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Shi Y, Li N, Li Z, Chen M, Chen Z, Wan X. Impact of comprehensive air pollution control policies on six criteria air pollutants and acute myocardial infarction morbidity, Weifang, China: A quasi-experimental study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171206. [PMID: 38408668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive air pollution control policies may reduce pollutant emissions. However, the impact on disease morbidity of the change for the concentration of air pollutants following the policies has been insufficiently studied. We aim to assess the impact of comprehensive air pollution control policies on the levels of six criteria air pollutants and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) morbidity in Weifang, China. This study performed an interrupted time series analysis. The linear model with spline terms and generalized additive quasi-Poisson model were used to estimate the immediate change from 2016 to 2019 in the daily concentration of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and, CO) and AMI incident cases (Age ≥35) associated with the implementation of air pollution control policies in Weifang, respectively. After the implementation of air pollution control policies, air quality in Weifang had been improved. Specifically, the daily concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and, CO immediately decreased by 27.9 % (95 % CI: 6.6 % to 44.3 %), 32.9 % (95 % CI: 17.5 % to 45.5 %), 14.6 % (95 % CI: 0.4 % to 26.8 %), and 33.9 % (95 % CI: 22.0 % to 44.0 %), respectively. In addition, the policies implementation was also associate with the immediate decline in the AMI morbidity (-6.5 %, 95 % CI: -10.4 % to -2.3 %). And subgroup analyses indicate that the health effects of the policy intervention were only observed in female (-9.4 %, 95 % CI: -14.4 % to -4.2 %) and those aged ≥65 years (-10.5 %, 95 % CI: -14.6 % to -6.2 %). During the final 20 months of the study period, the policy intervention was estimated to prevent 1603 (95 % CI: 574 to 2587) cases of incident AMI in Weifang. Our results provide strong rationale that the policy intervention significantly reduced ambient pollutant concentrations and AMI morbidity, which highlighted the importance for a comprehensive and rigorous air pollution control policy in regions with severe air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ning Li
- Weifang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongyan Li
- Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261044, Shandong, China
| | - Min Chen
- Weifang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Zuosen Chen
- Weifang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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Banecki KMRM, Dora KA. Endothelin-1 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11295. [PMID: 37511055 PMCID: PMC10379484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered almost 40 years ago, the potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) has a wide range of roles both physiologically and pathologically. In recent years, there has been a focus on the contribution of ET-1 to disease. This has led to the development of various ET receptor antagonists, some of which are approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, while clinical trials for other diseases have been numerous yet, for the most part, unsuccessful. However, given the vast physiological impact of ET-1, it is both surprising and disappointing that therapeutics targeting the ET-1 pathway remain limited. Strategies aimed at the pathways influencing the synthesis and release of ET-1 could provide new therapeutic avenues, yet research using cultured cells in vitro has had little follow up in intact ex vivo and in vivo preparations. This article summarises what is currently known about the synthesis, storage and release of ET-1 as well as the role of ET-1 in several diseases including cardiovascular diseases, COVID-19 and chronic pain. Unravelling the ET-1 pathway and identifying therapeutic targets has the potential to treat many diseases whether through disease prevention, slowing disease progression or reversing pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim A Dora
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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3
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Pardo M, Offer S, Hartner E, Di Bucchianico S, Bisig C, Bauer S, Pantzke J, Zimmermann EJ, Cao X, Binder S, Kuhn E, Huber A, Jeong S, Käfer U, Schneider E, Mesceriakovas A, Bendl J, Brejcha R, Buchholz A, Gat D, Hohaus T, Rastak N, Karg E, Jakobi G, Kalberer M, Kanashova T, Hu Y, Ogris C, Marsico A, Theis F, Shalit T, Gröger T, Rüger CP, Oeder S, Orasche J, Paul A, Ziehm T, Zhang ZH, Adam T, Sippula O, Sklorz M, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Kiendler-Scharr A, Zimmermann R, Rudich Y. Exposure to naphthalene and β-pinene-derived secondary organic aerosol induced divergent changes in transcript levels of BEAS-2B cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107366. [PMID: 35763991 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of exposure to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) are still limited. Here, we investigated and compared the toxicities of soot particles (SP) coated with β-pinene SOA (SOAβPin-SP) and SP coated with naphthalene SOA (SOANap-SP) in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) residing at the air-liquid interface. SOAβPin-SP mostly contained oxygenated aliphatic compounds from β-pinene photooxidation, whereas SOANap-SP contained a significant fraction of oxygenated aromatic products under similar conditions. Following exposure, genome-wide transcriptome responses showed an Nrf2 oxidative stress response, particularly for SOANap-SP. Other signaling pathways, such as redox signaling, inflammatory signaling, and the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase, were identified to have a stronger impact following exposure to SOANap-SP. SOANap-SP also induced a stronger genotoxicity response than that of SOAβPin-SP. This study elucidated the mechanisms that govern SOA toxicity and showed that, compared to SOAs derived from a typical biogenic precursor, SOAs from a typical anthropogenic precursor have higher toxicological potency, which was accompanied with the activation of varied cellular mechanisms, such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This can be attributed to the difference in chemical composition; specifically, the aromatic compounds in the naphthalene-derived SOA had higher cytotoxic potential than that of the β-pinene-derived SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, POB 26, ISR-7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eric Schneider
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Werner- Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZE-12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramona Brejcha
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniela Gat
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, POB 26, ISR-7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johen-Str., D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 27, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johen-Str., D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Till Ziehm
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johen-Str., D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 27, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Werner- Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johen-Str., D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, POB 26, ISR-7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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Chen R, Jiang Y, Hu J, Chen H, Li H, Meng X, Ji JS, Gao Y, Wang W, Liu C, Fang W, Yan H, Chen J, Wang W, Xiang D, Su X, Yu B, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang L, Li C, Chen Y, Bell ML, Cohen AJ, Ge J, Huo Y, Kan H. Hourly Air Pollutants and Acute Coronary Syndrome Onset In 1.29 Million Patients. Circulation 2022; 145:1749-1760. [PMID: 35450432 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked with daily hospitalization and mortality of acute coronary syndrome (ACS); however, the associations of sub-daily (hourly) levels of criteria air pollutants with the onset of ACS and its subtypes have rarely been evaluated. Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study among 1,292,880 ACS patients from 2,239 hospitals in 318 Chinese cities between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2020. Hourly concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coarse particulate matter (PM2.5-10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were collected. Hourly onset data of ACS and its subtypes, including ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina, were also obtained. Conditional logistic regressions combined with polynomial distributed lag models were applied. Results: Acute exposures to PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO were each associated with the onset of ACS and its subtype. These associations were strongest in the concurrent hour of exposure and were attenuated thereafter, with the weakest effects observed after 15-29 hours. There were no apparent thresholds in the concentration-response curves. An interquartile range increase in concentrations of PM2.5 (36.0 μg/m3), NO2 (29.0 μg/m3), SO2 (9.0 μg/m3), and CO (0.6 mg/m3) over the 0-24 hours preceding onset was significantly associated with 1.32%, 3.89%, 0.67%, and 1.55% higher risks of ACS onset, respectively. For a given pollutant, the associations were comparable in magnitude across different subtypes of ACS. Generally, NO2 showed the strongest associations with all three subtypes, followed by PM2.5, CO, and SO2. Greater magnitude of associations was observed among patients older than 65, without a history of smoking or chronic cardiorespiratory diseases, and in the cold season. Null associations of exposure to either PM2.5-10 or O3 with ACS onset were observed. Conclusions: The results suggest that transient exposure to the air pollutants of PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, but not PM2.5-10 or O3, may trigger the onset of ACS, even at concentrations below the World Health Organization air-quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Huichu Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - John S Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbing Yan
- Center for Coronary Artery Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiman Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingcheng Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Emergency, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Aaron J Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
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Kuźma Ł, Małyszko J, Bachórzewska-Gajewska H, Kralisz P, Dobrzycki S. Exposure to air pollution and renal function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11419. [PMID: 34075149 PMCID: PMC8169649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution contributes to the premature death of approximately 428,000 citizens of Europe every year. The adverse effects of air pollution can be observed in respiratory, circulatory systems but also in renal function. We decide to investigate the hypothesis indicating that we can observe not only long- but also short-term impact of air pollution on kidney function. We used linear, log-linear, and logistic regression models to assess the association between renal function and NO2, SO2, and PMs. Results are reported as beta (β) coefficients and odds ratios (OR) for an increase in interquartile range (IQR) concentration. 3554 patients (median age 66, men 53.2%) were included into final analysis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was diagnosed in 21.5%. The odds of CKD increased with increase in annual concentration of PM2.5 (OR for IQR increase = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.15, P = 0.037) and NO2 (OR for IQR increase = 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.10, P = 0.047). The IQR increase in weekly PM2.5 concentration was associated with 2% reduction in expected eGFR (β = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.03; - 0.01). Medium- and short-term exposure to elevated air pollution levels was associated with a decrease in eGFR and development CKD. The main pollutants affecting the kidneys were PM2.5 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24 A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Małyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Disease, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Bachórzewska-Gajewska
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24 A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Kralisz
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24 A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24 A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
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The 10-Year Study of the Impact of Particulate Matters on Mortality in Two Transit Cities in North-Eastern Poland (PL-PARTICLES). J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113445. [PMID: 33120927 PMCID: PMC7692125 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental influence of air pollution on mortality has been established in a series of studies. The majority of them were conducted in large, highly polluted cities-there is a lack of studies from small, relatively clean regions. The aim was to analyze the short-term impact of particulate matters (PMs) on mortality in north-eastern Poland. Time-stratified case-crossover design was performed for mortality in years 2008-2017. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 (28.4 µg/m3, interquartile range (IQR) = 25.2) vs. (12.6 µg/m3, IQR = 9.0) and PM10 (29.0 µg/m3, IQR = 18.0) vs. (21.7 µg/m3, IQR = 14.5) were higher in Łomża than Suwałki (p < 0.001). Impact of PM2.5 on mortality was recorded in Łomża (odds ratio (OR) for IQR increase 1.061, 1.017-1.105, p = 0.06, lag 0) and Suwałki (OR for IQR increase 1.044, 1.001-1.089, p = 0.004, lag 0). PM10 had an impact on mortality in Łomża (OR for IQR increase 1.028, 1.000-1.058, p = 0.049, lag 1). Cardiovascular mortality was affected by increase of PM2.5 in Łomża (1.086, 1.020-1.156, p = 0.01) and Suwałki (1.085, 1.005-1.171, p = 0.04). PM2.5 had an influence on respiratory mortality in Łomża (1.163, 1.021-1.380, p = 0.03, lag 1). In the whole studied region, despite differences in the air quality, the influence of PMs on mortality was observed.
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7
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Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD, Biswal S, Rajagopalan S. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:656-672. [PMID: 32382149 PMCID: PMC7492399 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is well recognized as a major risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases and has been estimated to contribute more to global morbidity and mortality than all other known environmental risk factors combined. Although air pollution contains a heterogeneous mixture of gases, the most robust evidence for detrimental effects on health is for fine particulate matter (particles ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5)) and ozone gas and, therefore, these species have been the main focus of environmental health research and regulatory standards. The evidence to date supports a strong link between the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with PM2.5 across a range of exposure levels, including to levels below current regulatory standards, with no 'safe' lower exposure levels at the population level. In this comprehensive Review, the empirical evidence supporting the effects of air pollution on cardiovascular health are examined, potential mechanisms that lead to increased cardiovascular risk are described, and measures to reduce this risk and identify key gaps in our knowledge that could help address the increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeer G Al-Kindi
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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8
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Rao X, Zhong J, Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Effect of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Oxidative Stress Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:797-818. [PMID: 29084451 PMCID: PMC5831906 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Understanding the biological action of PM is of particular importance in improvement of public health. Recent Advances: Both fine (PM <2.5 μM) and ultrafine particles (<0.1 μM) are widely believed to mediate their effects through redox regulated pathways. A rather simplistic graded ramp model of redox stress has been replaced by a more sophisticated understanding of the role of oxidative stress in signaling, and the realization that many of the observed effects may involve disruption and/or enhancement of normal endogenous redox signaling and induction of a potent immune-mediated response, through entrainment of multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS). CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular events by which pulmonary oxidative stress in response to inhalational exposure to air pollution triggers inflammation, major ROS (e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite) generated in air pollution exposure, types of oxidative tissue damage in target organs, contributions of nonimmune and immune cells in inflammation, and the role of protective proteins (e.g., surfactant, proteins, and antioxidants) are highly complex and may differ depending on models and concomitant disease states. FUTURE DIRECTIONS While the role of oxidative stress in the lung has been well demonstrated, the role of oxidative stress in mediating systemic effects especially in inflammation and injury processes needs further work. The role of antioxidant defenses with chronic exposure will also need further exploration. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 797-818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- 1 Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jixin Zhong
- 1 Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert D Brook
- 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Abstract
Exposure to air pollution negatively impacts cardiovascular health. Studies show that increased exposure to a number of airborne pollutants increases the risk for cardiovascular disease progression, myocardial events, and cardiovascular mortality. A hypothesized mechanism linking air pollution and cardiovascular disease is the development of systemic inflammation and endothelium dysfunction, the latter of which can result from an imbalance of vasoactive factors within the vasculature. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent peptide vasoconstrictor that plays a significant role in regulating vascular homeostasis. It has been reported that the production and function of ET-1 and its receptors are upregulated in a number of disease states associated with endothelium dysfunction including hypertension and atherosclerosis. This mini-review surveys epidemiological and experimental air pollution studies focused on ET-1 dysregulation as a plausible mechanism underlying the development of cardiovascular disease. Although alterations in ET-1 system components are observed in some studies, there remains a need for future research to clarify whether these specific changes are compensatory or causally related to vascular injury and dysfunction. Moreover, further research may test the efficacy of selective ET-1 pharmacological interventions (e.g., ETA receptor inhibitors) to determine whether these treatments could impede the deleterious impact of air pollution exposure on cardiovascular health.
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10
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Chan EAW, Buckley B, Farraj AK, Thompson LC. The heart as an extravascular target of endothelin-1 in particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:63-78. [PMID: 27222357 PMCID: PMC6390286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter air pollution has been causally linked to cardiovascular disease in humans. Several broad and overlapping hypotheses describing the biological mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure leads to cardiovascular disease have been explored, although linkage with specific factors or genes remains limited. These hypotheses may or may not also lead to particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Evidence pointing to autocrine/paracrine signaling systems as modulators of cardiac dysfunction has increased interest in the emerging role of endothelins as mediators of cardiac function following particulate matter exposure. Endothelin-1, a well-described small peptide expressed in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, is best known for its ability to constrict blood vessels, although it can also induce extravascular effects. Research on the role of endothelins in the context of air pollution has largely focused on vascular effects, with limited investigation of responses resulting from the direct effects of endothelins on cardiac tissue. This represents a significant knowledge gap in air pollution health effects research, given the abundance of endothelin receptors found on cardiac tissue and the ability of endothelin-1 to modulate cardiac contractility, heart rate, and rhythm. The plausibility of endothelin-1 as a mediator of particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction is further supported by the therapeutic utility of certain endothelin receptor antagonists. The present review examines the possibility that endothelin-1 release caused by exposure to PM directly modulates extravascular effects on the heart, deleteriously altering cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A W Chan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Buckley
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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11
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Ramanathan G, Yin F, Speck M, Tseng CH, Brook JR, Silverman F, Urch B, Brook RD, Araujo JA. Effects of urban fine particulate matter and ozone on HDL functionality. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 27221567 PMCID: PMC4879751 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposures to ambient particulate matter (PM) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and ozone exposures have been shown to associate with carotid intima media thickness in humans. Animal studies support a causal relationship between air pollution and atherosclerosis and identified adverse PM effects on HDL functionality. We aimed to determine whether brief exposures to PM2.5 and/or ozone could induce effects on HDL anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity in humans. Methods Subjects were exposed to fine concentrated ambient fine particles (CAP) with PM2.5 targeted at 150 μg/m3, ozone targeted at 240 μg/m3(120 ppb), PM2.5 plus ozone targeted at similar concentrations, and filtered air (FA) for 2 h, on 4 different occasions, at least two weeks apart, in a randomized, crossover study. Blood was obtained before exposures (baseline), 1 h after and 20 h after exposures. Plasma HDL anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity and paraoxonase activity were determined. HDL anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity was assessed by a cell-free fluorescent assay and expressed in units of a HDL oxidant index (HOI). Changes in HOI (ΔHOI) were calculated as the difference in HOI from baseline to 1 h after or 20 h after exposures. Results There was a trend towards bigger ΔHOI between PM2.5 and FA 1 h after exposures (p = 0.18) but not 20 h after. This trend became significant (p <0.05) when baseline HOI was lower (<1.5 or <2.0), indicating decreased HDL anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity shortly after the exposures. There were no significant effects of ozone alone or in combination with PM2.5 on the change in HOI at both time points. The change in HOI due to PM2.5 showed a positive trend with particle mass concentration (p = 0.078) and significantly associated with the slope of systolic blood pressure during exposures (p = 0.005). Conclusions Brief exposures to concentrated PM2.5 elicited swift effects on HDL anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory functionality, which could indicate a potential mechanism for how particulate air pollution induces harmful cardiovascular effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0139-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajalakshmi Ramanathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, P.O. Box 951679, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fen Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, P.O. Box 951679, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Speck
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, P.O. Box 951679, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frances Silverman
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Urch
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, P.O. Box 951679, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Wann LS, Lombardi G, Ojeda B, Benfer RA, Rivera R, Finch CE, Thomas GS, Thompson RC. The Tres Ventanas Mummies of Peru. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 298:1026-35. [PMID: 25998637 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Tres Ventanas mummies of Peru are thought to be among the oldest mummies in existence, dating to between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. A preliminary assessment is made of the potential of these mummies for use in future research on mummified remains. Although the Tres Ventanas cave and the four mummies were explored and then excavated by Frederic Engel in 1966-67, and the project is named in his honor as the "Engel Study Group", the importance of both the physical remains and the context in which they were found has only come to light in the last few years. Most important is the paleopathological examination of these remains, since these mummies are found in a high altitude area of Peru where adaptation to the limited partial pressure of oxygen is perhaps a key component in broadening our understanding of human diversity in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Samuel Wann
- Paleocardiology Foundation, Columbia St. Mary's Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Guido Lombardi
- Paleopathology Laboratory, Cátedra Pedro Weiss, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Salamanca, Lima, Peru
| | - Bernadino Ojeda
- Museo Nacional De Antropología Biodiversidad, Agricultura Y Alimentación (MUNABA Museum), Lima, Peru
| | - Robert A Benfer
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Universidad Nacional La Agraria, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Rivera
- Museo Nacional De Antropología Biodiversidad, Agricultura Y Alimentación (MUNABA Museum), Lima, Peru
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Davis School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregory S Thomas
- Paleocardiology Foundation, California.,Memorial Care Heart and Vascular Institute, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Randall C Thompson
- Paleocardiology Foundation, California.,Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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13
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Rohr A, McDonald J. Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:97-137. [PMID: 26635181 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rohr
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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14
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Thompson RC, Allam AH, Zink A, Wann LS, Lombardi GP, Cox SL, Frohlich B, Sutherland ML, Sutherland JD, Frohlich TC, King SI, Miyamoto MI, Monge JM, Valladolid CM, El-Halim Nur El-Din A, Narula J, Thompson AM, Finch CE, Thomas GS. Computed tomographic evidence of atherosclerosis in the mummified remains of humans from around the world. Glob Heart 2015; 9:187-96. [PMID: 25667088 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.03.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although atherosclerosis is widely thought to be a disease of modernity, computed tomographic evidence of atherosclerosis has been found in the bodies of a large number of mummies. This article reviews the findings of atherosclerotic calcifications in the remains of ancient people-humans who lived across a very wide span of human history and over most of the inhabited globe. These people had a wide range of diets and lifestyles and traditional modern risk factors do not thoroughly explain the presence and easy detectability of this disease. Nontraditional risk factors such as the inhalation of cooking fire smoke and chronic infection or inflammation might have been important atherogenic factors in ancient times. Study of the genetic and environmental risk factors for atherosclerosis in ancient people may offer insights into this common modern disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C Thompson
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | | | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - L Samuel Wann
- Cardiovascular Physicians, Columbia St. Mary's Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Cox
- Department of Archeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruno Frohlich
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas C Frohlich
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samantha I King
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael I Miyamoto
- Mission Heritage Medical Group, St. Joseph Heritage Health, Mission Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Janet M Monge
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Abd El-Halim Nur El-Din
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Jagat Narula
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Thompson
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Biological Sciences and Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S Thomas
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, Long Beach Memorial, Long Beach, CA, USA; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Ochieng J, Nangami GN, Ogunkua O, Miousse IR, Koturbash I, Odero-Marah V, McCawley LJ, Nangia-Makker P, Ahmed N, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Papagerakis S, Wolf GT, Dong C, Zhou BP, Brown DG, Colacci AM, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Al-Temaimi R, Al-Mulla F, Bisson WH, Eltom SE. The impact of low-dose carcinogens and environmental disruptors on tissue invasion and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S128-59. [PMID: 26106135 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to stimulate new ideas regarding low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens and their potential to promote invasion and metastasis. Whereas a number of chapters in this review are devoted to the role of low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in specific tumors such as breast and prostate, the overarching theme is the role of low-dose carcinogens in the progression of cancer stem cells. It is becoming clearer that cancer stem cells in a tumor are the ones that assume invasive properties and colonize distant organs. Therefore, low-dose contaminants that trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition, for example, in these cells are of particular interest in this review. This we hope will lead to the collaboration between scientists who have dedicated their professional life to the study of carcinogens and those whose interests are exclusively in the arena of tissue invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Anna Maria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy and
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
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16
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Wyzga RE, Rohr AC. Long-term particulate matter exposure: Attributing health effects to individual PM components. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:523-43. [PMID: 25947312 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While most in the scientific community are of the opinion that the composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important driver of resultant health effects, there is still some degree of uncertainty regarding those components considered to be most harmful. Reviews of the subject from several perspectives have been published, but to our knowledge a comprehensive review of the epidemiological and toxicological literature related to long-term exposure to PM2.5 components does not exist. We reviewed published epidemiological studies that were of a cohort design, included at least one PM component as well as PM2.5 mass, and included quantitative analysis to relate health outcomes to individual components. Toxicological studies were included if they were ≥5 months in duration and either included at least one PM component as well as PM mass or focused on a specific PM or emissions type. Overall, we find that epidemiological and toxicological evidence for long-term effects of PM components is limited, in contrast to the short-term literature, which is more plentiful. Epidemiological literature suggests that a number of components are associated with health effects, and that no component is unequivocally not so associated. Toxicological studies that can more easily identify potentially causal components are generally limited to long-term studies using concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), of which few long-term studies exist. Epidemiological study designs that utilize existing monitoring data routinely collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency would be valuable additions to the literature, as would novel toxicological studies that incorporate innovative designs to separate components or groups of components, such as denuders, filtration, or other approaches. From a policy perspective, it is important to more comprehensively investigate this issue so that if particular constituents are determined to be more potent in inducing health effects, their sources can be controlled. IMPLICATIONS Understanding the components of PM2.5 that are most harmful to human health is a critical policy issue. This review examined the epidemiological and toxicological literature related to long-term exposure to PM components and found that, unlike the literature on short-term health effects, there is insufficient information to make clear inferences about causal components. There is a need for further research in this area to exploit existing PM monitoring data in epidemiological studies and to design experimental studies that are able to tease out the effects of multiple constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wyzga
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
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17
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Mauderly JL, Barrett EG, Day KC, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Harrod KS, Lund AK, Reed MD, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ, Seilkop SK. The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: II. Comparison of responses to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts, hardwood smoke and simulated downwind coal emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:651-67. [PMID: 25162719 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.925523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The NERC Program conducted identically designed exposure-response studies of the respiratory and cardiovascular responses of rodents exposed by inhalation for up to 6 months to diesel and gasoline exhausts (DE, GE), wood smoke (WS) and simulated downwind coal emissions (CE). Concentrations of the four combustion-derived mixtures ranged from near upper bound plausible to common occupational and environmental hotspot levels. An "exposure effect" statistic was created to compare the strengths of exposure-response relationships and adjustments were made to minimize false positives among the large number of comparisons. All four exposures caused statistically significant effects. No exposure caused overt illness, neutrophilic lung inflammation, increased circulating micronuclei or histopathology of major organs visible by light microscopy. DE and GE caused the greatest lung cytotoxicity. WS elicited the most responses in lung lavage fluid. All exposures reduced oxidant production by unstimulated alveolar macrophages, but only GE suppressed stimulated macrophages. Only DE retarded clearance of bacteria from the lung. DE before antigen challenge suppressed responses of allergic mice. CE tended to amplify allergic responses regardless of exposure order. GE and DE induced oxidant stress and pro-atherosclerotic responses in aorta; WS and CE had no such effects. No overall ranking of toxicity was plausible. The ranking of exposures by number of significant responses varied among the response models, with each of the four causing the most responses for at least one model. Each exposure could also be deemed most or least toxic depending on the exposure metric used for comparison. The database is available for additional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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18
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Mauderly JL, Kracko D, Brower J, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD, Lund AK, Seilkop SK. The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: IV. Vascular effects of repeated inhalation exposure to a mixture of five inorganic gases. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:691-6. [PMID: 25162721 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.947448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that a mixture of five inorganic gases could reproduce certain central vascular effects of repeated inhalation exposure of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice to diesel or gasoline engine exhaust. The hypothesis resulted from preceding multiple additive regression tree (MART) analysis of a composition-concentration-response database of mice exposed by inhalation to the exhausts and other complex mixtures. The five gases were the predictors most important to MART models best fitting the vascular responses. Mice on high-fat diet were exposed 6 h/d, 7 d/week for 50 d to clean air or a mixture containing 30.6 ppm CO, 20.5 ppm NO, 1.4 ppm NO₂, 0.5 ppm SO₂, and 2.0 ppm NH₃ in air. The gas concentrations were below the maxima in the preceding studies but in the range of those in exhaust exposure levels that caused significant effects. Five indicators of stress and pro-atherosclerotic responses were measured in aortic tissue. The exposure increased all five response indicators, with the magnitude of effect and statistical significance varying among the indicators and depending on inclusion or exclusion of an apparent outlying control. With the outlier excluded, three responses approximated predicted values and two fell below predictions. The results generally supported evidence that the five gases drove the effects of exhaust, and thus supported the potential of the MART approach for identifying putative causal components of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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19
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Petrick L, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. In vitro effects of exogenous carbon monoxide on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in macrophages. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1318-23. [PMID: 25501254 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714558084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a major constituent of traffic-related air pollution and is also produced endogenously under conditions of oxygen-mediated stress. It has been shown to affect both oxidative stress and inflammation. However, its role in lipid metabolism has been neglected. Using short exposure times, the effect of CO on J774A.1 macrophage atherogenic functions was investigated up to 16 h after exposure. Exposure of macrophages was found to be pro-atherogenic as it significantly increased triglyceride mass, up to 60%, and decreased high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, up to 27%. In contrast, paraoxonase 2 lactonase activity was increased, up to 65%, and cellular oxidative stress was attenuated by 29%, compared with the control cells. The above results on lipid metabolism may lead to arterial macrophage foam cell formation, the hallmark of early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Petrick
- The Technion Center of Excellence in Exposure Science and Environmental Health (TCEEH), Technion, Israel The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
| | - Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
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20
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Eklund AG, Chow JC, Greenbaum DS, Hidy GM, Kleinman MT, Watson JG, Wyzga RE. Public health and components of particulate matter: the changing assessment of black carbon. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:1221-1231. [PMID: 25509544 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.960218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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21
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Snow SJ, McGee J, Miller DB, Bass V, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Krantz T, King C, Ledbetter AD, Richards J, Weinstein JP, Conner T, Willis R, Linak WP, Nash D, Wood CE, Elmore SA, Morrison JP, Johnson CL, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP. Inhaled diesel emissions generated with cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additive induce adverse pulmonary and systemic effects. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:403-17. [PMID: 25239632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Cerium oxide nanoparticles added to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency but leads to altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. Here, we evaluated whether DECe results in greater adverse pulmonary effects compared with DE. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air, DE, or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days. N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity was increased in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats exposed to DECe but not DE. There were also marginal but insignificant increases in several other lung injury biomarkers in both exposure groups (DECe > DE for all). To further characterize DECe toxicity, rats in a second study were exposed to filtered air or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks. Tissue analysis indicated a concentration- and time-dependent accumulation of lung and liver cerium followed by a delayed clearance. The gas-phase and high concentration of DECe increased lung inflammation at the 2-day time point, indicating that gas-phase components, in addition to particles, contribute to pulmonary toxicity. This effect was reduced at 4 weeks except for a sustained increase in BALF γ-glutamyl transferase activity. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy revealed increased alveolar septa thickness due to edema and increased numbers of pigmented macrophages after DECe exposure. Collectively, these findings indicate that DECe induces more adverse pulmonary effects on a mass basis than DE. In addition, lung accumulation of cerium, systemic translocation to the liver, and delayed clearance are added concerns to existing health effects of DECe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - John McGee
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Desinia B Miller
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Virginia Bass
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Ronald F Thomas
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Todd Krantz
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Charly King
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Judy Richards
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Jason P Weinstein
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Teri Conner
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Robert Willis
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - William P Linak
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - David Nash
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - Charles E Wood
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Susan A Elmore
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - James P Morrison
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Crystal L Johnson
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Matthew Ian Gilmour
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
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Piombino‐Mascali D, Jankauskas R, Tamošiūnas A, Valančius R, Thompson RC, Panzer S. Atherosclerosis in mummified human remains from Vilnius, Lithuania (18th–19th centuries AD): A computed tomographic investigation. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:676-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Panzer
- Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau am Staffelsee Germany
- Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg Austria
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Thomas GS, Wann LS, Allam AH, Thompson RC, Michalik DE, Sutherland ML, Sutherland JD, Lombardi GP, Watson L, Cox SL, Valladolid CM, Abd el-Maksoud G, Al-Tohamy Soliman M, Badr I, El-Halim Nur el-din A, Clarke EM, Thomas IG, Miyamoto MI, Kaplan HS, Frohlich B, Narula J, Stewart AF, Zink A, Finch CE. Why Did Ancient People Have Atherosclerosis? From Autopsies to Computed
Tomography to Potential Causes. Glob Heart 2014; 9:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Zink A, Wann LS, Thompson RC, Keller A, Maixner F, Allam AH, Finch CE, Frohlich B, Kaplan H, Lombardi GP, Sutherland ML, Sutherland JD, Watson L, Cox SL, Miyamoto MI, Narula J, Stewart AF, Thomas GS, Krause J. Genomic Correlates of Atherosclerosis in Ancient Humans. Glob Heart 2014; 9:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.03.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Is atherosclerosis fundamental to human aging? Lessons from ancient mummies. J Cardiol 2014; 63:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profiling in Africa: Environmental Pollutants are not on the Agenda. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:193-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rohr AC. The health significance of gas- and particle-phase terpene oxidation products: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:145-162. [PMID: 24036325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactions between terpenes and ozone (or other oxidants) produce a wide variety of both gas- and particle-phase products. Terpenes are biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are also contained in many consumer products. Ozone is present indoors since it infiltrates into the indoor environment and is emitted by some office and consumer equipment. Some of the gaseous products formed are irritating to biological tissues, while the condensed-phase products have received attention due to their contribution to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its respective health significance. Despite common scientific questions, the indoor and ambient air research communities have tended to operate in isolation regarding this topic. This review critically evaluates the literature related to terpene oxidation products and attempts to synthesize results of indoor and ambient air studies to better understand the health significance of these materials and identify knowledge gaps. The review documents the results of a literature search covering terpene oxidation chemistry, epidemiological, toxicological, and controlled human exposure studies, as well as health studies focused more generically on secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The literature shows a clear role for gas-phase terpene oxidation products in adverse airway effects at high concentrations; however, whether these effects occur at more environmentally relevant levels is unclear. The evidence for toxicity of particle-phase products is less conclusive. Knowledge gaps and future research needs are outlined, and include the need for more consistency in study designs, incorporation of reaction product measurements into epidemiological studies conducted in both indoor and ambient settings, and more focused research on the toxicity of SOA, especially SOA of biogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Rohr
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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Thompson RC, Allam AH, Wann LS, Finch CE, Thomas GS. Atherosclerosis in ancient populations - Authors' reply. Lancet 2013; 382:123-4. [PMID: 23849914 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fariss MW, Gilmour MI, Reilly CA, Liedtke W, Ghio AJ. Emerging mechanistic targets in lung injury induced by combustion-generated particles. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:253-67. [PMID: 23322347 PMCID: PMC4447844 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism for biological effect following exposure to combustion-generated particles is incompletely defined. The identification of pathways regulating the acute toxicological effects of these particles provides specific targets for therapeutic manipulation in an attempt to impact disease following exposures. Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels were identified as "particle sensors" in that their activation was coupled with the initiation of protective responses limiting airway deposition and inflammatory responses, which promote degradation and clearance of the particles. TRPA1, V1, V4, and M8 have a capacity to mediate adverse effects after exposure to combustion-generated particulate matter (PM); relative contributions of each depend upon particle composition, dose, and deposition. Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to an organic extract of diesel exhaust particle was followed by TRPV4 mediating Ca(++) influx, increased RAS expression, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 activation. These novel pathways of biological effect can be targeted by compounds that specifically inhibit critical signaling reactions. In addition to TRPs and calcium biochemistry, humic-like substances (HLS) and cell/tissue iron equilibrium were identified as potential mechanistic targets in lung injury after particle exposure. In respiratory epithelial cells, iron sequestration by HLS in wood smoke particle (WSP) was associated with oxidant generation, cell signaling, transcription factor activation, and release of inflammatory mediators. Similar to WSP, cytotoxic insoluble nanosized spherical particles composed of HLS were isolated from cigarette smoke condensate. Therapies that promote bioelimination of HLS and prevent the disruption of iron homeostasis could function to reduce the harmful effects of combustion-generated PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- †U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher A. Reilly
- ‡Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- §Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J. Ghio
- †U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
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Bedada GB, Smith CJ, Tyrrell PJ, Hirst AA, Agius R. Short-term effects of ambient particulates and gaseous pollutants on the incidence of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a case-crossover study. Environ Health 2012; 11:77. [PMID: 23067103 PMCID: PMC3533825 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While several studies have investigated the effects of short-term air pollution on cardiovascular disease, less is known about its effects on cerebrovascular disease, including stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of short-term variation in air pollutants on the onset of TIA and minor stroke. METHODS We performed secondary analyses of data collected prospectively in the North West of England in a multi-centre study (NORTHSTAR) of patients with recent TIA or minor stroke. A case-crossover study was conducted to determine the association between occurrence of TIA and the concentration of ambient PM10 or gaseous pollutants. RESULTS A total of 709 cases were recruited from the Manchester (n = 335) and Liverpool (n = 374) areas. Data for the Manchester cohort showed an association between ambient nitric oxide (NO) and risk of occurrence of TIA and minor stroke with a lag of 3 days (odds ratio 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.11), whereas negative association was found for the patients from Liverpool. Effects of similar magnitude, although not statistically significant, were generally observed with other pollutants. In a two pollutant model the effect of NO remained stronger and statistically significant when analysed in combination with CO or SO2, but was marginal in combination with NO2 or ozone and non-significant with PM10. There was evidence of effect modification by age, gender and season. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an association between NO and occurrence of TIA and minor stroke in Greater Manchester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Bero Bedada
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Environmental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Scheele lab, 5th floor, Nobels väg 13, Solna Campus, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig J Smith
- Brain Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Pippa J Tyrrell
- Brain Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Adrian A Hirst
- Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Ellen Wilkinson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Raymond Agius
- Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Ellen Wilkinson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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McDonald JD, Doyle-Eisele M, Kracko D, Lund A, Surratt JD, Hersey SP, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM. Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of secondary organic aerosol derived from gas-phase oxidation of toluene. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:689-97. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.712164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gordon CJ, Schladweiler MC, Krantz T, King C, Kodavanti UP. Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses of unrestrained rats exposed to filtered or unfiltered diesel exhaust. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:296-309. [PMID: 22486347 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.670811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust has been associated with adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary health effects. The relative contributions of the gas phase and particulate components of diesel exhaust are less well understood. We exposed telemetered Wistar-Kyoto rats to air or diesel exhaust that was either filtered (F) or unfiltered [gas-phase plus diesel exhaust particles (DEP)], containing ~1.9 mg/m³ of particulate matter for 5 h/day; 5 days/week for 4 consecutive weeks. Blood pressure (BP), core temperature (T(c)), heart rate (HR), and cardiac contractility (CC) estimated by the QA interval were monitored by radiotelemetry during exposure as well as during a 2-week period of recovery. Pulmonary injury and inflammation markers were analysed after 2-day, and 4 weeks of exposure, and 2-week recovery. Exposure to F or DEP was associated with a trend for a reduction in BP during weeks 1, 2 and 4. A reduction in HR in the DEP group was apparent during week 4. Exposure to DEP but not F was associated with significant reduction in CC over weeks 1-4. There was also a slight elevation in T(c) during DEP exposure. All telemetry parameters were normal during recovery at night and a 2-week recovery period. Neutrophilic inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was evident after 2 days and 4 weeks of exposure to F and DEP. There were no signs of inflammation after 2-week recovery. We found a significant decrease in CC and slight reduction in BP. Exposure to DEP and F is associated with pulmonary inflammation, and mild effects on HR, BP, and T(c) but there is a marked effect of DEP on CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Seilkop SK, Campen MJ, Lund AK, McDonald JD, Mauderly JL. Identification of chemical components of combustion emissions that affect pro-atherosclerotic vascular responses in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:270-87. [PMID: 22486345 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.667455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Combustion emissions cause pro-atherosclerotic responses in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE/⁻) mice, but the causal components of these complex mixtures are unresolved. In studies previously reported, ApoE⁻/⁻ mice were exposed by inhalation 6 h/day for 50 consecutive days to multiple dilutions of diesel or gasoline exhaust, wood smoke, or simulated "downwind" coal emissions. In this study, the analysis of the combined four-study database using the Multiple Additive Regression Trees (MART) data mining approach to determine putative causal exposure components regardless of combustion source is reported. Over 700 physical-chemical components were grouped into 45 predictor variables. Response variables measured in aorta included endothelin-1, vascular endothelin growth factor, three matrix metalloproteinases (3, 7, 9), metalloproteinase inhibitor 2, heme-oxygenase-1, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Two or three predictors typically explained most of the variation in response among the experimental groups. Overall, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide were most highly predictive of responses, although their rankings differed among the responses. Consistent with the earlier finding that filtration of particles had little effect on responses, particulate components ranked third to seventh in predictive importance for the eight response variables. MART proved useful for identifying putative causal components, although the small number of pollution mixtures (4) can provide only suggestive evidence of causality. The potential independent causal contributions of these gases to the vascular responses, as well as possible interactions among them and other components of complex pollutant mixtures, warrant further evaluation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent discoveries in the field of air pollution toxicology highlight the potential impact of specific sources of air pollution, especially related to roadway emissions, on acute and chronic cardiovascular disease. This review covers potential mechanisms, both in terms of biological pathways and chemical drivers, to explain these observations. RECENT FINDINGS Air pollution is associated with chronic progression of cardiovascular disease. Roadway exposures appear to have a strong correlation to these adverse outcomes. Controlled toxicological studies highlight potential interactions between vehicle-source emissions and adverse vascular outcomes. Mechanistically, a role for both innate and adaptive immune responses is emerging, with important recent findings demonstrating that immunomodulatory pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor-4 and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 may play a role in communicating airway exposures to cardiovascular outcomes. SUMMARY An improved understanding of the sources and mechanisms underlying adverse cardiovascular health outcomes of air pollution would enhance our ability to manage vulnerable populations and establish precise, effective regulatory policies.
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Rager JE, Lichtveld K, Ebersviller S, Smeester L, Jaspers I, Sexton KG, Fry RC. A toxicogenomic comparison of primary and photochemically altered air pollutant mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1583-9. [PMID: 21757418 PMCID: PMC3226493 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution contributes significantly to global increases in mortality, particularly within urban environments. Limited knowledge exists on the mechanisms underlying health effects resulting from exposure to pollutant mixtures similar to those occurring in ambient air. In order to clarify the mechanisms underlying exposure effects, toxicogenomic analyses are used to evaluate genomewide transcript responses and map these responses to molecular networks. OBJECTIVES We compared responses induced by exposure to primary pollutants and photochemically altered (PCA) pollutant mixtures representing urban atmospheres to test our hypothesis that exposures to PCA pollutants would show increased modulation of inflammation-associated genes and pathways relative to primary air pollutants. METHODS We used an outdoor environmental irradiation chamber to expose human lung epithelial cells to mixtures representing either primary or PCA pollutants for 4 hr. Transcriptional changes were assessed using microarrays and confirmed using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on a subset of genes. RESULTS We found a large difference in the cellular responses to the two pollutant exposures: Primary air pollutants altered the expression levels of 19 genes, whereas PCA pollutants altered 709 genes. Functional and molecular analyses of the altered genes revealed novel pathways, such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, potentially regulating the pollutant responses. Chemical component analysis characterized and confirmed the photochemical transformation of primary air pollutants into PCA air pollutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the photochemical transformation of primary air pollutants produces altered mixtures that cause significantly greater biological effects than the primary pollutants themselves. These findings suggest that studying individual air pollutants or primary pollutant mixtures may greatly underestimate the adverse health effects caused by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Williams R, Brook R, Bard R, Conner T, Shin H, Burnett R. Impact of personal and ambient-level exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter on cardiovascular function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 22:71-91. [PMID: 21711166 PMCID: PMC3259186 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.588437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work explored the association between nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and PM(2.5) components with changes in cardiovascular function in an adult non-smoking cohort. The cohort consisted of 65 volunteers participating in the US EPA's Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) and a University of Michigan cardiovascular sub-study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), brachial artery diameter (BAD), brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated arterial dilatation (NMD) were collected by in-home examinations. A maximum of 336 daily environmental and health effect observations were obtained. Daily potassium air concentrations were associated with significant decreases in DBP (-0.0447 mmHg/ng/m(3) ± 0.0132, p = 0.0016, lag day 0) among participants compliant with the personal monitoring protocol. Personal NO(2) exposures resulted in significant changes in BAD (e.g., 0.0041 mm/ppb ± 0.0019, p = 0.0353, lag day 1) and FMD (0.0612 ± 0.0235, p = 0.0103, lag day 0) among other findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Williams
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Bai N, Kido T, Kavanagh TJ, Kaufman JD, Rosenfeld ME, van Breemen C, van Eeden SF. Exposure to diesel exhaust up-regulates iNOS expression in ApoE knockout mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:184-92. [PMID: 21722660 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Traffic related particulate matter air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular events; however, the biological mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that diesel exhaust (DE) inhalation induces up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is known to contribute to vascular dysfunction, progression of atherosclerosis and ultimately cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. METHODS ApoE knockout mice (30-week) were exposed to DE (at 200 μg/m³ of particulate matter) or filtered-air (control) for 7 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). iNOS expression in the blood vessels and heart was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. To examine iNOS activity, thoracic aortae were mounted in a wire myograph, and vasoconstriction stimulated by phenylephrine (PE) was measured with and without the presence of the specific inhibitor for iNOS (1400 W). NF-κB (p65) activity was examined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of iNOS and NF-κB (p65) was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS DE exposure significantly enhanced iNOS expression in the thoracic aorta (4-fold) and heart (1.5 fold). DE exposure significantly attenuated PE-stimulated vasoconstriction by ~20%, which was partly reversed by 1400 W. The mRNA expression of iNOS and NF-κB was significantly augmented after DE exposure. NF-κB activity was enhanced 2-fold after DE inhalation, and the augmented NF-κB activity was positively correlated with iNOS expression (R²=0.5998). CONCLUSIONS We show that exposure to DE increases iNOS expression and activity possibly via NF-κB-mediated pathway. We suspect that DE exposure-caused up-regulation of iNOS contributes to vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis, which could ultimately lead to urban air pollution-associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mauderly JL, Barrett EG, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Seagrave J, Mitchell LA, Seilkop SK. Health effects of subchronic inhalation exposure to simulated downwind coal combustion emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:349-62. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.572932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wheat LA, Haberzettl P, Hellmann J, Baba SP, Bertke M, Lee J, McCracken J, O'Toole TE, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ. Acrolein inhalation prevents vascular endothelial growth factor-induced mobilization of Flk-1+/Sca-1+ cells in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1598-606. [PMID: 21527748 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.227124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acrolein is a toxic chemical present in tobacco, wood, and coal smoke, as well as automobile exhaust. Because exposure to these pollutants is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease risk, we studied the effects of acrolein on Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) cells that are involved in vascular repair. METHODS AND RESULTS In adult male C57BL/6 mice, inhalation of acrolein (1 part per million [ppm], 6 hours/day for 4 days or 5 ppm for 2 or 6 hours) led to the formation of protein-acrolein adducts in the bone marrow and diminished levels of plasma nitric oxide metabolites and circulating Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) but not Sca-1(+)-only cells. Acrolein exposure increased the number of apoptotic Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) cells in circulation and increased bone marrow-derived cells with endothelial characteristics (DiI-ac-low-density lipoprotein [DiI-acLDL]/UE-lectin and Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+)) in culture. Deficits in the circulating levels of Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) cells were reversed after 7 days of recovery in acrolein-free air. Exposure to acrolein blocked vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/AMD3100-stimulated mobilization of Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) but not Sca-1(+)-only cells and prevented VEGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the aorta. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation of acrolein increases apoptosis and suppresses the circulating levels of Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) cells while increasing these cells in the bone marrow and preventing their mobilization by VEGF. Exposure to acrolein-rich pollutants could impair vascular repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Wheat
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Lund AK, Lucero J, Harman M, Madden MC, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ. The oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor mediates vascular effects of inhaled vehicle emissions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:82-91. [PMID: 21493736 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201012-1967oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE To determine vascular signaling pathways involved in inhaled air pollution (vehicular engine emission) exposure-induced exacerbation of atherosclerosis that are associated with onset of clinical cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and its primary receptor on endothelial cells, the lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1), in regulation of endothelin-1 expression and matrix metalloproteinase activity associated with inhalational exposure to vehicular engine emissions. METHODS Atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E knockout mice were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or mixed whole engine emissions (250 μg particulate matter [PM]/m(3) diesel + 50 μg PM/m(3) gasoline exhausts) 6 h/d for 7 days. Concurrently, mice were treated with either mouse IgG or neutralizing antibodies to LOX-1 every other day. Vascular and plasma markers of oxidative stress and expression proatherogenic factors were assessed. In a parallel study, healthy human subjects were exposed to either 100 μg PM/m(3) diesel whole exhaust or high-efficiency particulate air and charcoal-filtered "clean" air (control subjects) for 2 hours, on separate occasions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mixed emissions exposure increased oxLDL and vascular reactive oxygen species, as well as LOX-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and endothelin-1 mRNA expression and also monocyte/macrophage infiltration, each of which was attenuated with LOX-1 antibody treatment. In a parallel study, diesel exhaust exposure in volunteer human subjects induced significant increases in plasma-soluble LOX-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that acute exposure to vehicular source pollutants results in up-regulation of vascular factors associated with progression of atherosclerosis, endothelin-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, mediated through oxLDL-LOX-1 receptor signaling, which may serve as a novel target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie K Lund
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Poursafa P, Kelishadi R, Lahijanzadeh A, Modaresi M, Javanmard SH, Assari R, Amin MM, Moattar F, Amini A, Sadeghian B. The relationship of air pollution and surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in a population-based sample of children. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:115. [PMID: 21332998 PMCID: PMC3061912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the relationship of air pollution and plasma surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in the pediatric age group. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009-2010 among 125 participants aged 10-18 years. They were randomly selected from different areas of Isfahan city, the second large and air-polluted city in Iran. The association of air pollutants' levels with serum thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue factor (TF) was determined after adjustment for age, gender, anthropometric measures, dietary and physical activity habits. Results Data of 118 participants was complete and was analyzed. The mean age was 12.79 (2.35) years. The mean pollution standards index (PSI) value was at moderate level, the mean particular matter measuring up to 10 μm (PM10) was more than twice the normal level. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that TF had significant relationship with all air pollutants except than carbon monoxide, and TM had significant inverse relationship with ozone. The odds ratio of elevated TF was significantly higher in the upper vs. the lowest quartiles of PM10, ozone and PSI. The corresponding figures were in opposite direction for TM. Conclusions The relationship of air pollutants with endothelial dysfunction and pro-coagulant state can be an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis from early life. This finding should be confirmed in future longitudinal studies. Concerns about the harmful effects of air pollution on children's health should be considered a top priority for public health policy; it should be underscored in primordial and primary prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Poursafa
- Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Knuckles TL, Buntz JG, Paffett M, Channell M, Harmon M, Cherng T, Lucas SN, McDonald JD, Kanagy NL, Campen MJ. Formation of vascular S-nitrosothiols and plasma nitrates/nitrites following inhalation of diesel emissions. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:828-837. [PMID: 21598168 PMCID: PMC3227398 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.570225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated traffic-related airborne pollution with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Nitric oxide (NO) is a common component of fresh diesel and gasoline engine emissions that rapidly transforms both in the atmosphere and once inhaled. Because of this rapid transformation, limited information is available in terms of potential human exposures and adverse health effects. Young rats were exposed to whole diesel emissions (DE) adjusted to 300 μg/m(3) of particulate matter (containing 3.5 ppm NO) or 0, 3, or 10 ppm NO as a positive control. Animals were also pre-injected (ip) with either saline or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione. Predictably, pure NO exposures led to a concentration-dependent increase in plasma nitrates compared to controls, which lasted for roughly 4 h postexposure. Whole DE exposure for 1 h also led to a doubling of plasma NOx. NAC injection increased the levels of plasma nitrates and nitrites (NOx) in the DE exposure group. Inhibition of nitric oxide symthase (NOS) by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) did not block the rise in plasma NOx, demonstrating that the increase was entirely due to exogenous sources. Both DE and pure NO exposures paradoxically led to elevated eNOS expression in aortic tissue. Furthermore, coronary arterioles from NO-exposed animals exhibited greater constriction to endothelin-1 compared to controls, consistent with a derangement of the NOS system. Thus, NO may be an important contributor to traffic-related cardiovascular morbidity, although further research is necessary for proper hazard identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Cherng
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | | | | | - Matthew J. Campen
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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