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Wagenaars F, Cenijn P, Chen Z, Meima M, Scholze M, Hamers T. Two novel in vitro assays to screen chemicals for their capacity to inhibit thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter proteins OATP1C1 and OAT4. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03787-2. [PMID: 38761188 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Early brain development depends on adequate transport of thyroid hormones (THs) from the maternal circulation to the fetus. To reach the fetal brain, THs have to cross several physiological barriers, including the placenta, blood-brain-barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier. Transport across these barriers is facilitated by thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTMTs). Some endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with the transport of THs by THTMTs. To screen chemicals for their capacity to disrupt THTMT facilitated TH transport, in vitro screening assays are required. In this study, we developed assays for two THTMTs, organic anion transporter polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) and organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), both known to play a role in the transport of THs across barriers. We used overexpressing cell models for both OATP1C1 and OAT4, which showed an increased uptake of radiolabeled T4 compared to control cell lines. Using these models, we screened various reference and environmental chemicals for their ability to inhibit T4 uptake by OATP1C1 and OAT4. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was identified as an OATP1C1 inhibitor, more potent than any of the reference chemicals tested. Additionally perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroctanic acid (PFOA), pentachlorophenol and quercetin were identified as OATP1C1 inhibitors in a similar range of potency to the reference chemicals tested. Bromosulfophthalein, TBBPA, PFOA and PFOS were identified as potent OAT4 inhibitors. These results demonstrate that EDCs commonly found in our environment can disrupt TH transport by THTMTs, and contribute to the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying TH system disruption chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wagenaars
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Cenijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongli Chen
- Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Meima
- Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Scholze
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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3
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Wang H, Bullert AJ, Li X, Stevens H, Klingelhutz AJ, Ankrum JA, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Lehmler HJ. Use of a polymeric implant system to assess the neurotoxicity of subacute exposure to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol, a human metabolite of PCB 52, in male adolescent rats. Toxicology 2023; 500:153677. [PMID: 37995827 PMCID: PMC10757425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that ubiquitously exist in the environment. PCB exposure has been linked to cancer and multi-system toxicity, including endocrine disruption, immune inhibition, and reproductive and neurotoxicity. 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52) is one of the most frequently detected congeners in the environment and human blood. The hydroxylated metabolites of PCB 52 may also be neurotoxic, especially for children whose brains are still developing. However, it is challenging to discern the contribution of these metabolites to PCB neurotoxicity because the metabolism of PCB is species-dependent. In this study, we evaluated the subacute neurotoxicity of a human-relevant metabolite, 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-52), on male adolescent Sprague Dawley rats, via a novel polymeric implant drug delivery system grafted subcutaneously, at total loading concentrations ranging from 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% of the implant (w/w) for 28 days. Y-maze, hole board test, open field test, and elevated plus maze were performed on exposure days 24-28 to assess their locomotor activity, and exploratory and anxiety-like behavior. 4-52 and other possible hydroxylated metabolites in serum and vital tissues were quantified using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Our results demonstrate the sustained release of 4-52 from the polymeric implants into the systemic circulation in serum and tissues. Dihydroxylated and dechlorinated metabolites were detected in serum and tissues, depending on the dose and tissue type. No statistically significant changes were observed in the neurobehavioral tasks across all exposure groups. The results demonstrate that subcutaneous polymeric implants provide a straightforward method to expose rats to phenolic PCB metabolites to study neurotoxic outcomes, e.g., in memory, anxiety, and exploratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amanda J Bullert
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hanna Stevens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - James A Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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4
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Li X, Bullert AJ, Han W, Yang W, Zhang QY, Ding X, Lehmler HJ. Enantiomeric Fractions Reveal Differences in the Atropselective Disposition of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) in Wildtype, Cyp2abfgs-Null, and CYP2A6-Humanized Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1386-1397. [PMID: 37467352 PMCID: PMC10445290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants that can cause neurotoxicity. PCBs, such as PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), can be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes into neurotoxic metabolites. To better understand how the metabolism of PCB 95 affects neurotoxic outcomes, we conducted a study on the disposition of PCB 95 in transgenic mouse models. The mice were given a single oral dose of PCB 95 (1.0 mg/kg) and were euthanized 24 h later for analysis. PCB 95 levels were highest in adipose tissue, followed by the liver, brain, and blood. Adipose tissue levels were significantly higher in wild-type (WT) mice than in Cyp2abfgs-null (KO) or CYP2A6-transgenic (KI) mice. We also observed genotype-dependent differences in the enrichment of aS-PCB 95 in female mice, with a less pronounced enrichment in KO than WT and KI mice. Ten hydroxylated PCB 95 metabolites were detected in blood and tissue across all exposure groups. The metabolite profiles differed across tissues, while sex and genotype-dependent differences were less pronounced. Total OH-PCB levels were highest in the blood, followed by the liver, adipose tissue, and brain. Total OH-PCB blood levels were lower in KO than in WT mice, while the opposite trend was observed in the liver. In male mice, total OH-PCB metabolite levels were significantly lower in KI than in WT mice in blood and the liver, while the opposite trend was observed in female mice. In conclusion, the study highlights the differences in the atropselective disposition of PCB 95 and its metabolites in different types of mice, demonstrating the usefulness of these transgenic mouse models for characterizing the role of PCB metabolism in PCB neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Amanda J. Bullert
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Weiguo Han
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Weizhu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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5
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Nomiyama K, Tsujisawa Y, Ashida E, Yachimori S, Eguchi A, Iwata H, Tanabe S. Mother to Fetus Transfer of Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners (OH-PCBs) in the Japanese Macaque ( Macaca fuscata): Extrapolation of Exposure Scenarios to Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11386-11395. [PMID: 32786554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) exposure may disrupt fetal brain development during the critical period of thyroid hormone (TH) action. However, there are limited studies on the OH-PCB transfer to the fetal brain, particularly in primates. In this study, we selected the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) as a model animal for the fetal transfer of OH-PCBs in humans and revealed OH-PCB concentrations and their relationships in maternal and fetal blood, liver, and brain. l-thyroxine (T4)-like OH-PCBs including 4OH-CB187, a major congener in humans, were found in high proportions in the blood, liver, brain, and placenta of pregnant Japanese macaques. OH-PCBs were detected in the fetal brain and liver in the first trimester, indicating their transfer to the brain in the early pregnancy stage. 4OH-CB187 and 4OH-CB202 were the major congeners found in fetal brain, indicating that these T4-like OH-PCBs are transported from maternal blood to the fetal brain via the placenta. These results indicate that further studies are needed on the effects of OH-PCBs on the developing fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsujisawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Shimadzu Techno-Research, INC., 1, Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8436 Japan
| | - Emiko Ashida
- Shikoku Institute of Natural History, 470-1, Shimobun-otu, Susaki, Kochi 785-0023, Japan
| | - Syuji Yachimori
- The Yokogurayama Natural Forest Museum. Ochi, 737-12 Ochi-hei, Ochi-cho, Kochi 781-1303, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku Yayoi-cho 1-33, Chiba 263-0022, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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6
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Congener-specific determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls by polar-embedded reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461353. [PMID: 32797833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of an LC-ESI-MS2 method for the sensitive determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in human serum samples. Congener-specific separation was achieved by using a polar-embedded stationary phase, previously optimized for the working group, which provided better separation of isobaric compounds than the common octadecylsilane phases. MS fragmentation patterns and energies showed differences among OH-PCB congeners, mainly depending on the position of OH-group and the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule, although the most intense transitions were always those corresponding to the neutral loss of an HCl group from the quasi-molecular ion cluster. The method allowed the determination of OH-PCBs with good linearity (dynamic linear range of four orders of magnitude with R2 higher than 0.995) and precision (relative standard deviations of absolute areas lower than 10%), and with better sensitivity than other similar methods previously described in the literature. Matrix effect has been evaluated and reduced to less than 10% by the addition of isotopically labeled standards and a 10-fold dilution of the final sample extract. The low iLODs provided by the developed method (from 1.2 to 5.4 fg µL-1 for all the OH-PCBs studied, except 4'-OHCB108, whose iLOD was 61 fg µL-1) allows dilution without losses of detected peaks. Finally, the applicability of the method has been demonstrated by analyzing human serum samples belonging to an interlaboratory exercise.
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7
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Saktrakulkla P, Dhakal RC, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC. A semi-target analytical method for quantification of OH-PCBs in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [PMID: 31359319 DOI: 10.25820/036e-b439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are oxidative metabolites of PCBs and residuals found in original Aroclors. OH-PCBs are known to play a role as genotoxicants, carcinogens, and hormone disruptors, and therefore it is important to quantify their presence in human tissues, organisms, and environmental matrices. Of 837 possible mono-OH-PCBs congeners, there are only ~ 70 methoxylated PCB (MeO-PCB) standards commercially available. Hence, a semi-target analytical method is needed for unknown OH-PCBs. The mass concentrations of these unknowns are sometimes determined by assuming the peak responses of other available compounds. This can bias the results due to the choices and availabilities of standards. To overcome this issue, we investigated the peak responses of all commercially available MeO-PCB standards with gas chromatography (GC) coupling with triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, with positive electron impact (EI) ionization at 20-70 eV in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. We found correlations between the relative peak responses (RRFs) and the number of chlorine (#Cl) in the molecules of MeO-PCBs. Among the studied models, the quadratic regression of #Cl is the most suitable model in the RRF prediction (RRF = β1 × #Cl^2 + β0) when the peak responses are captured at 30 eV. We evaluated the performance of the model by analyzing 12 synthesized MeO-PCB standards and a PCB-contaminated sediment collected from a wastewater lagoon. We further demonstrate the utility of the model using a different chromatography column and GC-EI-MS system. We found the method and associated model to be sufficiently simple, accurate, and versatile for use in quantifying OH-PCBs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ram C Dhakal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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8
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Saktrakulkla P, Dhakal RC, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC. A semi-target analytical method for quantification of OH-PCBs in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8859-8871. [PMID: 31359319 PMCID: PMC6986979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are oxidative metabolites of PCBs and residuals found in original Aroclors. OH-PCBs are known to play a role as genotoxicants, carcinogens, and hormone disruptors, and therefore it is important to quantify their presence in human tissues, organisms, and environmental matrices. Of 837 possible mono-OH-PCBs congeners, there are only ~ 70 methoxylated PCB (MeO-PCB) standards commercially available. Hence, a semi-target analytical method is needed for unknown OH-PCBs. The mass concentrations of these unknowns are sometimes determined by assuming the peak responses of other available compounds. This can bias the results due to the choices and availabilities of standards. To overcome this issue, we investigated the peak responses of all commercially available MeO-PCB standards with gas chromatography (GC) coupling with triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, with positive electron impact (EI) ionization at 20-70 eV in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. We found correlations between the relative peak responses (RRFs) and the number of chlorine (#Cl) in the molecules of MeO-PCBs. Among the studied models, the quadratic regression of #Cl is the most suitable model in the RRF prediction (RRF = β1 × #Cl^2 + β0) when the peak responses are captured at 30 eV. We evaluated the performance of the model by analyzing 12 synthesized MeO-PCB standards and a PCB-contaminated sediment collected from a wastewater lagoon. We further demonstrate the utility of the model using a different chromatography column and GC-EI-MS system. We found the method and associated model to be sufficiently simple, accurate, and versatile for use in quantifying OH-PCBs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ram C Dhakal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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9
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Ma S, Ren G, Zeng X, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in the serum of e-waste dismantling workers from eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1931-1940. [PMID: 28477162 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported on the exposure of e-waste dismantling workers to significantly high concentrations of halogenated organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Such exposure can have adverse health effects. However, little information on the metabolites of these contaminants exists. In this study, we investigated PCBs levels and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCB) in the serum of e-waste workers in Taizhou in eastern China. Our results indicate elevated PCB and OH-PCB levels in the serum of the workers, with medians of 443.7 and 133.9 ng/g lw, respectively. Tri- to hexachlorinated PCB congeners were the dominant homologue groups in all of the samples. 4-OH-CB107 was the predominant homologue among the hydroxylated metabolites, accounting for 88.9% of the total OH-PCB concentrations. While dietary sources (e.g., fish) appear to be an important route for PCB accumulation in non-occupational exposure groups, exposure via ingestion of house dust and inhalation of pollutants derived from the recycling of PCB-containing e-wastes may primarily contribute to the high body burden observed in the occupational groups. Since we found concentrations of metabolites higher than those of their parent compounds, further studies need to pay more attention to their bioaccumulation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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10
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Haga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumura C, Okuno T, Tsurukawa M, Fujimori K, Kannan N, Weber R, Nakano T. Monitoring OH-PCBs in PCB transport worker's urine as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16446-16454. [PMID: 29656357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker's OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers' urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers' urine (< 0.20 μg/g Cre). However, also a slight increase of OH-PCBs was observed in the researchers doing the air sampling at PCB storage area. In the second sampling, after recommended PCB exposure reduction measures had been enacted, the worker's PCB levels did not increase during handling of PCB equipment. This suggests that applied safety measures improved the situation. Hydroxylated trichlorobiphenyls (OH-TrCBs) were identified as a major homolog of OH-PCBs in urine. Also, hydroxylated tetrachlorobiphenyls (OH-TeCBs) to hydroxylated hexachlorobiphenyls (OH-HxCBs) were detected. For the sum of ten selected major indicators, a strong correlation to total OH-PCBs were found and these can possibly be used as non-invasive biomarkers of PCB exposure in workers managing PCB capacitors and transformer oils. We suggest that monitoring of OH-PCBs in PCB management projects could be considered a non-invasive way to detect exposure. It could also be used as a tool to assess and improve PCB management. This is highly relevant considering the fact that in the next 10 years, approx. 14 million tons of PCB waste need to be managed. Also, the selected populations could be screened to assess whether exposure at work, school, or home has taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haga
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Suzuki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okuno
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsurukawa
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujimori
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
- Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0022, Japan
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11
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Parker VS, Squirewell EJ, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW, Duffel MW. Hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites of commonly occurring airborne polychlorinated biphenyls inhibit human steroid sulfotransferases SULT1E1 and SULT2A1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:196-201. [PMID: 29408762 PMCID: PMC6078096 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are associated with varied adverse health effects. Lower chlorinated PCBs are prevalent in indoor and outdoor air and can be metabolized to their hydroxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs) followed by sulfation to form PCB sulfates. Sulfation is also a means of signal termination for steroid hormones. The human estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) and alcohol/hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) catalyze the formation of steroid sulfates that are inactive at steroid hormone receptors. We investigated the inhibition of SULT1E1 (IC50s ranging from 7.2 nM to greater than 10 μM) and SULT2A1 (IC50s from 1.3 μM to over 100 μM) by five lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs and their corresponding PCB sulfates relevant to airborne PCB-exposure. Several congeners of lower chlorinated OH-PCBs relevant to airborne PCB exposures were potent inhibitors of SULT1E1 and SULT2A1 and thus have the potential to disrupt regulation of intracellular concentrations of the receptor-active steroid substrates for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edwin J Squirewell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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12
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Klinefelter K, Hooven MK, Bates C, Colter BT, Dailey A, Infante SK, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ, López-Juárez A, Ludwig CP, Curran CP. Genetic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and CYP1A2 affect sensitivity to developmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in mice: relevance to studies of human neurological disorders. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:112-127. [PMID: 29197979 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that remain a human health concern with newly discovered sources of contamination and ongoing bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Children exposed during early brain development are at highest risk of neurological deficits, but highly exposed adults reportedly have an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Our previous studies found allelic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) affect sensitivity to developmental PCB exposure, resulting in cognitive deficits and motor dysfunction. High-affinity Ahr b Cyp1a2(-/-) mice were most sensitive compared with poor-affinity Ahr d Cyp1a2(-/-) and wild-type Ahr b Cyp1a2(+/+) mice. Our follow-up studies assessed biochemical, histological, and gene expression changes to identify the brain regions and pathways affected. We also measured PCB and metabolite levels in tissues to determine if genotype altered toxicokinetics. We found evidence of AHR-mediated toxicity with reduced thymus and spleen weights and significantly reduced thyroxine at P14 in PCB-exposed pups. In the brain, the greatest changes were seen in the cerebellum where a foliation defect was over-represented in Cyp1a2(-/-) mice. In contrast, we found no difference in tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the striatum. Gene expression patterns varied across the three genotypes, but there was clear evidence of AHR activation. Distribution of parent PCB congeners also varied by genotype with strikingly high levels of PCB 77 in poor-affinity Ahr d Cyp1a2(-/-) while Ahr b Cyp1a2(+/+) mice effectively sequestered coplanar PCBs in the liver. Together, our data suggest that the AHR pathway plays a role in developmental PCB neurotoxicity, but we found little evidence that developmental exposure is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Klinefelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Molly Kromme Hooven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chloe Bates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Breann T Colter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Alexandra Dailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Smitha Krishnan Infante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alejandro López-Juárez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Clare Pickering Ludwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA
| | - Christine Perdan Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC344 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41076, USA.
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13
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Dufour P, Pirard C, Charlier C. Determination of phenolic organohalogens in human serum from a Belgian population and assessment of parameters affecting the human contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1856-1866. [PMID: 28545212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many in vitro or in vivo studies highlighted the potential deleterious effects of phenolic organohalogenated compounds (POHs) on the health, particularly on the thyroid system homeostasis, however few large scale human epidemiological studies have been carried out, especially in Europe. Further studies monitoring the human contamination by POHs, the sources of exposure and the influence of these compounds on thyroid health are still needed. Therefore we determined the concentrations of 16 POHs (pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4 bromophenols (BPs), 3 hydroxy-polybromodiphenylethers (OH-PBDEs) and 7 hydroxy-polychlorobiphenyls (OH-PCBs)) in serum from 274 people aged from 18 to 76years old living in Liege (Belgium) and the surrounding area. A questionnaire about their alimentary habits, life style and home environment was also administered to the volunteers. The predominant compound measured in the population was PCP (median concentration of 593.0pgmL-1). 4-OH-CB 107, 4-OH-CB 146 and 4-OH-CB 187 were detected in all samples and contributed for 75% of the sum of OH-PCBs (ΣOH-PCBs). The median measured in our population for ΣOH-PCBs was 143.7pgmL-1. TBBPA and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were detected in 31% and 63.8% of the samples respectively while the detection frequency observed for the other BPs and the OH-PBDEs was close to zero. We computed multivariate regression models in order to assess the influence of demographic and lifestyle parameters on the PCP and ΣOH-PCBs contamination levels. Significant correlation was found between the PCP concentration and sex, smoker status, sea fish consumption and level of education, although the model seemed to be a poor (R2=0.14) predictor of the PCP concentration. The model computed for ΣOH-PCBs was more explanatory (R2=0.61) and involved age, BMI and sea fish consumption. Finally, we assessed the parameters affecting the ΣOH-PCBs/ΣPCBs ratio. The model proposed involved age, BMI, smoker status and parent PCB level, and explained 41% of the variability of the ΣOH-PCBs/ΣPCBs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg) CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
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14
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Gilroy ÈAM, Muir DCG, McMaster ME, Darling C, Campbell LM, Alaee M, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Halogenated phenolic compounds in wild fish from Canadian Areas of Concern. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2266-2273. [PMID: 28256742 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of halogenated phenolic compounds were measured in the plasma of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from 4 Canadian Areas of Concern (AOCs), to assess exposure to suspected thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) were detected in every sample collected in 3 of the AOCs; the detection frequency was lower in samples from the Detroit River AOC. The OH-PCBs most frequently detected were pentachloro, hexachloro, and heptachloro congeners, which are structurally similar to thyroid hormones. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was detected at highest concentrations (1.8 ng/g) in fish from Prince Edward Bay, the Bay of Quinte Lake reference site, and Hillman Marsh (the Wheatley Harbour reference site), suggesting local sources of contamination. Elevated PCP concentrations were also detected in the plasma of brown bullhead from exposed sites in the Toronto and Region AOC (0.4-0.6 ng/g). Triclosan was consistently detected in the Toronto and Region AOC (0.05-0.9 ng/g), consistent with wastewater emission. Greater concentrations were occasionally detected in the plasma of brown bullhead from the Bay of Quinte AOC. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers were highest in the Toronto and Region AOC, and at 2 of the Bay of Quinte AOC exposed sites near Trenton and Belleville. Distribution patterns reflected the properties and usage of the compounds under investigation and the characteristics of each AOC. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2266-2273. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Darling
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda M Campbell
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B Brown
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - James P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Varela A, Martins C, Silva Pereira C. A three-act play: pentachlorophenol threats to the cork oak forest soils mycobiome. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:142-149. [PMID: 28704686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a silent threat through chronic contamination of soils at global scale; yet fundamental understanding of their occurrence, sources and fate is still largely lacking. Similar to a three act play, this review comprises Setup, Confrontation and Resolution. The first emphasises the eighty years of the history of pentachlorophenol (PCP) usage, only recently classified as POP. The second focus on active sources of PCP pollution, including inside cork oak forests in N.W. Tunisia; a threat partially neutralised by the soil microbial diversity, especially fungi. As Resolution, the need for improved knowledge on the global distribution and impacts of PCP in soil microbial diversity as means to preserve the multi-functionality of terrestrial ecosystem is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; INIAV, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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16
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Bjerregaard-Olesen C, Long M, Ghisari M, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Uldbjerg N, Henriksen TB, Olsen J, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Temporal trends of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants in serum from Danish nulliparous pregnant women 2011-2013. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16592-16603. [PMID: 28432626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of the lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been prohibited for more than 30 years. In this study, we present the temporal trends of the lipophilic POP serum concentrations in Danish nulliparous pregnant women between 2011 and 2013. We randomly selected 197 pregnant women (gestational age 11-13) from the Aarhus Birth Cohort. The concentrations of the lipophilic POPs in the serum samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. The concentrations were corrected for total serum lipids. The statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis with adjustment for age, BMI, gestational age at blood draw, and smoking status. The serum concentrations of PCB 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 187, and hexachlorobenzen, trans-nonachlor, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were lower in 2013 than in 2011. However, the oxychlordane concentration was lowest in 2011. The serum levels of most lipophilic POPs followed downward trends during the study period, which was expected, as these compounds has been banned for many years. The upward trend of oxychlordane was unexpected and presumably a chance finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bjerregaard-Olesen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bodil H Bech
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Tine B Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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17
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Discovery of a widespread metabolic pathway within and among phenolic xenobiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6062-6067. [PMID: 28536195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700558114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is an organism's primary defense against xenobiotics, yet it also increases the production of toxic metabolites. It is generally recognized that phenolic xenobiotics, a group of ubiquitous endocrine disruptors, undergo rapid phase II metabolism to generate more water-soluble glucuronide and sulfate conjugates as a detoxification pathway. However, the toxicological effects of the compounds invariably point to the phase I metabolic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Here we show that phenolic xenobiotics undergo an unknown metabolic pathway to form more lipophilic and bioactive products. In a nontargeted screening of the metabolites of a widely used antibacterial ingredient: triclosan (TCS), we identified a metabolic pathway via in vitro incubation with weever, quail, and human microsomes and in vivo exposure in mice, which generated a group of products: TCS-O-TCS. The lipophilic metabolite of TCS was frequently detected in urine samples from the general population, and TCS-O-TCS activated the constitutive androstane receptor with the binding activity about 7.2 times higher than that of the parent compound. The metabolic pathway was mediated mainly by phase I enzymes localized on the microsomes and widely observed in chlorinated phenols, phenols, and hydroxylated aromatics. The pathway was also present in different phenolic xenobiotics and formed groups of unknown pollutants in organisms (e.g., TCS-O-bisphenol A and TCS-O-benzo(a)pyrene), thus providing a cross-talk reaction between different phenolic pollutants during metabolic processes in organisms.
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18
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Kezios K, Gu Y, Liu X, Cirillo P, Tarrant D, Petreas M, Park JS, Cohn B, Factor-Litvak P. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (OH-PCBs), maternal smoking and size at birth. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 71:166-175. [PMID: 28314564 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a sample of 442 births from the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, we examined associations between maternal prenatal exposure to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (OH-PCBs) and pregnancy outcomes, and whether associations were mediated by maternal thyroid hormone levels and/or modified by maternal smoking. Compared to nonsmokers, smokers had twice the mean concentration of 4-OH-CB107 (p<0.001) and lower levels of its parent compound, PCB118 (p=0.001). Among mothers who smoked, the birth weight of newborns with maternal concentrations of 4-OH-CB107 in the upper quartile was 316g lighter (95% confidence interval (CI) 566, 65) compared to those with maternal concentrations in the lowest quartile, after control for PCB118 and other potential confounders. This association was not observed for non-smoking mothers and was not mediated by maternal thyroid hormone levels. Maternal prenatal 4-OH-CB107 levels appear to be influenced by maternal smoking and contribute to lower birth weight among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Kezios
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiwei Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piera Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Darcy Tarrant
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jun-Soo Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Barbara Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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19
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O'Hara TM, Hoekstra PF, Hanns C, Backus SM, Muir DCG. Concentrations of selected persistent organochlorine contaminants in store-bought foods from northern Alaska. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 64:303-13. [PMID: 16277115 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v64i4.18008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We address marine and terrestrial mammal blubber, liver, muscle, kidney, heart, tongue, maktak and maktaaq (epidermis and blubber from bowhead, beluga whales, respectively), and fish muscle and livers, as commonly consumed tissues in subsistence communities across northern Alaska in the context of organochlorine (OC) contamination of store-bought foods. Human exposure to contaminants from biota, as part of a subsistence diet, has been superficially evaluated in numerous studies (focused on liver and blubber), but are limited in the type of tissues analyzed, and rarely consider the contaminants in the alternatives (i.e., store-bought foods). STUDY DESIGN Concentrations from published literature on selected persistent organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in eight tissues of the bowhead whale and other biota (1) were compared to store-bought foods evaluated in this study. RESULTS As expected, store-bought foods had lower concentrations of OCs than some tissues of the marine mammals (especially blubber, maktak, and maktaaq). However, blubber is rarely eaten alone and should not be used to give consumption advice unless considered as a portion of the food item (i.e., maktak). This study indicates that the store-bought food alternatives have detectable OC concentrations (e.g., < 0.01 to 22.5 ng/g w.w. for hexachlorobenzene) and, in many cases, have greater OC concentrations than some subsistence food items. Many wildlife tissues had OC concentrations similar to those quantified in local store-bought food. CONCLUSIONS Switching from the traditional diet to western store-bought foods will not always reduce exposure to OCs. However, raw blubber-based products are clearly more contaminated with OCs due to lipid content. A detailed profile of traditional/country foods and western foods consumed by subsistence communities of northern Alaska is required to address chronic exposure in more detail for the diverse sources of foods (subsistence use and commercially available) and the widely varying concentrations of contaminants reported therein. This should be combined with biomonitoring people dependent upon subsistence foods. Further assessment of essential and non-essential elements, emerging contaminants (e.g. brominated flame retardants), etc. should be conducted in order to improve our understanding of the differences and similarities between wildlife and store-bought foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M O'Hara
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA.
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20
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Quinete N, Esser A, Kraus T, Schettgen T. Determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in human urine in a highly occupationally exposed German cohort: New prospects for urinary biomarkers of PCB exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:171-179. [PMID: 27622755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates for the first time the determination of 20 hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) congeners and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in urine as a biomarker of exposure to PCBs in humans. Thereby, a fast, sensitive and selective online solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled to LC-MS/MS was validated for the determination of OH-PCBs in human urine, being previously successfully developed and applied for the separation and quantitation of OH-PCBs in human plasma. The lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) ranged from 0.01 to 0.19ngmL-1 and average extraction recoveries from 79 to 125% for all hydroxylated congeners. Within-run precision and between-run precision were between 2 and 17%. Extraction recovery tests were also performed in urine with different creatinine contents (0.52-3.92gL-1) for an estimation of matrix influences and ranged between 69 and 125%. In order to evaluate the applicability of the method, the study was conducted in three different groups, which were distinctly separated as non-exposed to known sources of PCBs (N=21), low-to-moderate PCB-exposed individuals (N=25) and highly occupationally PCB-exposed individuals (N=25), which included workers of a transformer recycling plant, their relatives and workers of surrounding companies from a German cohort. As part of the biomonitoring program HELPcB (Health Effects in High-Level Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls), urine and blood samples were collected annually from 2010 to 2014. In this way, OH-PCB elimination profile in urine over time, correlations between OH-PCB levels in human plasma and urine, and associations with their parent compounds in plasma of the studied PCB cohort could be also assessed. Tri-chlorinated OH-PCBs were the predominant congeners in urine with concentrations up to 174ngmL-1. High chlorinated OH-PCBs (penta- through hepta-chlorinated OH-PCBs) were also frequently detected in urine samples from non-exposed and occupationally exposed individuals, although levels were in general very low or lower than LLOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany..
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Haraguchi K, Ito Y, Takagi M, Fujii Y, Harada KH, Koizumi A. Levels, profiles and dietary sources of hydroxylated PCBs and hydroxylated and methoxylated PBDEs in Japanese women serum samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:155-162. [PMID: 27615405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may result in retention of specific congeners of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and hydroxylated/methoxylated PBDEs (OH-/MeO-PBDEs) in serum. However, dietary sources and biotransformation of OH-/MeO-PBDEs in humans are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the levels, profiles, and exposure sources of OH-/MeO-PBDEs along with OH-PCBs present in human serum. Twenty serum samples pooled from women of four age groups (30s/40s/50s/60s) living in four districts of Japan were analyzed for OH-/MeO-PBDEs, and their profiles were then compared with those of seafood (seaweed and fish). The major component of OH-PCBs in the phenolic fraction of serum was 4-OH-CB187 (mean: 85pgg-1 wet weight (ww)). Total OH-PCBs accounted for about 1/20 of the total PCBs (mean; 1800pgg-1 ww). In contrast, the predominant component of OH-PBDEs in serum was 6-OH-BDE47 (mean: 183pgg-1 ww), which was about 20-fold higher than BDE-47 (mean; 8.7pgg-1 ww). In the neutral fraction, 2'-MeO-BDE68 was primarily found at a similar concentration (mean 5.6pgg-1 ww) to BDE-47. Both 4-OH-PCB187 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 were significantly correlated with woman's age (p<0.01), but not with 6-OH-BDE47 or BDE-47. The profiles of OH-PBDEs in serum were consistent with those in edible seaweeds (Sargassum fusiforme) sold for human consumption, whereas MeO-PBDEs had a similar profile as those in edible fish (Serranidae sp.) from Japanese coastal waters. These findings indicate that the profiles of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in Japanese serum are different from those in other countries, and their sources may be specific edible seaweeds and fish, respectively. This is the first report of profiles and dietary sources of OH/MeO-PBDEs in human serum from Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Ito
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Masae Takagi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan; Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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van den Dungen MW, Kok DE, Polder A, Hoogenboom RLAP, van Leeuwen SPJ, Steegenga WT, Kampman E, Murk AJ. Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in consumers of eel from polluted rivers compared to marketable eel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:80-88. [PMID: 27697634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, many river sediments are seriously contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) known to accumulate in aquatic food. In the Netherlands, toxicological risks of human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds led to a ban on eel fishing in the Rhine-Meuse delta. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in serum POP levels in consumers of eel from high-polluted areas and consumers of eel from low-polluted areas or aquaculture. In total 80 Dutch men were included, aged 40-70 years, with a habitual eel consumption of at least one portion (150 g) per month. Total levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds were measured in serum of all participants with the DR CALUX bioassay, validated with GC-MS. For a subgroup of 38 participants extensive POP measurements were performed. We revealed that consumption of eel from polluted rivers resulted in 2.5 and up to 10 times increased levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) respectively compared to controls. The highest PCB levels were detected for PCB 153, with a median level of 896 ng/g lipid and a maximum level of 5000 ng/g lipid in the high-exposed group. Furthermore, hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs: sum of 4-OH-CB107, 4-OH-CB146, 4'-OH-CB172, and 4-OH-CB187) were 8 times higher in men who consumed eel from polluted areas, and detected at levels (median 4.5 ng/g ww) reported to cause adverse health effects. Also, the majority of the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were significantly higher in consumers of eel from pullulated areas. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal that (past) consumption of eel from polluted rivers resulted in high body burdens of dioxins, PCBs, OH-PCBs and PFASs. We confirmed the predictions made in a former risk assessment, and the high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds as well as the OH-PCBs are of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe W van den Dungen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dieuwertje E Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstua, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway; Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, PB X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Wilma T Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Koh WX, Hornbuckle KC, Wang K, Thorne PS. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:538-545. [PMID: 27352881 PMCID: PMC4980156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Factors contributing to the inter-individual variation in body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) have not been fully elucidated. We examined associations between total serum concentrations of 209 PCBs, 64 OH-PCBs, and frequently detected individual congeners with demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity and community of residence), body mass index (BMI or BMI percentile), and breastfeeding history in children and their mothers from 83 U.S. households. There was a significant positive association between age and concentrations of total PCBs and OH-PCBs in mothers. Non-Hispanics had significantly higher concentrations of total PCBs in mothers and OH-PCBs in children than Hispanics. Concentrations of total PCBs were significantly lower in mothers who had longer breastfeeding duration. Living in the Columbus Junction, Iowa community as compared to East Chicago, Indiana was associated with higher total PCBs in children, probably attributable to higher exposures at school. Lower concentrations of OH-PCBs were significantly associated with a higher BMI percentile in children. Congener-specific associations were observed for 30 PCB and 12 OH-PCB congeners and followed comparable trends. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine factors contributing to variations in serum concentrations of total 209 PCBs and total OH-PCBs in children, as well as to examine ethnic differences in OH-PCB levels. Results from this study revealed that demographic characteristics, body mass index and breastfeeding history are factors that should be considered for human exposure and risk assessment of PCBs and OH-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
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24
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Batterman SA, Chernyak S, Su FC. Measurement and Comparison of Organic Compound Concentrations in Plasma, Whole Blood, and Dried Blood Spot Samples. Front Genet 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 27148360 PMCID: PMC4838759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preferred sampling medium for measuring human exposures of persistent organic compounds (POPs) is blood, and relevant sample types include whole blood, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS). Because information regarding the performance and comparability of measurements across these sample types is limited, it is difficult to compare across studies. This study evaluates the performance of POP measurements in plasma, whole blood and DBS, and presents the distribution coefficients needed to convert concentrations among the three sample types. Blood samples were collected from adult volunteers, along with demographic and smoking information, and analyzed by GC/MS for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between the sample types and possible effects of personal covariates. Distribution coefficients also were calculated using physically-based models. Across all compounds, concentrations in plasma were consistently the highest; concentrations in whole blood and DBS samples were comparable. Distribution coefficients for plasma to whole blood concentrations ranged from 1.74 to 2.26 for pesticides/CHCs, averaged 1.69 ± 0.06 for the PCBs, and averaged 1.65 ± 0.03 for the PBDEs. Regression models closely fit most chemicals (R (2) > 0.80), and whole blood and DBS samples generally showed very good agreement. Distribution coefficients estimated using biologically-based models were near one and did not explain the observed distribution. Among the study population, median concentrations of several pesticides/CHCs and PBDEs exceeded levels reported in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, while levels of other OCPs and PBDEs were comparable or lower. Race and smoking status appeared to slightly affect plasma/blood concentration ratios for several POPs. The experimentally-determined distribution coefficients can be used to compare POP exposures across studies using different types of blood-based matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Ekuase EJ, van 't Erve TJ, Rahaman A, Robertson LW, Duffel MW, Luthe G. Mechanistic insights into the specificity of human cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A1 (hSULT2A1) for hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls through the use of fluoro-tagged probes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2119-2127. [PMID: 26165989 PMCID: PMC4713379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the relationships between the structures of substrates and inhibitors and their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes is of prime importance in predicting the toxic potential of new and legacy xenobiotics. Traditionally, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies are performed with many distinct compounds. Based on the chemical properties of the tested compounds, complex relationships can be established so that models can be developed to predict toxicity of novel compounds. In this study, the use of fluorinated analogues as supplemental QSAR compounds was investigated. Substituting fluorine induces changes in electronic and steric properties of the substrate without substantially changing the chemical backbone of the substrate. In vitro assays were performed using purified human cytosolic sulfotransferase hSULT2A1 as a model enzyme. A mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (4-OH PCB 14) and its four possible mono-fluoro analogues were used as test compounds. Remarkable similarities were found between this approach and previously published QSAR studies for hSULT2A1. Both studies implicate the importance of dipole moment and dihedral angle as being important to PCB structure in respect to being substrates for hSULT2A1. We conclude that mono-fluorinated analogues of a target substrate can be a useful tool to study the structure activity relationships for enzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Ekuase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T J van 't Erve
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA.
| | - A Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L W Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G Luthe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Institute of Life Sciences, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- LuthePharma, Fabrikstrasse 2, 48599, Gronau, Germany
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26
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Determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls by offline solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using a molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for sample preconcentration. Talanta 2015; 144:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Kania-Korwel I, Barnhart CD, Lein PJ, Lehmler HJ. Effect of pregnancy on the disposition of 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) atropisomers and their hydroxylated metabolites in female mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1774-83. [PMID: 26271003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral PCBs, such as PCB 95, are developmental neurotoxicants that undergo atropisomeric enrichment in nonpregnant adult mice. Because pregnancy is associated with changes in hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity as well as lipid disposition and metabolism, this study investigates the effect of pregnancy on the maternal disposition of chiral PCBs. Female C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were dosed daily beginning 2 weeks prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation and lactation (56 days total) with racemic PCB 95 (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 6.0 mg/kg body wt/day) in peanut butter. Levels and chiral signatures of PCB 95 and its hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) were determined in adipose, blood, brain, and liver. Tissue levels of PCB 95 increased 4- to 12-fold with increasing dose, with considerable enrichment of the second eluting atropisomer in all tissues (EF range 0.11 to 0.26). OH-PCBs displayed atropisomeric enrichment in blood and liver but were not detected in adipose and brain. Levels of PCB 95 and its metabolites were 2- to 11-fold lower in pregnant dams relative to those previously reported in nonpregnant age-matched female mice; however, PCB 95 and OH-PCB profiles and chiral signatures were similar between both studies. In contrast, human brain samples contained racemic PCB 95 residues (EF = 0.50). These results demonstrate that changes in cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and lipid disposition during pregnancy reduce the PCB body burden in dams but do not affect metabolite profiles or chiral signatures. The differences in chiral signatures between mice and humans suggest species-specific differences in atropisomeric disposition, the toxicological significance of which remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, United States
| | - Christopher D Barnhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, United States
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28
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Quinete N, Kraus T, Belov VN, Aretz C, Esser A, Schettgen T. Fast determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in human plasma by online solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Varela A, Martins C, Núñez O, Martins I, Houbraken JAMP, Martins TM, Leitão MC, McLellan I, Vetter W, Galceran MT, Samson RA, Hursthouse A, Silva Pereira C. Understanding fungal functional biodiversity during the mitigation of environmentally dispersed pentachlorophenol in cork oak forest soils. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2922-34. [PMID: 25753337 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is globally dispersed and contamination of soil with this biocide adversely affects its functional biodiversity, particularly of fungi - key colonizers. Their functional role as a community is poorly understood, although a few pathways have been already elucidated in pure cultures. This constitutes here our main challenge - elucidate how fungi influence the pollutant mitigation processes in forest soils. Circumstantial evidence exists that cork oak forests in N. W. Tunisia - economically critical managed forests are likely to be contaminated with PCP, but the scientific evidence has previously been lacking. Our data illustrate significant forest contamination through the detection of undefined active sources of PCP. By solving the taxonomic diversity and the PCP-derived metabolomes of both the cultivable fungi and the fungal community, we demonstrate here that most strains (predominantly penicillia) participate in the pollutant biotic degradation. They form an array of degradation intermediates and by-products, including several hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol derivatives, either chlorinated or not. The degradation pathway of the fungal community includes uncharacterized derivatives, e.g. tetrachloroguaiacol isomers. Our study highlights fungi key role in the mineralization and short lifetime of PCP in forest soils and provide novel tools to monitor its degradation in other fungi dominated food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Serra Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jos A M P Houbraken
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago M Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Cristina Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Iain McLellan
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Samson
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Lille-Langøy R, Goldstone JV, Rusten M, Milnes MR, Male R, Stegeman JJ, Blumberg B, Goksøyr A. Environmental contaminants activate human and polar bear (Ursus maritimus) pregnane X receptors (PXR, NR1I2) differently. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:54-64. [PMID: 25680588 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulate readily in polar bears because of their position as apex predators in Arctic food webs. The pregnane X receptor (PXR, formally NR1I2, here proposed to be named promiscuous xenobiotic receptor) is a xenobiotic sensor that is directly involved in metabolizing pathways of a wide range of environmental contaminants. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we comparably assess the ability of 51 selected pharmaceuticals, pesticides and emerging contaminants to activate PXRs from polar bears and humans using an in vitro luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS We found that polar bear PXR is activated by a wide range of our test compounds (68%) but has a slightly more narrow ligand specificity than human PXR that was activated by 86% of the 51 test compounds. The majority of the agonists identified (70%) produces a stronger induction of the reporter gene via human PXR than via polar bear PXR, however with some notable and environmentally relevant exceptions. CONCLUSIONS Due to the observed differences in activation of polar bear and human PXRs, exposure of each species to environmental agents is likely to induce biotransformation differently in the two species. Bioinformatics analyses and structural modeling studies suggest that amino acids that are not part of the ligand-binding domain and do not interact with the ligand can modulate receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lille-Langøy
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, 02543-1050 Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Marte Rusten
- University of Bergen, Department of Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew R Milnes
- Mars Hill University, 100 Athletic Street, Box 6671, Mars Hill, 28754 NC, USA
| | - Rune Male
- University of Bergen, Department of Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - John J Stegeman
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, 02543-1050 Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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31
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Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Minh Tue N, Trang PTK, Hung Viet P, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Residue profiles of organohalogen compounds in human serum from e-waste recycling sites in North Vietnam: Association with thyroid hormone levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:440-449. [PMID: 25659948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the contamination levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs), and their relationships with thyroid hormones (THs), in the serum of human donors from an e-waste recycling site and a rural site in Hung Yen province, Vietnam. Occupationally related exposure was indicated by significantly higher residue levels of PCBs, OH-PCBs, PBDEs, and BPhs in the serum of donors from the e-waste recycling site (median: 420, 160, 290, and 300pgg(-1) wet wt, respectively) than those in the serum of donors from the rural site (median: 290, 82, 230, and 200pgg(-)(1) wet wt, respectively). On the other hand, levels of OH-/MeO-PBDEs were significantly higher in serum of donors from the reference site (median: 160 and 20pgg(-1) wet wt, respectively) than in those from the e-waste recycling site (median: 43 and 0.52pgg(-1) wet wt, respectively). In addition, we implemented stepwise generalized linear models to assess the association between the levels of TH and PCBs, PBDEs, and their related compounds. In females, we found positive associations of PCBs and OH-PCB concentrations with total thyroxine, free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, and free triiodothyronine, and a negative association with thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Kim Trang
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Ohta C, Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Endo T, Kimura O, Koga N. Distribution and excretion of 2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB187) and its metabolites in rats and guinea pigs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:5-11. [PMID: 25433397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy (OH)-2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB187) is a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolite present in human serum at the highest concentration of the PCB metabolites. Our previous study demonstrated that CB187 was metabolized by rat and guinea pig liver microsomes to the major metabolite 4'-OH-2,2',3,3',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB178), and the two minor metabolites 4-OH-CB187 and 4'-OH-2,2',3,5,5',6-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB151). In this study, the distribution of these metabolites in serum, liver and kidney, and their fecal excretion, were examined in rats and guinea pigs intraperitoneally dosed with CB187. Similarly to the in vitro study, 4'-OH-CB178 was a major metabolite in the liver, serum and feces of both animal species on day 4 after CB187 injection, and the level in the liver was about 20 times higher in untreated guinea pigs than in untreated rats. In addition, 4-OH-CB187, a minor metabolite, was detected in the serum and kidneys, but not in the feces, of both guinea pigs and rats. Another minor metabolite, 4'-OH-CB151, was detected at a lower level only in guinea pig feces; little was found in the serum or liver of either animals. Over the 30d following CB187 injection into guinea pigs, 4'-OH-CB178 and 4-OH-CB187 in the serum was observed at higher level on day 4 and day 16 after injection, respectively. The majority of the 4'-OH-CB178 was rapidly excreted to the feces following unmetabolized CB187, whereas 4-OH-CB187 was not found in guinea pig feces and liver during 30d. These results support previous reports that 4-OH-CB187 is retained persistently in animal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Ohta
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan.
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan.
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Louis C, Covaci A, Stas M, Crocker DE, Malarvannan G, Dirtu AC, Debier C. Bioaccumulation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls and pentachlorophenol in the serum of northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:441-448. [PMID: 25460666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Northern elephant seals (NES) (Mirounga angustirostris) from the Año Nuevo State Reserve (CA, USA) were sampled at 1-, 4-, 7- and 10-week post-weaning. Concentrations of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) and their parent PCBs were measured in the serum of each individual. The ΣHO-PCB concentrations in the serum increased significantly between early and late fast (from 282 ± 20 to 529 ± 31 pg/mL). This increase might result from a mobilisation of HO-PCBs transferred from the mother during gestation and/or lactation and stored in the pup's liver. Food deprivation has been shown to exacerbate biotransformation capacities in mammals, birds and fish. The HO-penta-CBs was the predominant homologue group, followed by HO-hexa-CBs and HO-hepta-CBs. No preferential pathway for the metabolism of HO-PCBs (HO-direct insertion or NIH-shift of a chlorine atom) could be evidenced. The concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the serum of weaned NES increased from 103 ± 7 pg/mL at early fast to 246 ± 41 pg/mL at late fast, which is within the range of PCP concentrations usually encountered in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Louis
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marie Stas
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Quinete N, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Occurrence and distribution of PCB metabolites in blood and their potential health effects in humans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11951-11972. [PMID: 24943885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, attention has been directed to chemicals with possible endocrine-disrupting properties. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their metabolites belong to one group of environmental contaminants that have been shown to interact with the endocrine system in mammals, including humans. Although recent developments have been made in terms of determination of PCB metabolites in blood samples, still limited number of studies have been able to elucidate their profiles and toxicological and health effects in humans. This review aims to evaluate and compare the levels of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and methyl sulfone PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs) in blood and their relationship to parent compounds and also address the potential risks and adverse health effects in humans. Levels of OH-PCBs varied between 0.0002 and 1.6 ng g(-1) w/w in human serum/plasma from the selected literature, correlating well with ∑PCBs. In contrast, ∑OH-PCB/∑PCB ratio in animals did not show a significant correlation, which might suggest that the bioaccumulation plays an even more important role in the concentration of OH-PCBs compared to PCB metabolism. Highest levels of MeSO2-PCBs were reported in marine mammals with high selectivity retention in the liver. Health effects of PCB metabolites included carcinogenicity, reproductive impairment, and developmental neurotoxicity, being more efficiently transferred to the brain and across the placenta from mother to fetus in comparison to the parent PCBs. Based on the lack of knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of lower chlorinated OH-PCBs in humans, further studies to identify and assess the risks associated to human exposure are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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James MO, Ambadapadi S. Interactions of cytosolic sulfotransferases with xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 45:401-14. [PMID: 24188364 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the sulfonic group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to hydroxy or amine groups in substrate molecules. The human cytosolic sulfotransferases that have been most studied, namely SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1, are expressed in different tissues of the body, including liver, intestine, adrenal, brain and skin. These sulfotransferases play important roles in the sulfonation of endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, and in the elimination of xenobiotic molecules such as drugs, environmental chemicals and natural products. There is often overlapping substrate selectivity among the sulfotransferases, although one isoform may exhibit greater enzyme efficiency than other isoforms. Similarly, inhibitors or enhancers of one isoform often affect other isoforms, but typically with different potency. This means that if the activity of one form of sulfotransferase is altered (either inhibited or enhanced) by the presence of a xenobiotic, the sulfonation of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates for other isoforms may well be affected. There are more examples of inhibitors than enhancers of sulfonation. Modulators of sulfotransferase enzymes include natural products ingested as part of the human diet as well as environmental chemicals and drugs. This review will discuss recent work on such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL , USA
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36
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Quinete N, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Analytical approaches for the determination of PCB metabolites in blood: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6151-64. [PMID: 24908411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the most ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, and their metabolism leads to the formation of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and methyl sulfone PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs). These metabolites are generally more hydrophilic than the parent compound, and therefore are more easily eliminated from the body. However, some congeners have been shown to be strongly retained in human blood, binding to transthyretin with an affinity that is, in general, greater than that of the natural ligand thyroxin itself, which could result in toxicological effects, particularly on the thyroid system. Currently available analytical methods require, in general, extensive sample preparation, which includes a series of time-consuming and low-throughput liquid-liquid and back extractions, evaporations, several cleanup steps, and in some cases, derivatization prior to analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Recent developments in the use of LC coupled with tandem MS (MS/MS) have brought some improvements in terms of sample preparation for the determination of PCB metabolites in blood, although there are still possibilities for continued development. The selected literature has evidenced few studies of LC-MS/MS-based methods, a lack of analytical standards, nonassessment of lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs, and scarce attention to MeSO2-PCBs in blood. This review aims to evaluate critically the currently available analytical methods for determination of OH-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Simmons DBD, McMaster ME, Reiner EJ, Hewitt LM, Parrott JL, Park BJ, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Wild fish from the Bay of Quinte Area of Concern contain elevated tissue concentrations of PCBs and exhibit evidence of endocrine-related health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:124-37. [PMID: 24576942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Bay of Quinte (BOQ) is an Area of Concern listed under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish in the BOQ AOC has led to restrictions on fish consumption by humans, which is a beneficial use impairment. Adult yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) were sampled from Trenton, Belleville, and Deseronto (reference site) in the BOQ. A suite of hormone assays and various measures of exposure and/or sublethal health effects were used to assess the health status of fish of both species and sex. Condition factor, hepatosomatic index, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, circulating steroid and thyroid hormones, thyroid activation, oocyte size distribution, spermatogenic cell stages, and plasma vitellogenin were among the endpoints that were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by location. Many of those effects corresponded with significantly (p < 0.05) greater tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at Belleville and Trenton. Hepatic extracts from brown bullhead sampled from Trenton had significantly (p < 0.05) greater binding activity to the androgen receptor and sex steroid binding protein. Taken together, these data and preliminary data from a concomitant study suggest that PCBs are likely being hydroxylated in vivo, resulting in enhanced bioactivity at endocrine receptors and measurable health responses. The present study supports the growing body of evidence that PCBs and their metabolites can affect fish thyroid and steroid hormone systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B D Simmons
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - E J Reiner
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L M Hewitt
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - B J Park
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S B Brown
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - J P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
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38
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Nrf2/ARE pathway activation, HO-1 and NQO1 induction by polychlorinated biphenyl quinone is associated with reactive oxygen species and PI3K/AKT signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nomiyama K, Kanbara C, Ochiai M, Eguchi A, Mizukawa H, Isobe T, Matsuishi T, Yamada TK, Tanabe S. Halogenated phenolic contaminants in the blood of marine mammals from Japanese coastal waters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 93:15-22. [PMID: 24060385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Information on accumulation of halogenated phenolic contaminants in the blood of marine mammal is limited. The present study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of chlorinated and brominated phenolic contaminants (OH-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and bromophenols) in the blood collected from pinnipeds (northern fur seal, spotted seal, Steller sea lion and ribbon seal) and small cetaceans (harbor porpoise and Dall's porpoise) from Japanese coastal waters. Concentrations of PCBs and OH-PCBs found in pinnipeds were the same as in small cetaceans living in the same coastal area. However, significantly lower concentrations of brominated compounds (PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs, OH-PBDEs) were found in the blood of pinnipeds than the levels found in cetacean species which live same area (p < 0.05). This difference of accumulation pattern suggested pinnipeds have an enhanced capability to degrade organobromine compounds relative to cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Chika Kanbara
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mari Ochiai
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-3-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Tadasu K Yamada
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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40
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Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Ochiai M, Mizukawa H, Nagano Y, Nakagawa K, Tanaka K, Miyagawa H, Tanabe S. Simultaneous detection of multiple hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls from a complex tissue matrix using gas chromatography/isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 118:253-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhai G, Wu X, Lehmler HJ, Schnoor JL. Atropisomeric determination of chiral hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls using HPLC-MS. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24360245 PMCID: PMC3879188 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of environmental persistent organic pollutants, which can be metabolized into a series of metabolites, including hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in biota. Nineteen of 209 PCB congeners can form chiral stable isomers. However, atropisomeric determination of the hydroxylated metabolites of these chiral PCBs has never been reported by LC methods. In this work, a novel HPLC-MS method was developed to detect five chiral OH-PCBs (4OH-PCB91, 5OH-PCB91, 4OH-PCB95, 5OH-PCB95 and 5OH-PCB149) using HPLC-MS without a derivatization step. Results The influences of column-type, column temperature, flow rate and ratio of the mobile phase on the atropisomeric separation were investigated in detail. In the final method, calibration curves, based on peak areas against concentration, were linear in a range of 1–100 ng mL-1 of five chiral OH-PCBs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9996 to 0.9999 for all atropisomers of OH-PCBs. The relative standard deviations measured at the 10.0 ng mL-1 level for atropisomers of five chiral OH-PCBs were in the range of 0.60-7.55% (n = 5). Calculated detection limits (S/N = 3) of five chiral OH-PCBs were between 0.31 and 0.60 ng mL-1 for all OH-PCB atropisomers. Conclusion This HPLC-MS method was developed to detect chiral OH-PCBs and further successfully applied to measure OH-PCB atropisomer levels and enantiomeric fractions (EFs) in rat liver microsomal samples. The results from LC-MS method were highly consistent with those from GC-ECD method. It is the first time to report these OH-PCB atropisomers detected in microsomes by HPLC-MS. The proposed method might be applied also to detect chiral OH-PCBs in environmental samples and for metabolites of PCBs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, IA, USA.
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Marek RF, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC. Discovery of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in sediment from a lake Michigan waterway and original commercial aroclors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8204-10. [PMID: 23862721 PMCID: PMC3781593 DOI: 10.1021/es402323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) were measured in surficial sediment from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC), East Chicago, IN and five original Monsanto Aroclors. These compounds were measured using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and certified standards that allowed us to identify 65 individual or coeluting congeners. Concentrations in the sediment ranged from 0.20 to 26 ng/g dry weight. Profiles of most samples were similar and were dominated by mono- to penta-chlorinated OH-PCBs. Interestingly, most of the samples strongly resembled the OH-PCB profiles of Aroclors 1221, 1242, 1248, and 1254, yet 25% of OH-PCBs measured in the sediment were not detected in Aroclors. A strong positive correlation was found between ΣOH-PCB and ΣPCB (p < 0.0001) and also between many individual OH-PCB:PCB pairs (p < 0.05). Analysis of OH-PCB:PCB pairs suggest PCB degradation is unlikely as a source of OH-PCBs in IHSC sediment. We are the first to report levels of OH-PCBs in sediment and Aroclors, and our discovery is significant because it is likely that OH-PCB contamination exists in sediment anywhere that PCB contamination from Aroclors is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242
- Corresponding contact information: Keri Hornbuckle: 4105 SC, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 384-0789 FAX: (319) 335-5660
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Castro-Puyana M, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Rapid and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and their main metabolites (hydroxylated and methyl sulfonyl) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: comparison of different ionisation modes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:148-54. [PMID: 23830433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instrumental methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been developed and compared using two different MS ionisation modes, electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionisation (ECNI), for the fast, quantitative and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their main metabolites (hydroxylated PCBs, OH-PCBs, and methyl sulfone PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs). Parameters affecting chromatographic separation and MS detection were evaluated in order to achieve the highest selectivity and sensitivity for both operation modes. The analytical characteristics of the developed methods were studied and compared in terms of linear range, limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), and instrumental precision (repeatability and intermediate precision). Both ionisation methods showed similar precision, being relative standard deviations (RSD, %) lower than 9% and 14% for repeatability and intermediate precision, respectively. However, better LODs (from 0.01 to 0.14 pg injected for the three families of congeners studied) were achieved using ECNI-MS as ionisation mode. The suitability of the developed method was demonstrated through their application to fish liver oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castro-Puyana
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Erdmann SE, Dietz R, Sonne C, Bechshøft TØ, Vorkamp K, Letcher RJ, Long M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Xenoestrogenic and dioxin-like activity in blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:583-591. [PMID: 23648332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the project were to (i) extract the lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from the blood of 99 East Greenland polar bears and assess the combined mixture effect on the estrogen receptor (ER) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated transactivity; (ii) To evaluate whether the receptor transactivities were associated with selected POP markers, and (iii) compare the receptor transactivities in polar bears with earlier studies on Greenlandic Inuit. Lipophilic POPs were extracted using a combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ER mediated transactivity was determined using the ER luciferase reporter MVLN cell assay. The extracts were tested alone (XER) and together with 17β-estradiol (E2) as a physiological mimic (XERcomp). Dioxins and dioxin-like (DL) compounds were extracted by a combination of SPE and the Supelco Dioxin Prep System®. AhR mediated dioxin-like transactivity was determined using the AhR luciferase reporter Hepa 1.12cR cell assay. Agonistic ER transactivity was elicited by 19% of the samples, and a further increased E2 induced ER response was found for 52%, whereas 17% antagonized the E2 induced ER response. Positive correlations were found in subadult bears between XER and several POP biomarkers. XER and XERcomp correlated positively to each other. A total of 91% of the polar bear blood extracts elicited agonistic AhR transactivity. The AhR-TCDD equivalent (AhR-TEQ) median levels were higher among adult bears compared to subadult bears, but not significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Erdmann
- Centre for Arctic Health, Department of Public Health and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Build. 1260, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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45
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Ruiz P, Myshkin E, Quigley P, Faroon O, Wheeler JS, Mumtaz MM, Brennan RJ. Assessment of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls as potential xenoestrogens: a QSAR comparative analysis∗. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:393-416. [PMID: 23557136 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.781537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methods, including quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), are being used increasingly when appropriate data for toxicity evaluation of chemicals are not available. Approximately 40 mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) have been identified in humans. They represent a health and environmental concern because some of them have been shown to have agonist or antagonist interactions with human hormone receptors. This could lead to modulation of steroid hormone receptor pathways and endocrine system disruption. We performed QSAR analyses using available estrogenic activity (human estrogen receptor ER alpha) data for 71 OH-PCBs. The modelling was performed using multiple molecular descriptors including electronic, molecular, constitutional, topological, and geometrical endpoints. Multiple linear regressions and recursive partitioning were used to best fit descriptors. The results show that the position of the hydroxyl substitution, polarizability, and meta adjacent un-substituted carbon pairs at the phenolic ring contribute towards greater estrogenic activity for these chemicals. These comparative QSAR models may be used for predictive toxicity, and identification of health consequences of PCB metabolites that lack empirical data. Such information will help prioritize such molecules for additional testing, guide future basic laboratory research studies, and help the health/risk assessment community understand the complex nature of chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruiz
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, USA.
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Marek RF, Thorne PS, Wang K, DeWall J, Hornbuckle KC. PCBs and OH-PCBs in serum from children and mothers in urban and rural U.S. communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3353-61. [PMID: 23452180 PMCID: PMC3645264 DOI: 10.1021/es304455k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
East Chicago, Indiana is a heavily industrialized community bisected by the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal, which volatilizes ~7.5 kg/yr polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In contrast, the rural Columbus Junction, Iowa area has no known current or past PCB industrial sources. Blood from children and their mothers from these communities were collected April 2008 to January 2009 (n = 177). Sera were analyzed for all 209 PCBs and 4 hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs). Sum PCBs ranged from nondetect to 658 ng/g lw (median = 33.5 ng/g lw). Sum OH-PCBs ranged from nondetect to 1.2 ng/g fw (median = 0.07 ng/g fw). These concentrations are similar to those reported in other populations without high dietary PCB intake. Differences between the two communities were subtle. PCBs were detected in more East Chicago mothers and children than Columbus Junction mothers and children, and children from East Chicago were enriched in lower-molecular weight PCBs. East Chicago and Columbus Junction residents had similar levels of total and individual PCBs and OH-PCBs in their blood. Concentrations of parent PCBs correlated with concentrations of OH-PCBs. This is the first temporally and methodologically consistent study to evaluate all 209 PCBs and major metabolites in two generations of people living in urban and rural areas of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Marek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Corresponding contact information: Keri Hornbuckle: 4105 SC, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 384-0789 FAX: (319) 335-5660; Peter Thorne: 105 River St., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 335-4216 FAX: (319) 384-4138
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Jeanne DeWall
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Corresponding contact information: Keri Hornbuckle: 4105 SC, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 384-0789 FAX: (319) 335-5660; Peter Thorne: 105 River St., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 335-4216 FAX: (319) 384-4138
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Gilroy EAM, Muir DGC, McMaster ME, Darling C, Campbell LM, de Solla SR, Parrott JL, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in wild fish from Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern, Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2788-97. [PMID: 23027467 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) and plasma hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) concentrations were determined in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Wheatley Harbour, Ontario, Canada. Elevated ΣPCBs in Wheatley Harbour are suspected to have originated from industrial waste disposal and/or discharges from nearby fish processing through discarding of fish remains. Mean ΣPCB concentrations in brown bullhead from Wheatley Harbour were approximately 250 ng/g wet weight compared with approximately 40 ng/g wet weight for brown bullhead from the reference sites, Hillman Marsh and Turkey Creek (both in Ontario, Canada). A significant relationship was found between the concentrations of non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB concentrations (toxic equivalents) and liver mixed-function oxygenase in brown bullhead (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Plasma OH-PCB concentrations were greater in Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead than in those from Hillman Marsh (3.6 vs 1.5 ng/g wet wt, p < 0.01), and were detected infrequently in those from Turkey Creek (0.1 ng/g wet wt, n = 2). The OH-PCB congeners most frequently detected were 4'-OH-CB172, 3'-OH-CB180, 4-OH-CB187, 4-OH-CB146, 3-OH-CB138, and 4-OH-CB130, which are structurally similar to the thyroid hormones. To test the hypothesis of fish waste as the cause of the observed PCB contamination of Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the brown bullhead PCB congener data with equivalent data for Lake Erie walleye, Lake Erie sediment, and industrial Aroclor mixtures. The relative proportions of each Aroclor mixture were estimated using the conjugated gradient method. The high similarity between the congener signatures for Lake Erie walleye and Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead supports the hypothesis of contamination from the fish processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A M Gilroy
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water, Science, and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Gilroy EAM, McMaster ME, Parrott JL, Hewitt LM, Park BJ, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Assessment of the health status of wild fish from the Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern, Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2798-2811. [PMID: 23027428 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The overall health and endocrine function of wild brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) from the Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern (Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada) was assessed using a suite of physiological and biochemical endpoints. Smaller gonads were detected in female brown bullhead and goldfish from Wheatley Harbour compared with Hillman Marsh (Ontario, Canada) reference fish. Female brown bullhead exhibited decreased in vitro synthesis of 17β-estradiol. Female goldfish had decreased plasma vitellogenin concentrations. Plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were significantly depressed in males of both species. Perturbations in the thyroid status were detected, but varied between sexes and species. Observed differences included lower plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and/or elevated liver deiodinase activity. Histological evaluation of the thyroid tissue indicated that in the case of female goldfish, those perturbations stimulated the thyroid (as indicated by increased thyroid epithelial cell height) and partially depleted the thyroxine reserves, as indicated by decreased colloid and elevated thyroid activation index. Increased mixed-function oxygenase activity in brown bullhead from Wheatley Harbour was consistent with exposure to planar aromatic contaminants. A principal component analysis of selected variables showed the separation of fish by collection site. The endpoints most strongly associated with the separation were generally those exhibiting significant differences between sites. The results of the present study indicate that the health of fish populations within Wheatley Harbour warrants continued attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A M Gilroy
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water, Science, and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Devanathan G, Subramanian A, Bulbule KA, Parthasarathy P, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 47:8-16. [PMID: 22717641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies-CMES, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Hisada A, Shimodaira K, Okai T, Watanabe K, Takemori H, Takasuga T, Noda Y, Shirakawa M, Kato N, Yoshinaga J. Serum levels of hydroxylated PCBs, PCBs and thyroid hormone measures of Japanese pregnant women. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 18:205-14. [PMID: 23054994 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-012-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between serum concentrations of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and PCBs and measures of thyroid hormone status of Japanese pregnant women. METHODS The concentrations of free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) as well as 16 OH-PCB isomers and 29 PCB isomers were analyzed in the serum of 129 women sampled in the first trimester of gestation. Dietary and lifestyle information of the subjects was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was performed using measures of thyroid hormones as the dependent variable and serum levels of OH-PCBs/PCBs, urinary iodine concentration, and other potential covariates (age, BMI, smoking, etc.) as independent variables. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) concentration of the sum of 16 isomers of OH-PCBs was 120 pg/g wet wt. and that of 29 isomers of PCBs was 68 ng/g lipid wt., respectively, in the serum of the subjects. Iodine nutrition was considered adequate to high from urinary iodine level (GM, 370 μg/g creatinine). The mean concentration of TSH, fT4 and TBG was 1.34 ± 1.37 μIU/mL, 1.22 ± 0.16 ng/dL and 33.0 ± 6.4 μg/mL, respectively, with a small number of subjects who were outside the reference range. Multiple regression analysis revealed that serum concentrations of OH-PCBs/PCBs were not significantly associated with any of the measures of thyroid hormone status. CONCLUSIONS Exposure/body burden of OH-PCBs and PCBs at environmental levels does not have a measurable effect on thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Hisada
- Department of Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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