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Simon SL, Bouville A, Hoffman FO, Anspaugh LR. Why do we study science and collaborate? Thoughts on present-day cooperations with scientists of Russia. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2024; 44:034501. [PMID: 38958214 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ad5b68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Simon
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - André Bouville
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - F Owen Hoffman
- Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Lynn R Anspaugh
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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2
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Stepanenko V, Shinkarev S, Kaprin A, Apsalikov K, Ivanov S, Shegay P, Ostroumova E, Kesminiene A, Lipikhina A, Bogacheva V, Zhumadilov K, Yamamoto M, Sakaguchi A, Endo S, Fujimoto N, Grosche B, Iatsenko V, Androsova A, Apsalikova Z, Kawano N, Hoshi M. Comparison of external dose estimates using different retrospective dosimetry methods in the settlements located near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Republic of Kazakhstan. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:36-46. [PMID: 37981331 PMCID: PMC10803160 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For correct assessment of health risks after low-dose irradiation, calculation of radiation exposure estimates is crucial. To verify the calculated absorbed doses, instrumental methods of retrospective dosimetry are used. We compared calculated and instrumental-based estimates of external absorbed doses in the residents of Dolon, Mostik and Cheremushki villages, Kazakhstan, affected by the first nuclear weapon test performed at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) on August 29, 1949. The 'instrumental' doses were retrospectively estimated using the Luminescence Retrospective Dosimetry (LRD) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) methods. Correlation between the calculated individual cumulative external absorbed whole-body doses based on typical input data and ESR-based individual doses in the same people was strong (r = 0.782). It was even stronger between the calculated doses based on individual questionnaires' input data and the ESR-based doses (r = 0.940). Application of the LRD method is useful for validation of the calculated settlement-average cumulated external absorbed dose to air. Reconstruction of external exposure can be supplemented with the data from later measurements of soil contamination with long-lived radionuclides, such as, 137Cs. Our results show the reliability of the calculational method used for the retrospective assessment of individual external doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Stepanenko
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Shinkarev
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 46 Zhivopisnaya St., Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Kaprin
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036, Russian Federation
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky Drive 3, Moscow, 125284, Russian Federation
| | - Kazbek Apsalikov
- Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company «Semey Medical University», 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036, Russian Federation
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Peter Shegay
- National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/WHO, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69366, France
| | - Ausrele Kesminiene
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/WHO, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69366, France
| | - Alexandra Lipikhina
- Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company «Semey Medical University», 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Viktoria Bogacheva
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036, Russian Federation
| | - Kassym Zhumadilov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 13 Munaitpasova St., office 300, Astana, 010008, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- Low-Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wakemachi O24, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1224, Japan
| | - Aya Sakaguchi
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Satoru Endo
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Nariaki Fujimoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Consultant, formerly: Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Germany, Grasmueckenweg 19, 85356 Freising, Germany
| | - Vladimir Iatsenko
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 46 Zhivopisnaya St., Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Alla Androsova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 46 Zhivopisnaya St., Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - Zukhra Apsalikova
- Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company «Semey Medical University», 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Noriyuki Kawano
- The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University Higashisenda-machi 1-1-89, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0053, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hoshi
- The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University Higashisenda-machi 1-1-89, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0053, Japan
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Apsalikov KN, Lipikhina A, Grosche B, Belikhina T, Ostroumova E, Shinkarev S, Stepanenko V, Muldagaliev T, Yoshinaga S, Zhunussova T, Hoshi M, Katayama H, Lackland DT, Simon SL, Kesminiene A. The State Scientific Automated Medical Registry, Kazakhstan: an important resource for low-dose radiation health research. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:1-11. [PMID: 30446811 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-018-0762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct quantitative assessment of health risks following exposure to ionizing radiation is based on findings from epidemiological studies. Populations affected by nuclear bomb testing are among those that allow such assessment. The population living around the former Soviet Union's Semipalatinsk nuclear test site is one of the largest human cohorts exposed to radiation from nuclear weapons tests. Following research that started in the 1960s, a registry that contains information on more than 300,000 individuals residing in the areas neighboring to the test site was established. Four nuclear weapons tests, conducted from 1949 to 1956, resulted in non-negligible radiation exposures to the public, corresponding up to approximately 300 mGy external dose. The registry contains relevant information about those who lived at the time of the testing as well as about their offspring, including biological material. An international group of scientists worked together within the research project SEMI-NUC funded by the European Union, and concluded that the registry provides a novel, mostly unexplored, and valuable resource for the assessment of the population risks associated with environmental radiation exposure. Suggestions for future studies and pathways on how to use the best dose assessment strategies have also been described in the project. Moreover, the registry could be used for research on other relevant public health topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Apsalikov
- Scientific Research Institute for Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 258 Gagarina Street, Semey, 490007, Kazakhstan
| | - A Lipikhina
- Scientific Research Institute for Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 258 Gagarina Street, Semey, 490007, Kazakhstan
| | - B Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany.
- , Grasmückenweg 19, 85356, Freising, Germany.
| | - T Belikhina
- Scientific Research Institute for Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 258 Gagarina Street, Semey, 490007, Kazakhstan
| | - E Ostroumova
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 96372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - S Shinkarev
- State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation
| | - V Stepanenko
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, 4, Koroleva Street, Obninsk, 249036, Russian Federation
| | - T Muldagaliev
- Scientific Research Institute for Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 258 Gagarina Street, Semey, 490007, Kazakhstan
| | - S Yoshinaga
- Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - T Zhunussova
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Grini Naeringspark 13, 1332, Osteraas, Norway
| | - M Hoshi
- Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University, Higashisenda-machi 1-1-89, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0053, Japan
| | - H Katayama
- The Comprehensive Data Archives and Analysis (CDAA), 6-7, Hacchobori, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0013, Japan
| | - D T Lackland
- Medical University of South Carolina, 19 Hagood Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425-8350, USA
| | - S L Simon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - A Kesminiene
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 96372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Dyussenova L, Pivina L, Semenova Y, Bjørklund G, Glushkova N, Chirumbolo S, Belikhina T. Associations between depression, anxiety and medication adherence among patients with arterial hypertension: Comparison between persons exposed and non-exposed to radiation from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 195:33-39. [PMID: 30241015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association between depression, anxiety and medication adherence in patients with arterial hypertension living in East Kazakhstan region. The sample size included 795 patients, of whom 403 patients were exposed to radiation at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site from 1949 to 1989, while 395 patients were unexposed to radiation due to their very remote residence from the Site at the same period. Both exposed and unexposed patients showed no significant differences concerning body mass index, smoking habit, the presence of hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension grade. Patients with arterial hypertension previously exposed to radiation had significantly higher rates of low medication adherence, subclinical and clinical depression, situational anxiety of moderate and severe grade, and personal anxiety of moderate grade. A logistic regression analysis allowed us to identify the presence of significant positive association between medication adherence and anxiety in exposed patients (OR = 4041 (95%CI:1709-9556) p = 0.001) and marginal association (OR = 2998 (95%CI:1008-8915) p = 0.048) between the same parameters in unexposed patients. It might prove to be useful to introduce psychological and medical counseling with an emphasis on strengthening of medication adherence and to inform the local population about radiation effects and dosimetry data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo I Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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5
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Markabayeva A, Bauer S, Pivina L, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Kerimkulova A, Semenova Y, Belikhina T. Increased prevalence of essential hypertension in areas previously exposed to fallout due to nuclear weapons testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:129-135. [PMID: 30014894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association between environmental radiation exposure and essential hypertension in a series of investigated geographical districts adjacent to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. The sample consists of 2000 volunteers participants in screening examinations in three administrative districts close to the nuclear test site, which was carried out as part of the Government Programs on Environmental Health Hazard. The cross-sectional study compares prevalence ratios in a population sample with long-term exposure in the low and intermediate dose range. Age-adjusted odds ratios for hypertension were found significantly increased with higher exposure groups. After accounting for main cardiovascular risk factors into the model and stratifying by gender, the prevalence odds ratios for radiation remained significantly increased, with a significant dose-response effect observed for some but not all subgroups. The results support existing evidence of cardiovascular health effects of radiation exposure and of persisting environmental health issues that require attention in both epidemiological surveys and healthcare provision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences-University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Kwon D, Hoffman FO, Moroz BE, Simon SL. Bayesian dose-response analysis for epidemiological studies with complex uncertainty in dose estimation. Stat Med 2015; 35:399-423. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deukwoo Kwon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami; Miami FL U.S.A
| | | | - Brian E. Moroz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD U.S.A
| | - Steven L. Simon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD U.S.A
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Grosche B, Zhunussova T, Apsalikov K, Kesminiene A. Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2015; 4:127. [PMID: 29138710 PMCID: PMC5661192 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear bomb testing conducted at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan is of great importance for today's radiation protection research, particularly in the area of low dose exposures. This type of radiation is of particular interest due to the lack of research in this field and how it impacts population health. In order to understand the possible health effects of nuclear bomb testing, it is important to determine what studies have been conducted on the effects of low dose exposure and dosimetry, and evaluate new epidemiologic data and biological material collected from populations living in proximity to the test site. With time, new epidemiological data has been made available, and it is possible that these data may be linked to biological samples. Next to linking existing and newly available data to examine health effects, the existing dosimetry system needs to be expanded and further developed to include residential areas, which have not yet been taken into account. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of previous studies evaluating the health effects of nuclear testing, including some information on dosimetry efforts, and pointing out directions for future epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Tamara Zhunussova
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Department of Monitoring and Research, Osteras, Norway
| | - Kazbek Apsalikov
- Scientific Research Institute for Radiation Medicine and Ecology, Semey, Kazakhstan
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Land CE, Kwon D, Hoffman FO, Moroz B, Drozdovitch V, Bouville A, Beck H, Luckyanov N, Weinstock RM, Simon SL. Accounting for shared and unshared dosimetric uncertainties in the dose response for ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules after exposure to radioactive fallout. Radiat Res 2015; 183:159-173. [PMID: 25574587 PMCID: PMC4423551 DOI: 10.1667/rr13794.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dosimetic uncertainties, particularly those that are shared among subgroups of a study population, can bias, distort or reduce the slope or significance of a dose response. Exposure estimates in studies of health risks from environmental radiation exposures are generally highly uncertain and thus, susceptible to these methodological limitations. An analysis was published in 2008 concerning radiation-related thyroid nodule prevalence in a study population of 2,994 villagers under the age of 21 years old between August 1949 and September 1962 and who lived downwind from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site in Kazakhstan. This dose-response analysis identified a statistically significant association between thyroid nodule prevalence and reconstructed doses of fallout-related internal and external radiation to the thyroid gland; however, the effects of dosimetric uncertainty were not evaluated since the doses were simple point "best estimates". In this work, we revised the 2008 study by a comprehensive treatment of dosimetric uncertainties. Our present analysis improves upon the previous study, specifically by accounting for shared and unshared uncertainties in dose estimation and risk analysis, and differs from the 2008 analysis in the following ways: 1. The study population size was reduced from 2,994 to 2,376 subjects, removing 618 persons with uncertain residence histories; 2. Simulation of multiple population dose sets (vectors) was performed using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo dose estimation method; and 3. A Bayesian model averaging approach was employed for evaluating the dose response, explicitly accounting for large and complex uncertainty in dose estimation. The results were compared against conventional regression techniques. The Bayesian approach utilizes 5,000 independent realizations of population dose vectors, each of which corresponds to a set of conditional individual median internal and external doses for the 2,376 subjects. These 5,000 population dose vectors reflect uncertainties in dosimetric parameters, partly shared and partly independent, among individual members of the study population. Risk estimates for thyroid nodules from internal irradiation were higher than those published in 2008, which results, to the best of our knowledge, from explicitly accounting for dose uncertainty. In contrast to earlier findings, the use of Bayesian methods led to the conclusion that the biological effectiveness for internal and external dose was similar. Estimates of excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) for males (177 thyroid nodule cases) were almost 30 times those for females (571 cases) and were similar to those reported for thyroid cancers related to childhood exposures to external and internal sources in other studies. For confirmed cases of papillary thyroid cancers (3 in males, 18 in females), the ERR/Gy was also comparable to risk estimates from other studies, but not significantly different from zero. These findings represent the first reported dose response for a radiation epidemiologic study considering all known sources of shared and unshared errors in dose estimation and using a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method for analysis of the dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Brian Moroz
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Grosche B, Lackland DT, Land CE, Simon SL, Apsalikov KN, Pivina LM, Bauer S, Gusev BI. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, 1960-1999, and its relationship to radiation exposure. Radiat Res 2011; 176:660-9. [PMID: 21787182 PMCID: PMC3866702 DOI: 10.1667/rr2211.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The data on risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease due to radiation exposure at low or medium doses are inconsistent. This paper reports an analysis of the Semipalatinsk historical cohort exposed to radioactive fallout from nuclear testing in the vicinity of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. The cohort study, which includes 19,545 persons of exposed and comparison villages in the Semipalatinsk region, had been set up in the 1960s and comprises 582,656 person-years of follow-up between 1960 and 1999. A dosimetric approach developed by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been used. Radiation dose estimates in this cohort range from 0 to 630 mGy (whole-body external). Overall, the exposed population showed a high mortality from cardiovascular disease. Rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease in the exposed group substantially exceeded those of the comparison group. Dose-response analyses were conducted for both the entire cohort and the exposed group only. A dose-response relationship that was found when analyzing the entire cohort could be explained completely by differences between the baseline rates in exposed and unexposed groups. When taking this difference into account, no statistically significant dose-response relationship for all cardiovascular disease, for heart disease, or for stroke was found. Our results suggest that within this population and at the level of doses estimated, there is no detectable risk of radiation-related mortality from cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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10
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Drozdovitch V, Schonfeld S, Akimzhanov K, Aldyngurov D, Land CE, Luckyanov N, Mabuchi K, Potischman N, Schwerin MJ, Semenova Y, Tokaeva A, Zhumadilov Z, Bouville A, Simon SL. Behavior and food consumption pattern of the population exposed in 1949-1962 to fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:91-103. [PMID: 20938673 PMCID: PMC3853382 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between radiation exposure from nuclear weapons testing fallout and thyroid disease in a group of 2,994 subjects has been the subject of study by the US National Cancer Institute. In that study, radiation doses to the thyroid were estimated for residents of villages in Kazakhstan possibly exposed to deposition of radioactive fallout from nuclear testing conducted by the Soviet Union at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site in Kazakhstan between 1949 and 1962. The study subjects included individuals of both Kazakh and Russian origin who were exposed during childhood and adolescence. An initial dose reconstruction used for the risk analysis of Land et al. (Radiat Res 169:373-383, 2008) was based on individual information collected from basic questionnaires administered to the study population in 1998. However, because data on several key questions for accurately estimating doses were not obtained from the 1998 questionnaires, it was decided to conduct a second data collection campaign in 2007. Due to the many years elapsed since exposure, a well-developed strategy was necessary to encourage accurate memory recall. In our recent study, a focus group interview data collection methodology was used to collect historical behavioral and food consumption data. The data collection in 2007 involved interviews conducted within four-eight-person focus groups (three groups of women and one group of men) in each of four exposed villages where thyroid disease screening was conducted in 1998. Population-based data on relevant childhood behaviors including time spent in- and outdoors and consumption rates of milk and other dairy products were collected from women's groups. The data were collected for five age groups of children and adolescents ranging from less than 1 year of age to 21 years of age. Dairy products considered included fresh milk and other products from cows, goats, mares, and sheep. Men's focus group interviews pertained to construction materials of houses and schools, and animal grazing patterns and feeding practices. The response data collected are useful for improving estimates of thyroid radiation dose estimates for the subjects of an ongoing epidemiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7238, USA.
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11
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Imanaka T, Yamamoto M, Kawai K, Sakaguchi A, Hoshi M, Chaizhunusova N, Apsalikov K. Reconstruction of local fallout composition and gamma-ray exposure in a village contaminated by the first USSR nuclear test in the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2010; 49:673-684. [PMID: 20532543 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After the disintegration of the USSR in end of 1991, it became possible for foreign scientists to visit Kazakhstan, in order to investigate the radiological consequences of nuclear explosions that had been conducted at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). Since the first visit in 1994, our group has been continuing expeditions for soil sampling at various areas around SNTS. The current level of local fallout at SNTS was studied through γ-spectrometry for (137)Cs as well as α-spectrometry for (239,240)Pu. Average values of soil inventory from wide areas around SNTS were 3,500 and 3,700 Bq m(-2) for (137)Cs and (239,240)Pu, respectively, as of January 1, 2000. The average level of (137)Cs is comparable to that in Japan due to global fallout, while the level of (239,240)Pu is several tens of times larger than that in Japan. Areas of strong contamination were found along the trajectories of radioactive fallout, information on which was declassified after the collapse of the USSR. Our recent efforts of soil sampling were concentrated on the area around the Dolon village heavily affected by the radioactive plume from the first USSR atomic bomb test in 1949 and located 110 km east from ground zero of the explosion. Using soil inventory data, retrospective dosimetry was attempted by reconstructing γ-ray exposure from fission product nuclides deposited on the ground. Adopting representative parameters for the initial (137)Cs deposition (13 kBq m(-2)), the refractory/volatile deposition ratio (3.8) and the plume arrival time after explosion (2.5 h), an absorbed dose in air of 600 mGy was obtained for the 1-year cumulative dose in Dolon village, due to the first bomb test in 1949. Considering possible ranges of the parameters, 350 and 910 mGy were estimated for high and low cases of γ-ray dose in air, respectively. It was encouraging that the deduced value was consistent with other estimations using thermal luminescence and archived monitoring data. The present method can be applied to other settlements affected by local fallout from SNTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Imanaka
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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Fattibene P, Callens F. EPR dosimetry with tooth enamel: A review. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:2033-116. [PMID: 20599388 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When tooth enamel is exposed to ionizing radiation, radicals are formed, which can be detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. EPR dosimetry using tooth enamel is based on the (presumed) correlation between the intensity or amplitude of some of the radiation-induced signals with the dose absorbed in the enamel. In the present paper a critical review is given of this widely applied dosimetric method. The first part of the paper is fairly fundamental and deals with the main properties of tooth enamel and some of its model systems (e.g., synthetic apatites). Considerable attention is also paid to the numerous radiation-induced and native EPR signals and the radicals responsible for them. The relevant methods for EPR detection, identification and spectrum analyzing are reviewed from a general point of view. Finally, the needs for solid-state modelling and studies of the linearity of the dose response are investigated. The second part is devoted to the practical implementation of EPR dosimetry using enamel. It concerns specific problems of preparation of samples, their irradiation and spectrum acquisition. It also describes how the dosimetric signal intensity and dose can be retrieved from the EPR spectra. Special attention is paid to the energy dependence of the EPR response and to sources of uncertainties. Results of and problems encountered in international intercomparisons and epidemiological studies are also dealt with. In the final section the future of EPR dosimetry with tooth enamel is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Technology and Health, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
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Zharlyganova D, Harada H, Harada Y, Shinkarev S, Zhumadilov Z, Zhunusova A, Tchaizhunusova NJ, Apsalikov KN, Kemaikin V, Zhumadilov K, Kawano N, Kimura A, Hoshi M. High frequency of AML1/RUNX1 point mutations in radiation-associated myelodysplastic syndrome around Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:549-555. [PMID: 18724045 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is known that bone marrow is a sensitive organ to ionizing radiation, and many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have been diagnosed in radiation-treated cases and atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The AML1/RUNX1 gene has been known to be frequently mutated in MDS/AML patients among atomic bomb survivors and radiation therapy-related MDS/AML patients. In this study, we investigated the AML1 mutations in radiation-exposed patients with MDS/AML among the residents near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS), where the risk of solid cancers and leukemias was increased due to the radiation effects. AML1 mutations were identified in 7 (39%) of 18 radiation-exposed MDS/AML patients. In contrast, no AML1 mutation was found in 13 unexposed MDS/AML cases. The frequency of AML1 mutations in radiation-exposed patients with MDS/AML was significantly higher compared with unexposed patients (p < 0.05).We also found a significant correlation between individual estimated doses and AML1 mutations (p < 0.05). Considering these results, AML1 point mutations might be a useful biomarker that differentiates radio-induced MDS/AML from spontaneous MDS/AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Zharlyganova
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Land CE, Zhumadilov Z, Gusev BI, Hartshorne MH, Wiest PW, Woodward PW, Crooks LA, Luckyanov NK, Fillmore CM, Carr Z, Abisheva G, Beck HL, Bouville A, Langer J, Weinstock R, Gordeev KI, Shinkarev S, Simon SL. Ultrasound-detected thyroid nodule prevalence and radiation dose from fallout. Radiat Res 2008; 169:373-83. [PMID: 18363427 DOI: 10.1667/rr1063.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Settlements near the Semipalatinsk Test Site (SNTS) in northeastern Kazakhstan were exposed to radioactive fallout during 1949-1962. Thyroid disease prevalence among 2994 residents of eight villages was ascertained by ultrasound screening. Malignancy was determined by cytopathology. Individual thyroid doses from external and internal radiation sources were reconstructed from fallout deposition patterns, residential histories and diet, including childhood milk consumption. Point estimates of individual external and internal dose averaged 0.04 Gy (range 0-0.65) and 0.31 Gy (0-9.6), respectively, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.46. Ultrasound-detected thyroid nodule prevalence was 18% and 39% among males and females, respectively. It was significantly and independently associated with both external and internal dose, the main study finding. The estimated relative biological effectiveness of internal compared to external radiation dose was 0.33, with 95% confidence bounds of 0.09-3.11. Prevalence of papillary cancer was 0.9% and was not significantly associated with radiation dose. In terms of excess relative risk per unit dose, our dose-response findings for nodule prevalence are comparable to those from populations exposed to medical X rays and to acute radiation from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Land
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bthesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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15
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Stepanenko V, Hoshi M, Ivannikov A, Bailiff I, Zhumadilov K, Skvortsov V, Argembaeva R, Tsyb A. The 1st Nuclear Test in the former USSR of 29 August 1949: Comparison of individual dose estimates by modeling with EPR retrospective dosimetry and luminescence retrospective dosimetry data for Dolon village, Kazakhstan. RADIAT MEAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sholom S, Desrosiers M, Bouville A, Luckyanov N, Chumak V, Simon SL. EPR TOOTH DOSIMETRY OF SNTS AREA INHABITANTS. RADIAT MEAS 2007; 42:1037-1040. [PMID: 19590746 PMCID: PMC2707028 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of external dose to teeth of inhabitants of settlements near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) was conducted using the EPR dosimetry technique to assess radiation doses associated with exposure to radioactive fallout from the test site. In this study, tooth doses have been reconstructed for 103 persons with all studied teeth having been formed before the first nuclear test in 1949. Doses above those received from natural background radiation, termed "accident doses", were found to lie in the range from zero to approximately 2 Gy, with one exception, a dose for one person from Semipalatinsk city was approximately 9 Gy. The variability of reconstructed doses within each of the settlements demonstrated heterogeneity of the deposited fallout as well as variations in lifestyle. The village mean external gamma doses for residents of nine[ settlements were in the range from a few tens of mGy to approximately 100 mGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sholom
- Scientific Center for Radiation Medicine, Melnikova str., 53, Kiev, Ukraine
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Beck HL, Anspaugh LR, Bouville A, Simon SL. Review of Methods of Dose Estimation for Epidemiological Studies of the Radiological Impact of Nevada Test Site and Global Fallout. Radiat Res 2006; 166:209-18. [PMID: 16808609 DOI: 10.1667/rr3172.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Methods to assess radiation doses from nuclear weapons test fallout have been used to estimate doses to populations and individuals in a number of studies. However, only a few epidemiology studies have relied on fallout dose estimates. Though the methods for assessing doses from local and regional compared to global fallout are similar, there are significant differences in predicted doses and contributing radionuclides depending on the source of the fallout, e.g. whether the nuclear debris originated in Nevada at the U.S. nuclear test site or whether it originated at other locations worldwide. The sparse historical measurement data available are generally sufficient to estimate external exposure doses reasonably well. However, reconstruction of doses to body organs from ingestion and inhalation of radionuclides is significantly more complex and is almost always more uncertain than are external dose estimates. Internal dose estimates are generally based on estimates of the ground deposition per unit area of specific radionuclides and subsequent transport of radionuclides through the food chain. A number of technical challenges to correctly modeling deposition of fallout under wet and dry atmospheric conditions still remain, particularly at close-in locations where sizes of deposited particles vary significantly over modest changes in distance. This paper summarizes the various methods of dose estimation from weapons test fallout and the most important dose assessment and epidemiology studies that have relied on those methods.
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Ivannikov A, Zhumadilov K, Tieliewuhan E, Jiao L, Zharlyganova D, Apsalikov KN, Berekenova G, Zhumadilov Z, Toyoda S, Miyazawa C, Skvortsov V, Stepanenko V, Endo S, Tanaka K, Hoshi M. Results of EPR dosimetry for population in the vicinity of the most contaminating radioactive fallout trace after the first nuclear test in the Semipalatinsk test site. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl A:A39-46. [PMID: 16571943 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.a39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for tooth enamel is applied to individual radiation dose determination to residents of two villages (Dolon and Mostik) in the vicinity of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. These villages are located near the central axis of the radioactive fallout trace of the most contaminating surface nuclear test conducted in 1949. It is found that excess doses obtained by subtraction of natural background dose from dose absorbed in enamel range up to 440 mGy to residents of Dolon, whose enamel was formed before 1949, and do not exceed 120 mGy to younger residents. To residents of Mostik, excess doses do not exceed 100 mGy regardless of age except for one resident with an extremely high dose of 1.25 Gy. These results are in agreement with the pattern of radioactive contamination of the territory after the nuclear test of 1949 except one case of extremely high dose, which should be additionally investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivannikov
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Stepanenko VF, Hoshi M, Bailiff IK, Ivannikov AI, Toyoda S, Yamamoto M, Simon SL, Matsuo M, Kawano N, Zhumadilov Z, Sasaki MS, Rosenson RI, Apsalikov KN. Around Semipalatinsk nuclear test site: progress of dose estimations relevant to the consequences of nuclear tests (a summary of 3rd Dosimetry Workshop on the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site area, RIRBM, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 9-11 of March, 2005). JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl A:A1-13. [PMID: 16571923 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper is an analytical overview of the main results presented at the 3rd Dosimetry Workshop in Hiroshima(9-11 of March 2005), where different aspects of the dose reconstruction around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site(SNTS) were discussed and summarized. The results of the international intercomparison of the retrospective luminescence dosimetry(RLD) method for Dolon' village(Kazakhstan) were presented at the Workshop and good concurrence between dose estimations by different laboratories from 6 countries (Japan, Russia, USA, Germany, Finland and UK) was pointed out. The accumulated dose values in brick for a common depth of 10mm depth obtained independently by all participating laboratories were in good agreement for all four brick samples from Dolon' village, Kazakhstan, with the average value of the local gamma dose due to fallout (near the sampling locations) being about 220 mGy(background dose has been subtracted).Furthermore, using a conversion factor of about 2 to obtain the free-in-air dose, a value of local dose approximately 440 mGy is obtained, which supports the results of external dose calculations for Dolon': recently published soil contamination data, archive information and new models were used for refining dose calculations and the external dose in air for Dolon village was estimated to be about 500 mGy. The results of electron spin resonance(ESR) dosimetry with tooth enamel have demonstrated the notable progress in application of ESR dosimetry to the problems of dose reconstruction around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. At the present moment, dose estimates by the ESR method have become more consistent with calculated values and with retrospective luminescence dosimetry data, but differences between ESR dose estimates and RLD/calculation data were noted. For example mean ESR dose for eligible tooth samples from Dolon' village was estimated to be about 140 mGy(above background dose), which is less than dose values obtained by RLD and calculations. A possible explanation of the differences between ESR and RLD/calculations doses is the following: for interpretation of ESR data the "shielding and behaviour" factors for investigated persons should be taken into account. The "upper level" of the combination of "shielding and behaviour" factors of dose reduction for inhabitants of Dolon' village of about 0.28 was obtained by comparing the individual ESR tooth enamel dose estimates with the calculated mean dose for this settlement. The biological dosimetry data related to the settlements near SNTS were presented at the Workshop. A higher incidence of unstable chromosome aberrations, micronucleus in lymphocytes, nuclear abnormalities of thyroid follicular cells, T-cell receptor mutations in peripheral blood were found for exposed areas (Dolon', Sarjal) in comparison with unexposed ones(Kokpekty). The significant greater frequency of stable translocations (results of analyses of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes by the FISH technique) was demonstrated for Dolon' village in comparison with Chekoman(unexposed village). The elevated level of stable translocations in Dolon' corresponds to a dose of about 180 mSv, which is close to the results of ESR dosimetry for this village. The importance of investigating specific morphological types of thyroid nodules for thyroid dosimetry studies was pointed out. In general the 3rd Dosimetry Workshop has demonstrated remarkable progress in developing an international level of common approaches for retrospective dose estimations around the SNTS and in understanding the tasks for the future joint work in this direction. In the framework of a special session the problems of developing a database and registry in order to support epidemiological studies around SNTS were discussed. The results of investigation of psychological consequences of nuclear tests, which are expressed in the form of verbal behaviour, were presented at this session as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy F Stepanenko
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Takeichi N, Hoshi M, Iida S, Tanaka K, Harada Y, Zhumadilov Z, Chaizhunusova N, Apsalikov KN, Noso Y, Inaba T, Tanaka K, Endo S. Nuclear abnormalities in aspirated thyroid cells and chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of residents near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl A:A171-7. [PMID: 16571934 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.a171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal studies in peripheral lymphocytes from 63 residents near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, at ages of 52-63 years old, were performed in 2001-2002. A higher rate of chromosome aberrations was observed in the two contaminated villages, Dolon and Sarjal, compared with the control village, Kokpekti. Moreover, a relationship of frequency of cells with radiation induced chromosome aberrations and the previously estimated exposure dose was observed. Furthermore, apparent nuclear abnormalities (ANA) of thyroid follicular cells were studied in 30 out of 63 residents, who were examined for chromosome aberrations. A higher rate of ANA was also found in the residents in the exposed villages compared with those in the control village. These results suggest radiation effects both on the chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes and on the follicular cells in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Takeichi
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Gordeev K, Shinkarev S, Ilyin L, Bouville A, Hoshi M, Luckyanov N, Simon SL. Retrospective dose assessment for the population living in areas of local fallout from the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site Part I: External exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl A:A129-36. [PMID: 16571927 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.a129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A short analysis of all 111 atmospheric events conducted at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) in 1949-1962 with regard to significant off-site exposure (more than 5 mSv of the effective dose during the first year after the explosion) has been made. The analytical method used to assess external exposure to the residents living in settlements near the STS is described. This method makes use of the archival data on the radiological conditions, including the measurements of exposure rate. Special attention was given to the residents of Dolon and Kanonerka villages exposed mainly as a result of the first test, detonated on August 29, 1949. For the residents of those settlements born in 1935, the dose estimates calculated according to the analytical method, are compared to those derived from the thermoluminescence measurements in bricks and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements in teeth. The methods described in this paper were used for external dose assessment for the cohort members at an initial stage of an ongoing epidemiological study conducted by the U.S. National Cancer Institute in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Recently revised methods and estimates of external exposure for that cohort are given in another paper (Simon et al.) in this conference.
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