJ, Aplin AC, Mundinger TO, Larmore MJ, Castillo JJ, Esser N, Zraika S, Hull RL. SGLT2-i improves markers of islet endothelial cell function in db/db diabetic mice. J Endocrinol 2021; 248:95-106. [PMID: 33337344 PMCID: PMC8459774 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Islet endothelial cells produce paracrine factors important for islet beta-cell function and survival. Under conditions of type 2 diabetes, islet endothelial cells exhibit a dysfunctional phenotype including increased expression of genes involved in cellular adhesion and inflammation. We sought to determine whether treatment of hyperglycemia with the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin, either alone or in combination with metformin, would improve markers of endothelial cell function in islets, assessed ex vivo, and if such an improvement is associated with improved insulin secretion in a mouse model of diabetes in vivo. For these studies, db/db diabetic mice and non-diabetic littermate controls were treated for 6 weeks with empagliflozin or metformin, either alone or in combination. For each treatment group, expression of genes indicative of islet endothelial dysfunction was quantified. Islet endothelial and beta-cell area was assessed by morphometry of immunochemically stained pancreas sections. Measurements of plasma glucose and insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose tolerance test were performed on vehicle and drug treated diabetic animals. We found that expression of endothelial dysfunction marker genes is markedly increased in diabetic mice. Treatment with either empagliflozin or metformin lowered expression of the dysfunction marker genes ex vivo, which correlated with improved glycemic control, and increased insulin release in vivo. Empagliflozin treatment was more effective than metformin alone, with a combination of the two drugs demonstrating the greatest effects. Improving islet endothelial function through strategies such as empagliflozin/metformin treatment may provide an effective approach for improving insulin release in human type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F. Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Daryl J. Hackney
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
| | - Alfred C. Aplin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
| | | | - Megan J. Larmore
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joseph J. Castillo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca L. Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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The Bioavailability, Extraction, Biosynthesis and Distribution of Natural Dihydrochalcone: Phloridzin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020962. [PMID: 33478062 PMCID: PMC7835879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloridzin is an important phytochemical which was first isolated from the bark of apple trees. It is a member of the dihydrochalcones and mainly distributed in the plants of the Malus genus, therefore, the extraction method of phloridzin was similar to those of other phenolic substances. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), resin adsorption technology and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to separate and purify phloridzin. Many studies showed that phloridzin had multiple pharmacological effects, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, anticancer and antibacterial activities. Besides, the physiological activities of phloridzin are cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiobesity, antioxidant and so on. The present review summarizes the biosynthesis, distribution, extraction and bioavailability of the natural compound phloridzin and discusses its applications in food and medicine.
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28
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Shang A, Liu HY, Luo M, Xia Y, Yang X, Li HY, Wu DT, Sun Q, Geng F, Li HB, Gan RY. Sweet tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus rehd.) as a new natural source of bioactive dihydrochalcones with multiple health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:917-934. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xia
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang-Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Quancai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Li D, Yang Y, Sun L, Fang Z, Chen L, Zhao P, Wang Z, Guo Y. Effect of young apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji) polyphenols on alleviating insulin resistance. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Effects of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions on Antioxidant Capacity of Sweet Tea ( Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080678. [PMID: 32751188 PMCID: PMC7464483 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of microwave-assisted extraction conditions on antioxidant capacity of sweet tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.) were studied and the antioxidants in the extract were identified. The influences of ethanol concentration, solvent-to-sample ratio, microwave power, extraction temperature and extraction time on Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value and total phenolic content (TPC) were investigated by single-factor experiments. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the interaction of three parameters which had significant influences on antioxidant capacity including ethanol concentration, solvent-to-sample ratio and extraction time. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from sweet tea were found as follows—ethanol concentration of 58.43% (v/v), solvent-to-sample ratio of 35.39:1 mL/g, extraction time of 25.26 min, extraction temperature of 50 ℃ and microwave power of 600 W. The FRAP, TEAC and TPC values of the extract under the optimal conditions were 381.29 ± 4.42 μM Fe(II)/g dry weight (DW), 613.11 ± 9.32 μM Trolox/g DW and 135.94 ± 0.52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. In addition, the major antioxidant components in the extract were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), including phlorizin, phloretin and trilobatin. The crude extract could be used as food additives or developed into functional food for the prevention and management of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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31
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Integrated Analysis of the Mechanisms of Da-Chai-Hu Decoction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by a Network Pharmacology Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9768414. [PMID: 32419835 PMCID: PMC7204321 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9768414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased year by year, which not only seriously affects people's quality of life, but also imposes a heavy economic burden on the family, society, and country. Currently, the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of T2DM are still unclear. Therefore, exploration of a precise multitarget treatment strategy is urgent. Here, we attempt to screen out the active components, effective targets, and functional pathways of therapeutic drugs through network pharmacology with taking advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for multitarget holistic treatment of diseases to clarify the potential therapeutic mechanism of TCM formulas and provide a systematic and clear thought for T2DM treatment. Methods First, we screened the active components of Da-Chai-Hu Decoction (DCHD) by absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) calculation. Second, we predicted and screened the active components of DCHD and its therapeutic targets for T2DM relying on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Analysis Platform (TCMSP database) and Text Mining Tool (GoPubMed database), while using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) to obtain T2DM targets. Third, we constructed a network of the active component-target, target-pathway of DCHD using Cytoscape software (http://cytoscape.org/,ver.3.5.1) and then analyzed gene function, related biological processes, and signal pathways through the DAVID database. Results We screened 77 active components from 1278 DCHD components and 116 effective targets from 253 ones. After matching the targets of T2DM, we obtained 38 important targets and 7 core targets were selected through further analysis. Through enrichment analysis, we found that these important targets were mainly involved in many biological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis. After analyzing the relevant pathways, the synthetic pathway for the treatment of T2DM was obtained, which provided a diagnosis-treatment idea for DCHD in the treatment of T2DM. Conclusions This article reveals the mechanism of DCHD in the treatment of T2DM related to inflammatory response and apoptosis through network pharmacology, which lays a foundation for further elucidation of drugs effective targets.
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Sun Y, Yan D, Hao Z, Cui L, Li G. Effects of Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin on Insulin Resistant and Body Fat Distribution in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921891. [PMID: 32240122 PMCID: PMC7152738 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study aimed to compare the effects of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin on insulin resistant and body fat distribution in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Material/Methods This study was an open-label, parallel controlled study. Patients were included if they were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (<6 months) and had been receiving dapagliflozin or sitagliptin for 12 weeks in combination with a stable dose of metformin in the last month. At baseline and 12 weeks, insulin resistant (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), body fat distribution (waist/hip ratio), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were compared. Results There were 59 patients receiving dapagliflozin and 67 patients receiving sitagliptin. There was no significant between-group difference in baseline characteristics. After 12 weeks of treatment, compared to the sitagliptin group, the FBG (6.4±0.5 versus 6.7±0.7 mmol/L), HbA1c (7.0±0.4 versus 7.2±0.5%), HOMA-IR (1.6±0.5 versus 1.8±0.6), triglyceride (1.6±0.4 versus 1.8±0.3 mmol/L), and CRP (3.1±0.7 versus 3.3±0.5 mg/L) were slightly lower in the dapagliflozin group. Within each group, compared to baseline, FBG (dapagliflozin [6.4±0.5 versus 7.8±0.7 mmol/L]; sitagliptin [6.7±0.7 versus 7.7±0.6 mmol/L]), HbA1c (dapagliflozin [7.0±0.4 versus 8.0±0.5%]; sitagliptin [7.2±0.5 versus 8.1%±0.6%]), HOMA-IR (dapagliflozin [1.6±0.5 versus 2.4±0.4]; sitagliptin [1.8±0.6 versus 2.5±0.4]), triglyceride (dapagliflozin [1.6±0.4 versus 2.2±0.5 mmol/L]; sitagliptin [1.8±0.3 versus 2.1±0.5 mmol/L]), and CRP (dapagliflozin [3.1±0.7 versus 6.2±1.1 mg/L]; sitagliptin [3.3±0.5 versus 6.1±1.0 mg/L]) were significantly decreased. Conclusions Dapagliflozin and sitagliptin had comparable effects on improving insulin resistant and blood glucose control, and these benefits may be associated with improvement of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People Hospital of Huizhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Urology, Citic Huizhou Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zirui Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People Hospital of Huizhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Lijuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People Hospital of Huizhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Guiping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People Hospital of Huizhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Antihypertensive and Renal Mechanisms of SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2) Inhibitors. Hypertension 2020; 75:894-901. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.11684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Empaglifolzin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin are SGLT2 (sodium-glucose linked transporter type 2) inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that also reduce blood pressure, mortality, and cardiovascular disease and slow the loss of glomerular filtration rate. SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit the coupled reabsorption of sodium and glucose from the proximal tubules, thereby increasing renal glucose and sodium excretion, but they have more widespread renal effects, including inhibition of the sodium:proton exchanger. They increase the delivery of sodium to the loop of Henle and can thereby activate the tubuloglomerular feedback response to correct glomerular hyperfiltration. There are multiple potential mechanisms whereby these drugs lower blood pressure and preserve kidney function that are the focus of this review.
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Chen X, Yao F, Song J, Fu B, Sun G, Song X, Fu C, Jiang R, Sun L. Protective effects of phenolic acid extract from ginseng on vascular endothelial cell injury induced by palmitate via activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. J Food Sci 2020; 85:576-581. [PMID: 32078759 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids may impair insulin-mediated signaling to eNOS that contributes to the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction. Previous studies have indicated the protective effect of ginseng and the regulatory potential of phenolic acid components from other plants on endothelial function. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effects of phenolic acid extract from ginseng (PG2) on endothelial cells against palmitate-induced damage. We found that PG2 increases cell viability, inhibits the palmitate-induced intracellular accumulation of lipids, and the overexpression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) through enhancing the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PI3K/Akt/eNOS) signaling pathway. The results of this study may be valuable for the development of PG2 to combat the endothelial cell damage caused by hyperlipidemia. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We proved that phenolic acid extract from ginseng has a protective effect on free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro. This study provides experimental data for the application of ginseng-derived phenolic acids in treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yao
- Center of Preventive Treatment of Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Fu
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xinying Song
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Chunge Fu
- Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China.,Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science, Beihua Univ., 15 Jilin St., Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun Univ. of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong St., Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, P. R. China
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Zeng ZS, Lin J, Xu CB, Cao L, Chen C, Li J. Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates the ET B and α 1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:937-944. [PMID: 30663067 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to explore whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) via tail vein injection upregulates the ETB and α1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. METHODS The contraction curves of the mesenteric arteries caused by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c, ETB receptor agonist) and phenylephrine (PE, α1 receptor agonist) were measured by a myograph system. Serum oxLDL was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels of the ETB receptor, the α1 receptor, PI3K, p-PI3K and p-Akt were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. KEY FINDINGS Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein noticeably enhanced the contraction effect curves of S6c and PE, with significantly increased Emax values (P < 0.01), compared to those of the control group. This treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of the ETB and α1 receptors and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt in the vessel wall (P < 0.01). LY294002 inhibited the effect of mmLDL. CONCLUSIONS An increase in mmLDL activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, which upregulated the expression of the ETB and α1 receptors and enhanced the ETB and α1- receptor-mediated contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-San Zeng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
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Uthman L, Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Fiolet JWT, Kuschma MC, Hollmann MW, Coronel R, Weber NC, Zuurbier CJ. Direct Cardiac Actions of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Target Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30519189 PMCID: PMC6259641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetics. Being explicitly designed to inhibit SGLT2 in the kidney, SGLT2i have lately been investigated for their off-target cardiac actions. Here, we review the direct effects of SGLT2i Empagliflozin (Empa), Dapagliflozin (Dapa), and Canagliflozin (Cana) on various cardiac cell types and cardiac function, and how these may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits observed in large clinical trials. SGLT2i impaired the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE-1), reduced cytosolic [Ca2+] and [Na+] and increased mitochondrial [Ca2+] in healthy cardiomyocytes. Empa, one of the best studied SGLT2i, maintained cell viability and ATP content following hypoxia/reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. SGLT2i recovered vasoreactivity of hyperglycemic and TNF-α-stimulated aortic rings and of hyperglycemic endothelial cells. Anti-inflammatory actions of Cana in IL-1β-treated HUVEC and of Dapa in LPS-treated cardiofibroblast were mediated by AMPK activation. In isolated mouse hearts, Empa and Cana, but not Dapa, induced vasodilation. In ischemia-reperfusion studies of the isolated heart, Empa delayed contracture development during ischemia and increased mitochondrial respiration post-ischemia. Direct cardiac effects of SGLT2i target well-known drivers of diabetes and heart failure (elevated cardiac cytosolic [Ca2+] and [Na+], activated NHE-1, elevated inflammation, impaired vasorelaxation, and reduced AMPK activity). These cardiac effects may contribute to the large beneficial clinical effects of these antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laween Uthman
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cees A Schumacher
- Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan W T Fiolet
- Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marius C Kuschma
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nina C Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tsimihodimos V, Filippas-Ntekouan S, Elisaf M. SGLT1 inhibition: Pros and cons. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 838:153-156. [PMID: 30240793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sodium Glucose Cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) play important roles in the intestinal absorption of glucose and the renal reabsorption of glucose, especially in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and those receiving SGLT2 inhibitors. As a consequence, the inhibition of SGLT1 transporters may represent an interesting therapeutic option in patients with diabetes. However, genetic models of SGLT1 inactivation indicate that the malfunction of these transporters may have adverse effects on various tissues. In this review, we discuss the available evidence on the beneficial and detrimental effects that the inhibition of SGLT1 transporters might have. The inhibition of SGLT1 lowers serum glucose levels through the inhibition of intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of glucose. In addition, drugs that interfere with SGLT1-mediated transport of glucose may protect cardiac tissue by reducing glycogen accumulation and decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, this strategy may result in diarrhea, volume depletion, may interfere with the correction of hypoglycemia through the oral administration of carbohydrates and could predispose to the development of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, at the moment, SGLT1 inhibition seems to represent a two-edged sword.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Tsimihodimos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Moses Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Lee DM, Battson ML, Jarrell DK, Hou S, Ecton KE, Weir TL, Gentile CL. SGLT2 inhibition via dapagliflozin improves generalized vascular dysfunction and alters the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:62. [PMID: 29703207 PMCID: PMC5921754 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with generalized vascular dysfunction characterized by increases in large artery stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) represent the most recently approved class of oral medications for the treatment of T2D, and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular and overall mortality. Although it is currently unclear how SGLT2i decrease cardiovascular risk, an improvement in vascular function is one potential mechanism. The aim of the current study was to examine if dapagliflozin, a widely prescribed STLT2i, improves generalized vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. In light of several studies demonstrating a bi-directional relation between orally ingested medications and the gut microbiota, a secondary aim was to determine the effects of dapagliflozin on the gut microbiota. Methods Male diabetic mice (Db, n = 24) and control littermates (Con; n = 23) were randomized to receive either a standard diet or a standard diet containing dapagliflozin (60 mg dapagliflozin/kg diet; 0.006%) for 8 weeks. Arterial stiffness was assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity; endothelial function and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction were assessed by dilatory responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Results Compared to untreated diabetic mice, diabetic mice treated with dapagliflozin displayed significantly lower arterial stiffness (Db = 469 cm/s vs. Db + dapa = 435 cm/s, p < 0.05), and improvements in endothelial dysfunction (area under the curve [AUC] Db = 57.2 vs. Db + dapa = 117.0, p < 0.05) and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction (AUC, Db = 201.7 vs. Db + dapa = 285.5, p < 0.05). These vascular improvements were accompanied by reductions in hyperglycemia and circulating markers of inflammation. The microbiota of Db and Con mice were distinctly different, and dapagliflozin treatment was associated with minor alterations in gut microbiota composition, particularly in Db mice, although these effects did not conclusively mediate the improvements in vascular function. Conclusions Dapagliflozin treatment improves arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, and subtly alters microbiota composition in type 2 diabetic mice. Collectively, the improvements in generalized vascular function may represent an important mechanism underlying the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2i treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dillon K Jarrell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shuofei Hou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kayl E Ecton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Wahl MP, Scalzo RL, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise Impairment in Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29720965 PMCID: PMC5915473 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes in the United States and globally has been rapidly increasing over the last several decades. There are now estimated to be 30.3 million people in the United States and 422 million people worldwide with diabetes. Diabetes is associated with a greatly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, which is the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. While exercise training is a cornerstone of diabetes treatment, people with diabetes have well-described aerobic exercise impairments that may create an additional diabetes-specific barrier to adding regular exercise to their lifestyle. Physiologic mechanisms linked to exercise impairment in diabetes include insulin resistance, cardiac abnormalities, mitochondrial function, and the ability of the body to supply oxygen. In this paper, we highlight the abnormalities of exercise in type 2 diabetes as well as potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Wahl
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Veterans Administration Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Scalzo
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Judith G. Regensteiner
- Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jane E. B. Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Veterans Administration Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, United States
- Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jane E. B. Reusch,
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